1
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Yu B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xu L, Jin K, Sun A, Zhao X, Wang Y, Liu H. An SS31-rapamycin conjugate via RBC hitchhiking for reversing acute kidney injury. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122383. [PMID: 37939640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in driving acute kidney injury (AKI) via alteration in energy and oxygen supply, which creates further ROS and inflammatory responses. However, mitochondrial targeting medicine in recovering AKI is challenging. Herein, we conjugated SS31, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant tetrapeptide connecting a cleavable linker to rapamycin (Rapa), which provided specific interaction with FK506-binding protein (FKBP) in the RBCs. Once entering the bloodstream, SS31-Rapa could be directed to the intracellular space of RBCs, allowing the slow diffusion of the conjugate to tissues via the concentration gradient. The new RBC hitchhiking strategy enables the encapsulation of conjugate into RBC via a less traumatic and more natural and permissive manner, resulting in prolonging the t1/2 of SS31 by 6.9 folds. SS31-Rapa underwent the direct cellular uptake, instead of the lysosomal pathway, released SS31 in response to activated caspase-3 stimulation in apoptotic cells, favoring the mitochondrial accumulation of SS31. Combined with autophagy induction associated with Rapa, a single dose of SS31-Rapa can effectively reverse cisplatin and ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI. This work thus highlights a simple and effective RBC hitchhiking strategy and a clinically translatable platform technology to improve the outcome of other mitochondrial dysfunctional related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohong Yu
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxi Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyi Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Jin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Andi Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhang Z, Fan Q, Luo X, Lou K, Weiss WA, Shokat KM. Brain-restricted mTOR inhibition with binary pharmacology. Nature 2022; 609:822-828. [PMID: 36104566 PMCID: PMC9492542 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
On-target-off-tissue drug engagement is an important source of adverse effects that constrains the therapeutic window of drug candidates1,2. In diseases of the central nervous system, drugs with brain-restricted pharmacology are highly desirable. Here we report a strategy to achieve inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) while sparing mTOR activity elsewhere through the use of the brain-permeable mTOR inhibitor RapaLink-1 and the brain-impermeable FKBP12 ligand RapaBlock. We show that this drug combination mitigates the systemic effects of mTOR inhibitors but retains the efficacy of RapaLink-1 in glioblastoma xenografts. We further present a general method to design cell-permeable, FKBP12-dependent kinase inhibitors from known drug scaffolds. These inhibitors are sensitive to deactivation by RapaBlock, enabling the brain-restricted inhibition of their respective kinase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xujun Luo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Lou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Devaux CA, Melenotte C, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Delteil C, Raoult D. Cyclosporin A: A Repurposable Drug in the Treatment of COVID-19? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:663708. [PMID: 34552938 PMCID: PMC8450353 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.663708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now at the forefront of major health challenge faced globally, creating an urgent need for safe and efficient therapeutic strategies. Given the high attrition rates, high costs, and quite slow development of drug discovery, repurposing of known FDA-approved molecules is increasingly becoming an attractive issue in order to quickly find molecules capable of preventing and/or curing COVID-19 patients. Cyclosporin A (CsA), a common anti-rejection drug widely used in transplantation, has recently been shown to exhibit substantial anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity and anti-COVID-19 effect. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of action of CsA in order to highlight why this molecule seems to be an interesting candidate for the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. We conclude that CsA could have at least three major targets in COVID-19 patients: (i) an anti-inflammatory effect reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, (ii) an antiviral effect preventing the formation of the viral RNA synthesis complex, and (iii) an effect on tissue damage and thrombosis by acting against the deleterious action of angiotensin II. Several preliminary CsA clinical trials performed on COVID-19 patients report lower incidence of death and suggest that this strategy should be investigated further in order to assess in which context the benefit/risk ratio of repurposing CsA as first-line therapy in COVID-19 is the most favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Delteil
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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4
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Wang Y, Peng H, Guo Z, Ullman BR, Yamamoto K, Hong SY, Liu JO. Influence of stereochemistry on the activity of rapadocin, an isoform-specific inhibitor of the nucleoside transporter ENT1. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11484-11489. [PMID: 34667552 PMCID: PMC8447900 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapadocin is a novel rapamycin-inspired polyketide–tetrapeptide hybrid macrocycle that possesses highly potent and isoform-specific inhibitory activity against the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1). Rapadocin contains an epimerizable chiral center in phenylglycine and an olefin group, and can thus exist as a mixture of four stereoisomers. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of the four stereoisomers of rapadocin using two different synthetic strategies and the assignment of their structures. The inhibitory activity of each of the four synthetic isomers on both hENT1 and hENT2 was determined. It was found that the stereochemistry of phenylglycine played a more dominant role than the configuration of the olefin in the activity of rapadocin. These findings will guide the future design and development of rapadocin analogs as new modulators of adenosine signaling. Rapadocin is a novel rapamycin-inspired polyketide–tetrapeptide hybrid macrocycle that possesses highly potent and isoform-specific inhibitory activity against the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA.,Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | | | - Kana Yamamoto
- Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Sam Y Hong
- Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Inc. Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 725 North Wolfe Street Baltimore MD 21205 USA .,SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21205 USA
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5
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Guo Z, Cheng Z, Wang J, Liu W, Peng H, Wang Y, Rao AS, Li RJ, Ying X, Korangath P, Liberti MV, Li Y, Xie Y, Hong SY, Schiene-Fischer C, Fischer G, Locasale JW, Sukumar S, Zhu H, Liu JO. Discovery of a Potent GLUT Inhibitor from a Library of Rapafucins by Using 3D Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17158-17162. [PMID: 31591797 PMCID: PMC6861656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose transporters play an essential role in cancer cell proliferation and survival and have been pursued as promising cancer drug targets. Using microarrays of a library of new macrocycles known as rapafucins, which were inspired by the natural product rapamycin, we screened for new inhibitors of GLUT1. We identified multiple hits from the rapafucin 3D microarray and confirmed one hit as a bona fide GLUT1 ligand, which we named rapaglutin A (RgA). We demonstrate that RgA is a potent inhibitor of GLUT1 as well as GLUT3 and GLUT4, with an IC50 value of low nanomolar for GLUT1. RgA was found to inhibit glucose uptake, leading to a decrease in cellular ATP synthesis, activation of AMP-dependent kinase, inhibition of mTOR signaling, and induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Moreover, RgA was capable of inhibiting tumor xenografts in vivo without obvious side effects. RgA could thus be a new chemical tool to study GLUT function and a promising lead for developing anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wukun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - A.V. Subba Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ruo-jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xue Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Maria V. Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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6
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Guo Z, Cheng Z, Wang J, Liu W, Peng H, Wang Y, Rao AVS, Li R, Ying X, Korangath P, Liberti MV, Li Y, Xie Y, Hong SY, Schiene‐Fischer C, Fischer G, Locasale JW, Sukumar S, Zhu H, Liu JO. Discovery of a Potent GLUT Inhibitor from a Library of Rapafucins by Using 3D Microarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Department of Medicinal ChemistryThe University of Kansas KS USA
| | - Wukun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Institute of Chinese MedicineNanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - A. V. Subba Rao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Ruo‐jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Xue Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShihezi University Shihezi China
| | - Preethi Korangath
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
| | - Maria V. Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University School of Medicine USA
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Sam Y. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Current address: Rapafusyn Pharmaceuticals Baltimore MD USA
| | - Cordelia Schiene‐Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and BiotechnologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany
| | - Gunter Fischer
- Department of Enzymology, Institute for Biochemistry and BiotechnologyMartin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Germany
| | - Jason W. Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer BiologyDuke University School of Medicine USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular SciencesThe SJ Yan and HJ Mao Laboratory of Chemical BiologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine Room 516, Hunterian Building, 725 N. Wolfe Street Baltimore MD USA
- Department of OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA
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7
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Rapamycin-inspired macrocycles with new target specificity. Nat Chem 2018; 11:254-263. [PMID: 30532015 PMCID: PMC6435255 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin and FK506 are macrocyclic natural products with an extraordinary mode of action—they form binary complexes with FKBP through a shared FKBP-binding domain before forming ternary complexes with their respective targets, mTOR and calcineurin, respectively. Inspired by this, we sought to build a rapamycin-like macromolecule library to target new cellular proteins by replacing the effector domain of rapamycin with a combinatorial library of oligopeptides. We developed a robust macrocyclization method using ring-closing metathesis and synthesized a 45,000-compound library of hybrid macrocycles that are named rapafucins using optimized FKBP-binding domains. Screening of the rapafucin library in human cells led to the discovery of rapadocin, an inhibitor of nucleoside uptake. Rapadocin is a potent, isoform-specific and FKBP-dependent inhibitor of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 and is efficacious in an animal model of kidney ischemia reperfusion injury. Together, these results demonstrate that rapafucins are a new class of chemical probes and drug leads that can expand the repertoire of protein targets well beyond mTOR and calcineurin.
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8
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Stanton BZ, Chory EJ, Crabtree GR. Chemically induced proximity in biology and medicine. Science 2018; 359:359/6380/eaao5902. [PMID: 29590011 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proximity, or the physical closeness of molecules, is a pervasive regulatory mechanism in biology. For example, most posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, methylation, and acetylation promote proximity of molecules to play deterministic roles in cellular processes. To understand the role of proximity in biologic mechanisms, chemical inducers of proximity (CIPs) were developed to synthetically model biologically regulated recruitment. Chemically induced proximity allows for precise temporal control of transcription, signaling cascades, chromatin regulation, protein folding, localization, and degradation, as well as a host of other biologic processes. A systematic analysis of CIPs in basic research, coupled with recent technological advances utilizing CRISPR, distinguishes roles of causality from coincidence and allows for mathematical modeling in synthetic biology. Recently, induced proximity has provided new avenues of gene therapy and emerging advances in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Z Stanton
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Emma J Chory
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Subbaiah MAM, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Design strategies in the prodrugs of HIV-1 protease inhibitors to improve the pharmaceutical properties. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:865-883. [PMID: 28865281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is currently the most effective treatment for HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) are an important component of some regimens of cART. However, PIs are known for sub-optimal ADME properties, resulting in poor oral bioavailability. This often necessitates high drug doses, combination with pharmacokinetic enhancers and/or special formulations in order to effectively deliver PIs, which may lead to a high pill burden and reduced patient compliance. As a remedy, improving the ADME properties of existing drugs via prodrug and other approaches has been pursued in addition to the development of next generation PIs with improved pharmacokinetic, resistance and side effect profiles. Phosphate prodrugs have been explored to address the solubility-limiting absorption and high excipient load. Prodrug design to target carrier-mediated drug delivery has also been explored. Amino acid prodrugs have been shown to improve permeability by engaging active transport mechanisms, reduce efflux and mitigate first pass metabolism while acyl migration prodrugs have been shown to improve solubility. Prodrug design efforts have led to the identification of one marketed agent, fosamprenavir, and clinical studies with two other prodrugs. Several of the reported approaches lack detailed in vivo characterization and hence the potential preclinical or clinical benefits of these approaches are yet to be fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Prodrug Group, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560009, India.
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - John F Kadow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, CT 06405, USA
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10
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Rossi L, Pierigè F, Antonelli A, Bigini N, Gabucci C, Peiretti E, Magnani M. Engineering erythrocytes for the modulation of drugs' and contrasting agents' pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:73-87. [PMID: 27189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biological activity are key parameters that determine the success or failure of therapeutics. Many developments intended to improve their in vivo performance, aim at modulating concentration, biodistribution, and targeting to tissues, cells or subcellular compartments. Erythrocyte-based drug delivery systems are especially efficient in maintaining active drugs in circulation, in releasing them for several weeks or in targeting drugs to selected cells. Erythrocytes can also be easily processed to entrap the desired pharmaceutical ingredients before re-infusion into the same or matched donors. These carriers are totally biocompatible, have a large capacity and could accommodate traditional chemical entities (glucocorticoids, immunossuppresants, etc.), biologics (proteins) and/or contrasting agents (dyes, nanoparticles). Carrier erythrocytes have been evaluated in thousands of infusions in humans proving treatment safety and efficacy, hence gaining interest in the management of complex pathologies (particularly in chronic treatments and when side-effects become serious issues) and in new diagnostic approaches.
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11
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Dunyak BM, Gestwicki JE. Peptidyl-Proline Isomerases (PPIases): Targets for Natural Products and Natural Product-Inspired Compounds. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9622-9644. [PMID: 27409354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIases) are a chaperone superfamily comprising the FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), cyclophilins, and parvulins. PPIases catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of proline, acting as a regulatory switch during folding, activation, and/or degradation of many proteins. These "clients" include proteins with key roles in cancer, neurodegeneration, and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that PPIase inhibitors could be important therapeutics. However, the active site of PPIases is shallow, solvent-exposed, and well conserved between family members, making selective inhibitor design challenging. Despite these hurdles, macrocyclic natural products, including FK506, rapamycin, and cyclosporin, bind PPIases with nanomolar or better affinity. De novo attempts to derive new classes of inhibitors have been somewhat less successful, often showcasing the "undruggable" features of PPIases. Interestingly, the most potent of these next-generation molecules tend to integrate features of the natural products, including macrocyclization or proline mimicry strategies. Here, we review recent developments and ongoing challenges in the inhibition of PPIases, with a focus on how natural products might inform the creation of potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Dunyak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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12
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Rodrik-Outmezguine VS, Okaniwa M, Yao Z, Novotny CJ, McWhirter C, Banaji A, Won H, Wong W, Berger M, de Stanchina E, Barratt DG, Cosulich S, Klinowska T, Rosen N, Shokat KM. Overcoming mTOR resistance mutations with a new-generation mTOR inhibitor. Nature 2016; 534:272-6. [PMID: 27279227 PMCID: PMC4902179 DOI: 10.1038/nature17963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicines exert selective pressure on tumour cells that leads to the preferential growth of resistant subpopulations, necessitating the development of next-generation therapies to treat the evolving cancer. The PIK3CA-AKT-mTOR pathway is one of the most commonly activated pathways in human cancers, which has led to the development of small-molecule inhibitors that target various nodes in the pathway. Among these agents, first-generation mTOR inhibitors (rapalogs) have caused responses in 'N-of-1' cases, and second-generation mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKi) are currently in clinical trials. Here we sought to delineate the likely resistance mechanisms to existing mTOR inhibitors in human cell lines, as a guide for next-generation therapies. The mechanism of resistance to the TORKi was unusual in that intrinsic kinase activity of mTOR was increased, rather than a direct active-site mutation interfering with drug binding. Indeed, identical drug-resistant mutations have been also identified in drug-naive patients, suggesting that tumours with activating MTOR mutations will be intrinsically resistant to second-generation mTOR inhibitors. We report the development of a new class of mTOR inhibitors that overcomes resistance to existing first- and second-generation inhibitors. The third-generation mTOR inhibitor exploits the unique juxtaposition of two drug-binding pockets to create a bivalent interaction that allows inhibition of these resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masanori Okaniwa
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Zhan Yao
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chris J Novotny
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | - Arpitha Banaji
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Helen Won
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Wai Wong
- Anti-Tumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mike Berger
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Anti-Tumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Derek G Barratt
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Sabina Cosulich
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Neal Rosen
- Program in Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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13
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Dunyak BM, Nakamura RL, Frankel AD, Gestwicki JE. Selective Targeting of Cells via Bispecific Molecules That Exploit Coexpression of Two Intracellular Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2441-7. [PMID: 26322864 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In drug discovery, small molecules must often discriminate between healthy and diseased cells. This feat is usually accomplished by binding to a protein that is preferentially expressed in the target cell or on its surface. However, in many cases, the expression of an individual protein may not generate sufficient cyto-selectivity. Here, we demonstrate that bispecific molecules can better discriminate between similar cell types by exploiting their simultaneous affinity for two proteins. Inspired by the natural product FK506, we designed molecules that have affinity for both FKBP12 and HIV protease. Using cell-based reporters and live virus assays, we observed that these compounds preferentially accumulated in cells that express both targets, mimicking an infected lymphocyte. Treatment with FKBP12 inhibitors reversed this partitioning, while overexpression of FKBP12 protein further promoted it. The partitioning into the target cell type could be tuned by controlling the properties of the linker and the affinities for the two proteins. These results show that bispecific molecules create significantly better potential for cyto-selectivity, which might be especially important in the development of safe and effective antivirals and anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert L. Nakamura
- Advanced Genetic Systems, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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14
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Olivieri L, Gardebien F. Classical force field parameters for two high-affinity ligands of FKBP12. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 49:118-28. [PMID: 24657432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
FKBP12 is an important target in the treatment of transplant rejection and is also a promising target for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We determined for two ligands of nanomolar affinity the set of parameters in the CHARMM force field. The fitting procedure was based on reproducing the quantum chemistry data (distances, angles, and energies). Since the dynamical behavior of such ligands strongly depends on the dihedral angles, care was taken to derive the corresponding parameters. Moreover, since each of the central core region of these two ligands is similar to other known ligands or drugs of other proteins, part at least of these parameters could also be useful for these other ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Olivieri
- DSIMB, INSERM, U1134, Paris F-75015, France; Université de la Réunion, UMR_S 1134, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 15, avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis Messag Cedex 09, Réunion; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex
| | - Fabrice Gardebien
- DSIMB, INSERM, U1134, Paris F-75015, France; Université de la Réunion, UMR_S 1134, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, 15, avenue René Cassin, BP 7151, 97715 Saint Denis Messag Cedex 09, Réunion; Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, F-75015 Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex.
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15
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Guo ZF, Zhang R, Liang FS. Facile functionalization of FK506 for biological studies by the thiol–ene ‘click’ reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47867j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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16
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Højfeldt JW, Cruz-Rodríguez O, Imaeda Y, Van Dyke AR, Carolan JP, Mapp AK, Iñiguez-Lluhí JA. Bifunctional ligands allow deliberate extrinsic reprogramming of the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:249-59. [PMID: 24422633 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on conventional nuclear receptor ligands are extremely powerful, yet their broad and long-term use is often hindered by undesired side effects that are often part of the receptor's biological function. Selective control of nuclear receptors such as the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) using conventional ligands has proven particularly challenging. Because they act solely in an allosteric manner, conventional ligands are constrained to act via cofactors that can intrinsically partner with the receptor. Furthermore, effective means to rationally encode a bias for specific coregulators are generally lacking. Using the (GR) as a framework, we demonstrate here a versatile approach, based on bifunctional ligands, that extends the regulatory repertoire of GR in a deliberate and controlled manner. By linking the macrolide FK506 to a conventional agonist (dexamethasone) or antagonist (RU-486), we demonstrate that it is possible to bridge the intact receptor to either positively or negatively acting coregulatory proteins bearing an FK506 binding protein domain. Using this strategy, we show that extrinsic recruitment of a strong activation function can enhance the efficacy of the full agonist dexamethasone and reverse the antagonist character of RU-486 at an endogenous locus. Notably, the extrinsic recruitment of histone deacetylase-1 reduces the ability of GR to activate transcription from a canonical GR response element while preserving ligand-mediated repression of nuclear factor-κB. By providing novel ways for the receptor to engage specific coregulators, this unique ligand design approach has the potential to yield both novel tools for GR study and more selective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas W Højfeldt
- Department of Chemistry (J.W.H.,Y.I., J.P.C., A.K.M.), University of Michigan, and Department of Pharmacology (O.C.-R., J.A.I.-L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (A.R.V.D.), Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824
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Harikishore A, Leow ML, Niang M, Rajan S, Pasunooti KK, Preiser PR, Liu X, Yoon HS. Adamantyl derivative as a potent inhibitor of Plasmodium FK506 binding protein 35. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1097-101. [PMID: 24900611 DOI: 10.1021/ml400306r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FKBP35, FK506 binding protein family member, in Plasmodium species displays a canonical peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity and is intricately involved in the protein folding process. Inhibition of PfFKBP35 by FK506 or its analogues were shown to interfere with the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum. In this study, we have synthesized adamantyl derivatives, Supradamal (SRA/4a) and its analogues SRA1/4b and SRA2/4c, which demonstrate submicromolar inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum FK506 binding domain 35 (FKBD35) PPIase activity. SRA and its analogues not only inhibit the in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain but also show stage specific activity by inhibiting the trophozoite stage of the parasite. SRA/4a also inhibits the Plasmodium vivax FKBD35 PPIase activity and our crystal structure of PvFKBD35 in complex with the SRA provides structural insights in achieving selective inhibition against Plasmodium FKBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637665 Singapore
| | - Min Li Leow
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637731 Singapore
| | - Makhtar Niang
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637665 Singapore
| | - Sreekanth Rajan
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637665 Singapore
| | - Kalyan Kumar Pasunooti
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637731 Singapore
| | - Peter Rainer Preiser
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637665 Singapore
| | - Xuewei Liu
- School
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637731 Singapore
| | - Ho Sup Yoon
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, 637665 Singapore
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18
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Brennan DC, Aguado JM, Potena L, Jardine AG, Legendre C, Säemann MD, Mueller NJ, Merville P, Emery V, Nashan B. Effect of maintenance immunosuppressive drugs on virus pathobiology: evidence and potential mechanisms. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:97-125. [PMID: 23165654 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggesting a potential anti-CMV effect of mTORis is of great interest to the transplant community. However, the concept of an immunosuppressant with antiviral properties is not new, with many accounts of the antiviral properties of several agents over the years. Despite these reports, to date, there has been little effort to collate the evidence into a fuller picture. This manuscript was developed to gather the evidence of antiviral activity of the agents that comprise a typical immunosuppressive regimen against viruses that commonly reactivate following transplant (HHV1 and 2, VZV, EBV, CMV and HHV6, 7, and 8, HCV, HBV, BKV, HIV, HPV, and parvovirus). Appropriate immunosuppressive regimens posttransplant that avoid acute rejection while reducing risk of viral reactivation are also reviewed. The existing literature was disparate in nature, although indicating a possible stimulatory effect of tacrolimus on BKV, potentiation of viral reactivation by steroids, and a potential advantage of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition in several viral infections, including BKV, HPV, and several herpesviruses.
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Tamburino R, Severino V, Sandomenico A, Ruvo M, Parente A, Chambery A, Di Maro A. De novo sequencing and characterization of a novel Bowman–Birk inhibitor from Lathyrus sativus L. seeds by electrospray mass spectrometry. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:3232-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25241d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wu X, Wang L, Han Y, Regan N, Li PK, Villalona MA, Hu X, Briesewitz R, Pei D. Creating diverse target-binding surfaces on FKBP12: synthesis and evaluation of a rapamycin analogue library. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:486-95. [PMID: 21766878 DOI: 10.1021/co200057n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FK506 and rapamycin are immunosuppressive drugs with a unique mode of action. Prior to binding to their protein targets, these drugs form a complex with an endogenous chaperone FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12). The resulting composite FK506-FKBP and rapamycin-FKBP binding surfaces recognize the relatively flat target surfaces of calcineurin and mTOR, respectively, with high affinity and specificity. To test whether this mode of action may be generalized to inhibit other protein targets, especially those that are challenging to inhibit by conventional small molecules, we have developed a parallel synthesis method to generate a 200-member library of bifunctional cyclic peptides as FK506 and rapamycin analogues, which were referred to as "rapalogs". Each rapalog consists of a common FKBP-binding moiety and a variable effector domain. The rapalogs were tested for binding to FKBP12 by a fluorescence polarization competition assay. Our results show that FKBP12 binds to most of the rapalogs with high affinity (K(I) values in the nanomolar to low micromolar range), creating a large repertoire of composite surfaces for potential recognition of macromolecular targets such as proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaohua Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | | | | | | | - Xiche Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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21
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Rocco M, Malorni L, Chambery A, Poerio E, Parente A, Di Maro A. A Bowman–Birk inhibitor with anti-elastase activity from Lathyrus sativus L. seeds. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2500-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05141e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Chemoselective small molecules that covalently modify one lysine in a non-enzyme protein in plasma. Nat Chem Biol 2010; 6:133-9. [PMID: 20081815 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A small molecule that could bind selectively to and then react chemoselectively with a non-enzyme protein in a complex biological fluid, such as blood, could have numerous practical applications. Herein, we report a family of designed stilbenes that selectively and covalently modify the prominent plasma protein transthyretin in preference to more than 4,000 other human plasma proteins. They react chemoselectively with only one of eight lysine e-amino groups within transthyretin. The crystal structure confirms the expected binding orientation of the stilbene substructure and the anticipated conjugating amide bond. These covalent transthyretin kinetic stabilizers exhibit superior amyloid inhibition potency compared to their noncovalent counterparts, and they prevent cytotoxicity associated with amyloidogenesis. Though there are a few prodrugs that, upon metabolic activation, react with a cysteine residue inactivating a specific non-enzyme, we are unaware of designed small molecules that react with one lysine e-amine within a specific non-enzyme protein in a complex biological fluid.
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Marinec PS, Evans CG, Gibbons GS, Tarnowski MA, Overbeek DL, Gestwicki JE. Synthesis of orthogonally reactive FK506 derivatives via olefin cross metathesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5763-8. [PMID: 19643614 PMCID: PMC2758530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical inducers of dimerization (CIDs) are employed in a wide range of biological applications to control protein localization, modulate protein-protein interactions and improve drug lifetimes. These bifunctional chemical probes are assembled from two synthetic modules, which each provide affinity for a distinct protein target. FK506 and its derivatives are often employed as modules in the syntheses of these bifunctional constructs, owing to the abundance and favorable distribution of their target, FK506-binding protein (FKBP). However, the structural complexity of FK506 necessitates multi-step syntheses and/or multiple protection-deprotection schemes prior to installation into CIDs. In this work, we describe an efficient, one-step synthesis of FK506 derivatives through a selective, microwave-accelerated, cross metathesis diversification step of the C39 terminal alkene. Using this approach, FK506 is modified with an array of functional groups, including primary amines and carboxylic acids, which make the resulting derivatives suitable for the modular assembly of CIDs. To illustrate this idea, we report the synthesis of a heterobifunctional HIV protease inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Marinec
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Christopher G. Evans
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Garrett S. Gibbons
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Malloree A. Tarnowski
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel L. Overbeek
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department of Pathology and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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