1
|
Song F, Wang C, Wang C, Wang J, Wu Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Zhang Y, Han L. Multi-Phenotypic Exosome Secretion Profiling Microfluidic Platform for Exploring Single-Cell Heterogeneity. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200717. [PMID: 35901289 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular phenotypic and functional heterogeneities have advanced cancer evolution and treatment resistance. Although exosome-bound proteins reflect cellular functions, single-cell exosomes are rarely profiled owing to the lack of effective platforms. Herein, the authors developed an integrated microfluidic platform consisting of a single-cell trapping chip and a spatially coded antibody barcode chip for the multiplexed outline of exosome secretion by single cells. Using this platform, five phenotypic exosomes of over 1 000 single cells are simultaneously profiled, in addition to inflammatory factor secretion from the same single cell. Also, a robust analysis workflow for single-cell secretion profiling is proposed to explore the intercellular heterogeneity, which integrated unsupervised clustering and linear clustering. When applied to the tumor cell lines of epithelial-origin and normal epithelial cell lines, the strategy identifies functionally heterogeneous subpopulations with unique secretion patterns. Notably, special functional cell subsets for unique phenotypic exosomes (HSP70+ , EPCAM+ ) are found within ovarian tumor cells. The strategy proposed offers a new analysis approach for cellular differential exosome secretion at single-cell resolution using inflammatory factors, ultimately reinforcing the understanding of cell-to-cell heterogeneity and tumor landscape, and providing a valuable universal platform for single-cell biomarker exploration in biological and clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangteng Song
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yihe Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266000, China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Biomarker and Artificial Intelligence Application, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Broketa M, Bruhns P. Single-Cell Technologies for the Study of Antibody-Secreting Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:821729. [PMID: 35173713 PMCID: PMC8841722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.821729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASC), plasmablasts and plasma cells, are terminally differentiated B cells responsible for large-scale production and secretion of antibodies. ASC are derived from activated B cells, which may differentiate extrafollicularly or form germinal center (GC) reactions within secondary lymphoid organs. ASC therefore consist of short-lived, poorly matured plasmablasts that generally secrete lower-affinity antibodies, or long-lived, highly matured plasma cells that generally secrete higher-affinity antibodies. The ASC population is responsible for producing an immediate humoral B cell response, the polyclonal antibody repertoire, as well as in parallel building effective humoral memory and immunity, or potentially driving pathology in the case of autoimmunity. ASC are phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct from other B cells and further distinguishable by morphology, varied lifespans, and anatomical localization. Single cell analyses are required to interrogate the functional and transcriptional diversity of ASC and their secreted antibody repertoire and understand the contribution of individual ASC responses to the polyclonal humoral response. Here we summarize the current and emerging functional and molecular techniques for high-throughput characterization of ASC with single cell resolution, including flow and mass cytometry, spot-based and microfluidic-based assays, focusing on functional approaches of the secreted antibodies: specificity, affinity, and secretion rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Broketa
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matochko WL, Nelep C, Chen WC, Grauer S, McFadden K, Wilson V, Oxenoid K. CellCelector™ as a platform in isolating primary B cells for antibody discovery. Antib Ther 2022; 5:11-17. [PMID: 35059561 PMCID: PMC8764991 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The most robust strategy in antibody discovery is the use of immunized animals and the ability to isolate and immortalize immune B-cells to hybridoma for further interrogation. However, capturing the full repertoire of an immunized animal is labor intensive, time consuming and limited in throughput. Therefore, techniques to directly mine the antibody repertoire of primary B-cells are of great importance in antibody discovery. In the current study, we present a method to isolate individual antigen-specific primary B-cells using the CellCellector™ single-cell isolation platform from XenoMouse® (XM) immunized with a recombinant therapeutic protein, EGFR. We screened a subset of CD138+ B-cells and identified 238 potential EGFR-specific B-cells from 1189 antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and isolated 94 by CellCellector. We identified a diverse set of heavy chain complementarity-determining region sequences and cloned and expressed 20 into a standard human immunoglobulin G1 antibody format. We further characterized and identified 13 recombinant antibodies that engage soluble and native forms of EGFR. By extrapolating the method to all 400 000 CD138+ B-cells extracted from one EGFR immunized XM, a potential 1196 unique EGFR-specific antibodies could be discovered. CellCelector allows for interrogating the B-cell pool directly and isolating B-cells specific to the therapeutic target of interest. Furthermore, antibody sequences recovered from isolated B-cells engage the native and recombinant target, demonstrating the CellCellector can serve as a platform in antibody discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wadim L Matochko
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Constantin Nelep
- Marketing and Application Development, ALS Automated Lab Solutions GmbH, Jena, Germany
| | - Weihsu C Chen
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Stephanie Grauer
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Karyn McFadden
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Vicki Wilson
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| | - Kirill Oxenoid
- Biologics Discovery, Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen British Columbia Inc., Burnaby, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bucheli OTM, Sigvaldadóttir I, Eyer K. Measuring single-cell protein secretion in immunology: Technologies, advances, and applications. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1334-1347. [PMID: 33734428 PMCID: PMC8252417 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics, nature, strength, and ultimately protective capabilities of an active immune response are determined by the extracellular constitution and concentration of various soluble factors. Generated effector cells secrete such mediators, including antibodies, chemo‐ and cytokines to achieve functionality. These secreted factors organize the individual immune cells into functional tissues, initiate, orchestrate, and regulate the immune response. Therefore, a single‐cell resolved analysis of protein secretion is a valuable tool for studying the heterogeneity and functionality of immune cells. This review aims to provide a comparative overview of various methods to characterize immune reactions by measuring single‐cell protein secretion. Spot‐based and cytometry‐based assays, such as ELISpot and flow cytometry, respectively, are well‐established methods applied in basic research and clinical settings. Emerging novel technologies, such as microfluidic platforms, offer new ways to measure and exploit protein secretion in immune reactions. Further technological advances will allow the deciphering of protein secretion in immunological responses with unprecedented detail, linking secretion to functionality. Here, we summarize the development and recent advances of tools that allow the analysis of protein secretion at the single‐cell level, and discuss and contrast their applications within immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia T M Bucheli
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingibjörg Sigvaldadóttir
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- ETH Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jammes FC, Maerkl SJ. How single-cell immunology is benefiting from microfluidic technologies. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:45. [PMID: 34567657 PMCID: PMC8433390 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex network of specialized cells that work in concert to protect against invading pathogens and tissue damage. Imbalances in this network often result in excessive or absent immune responses leading to allergies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Many of the mechanisms and their regulation remain poorly understood. Immune cells are highly diverse, and an immune response is the result of a large number of molecular and cellular interactions both in time and space. Conventional bulk methods are often prone to miss important details by returning population-averaged results. There is a need in immunology to measure single cells and to study the dynamic interplay of immune cells with their environment. Advances in the fields of microsystems and microengineering gave rise to the field of microfluidics and its application to biology. Microfluidic systems enable the precise control of small volumes in the femto- to nanoliter range. By controlling device geometries, surface chemistry, and flow behavior, microfluidics can create a precisely defined microenvironment for single-cell studies with spatio-temporal control. These features are highly desirable for single-cell analysis and have made microfluidic devices useful tools for studying complex immune systems. In addition, microfluidic devices can achieve high-throughput measurements, enabling in-depth studies of complex systems. Microfluidics has been used in a large panel of biological applications, ranging from single-cell genomics, cell signaling and dynamics to cell-cell interaction and cell migration studies. In this review, we give an overview of state-of-the-art microfluidic techniques, their application to single-cell immunology, their advantages and drawbacks, and provide an outlook for the future of single-cell technologies in research and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien C. Jammes
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian J. Maerkl
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Role of Single-Cell Technology in the Study and Control of Infectious Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061440. [PMID: 32531928 PMCID: PMC7348906 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of single-cell research in the recent decade has allowed biological studies at an unprecedented resolution and scale. In particular, single-cell analysis techniques such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) have helped show substantial links between cellular heterogeneity and infectious disease progression. The extensive characterization of genomic and phenotypic biomarkers, in addition to host-pathogen interactions at the single-cell level, has resulted in the discovery of previously unknown infection mechanisms as well as potential treatment options. In this article, we review the various single-cell technologies and their applications in the ongoing fight against infectious diseases, as well as discuss the potential opportunities for future development.
Collapse
|
7
|
High-throughput single-cell activity-based screening and sequencing of antibodies using droplet microfluidics. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:715-721. [PMID: 32231335 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mining the antibody repertoire of plasma cells and plasmablasts could enable the discovery of useful antibodies for therapeutic or research purposes1. We present a method for high-throughput, single-cell screening of IgG-secreting primary cells to characterize antibody binding to soluble and membrane-bound antigens. CelliGO is a droplet microfluidics system that combines high-throughput screening for IgG activity, using fluorescence-based in-droplet single-cell bioassays2, with sequencing of paired antibody V genes, using in-droplet single-cell barcoded reverse transcription. We analyzed IgG repertoire diversity, clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation in cells from mice immunized with a vaccine target, a multifunctional enzyme or a membrane-bound cancer target. Immunization with these antigens yielded 100-1,000 IgG sequences per mouse. We generated 77 recombinant antibodies from the identified sequences and found that 93% recognized the soluble antigen and 14% the membrane antigen. The platform also allowed recovery of ~450-900 IgG sequences from ~2,200 IgG-secreting activated human memory B cells, activated ex vivo, demonstrating its versatility.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jorgolli M, Nevill T, Winters A, Chen I, Chong S, Lin F, Mock M, Chen C, Le K, Tan C, Jess P, Xu H, Hamburger A, Stevens J, Munro T, Wu M, Tagari P, Miranda LP. Nanoscale integration of single cell biologics discovery processes using optofluidic manipulation and monitoring. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2393-2411. [PMID: 31112285 PMCID: PMC6771990 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The new and rapid advancement in the complexity of biologics drug discovery has been driven by a deeper understanding of biological systems combined with innovative new therapeutic modalities, paving the way to breakthrough therapies for previously intractable diseases. These exciting times in biomedical innovation require the development of novel technologies to facilitate the sophisticated, multifaceted, high-paced workflows necessary to support modern large molecule drug discovery. A high-level aspiration is a true integration of "lab-on-a-chip" methods that vastly miniaturize cellulmical experiments could transform the speed, cost, and success of multiple workstreams in biologics development. Several microscale bioprocess technologies have been established that incrementally address these needs, yet each is inflexibly designed for a very specific process thus limiting an integrated holistic application. A more fully integrated nanoscale approach that incorporates manipulation, culture, analytics, and traceable digital record keeping of thousands of single cells in a relevant nanoenvironment would be a transformative technology capable of keeping pace with today's rapid and complex drug discovery demands. The recent advent of optical manipulation of cells using light-induced electrokinetics with micro- and nanoscale cell culture is poised to revolutionize both fundamental and applied biological research. In this review, we summarize the current state of the art for optical manipulation techniques and discuss emerging biological applications of this technology. In particular, we focus on promising prospects for drug discovery workflows, including antibody discovery, bioassay development, antibody engineering, and cell line development, which are enabled by the automation and industrialization of an integrated optoelectronic single-cell manipulation and culture platform. Continued development of such platforms will be well positioned to overcome many of the challenges currently associated with fragmented, low-throughput bioprocess workflows in biopharma and life science research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanner Nevill
- Product ApplicationsBerkeley Lights, IncEmeryvilleCalifornia
| | - Aaron Winters
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Irwin Chen
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Su Chong
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Fen‐Fen Lin
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Marissa Mock
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Ching Chen
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Kim Le
- Drug Substance Technologies, One Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Christopher Tan
- Drug Substance Technologies, One Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Philip Jess
- Product ApplicationsBerkeley Lights, IncEmeryvilleCalifornia
| | - Han Xu
- Drug DiscoveryA2 BiotherapeuticsWestlake VillageCalifornia
| | - Agi Hamburger
- Drug DiscoveryA2 BiotherapeuticsWestlake VillageCalifornia
| | - Jennitte Stevens
- Drug Substance Technologies, One Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Trent Munro
- Drug Substance Technologies, One Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California at BerkeleyBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Philip Tagari
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| | - Les P. Miranda
- Amgen ResearchOne Amgen Center DriveThousand OaksCalifornia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen P, Chen D, Li S, Ou X, Liu BF. Microfluidics towards single cell resolution protein analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Chen Z, Chen JJ, Fan R. Single-Cell Protein Secretion Detection and Profiling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:431-449. [PMID: 30978293 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins play important roles in mediating various biological processes such as cell-cell communication, differentiation, migration, and homeostasis at the population or tissue level. Here, we review bioanalytical technologies and devices for detecting protein secretions from single cells. We begin by discussing conventional approaches followed by detailing the latest advances in microengineered systems for detecting single-cell protein secretions with an emphasis on multiplex measurement. These platforms include droplet microfluidics, micro-/nanowell-based assays, and microchamber-based assays, among which the advantages and limitations are compared. Microscale systems also enable the tracking of protein secretion dynamics in single cells, further empowering the study of the cell-cell communication network. Looking forward, we discuss the remaining challenges and future opportunities that will transform basic research of cellular secretion functions at the systems level and the clinical applications for immune monitoring and cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale Stem Cell Center, Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Winters A, McFadden K, Bergen J, Landas J, Berry KA, Gonzalez A, Salimi-Moosavi H, Murawsky CM, Tagari P, King CT. Rapid single B cell antibody discovery using nanopens and structured light. MAbs 2019; 11:1025-1035. [PMID: 31185801 PMCID: PMC6748590 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1624126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) tool reagents is an essential requirement for the successful advancement of therapeutic antibodies in today’s fast-paced and competitive drug development marketplace. Here, we describe a direct, flexible, and rapid nanofluidic optoelectronic single B lymphocyte antibody screening technique (NanOBlast) applied to the generation of anti-idiotypic reagent antibodies. Selectively enriched, antigen-experienced murine antibody secreting cells (ASCs) were harvested from spleen and lymph nodes. Subsequently, secreted mAbs from individually isolated, single ASCs were screened directly using a novel, integrated, high-content culture, and assay platform capable of manipulating living cells within microfluidic chip nanopens using structured light. Single-cell polymerase chain reaction–based molecular recovery on select anti-idiotypic ASCs followed by recombinant IgG expression and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) characterization resulted in the recovery and identification of a diverse and high-affinity panel of anti-idiotypic reagent mAbs. Combinatorial ELISA screening identified both capture and detection mAbs, and enabled the development of a sensitive and highly specific ligand binding assay capable of quantifying free therapeutic IgG molecules directly from human patient serum, thereby facilitating important drug development decision-making. The ASC import, screening, and export discovery workflow on the chip was completed within 5 h, while the overall discovery workflow from immunization to recombinantly expressed IgG was completed in under 60 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Winters
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Karyn McFadden
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - John Bergen
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Julius Landas
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada.,c Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | - Kelly A Berry
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada
| | - Anthony Gonzalez
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Hossein Salimi-Moosavi
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA.,c Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, University of British Columbia , Vancouver , Canada
| | | | - Philip Tagari
- a Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA
| | - Chadwick T King
- b Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research , Burnaby , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dey S, Kamil Reza K, Wuethrich A, Korbie D, Ibn Sina AA, Trau M. Tracking antigen specific T-cells: Technological advancement and limitations. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:145-153. [PMID: 30508573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessing T-cell mediated immune status can help to understand the body's response to disease and also provide essential diagnostic information. However, detection and characterization of immune response are challenging due to the rarity of signature biomolecules in biological fluid and require highly sensitive and specific assay technique for the analysis. Until now, several techniques spanning from flow cytometry to microsensors have been developed or under investigation for T-cell mediated immune response monitoring. Most of the current assays are designed to estimate average immune responses, i.e., total functional protein analysis and detection of total T-cells irrespective of their antigen specificity. Although potential, immune response analysis without detecting and characterizing the rare subset of T-cell population could lead to over or underestimation of patient's immune status. Addressing this limitation, recently a number of technological advancements in biosensing have been developed for this. The potential of simple and precise micro-technologies including microarray and microfluidic platforms for assessing antigen-specific T-cells will be highlighted in this review, together with a discussion on existing challenges and future aspects of immune-sensor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuvashis Dey
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - K Kamil Reza
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ven K, Vanspauwen B, Pérez-Ruiz E, Leirs K, Decrop D, Gerstmans H, Spasic D, Lammertyn J. Target Confinement in Small Reaction Volumes Using Microfluidic Technologies: A Smart Approach for Single-Entity Detection and Analysis. ACS Sens 2018; 3:264-284. [PMID: 29363316 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the study of cells, nucleic acid molecules, and proteins has evolved from ensemble measurements to so-called single-entity studies. The latter offers huge benefits, not only as biological research tools to examine heterogeneities among individual entities within a population, but also as biosensing tools for medical diagnostics, which can reach the ultimate sensitivity by detecting single targets. Whereas various techniques for single-entity detection have been reported, this review focuses on microfluidic systems that physically confine single targets in small reaction volumes. We categorize these techniques as droplet-, microchamber-, and nanostructure-based and provide an overview of their implementation for studying single cells, nucleic acids, and proteins. We furthermore reflect on the advantages and limitations of these techniques and highlight future opportunities in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ven
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanspauwen
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Pérez-Ruiz
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Leirs
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deborah Decrop
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Gerstmans
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department
of Applied biosciences, Ghent University, Valentyn Vaerwyckweg 1 - building
C, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg
21, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dragana Spasic
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department
of Biosystems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Microfluidic single-cell technology in immunology and antibody screening. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 59:47-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Park H, Kim H, Doh J. Multifunctional Microwell Arrays for Single Cell Level Functional Analysis of Lymphocytes. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 29:672-679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
16
|
Murphy TW, Zhang Q, Naler LB, Ma S, Lu C. Recent advances in the use of microfluidic technologies for single cell analysis. Analyst 2017; 143:60-80. [PMID: 29170786 PMCID: PMC5839671 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The inherent heterogeneity in cell populations has become of great interest and importance as analytical techniques have improved over the past decades. With the advent of personalized medicine, understanding the impact of this heterogeneity has become an important challenge for the research community. Many different microfluidic approaches with varying levels of throughput and resolution exist to study single cell activity. In this review, we take a broad view of the recent microfluidic developments in single cell analysis based on microwell, microchamber, and droplet platforms. We cover physical, chemical, and molecular biology approaches for cellular and molecular analysis including newly emerging genome-wide analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Murphy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jia B, McNeil LK, Dupont CD, Tsioris K, Barry RM, Scully IL, Ogunniyi AO, Gonzalez C, Pride MW, Gierahn TM, Liberator PA, Jansen KU, Love JC. Longitudinal multiparameter single-cell analysis of macaques immunized with pneumococcal protein-conjugated or unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines reveals distinct antigen specific memory B cell repertoires. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183738. [PMID: 28910279 PMCID: PMC5598952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of protein-conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines has been well characterized for children. The level of protection conferred by unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines remains less clear, particularly for elderly individuals who have had prior antigenic experience through immunization with unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines or natural exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS We compared the magnitude, diversity and genetic biases of antigen-specific memory B cells in two groups of adult cynomolgus macaques that were immunized with a 7-valent conjugated vaccine and boosted after five years with either a 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (13vPnC) or a 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPS) using microengraving (a single-cell analysis method) and single-cell RT-PCR. RESULTS Seven days after boosting, the mean frequency of antigen-specific memory B cells was significantly increased in macaques vaccinated with 13vPnC compared to those receiving 23vPS. The 13vPnC-vaccinated macaques also exhibited a more even distribution of antibody specificities to four polysaccharides in the vaccine (PS4, 6B, 14, 23F) that were examined. However, single-cell analysis of the antibody variable region sequences from antigen-specific B cells elicited by unconjugated and conjugated vaccines indicated that both the germline gene segments forming the heavy chains and the average lengths of the Complementary Determining Region 3 (CDR3) were similar. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that distinctive differences can manifest between antigen-specific memory B cell repertoires in nonhuman primates immunized with conjugated and unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. The study also supports the notion that the conjugated vaccines have a favorable profile in terms of both the frequency and breadth of the anamnestic response among antigen-specific memory B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. McNeil
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Dupont
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Konstantinos Tsioris
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Barry
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ingrid L. Scully
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Adebola O. Ogunniyi
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Gonzalez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Pride
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Gierahn
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Liberator
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - Kathrin U. Jansen
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development, Pearl River, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Single cell screening approaches for antibody discovery. Methods 2017; 116:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
19
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Secreted factors play a central role in normal and pathological processes in every tissue in the body. The brain is composed of a highly complex milieu of different cell types and few methods exist that can identify which individual cells in a complex mixture are secreting specific analytes. By identifying which cells are responsible, we can better understand neural physiology and pathophysiology, more readily identify the underlying pathways responsible for analyte production, and ultimately use this information to guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies that target the cell types of relevance. We present here a method for detecting analytes secreted from single human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural cells and have applied the method to measure amyloid β (Aβ) and soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα), analytes central to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Through these studies, we have uncovered the dynamic range of secretion profiles of these analytes from single iPSC-derived neuronal and glial cells and have molecularly characterized subpopulations of these cells through immunostaining and gene expression analyses. In examining Aβ and sAPPα secretion from single cells, we were able to identify previously unappreciated complexities in the biology of APP cleavage that could not otherwise have been found by studying averaged responses over pools of cells. This technique can be readily adapted to the detection of other analytes secreted by neural cells, which would have the potential to open new perspectives into human CNS development and dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We have established a technology that, for the first time, detects secreted analytes from single human neurons and astrocytes. We examine secretion of the Alzheimer's disease-relevant factors amyloid β (Aβ) and soluble amyloid precursor protein-alpha (sAPPα) and present novel findings that could not have been observed without a single-cell analytical platform. First, we identify a previously unappreciated subpopulation that secretes high levels of Aβ in the absence of detectable sAPPα. Further, we show that multiple cell types secrete high levels of Aβ and sAPPα, but cells expressing GABAergic neuronal markers are overrepresented. Finally, we show that astrocytes are competent to secrete high levels of Aβ and therefore may be a significant contributor to Aβ accumulation in the brain.
Collapse
|
20
|
Priola JJ, Calzadilla N, Baumann M, Borth N, Tate CG, Betenbaugh MJ. High-throughput screening and selection of mammalian cells for enhanced protein production. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:853-65. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Priola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Nathan Calzadilla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology; Universität für Bodenkultur; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Esfandiary L, Gupta N, Voigt A, Wanchoo A, Chan EKL, Sukumaran S, Nguyen CQ. Single-cell antibody nanowells: a novel technology in detecting anti-SSA/Ro60- and anti-SSB/La autoantibody-producing cells in peripheral blood of rheumatic disease patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:107. [PMID: 27184054 PMCID: PMC4869329 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-SSA/Ro60 and anti-SSB/La are essential serological biomarkers for rheumatic diseases, specifically Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Currently, laboratory detection technology and platforms are designed with an emphasis on high-throughput methodology; therefore, the relationship of sensitivity with specificity remains a significant area for improvement. In this study, we used single-cell antibody nanowells (SCAN) technology to directly profile individual B cells producing antibodies against specific autoantigens such as SSA/Ro60 and SSB/La. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using Ficoll gradient. Fluorescently labeled cells were added to fabricated nanowells and imaged using a high-speed epifluorescence microscope. The microengraving process was conducted using printed slides coated with immunoglobulins. Printed slides were hybridized with fluorescence-conjugated immunoglobulin G (IgG), SSA/Ro60, and SSB/La antigens. Microarray spots were analyzed for nanowells with single live B cells that produced antigen-specific autoantibodies. Results Our results indicate that SCAN can simultaneously detect high frequencies of anti-SSA/Ro60 and anti-SSB/La with a specific IgG isotype in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients, as well as measure their individual secretion levels. The data showed that patients with SS and SLE exhibited higher frequency and greater concentration of anti-SSA/Ro60- and anti-SSB/La-producing B cells in the IgG isotype. Furthermore, individual B cells of patients produced higher levels of IgG-specific anti-SSA/Ro60 autoantibody, but not IgG-specific anti-SSB/La autoantibody, compared with healthy control subjects. Conclusions These results support the application of SCAN as a robust multiparametric analytical bioassay that can directly measure secretion of autoantibody and accurately report antigen-specific, autoantibody-producing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lida Esfandiary
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Nirupama Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandria Voigt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Arun Wanchoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Edward K L Chan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sukesh Sukumaran
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 110880, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA. .,Center of Orphaned Autoimmune Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Looser V, Bruhlmann B, Bumbak F, Stenger C, Costa M, Camattari A, Fotiadis D, Kovar K. Cultivation strategies to enhance productivity of Pichia pastoris: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1177-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
23
|
Song Q. Protein adsorption in microengraving immunoassays. SENSORS 2015; 15:26236-50. [PMID: 26501282 PMCID: PMC4634505 DOI: 10.3390/s151026236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microengraving is a novel immunoassay forcharacterizing multiple protein secretions from single cells. During the immunoassay, characteristic diffusion and kinetic time scales τD and τK determine the time for molecular diffusion of proteins secreted from the activated single lymphocytes and subsequent binding onto the glass slide surface respectively. Our results demonstrate that molecular diffusion plays important roles in the early stage of protein adsorption dynamics which shifts to a kinetic controlled mechanism in the later stage. Similar dynamic pathways are observed for protein adsorption with significantly fast rates and rapid shifts in transport mechanisms when C0* is increased a hundred times from 0.313 to 31.3. Theoretical adsorption isotherms follow the trend of experimentally obtained data. Adsorption isotherms indicate that amount of proteins secreted from individual cells and subsequently captured on a clean glass slide surface increases monotonically with time. Our study directly validates that protein secretion rates can be quantified by the microengraving immunoassay. This will enable us to apply microengraving immunoassays to quantify secretion rates from 104–105 single cells in parallel, screen antigen-specific cells with the highest secretion rate for clonal expansion and quantitatively reveal cellular heterogeneity within a small cell sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, 6 Metro Tech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Castellarnau M, Szeto GL, Su HW, Tokatlian T, Love JC, Irvine DJ, Voldman J. Stochastic particle barcoding for single-cell tracking and multiparametric analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:489-98. [PMID: 25180800 PMCID: PMC4303509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study presents stochastic particle barcoding (SPB), a method for tracking cell identity across bioanalytical platforms. In this approach, single cells or small collections of cells are co-encapsulated within an enzymatically-degradable hydrogel block along with a random collection of fluorescent beads, whose number, color, and position encode the identity of the cell, enabling samples to be transferred in bulk between single-cell assay platforms without losing the identity of individual cells. The application of SPB is demonstrated for transferring cells from a subnanoliter protein secretion/phenotyping array platform into a microtiter plate, with re-identification accuracies in the plate assay of 96±2%. Encapsulated cells are recovered by digesting the hydrogel, allowing subsequent genotyping and phenotyping of cell lysates. Finally, a model scaling is developed to illustrate how different parameters affect the accuracy of SPB and to motivate scaling of the method to thousands of unique blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Castellarnau
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregory L. Szeto
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Su
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Talar Tokatlian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Joel Voldman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Torres A, Hill AS, Love JC. Nanowell-based immunoassays for measuring single-cell secretion: characterization of transport and surface binding. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11562-9. [PMID: 25347613 PMCID: PMC4255675 DOI: 10.1021/ac4030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arrays of subnanoliter wells (nanowells) provide a useful system to isolate single cells and analyze their secreted proteins. Two general approaches have emerged: one that uses open arrays and local capture of secreted proteins, and a second (called microengraving) that relies on closed arrays to capture secreted proteins on a solid substrate, which is subsequently removed from the array. However, the design and operating parameters for efficient capture from these two approaches to analyze single-cell secretion have not been extensively considered. Using numerical simulations, we analyzed the operational envelope for both open and closed formats, as a function of the spatial distribution of capture ligands, their affinities for the protein, and the rates of single-cell secretion. Based on these analyses, we present a modified approach to capture secreted proteins in-well for highly active secreting cells. This simple method for in-well detection should facilitate rapid identification of cell lines with high specific productivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis
J. Torres
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological
Engineering, and Koch Institute for
Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Abby S. Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological
Engineering, and Koch Institute for
Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biological
Engineering, and Koch Institute for
Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Herbáth M, Papp K, Balogh A, Matkó J, Prechl J. Exploiting fluorescence for multiplex immunoassays on protein microarrays. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2014; 2:032001. [PMID: 29148470 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/2/3/032001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarray technology is becoming the method of choice for identifying protein interaction partners, detecting specific proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, or for characterizing protein interactions and serum antibodies in a massively parallel manner. Availability of the well-established instrumentation of DNA arrays and development of new fluorescent detection instruments promoted the spread of this technique. Fluorescent detection has the advantage of high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity and wide dynamic range required by most measurements. Fluorescence through specifically designed probes and an increasing variety of detection modes offers an excellent tool for such microarray platforms. Measuring for example the level of antibodies, their isotypes and/or antigen specificity simultaneously can offer more complex and comprehensive information about the investigated biological phenomenon, especially if we take into consideration that hundreds of samples can be measured in a single assay. Not only body fluids, but also cell lysates, extracted cellular components, and intact living cells can be analyzed on protein arrays for monitoring functional responses to printed samples on the surface. As a rapidly evolving area, protein microarray technology offers a great bulk of information and new depth of knowledge. These are the features that endow protein arrays with wide applicability and robust sample analyzing capability. On the whole, protein arrays are emerging new tools not just in proteomics, but glycomics, lipidomics, and are also important for immunological research. In this review we attempt to summarize the technical aspects of planar fluorescent microarray technology along with the description of its main immunological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Herbáth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117 Hungary
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
More than 60 million people in the world have been diagnosed with HIV infections since the virus was recognized as the causative agent of AIDS in the 1980s. Even though more than half of the infected patients have died, effective disease treatment and prevention measures have not been established. ART (antiretroviral therapy) is the only proven HIV treatment that sustains the suppression of patient viraemia. Current routine approaches to treat HIV infections are targeted at developing vaccines that will induce humoral or cell memory immune responses. However, developing an effective vaccine has been challenging because the HIV mutates rapidly, which allows the virus to evade immune surveillances established against the previous strain. In addition, the virus is able to quickly establish a reservoir and treatment is difficult because of the general lack of knowledge about HIV immune response mechanisms. This review introduces common disease symptoms and the progression of HIV infection with a brief summary of the current treatment approaches. Different cellular immune responses against HIV are also discussed, with emphasis on a nanotechnology research that has focused on probing T-cell response to HIV infection. Furthermore, we discuss recent noteworthy nanotechnology updates on T-cell response screening that is focused on HIV infection. Finally, we review potential future treatment strategies based on the correlations between T-cell response and HIV infection.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwa T, Zhou Q, Gao Y, Rahimian A, Kwon L, Liu Y, Revzin A. Reconfigurable microfluidics with integrated aptasensors for monitoring intercellular communication. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1695-704. [PMID: 24700096 PMCID: PMC4386869 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a microsystem integrating anti-TNF-α aptasensors with vacuum-actuatable microfluidic devices that may be used to monitor intercellular communications. Actuatable chambers were used to expose to mitogen a group of ~600 cells while not stimulating another group of monocytes only 600 μm away. Co-localizing groups of cells with miniature 300 μm diameter aptamer-modified electrodes enabled monitoring of TNF-α release from each group independently. The microsystem allowed observation of the sequence of events that included 1) mitogenic activation of the first group of monocytes to produce TNF-α, 2) diffusion of TNF-α to the location of the second group of cells and 3) activation of the second group of cells resulting in the production of TNF-α by these cells. Thus, we were able to experimentally verify reciprocal paracrine crosstalk between the two groups of cells secreting the same signalling molecule. Given the prevalence of such cellular communications during injury, cancer or immune response and the dearth of available monitoring techniques, the microsystem described here is envisioned to have significant impact on cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Building, 451 Health Sciences Drive Room 2619, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ogunniyi AO, Thomas BA, Politano TJ, Varadarajan N, Landais E, Poignard P, Walker BD, Kwon DS, Love JC. Profiling human antibody responses by integrated single-cell analysis. Vaccine 2014; 32:2866-73. [PMID: 24602776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of the antigen-specific B cells induced during infections or following vaccination would facilitate the discovery of novel antibodies and inform how interventions shape protective humoral responses. The analysis of human B cells and their antibodies has been performed using flow cytometry to evaluate memory B cells and expanded plasmablasts, while microtechnologies have also provided a useful tool to examine plasmablasts/plasma cells after vaccination. Here we present an integrated analytical platform, using arrays of subnanoliter wells (nanowells), for constructing detailed profiles for human B cells comprising the immunophenotypes of these cells, the distribution of isotypes of the secreted antibodies, the specificity and relative affinity for defined antigens, and for a subset of cells, the genes encoding the heavy and light chains. The approach combines on-chip image cytometry, microengraving, and single-cell RT-PCR. Using clinical samples from HIV-infected subjects, we demonstrate that the method can identify antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies, is compatible with both plasmablasts/plasma cells and activated memory B cells, and is well-suited for characterizing the limited numbers of B cells isolated from tissue biopsies (e.g., colon biopsies). The technology should facilitate detailed analyses of human humoral responses for evaluating vaccines and their ability to raise protective antibody responses across multiple anatomical compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adebola O Ogunniyi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Brittany A Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Timothy J Politano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Elise Landais
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Pascal Poignard
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Bruce D Walker
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wu SH, Lee KL, Chiou A, Cheng X, Wei PK. Optofluidic platform for real-time monitoring of live cell secretory activities using Fano resonance in gold nanoslits. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3532-3540. [PMID: 23606668 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An optofluidic platform for real-time monitoring of live cell secretory activities is constructed via Fano resonance in a gold nanoslit array. Large-area and highly sensitive gold nanoslits with a period of 500 nm are fabricated on polycarbonate films using the thermal-annealed template-stripping method. The coupling between gap plasmon resonance in the slits and surface plasmon polariton Bloch waves forms a sharp Fano resonance with intensity sensitivity greater than 11 000% per refractive index unit. The nanoslit array is integrated with a cell-trapping microfluidic device to monitor dynamic secretion of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) from human acute monocytic leukemia cells in situ. Upon continuous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, MMP-9 secretion is detected within 2 h due to ultrahigh surface sensitivity and close proximity of the sensor to the target cells. In addition to the advantage of detecting early cell responses, the sensor also allows interrogation of cell secretion dynamics. Furthermore, the average secretion per cell measured using our system well matches previous reports while it requires orders of magnitude less cells. The optofluidic platform may find applications in fundamental studies of cell functions and diagnostics based on secretion signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Han Wu
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, Taiwan 11221 (ROC), Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Siltanen C, Shin DS, Sutcliffe J, Revzin A. Micropatterned photodegradable hydrogels for the sorting of microbeads and cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9224-8. [PMID: 23868693 PMCID: PMC4370904 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Siltanen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Dong-Sik Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Julie Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Siltanen C, Shin D, Sutcliffe J, Revzin A. Micropatterned Photodegradable Hydrogels for the Sorting of Microbeads and Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Siltanen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Dong‐Sik Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Julie Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Love KR, Bagh S, Choi J, Love JC. Microtools for single-cell analysis in biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:280-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
34
|
Nguyen CQ, Ogunniyi AO, Karabiyik A, Love JC. Single-cell analysis reveals isotype-specific autoreactive B cell repertoires in Sjögren's syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58127. [PMID: 23516437 PMCID: PMC3596347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microengraving is a novel technology that uses an array of microfabricated subnanoliter wells to isolate and characterize secreted proteins from larger number of single cells. This printing technique permits the capture and characterization of secreted antibodies on glass slides. Here, we profiled the antigenic repertoires of B cells reacting against salivary gland tissues in Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS), an autoimmune disease targeting the exocrine glands. Single-cell suspensions of spleen and cervical lymph node cells prepared from normal C57BL/6 and SjS-susceptible (SjSs) C57BL/6.NOD-AecAec2 mice were dispersed into subnanoliter wells (nanowells). Capture slides preincubated with mouse immunoglobulins were used for printing. Detection antibodies included fluorescence conjugated anti-IgG1, salivary gland lysates of C57BL/6 and SjSs mice. Results indicate an increase in the frequency of IgG1-secreting cells in the spleen of SjSs mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. Cells from the lymph node of SjSs mice yield higher instances of IgG1 reactive against salivary gland antigens than cells from the lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice. These data demonstrate the isotype-specific reactivity of antibodies during the autoimmune process, and further reveals significant differences in the non-autoimmune and autoimmune antibody repertoires. These results support the generation of self-reactive B cell repertoires during the autoimmune process, at the same time, verifying that microengraving of single cells might allow for identification of novel biomarkers in SjS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Lu ZJ, Deng SJ, Huang DG, He Y, Lei M, Zhou L, Jin P. Frontier of therapeutic antibody discovery: The challenges and how to face them. World J Biol Chem 2012; 3:187-96. [PMID: 23275803 PMCID: PMC3531614 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v3.i12.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become an important class of modern medicines. The established technologies for therapeutic antibody discovery such as humanization of mouse antibodies, phage display of human antibody libraries and transgenic animals harboring human IgG genes have been practiced successfully so far, and many incremental improvements are being made constantly. These methodologies are responsible for currently marketed therapeutic antibodies and for the biopharma industry pipeline which are concentrated on only a few dozen targets. A key challenge for wider application of biotherapeutic approaches is the paucity of truly validated targets for biotherapeutic intervention. The efforts to expand the target space include taking the pathway approach to study the disease correlation. Since many new targets are multi-spanning and multimeric membrane proteins there is a need to develop more effective methods to generate antibodies against these difficult targets. The pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic antibodies are an active area for study concentrating on biophysical characteristics such as thermal stability and aggregation propensity. The immunogenicity of biotherapeutics in humans is a very complex issue and there are no truly predictive animal models to rely on. The in silico and T-cell response approaches identify the potential for immunogenicity; however, one needs contingency plans for emergence of anti-product antibody response for clinical trials.
Collapse
|
37
|
Revzin A, Maverakis E, Chang HC. Biosensors for immune cell analysis-A perspective. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:21301-2130113. [PMID: 22655003 PMCID: PMC3360707 DOI: 10.1063/1.4706845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Massively parallel analysis of single immune cells or small immune cell colonies for disease detection, drug screening, and antibody production represents a "killer app" for the rapidly maturing microfabrication and microfluidic technologies. In our view, microfabricated solid-phase and flow cytometry platforms of the future will be complete with biosensors and electrical/mechanical/optical actuators and will enable multi-parametric analysis of cell function, real-time detection of secreted signals, and facile retrieval of cells deemed interesting.
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee SW, Noh JY, Park SC, Chung JH, Lee B, Lee SD. Biomimetic engineering of a generic cell-on-membrane architecture by microfluidic engraving for on-chip bioassays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7585-7590. [PMID: 22554204 DOI: 10.1021/la3010695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We develop a biomimetic cell-on-membrane architecture in close-volume format which allows the interfacial biocompatibility and the reagent delivery capability for on-chip bioassays. The key concept lies in the microfluidic engraving of lipid membranes together with biological cells on a supported substrate with topographic patterns. The simultaneous engraving process of a different class of fluids is promoted by the front propagation of an air-water interface inside a flow-cell. This highly parallel, microfluidic cell-on-membrane approach opens a door to the natural biocompatibility in mimicking cellular stimuli-response behavior essential for diverse on-chip bioassays that can be precisely controlled in the spatial and temporal manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering #032, Seoul National University, Kwanak P.O. Box 34, Seoul 151-600, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lecault V, White AK, Singhal A, Hansen CL. Microfluidic single cell analysis: from promise to practice. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:381-90. [PMID: 22525493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods for single-cell analysis are critical to revealing cell-to-cell variability in biological systems, especially in cases where relevant minority cell populations can be obscured by population-averaged measurements. However, to date single cell studies have been limited by the cost and throughput required to examine large numbers of cells and the difficulties associated with analyzing small amounts of starting material. Microfluidic approaches are well suited to resolving these issues by providing increased senstitivity, economy of scale, and automation. After many years of development microfluidic systems are now finding traction in a variety of single-cell analytics including gene expression measurements, protein analysis, signaling response, and growth dynamics. With newly developed tools now being applied in fields ranging from human haplotyping and drug discovery to stem cell and cancer research, the long-heralded promise of microfluidic single cell analysis is now finally being realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lecault
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Analytical technologies for integrated single-cell analysis of human immune responses. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 853:211-35. [PMID: 22323150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-567-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a network of cells in which the constitutive members interact through dense and sometimes overlapping connections. The extreme complexity of this network poses a significant challenge for monitoring pathological conditions (e.g., food allergies, autoimmunity, and other chronic inflammatory diseases) and for discovering robust signatures of immunological responses that correlate with or predict the efficacy of interventions. The diversity among immune cells found in clinical samples (variations in cellular functions, lineages, and clonotypic breadth) requires approaches for monitoring immune responses with single-cell resolution.In this chapter, we present an engineering approach for integrated single-cell analysis that uses interchangeable modular operations to provide a comprehensive characterization of the phenotypic, functional, and genetic variations for individual cells. We focus on the use of microfabricated devices to isolate and interrogate single cells, and on the analytical components that enable subsequent detection, correlation, and interpretation of multidimensional sets of data. We discuss specific challenges and opportunities in the realization of this concept, and review two examples where it has been implemented. The presented approach should provide a basis for the design and implementation of nonconventional bioanalytical processes for studying specific responses of an immune system.
Collapse
|
41
|
Park S, Han J, Kim W, Lee GM, Kim HS. Rapid selection of single cells with high antibody production rates by microwell array. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
42
|
Choi J, Love KR, Gong Y, Gierahn TM, Love JC. Immuno-hybridization chain reaction for enhancing detection of individual cytokine-secreting human peripheral mononuclear cells. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6890-5. [PMID: 21812465 DOI: 10.1021/ac2013916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new method to enhance the detection of secreted cytokines and chemokines from single human mononuclear cells. The technique uses a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to amplify signals resulting from sandwich immunoassays. This immuno-HCR employs oligonucleotide-based initiators covalently linked to antibodies to propagate a chain reaction of hybridization events involving a pair of complementary hairpin oligomers bearing fluorescent labels. Integrating this strategy for signal amplification with microengraving (a soft lithographic method for printing arrays of secreted proteins from thousands of single cells) improves both the limits of detection and sensitivity for cytokines and chemokines captured from individual cells by an average of 200-fold relative to methods for direct detection by fluoresence. This approach should enhance the utility of microengraving for defining the immunological signatures of diseases and responses to interventional therapies based on multiplexed single-cell analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Moon SA, Ki MK, Lee S, Hong ML, Kim M, Kim S, Chung J, Rhee SG, Shim H. Antibodies against non-immunizing antigens derived from a large immune scFv library. Mol Cells 2011; 31:509-13. [PMID: 21499952 PMCID: PMC3887623 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-2268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Target-specific antibodies can be rapidly enriched and identified from an antibody library using phage display. Large, naïve antibody libraries derived from synthetic or unimmunized sources can yield antibodies against virtually any antigen, whereas libraries from immunized sources tend to be smaller and are used exclusively against the antigen of immunization. In this study, 25 scFv libraries made from the spleens of immunized rabbits, each with a size ranging from 10(8) to higher than 10(9), were combined into a single large library with > 10(10) individual clones. Panning of this combined library yielded target-specific rabbit scFv clones against many non-immunizing antigens, including proteins, peptides, and a small molecule. Notably, specific scFv clones against a rabbit self-antigen (rabbit serum albumin) and a phosphorylated protein (epidermal growth factor receptor pTyr1173) could be isolated from the library. These results suggest that the immune library contained a significant number of unimmunized clones and that a sufficiently large immune library can be utilized similarly to a naïve library, i.e., against various non-immunizing antigens to yield specific antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ah Moon
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ki
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | | | | | - Misook Kim
- Young In Frontier, Anyang 431-836, Korea
| | | | - Junho Chung
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Sue Goo Rhee
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Hyunbo Shim
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
"In vitro systems to characterize the immune response to HIV-1 and HIV-1 vaccine candidates", NIAID Workshop Report, Bethesda, August 4, 2010. Vaccine 2011; 29:4647-53. [PMID: 21571022 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although clinical trials are the ultimate way to prove vaccine safety and efficacy, the complexity, cost and time required to develop a product to enter human trials demand a serious, long-term investment. Lack of knowledge on immune correlates of protection from HIV infections makes investments in HIV vaccine research significantly risky. Preclinical testing of HIV vaccines is routinely carried out in non-human primate models however these studies have a significant cost and their predictive value is still questionable. The potential value of screening new HIV-1 vaccine candidates on human cells and tissues via high throughput in vitro systems that allow rapid, cost-effective and accurate predictions of in vivo immune responses would be enormous. A one-day workshop was convened by Division of AIDS, National Institutes of Health on August 4, 2010 to address the benefits and challenges of assessing HIV-1 vaccine responses in alternative ways. Consideration was given to the use of various in vitro model systems, human mucosal tissue explants and humanized mouse models as ways to predict immunogenicity and efficacy of HIV-1 vaccines early in the development process, and support decisions on whether a product may be worthy of moving into non-human primates or human trials. This report summarizes the outcome of the workshop.
Collapse
|
45
|
Reddy ST, Georgiou G. Systems analysis of adaptive immunity by utilization of high-throughput technologies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:584-9. [PMID: 21570821 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of high-throughput technologies for quantitative and clonal analysis of adaptive immune responses have been developed. Functional analysis of lymphocyte populations has been accomplished via microfluidic assay systems. Additionally, lymphocyte receptor repertoires have been characterized on proteomic and genomic levels with multiplexed protein microarrays and high-throughput DNA sequencing. These tools are providing an unprecedented level of information depth on the distribution of adaptive immune cell (B and T cell) functionalities and repertoires, which develop upon activation following vaccination, pathogenic infection, or in disease states. These various high-throughput technologies have unlocked the potential to transform immunology into an information-rich science that will enable rapid expansion of the field of experimental systems immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai T Reddy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Suárez-Pantaleón C, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Forchlorfenuron-mimicking haptens: from immunogen design to antibody characterization by hierarchical clustering analysis. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4863-72. [PMID: 21562652 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To obtain highly-specific and selective forchlorfenuron binders, a collection of functionalized derivatives with different spacer arm locations and lengths was prepared. By immunization with target-mimicking haptens, a large battery of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against this synthetic cell regulator was produced and exhaustively characterized in two immunoassay formats using homologous and heterologous conjugates. Antibodies with IC(50) values lower than 0.3 nM were successfully raised from the prepared immunogens, thus evidencing the efficacy of the explored strategies. In order to identify significant epitopes in the antibody-antigen interaction, a series of new chemical forchlorfenuron analogues, with slight modifications at both rings of the target molecule, were synthesized and evaluated in competitive assays. As a novel approach in hapten recognition studies, data processing was performed by computational classification methods based on hierarchical clustering. This strategy was shown to be highly valuable for a straightforward profiling of antibodies according to analogue recognition patterns. A relationship could be established between the antigen binding properties of antibodies and the structure of the immunogen. Whereas antibodies with equivalent affinities had been obtained from all of the derivatives, their specificity was found to be largely influenced by the differential exposition of the molecule to the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Suárez-Pantaleón
- Department of Biotechnology, IATA-CSIC, Agustí Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Seo JH, Chen LJ, Verkhoturov SV, Schweikert EA, Revzin A. The use of glass substrates with bi-functional silanes for designing micropatterned cell-secreted cytokine immunoassays. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5478-88. [PMID: 21550110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is often desirable to sequester cells in specific locations on the surface and to integrate sensing elements next to the cells. In the present study, surfaces were fabricated so as to position cytokine sensing domains inside non-fouling poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microwells. Our aim was to increase sensitivity of micropatterned cytokine immunoassays through covalent attachment of biorecognition molecules. To achieve this, glass substrates were functionalized with a binary mixture of acrylate- and thiol-terminated methoxysilanes. During subsequent hydrogel photopatterning steps, acrylate moieties served to anchor hydrogel microwells to glass substrates. Importantly, glass attachment sites within the microwells contained thiol groups that could be activated with a hetero-bifunctional cross-linker for covalent immobilization of proteins. After incubation with fluorescently-labeled avidin, microwells fabricated on a mixed acryl/thiol silane layer emitted ∼ 6 times more fluorescence compared to microwells fabricated on an acryl silane alone. This result highlighted the advantages of covalent attachment of avidin inside the microwells. To create cytokine immunoassays, micropatterned surfaces were incubated with biotinylated IFN-γ or TNF-α antibodies (Abs). Micropatterned immunoassays prepared in this manner were sensitive down to 1 ng/ml or 60 pM IFN-γ. To further prove utility of this biointerface design, macrophages were seeded into 30 μm diameter microwells fabricated on either bi-functional (acryl/thiol) or mono-functional silane layers. Both types of microwells were coated with avidin and biotin-anti-TNF-α prior to cell seeding. Short mitogenic activation followed by immunostaining for TNF-α revealed that microwells created on bi-functional silane layer had 3 times higher signal due to macrophage-secreted TNF-α compared to microwells fabricated on mono-functional silane. The rational design of cytokine-sensing surfaces described here, will be leveraged in the future for rapid detection of multiple cytokines secreted by individual immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tuleuova N, Revzin A. Micropatterning of Aptamer Beacons to Create Cytokine-Sensing Surfaces. Cell Mol Bioeng 2010; 3:337-344. [PMID: 21170394 PMCID: PMC2991185 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-010-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamer beacons are DNA or RNA probes that bind proteins or small molecules of interest and emit signal directly upon interaction with the target analyte. This paper describes micropatterning of aptamer beacons for detection of IFN-γ—an important inflammatory cytokine. The beacon consisted of a fluorophore-labeled aptamer strand hybridized with a shorter, quencher-carrying complementary strand. Cytokine molecules were expected to displace quenching strands of the beacon, disrupting FRET effect and resulting in fluorescence signal. The glass substrate was first micropatterned with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microwells (35 μm diameter individual wells) so as to define sites for attachment of beacon molecules. PEG microwell arrays were then incubated with avidin followed by biotin-aptamer-fluorophore constructs. Subsequent incubation with quencher-carrying complementary strands resulted in formation of DNA duplex and caused quenching of fluorescence due to FRET effect. When exposed to IFN-γ, microwells changed fluorescence from low (quencher hybridized with fluorophore-carrying strand) to high (quenching strand displaced by cytokine molecules). The fluorescence signal was confined to microwells, was changing in real-time and was dependent on the concentration of IFN-γ. In the future, we plan to co-localize aptamer beacons and cells on micropatterned surfaces in order to monitor in real-time cytokine secretion from immune cells in microwells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazgul Tuleuova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, #2519, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, #2519, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee WC, Rigante S, Pisano AP, Kuypers FA. Large-scale arrays of picolitre chambers for single-cell analysis of large cell populations. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2952-8. [PMID: 20838671 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method to analyze the cytoplasmic contents of single cells in large cell populations. This new method consists of an array of microchambers in which individual cells are collected, enclosed, and lysed to create a reaction mixture of the cytoplasm with extracellular detection agents. This approach was tested for the analysis of red blood cells in 10,000 microchambers in parallel. Single cells were routinely collected in more than 60% of microchambers, the collected cells were robustly (up to 99%) lysed by electric fields, and the cytoplasm enclosed in each microchamber was analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. Using a heterogeneous cell mixture, we verified that the new method could distinguish individual cells by cytoplasmic composition and the analysis compared well with conventional flow-cytometric evaluation of mixed cell populations. In contrast to flow-cytometry, the new method monitored single cells over time, thus characterizing the distributions of caspase activities of 5000 individual cells. This approach should be interesting for a variety of applications that would benefit from the ability to measure the distribution of cytoplasmic compounds in complex cell populations, including hematology, oncology, and immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Chul Lee
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Singhal A, Haynes CA, Hansen CL. Microfluidic Measurement of Antibody−Antigen Binding Kinetics from Low-Abundance Samples and Single Cells. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8671-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101956e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Singhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall #301, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver,
| | - Charles A. Haynes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall #301, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver,
| | - Carl L. Hansen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall #301, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1, and Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver,
| |
Collapse
|