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Reuss DE, Downing SM, Camacho CV, Wang YD, Piro RM, Herold-Mende C, Wang ZQ, Hofmann TG, Sahm F, von Deimling A, McKinnon PJ, Frappart PO. Simultaneous Nbs1 and p53 inactivation in neural progenitors triggers high-grade gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12915. [PMID: 37296499 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by hypomorphic mutations of NBS1. NBS1 is a member of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that binds to DNA double-strand breaks and activates the DNA damage response (DDR). Nbs1 inactivation in neural progenitor cells leads to microcephaly and premature death. Interestingly, p53 homozygous deletion rescues the NBS1-deficient phenotype allowing long-term survival. The objective of this work was to determine whether simultaneous inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in neural progenitors triggered brain tumorigenesis and if so in which category this tumour could be classified. METHODS We generated a mouse model with simultaneous genetic inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in embryonic neural stem cells and analysed the arising tumours with in-depth molecular analyses including immunohistochemistry, array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH), whole exome-sequencing and RNA-sequencing. RESULTS NBS1/P53-deficient mice develop high-grade gliomas (HGG) arising in the olfactory bulbs and in the cortex along the rostral migratory stream. In-depth molecular analyses using immunohistochemistry, aCGH, whole exome-sequencing and RNA-sequencing revealed striking similarities to paediatric human HGG with shared features with radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that concomitant inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in mice promotes HGG with RIG features. This model could be useful for preclinical studies to improve the prognosis of these deadly tumours, but it also highlights the singularity of NBS1 among the other DNA damage response proteins in the aetiology of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Reuss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanna M Downing
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cristel V Camacho
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rosario M Piro
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Ageing-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Petroni M, La Monica V, Fabretti F, Augusto M, Battaglini D, Polonara F, Di Giulio S, Giannini G. The Multiple Faces of the MRN Complex: Roles in Medulloblastoma and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3599. [PMID: 37509263 PMCID: PMC10377613 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomorphic mutations in MRN complex genes are frequently found in cancer, supporting their role as oncosuppressors. However, unlike canonical oncosuppressors, MRN proteins are often overexpressed in tumor tissues, where they actively work to counteract DSBs induced by both oncogene-dependent RS and radio-chemotherapy. Moreover, at the same time, MRN genes are also essential genes, since the constitutive KO of each component leads to embryonic lethality. Therefore, even though it is paradoxical, MRN genes may work as oncosuppressive, oncopromoting, and essential genes. In this review, we discussed how alterations in the MRN complex impact the physiopathology of cancer, in light of our recent discoveries on the gene-dosage-dependent effect of NBS1 in Medulloblastoma. These updates aim to understand whether MRN complex can be realistically used as a prognostic/predictive marker and/or as a therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Petroni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica La Monica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fabretti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariaconcetta Augusto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Damiana Battaglini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Polonara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Giulio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy
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3
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Petroni M, Fabretti F, Giulio SD, Robilant VND, Monica VL, Moretti M, Belardinilli F, Bufalieri F, Anna C, Paci P, Corsi A, Smaele ED, Coni S, Canettieri G, Marcotullio LD, Wang ZQ, Giannini G. A gene dosage-dependent effect unveils NBS1 as both a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor and an essential gene for SHH-medulloblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12837. [PMID: 35839783 PMCID: PMC9542137 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inherited or somatic mutations in the MRE11, RAD50 and NBN genes increase the incidence of tumours, including medulloblastoma (MB). On the other hand, MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 protein components of the MRN complex are often overexpressed and sometimes essential in cancer. In order to solve the apparent conundrum about the oncosuppressive or oncopromoting role of the MRN complex, we explored the functions of NBS1 in a MB prone animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated and analysed mono- or biallelic deletion of the Nbn gene in the context of the SmoA1 transgenic mouse, a SHH-dependent MB prone animal model. We used normal and tumour tissue from these animal models, primary granule cell progenitors (GCPs) from genetically modified animals, and NBS1-depleted primary MB cells, to uncover the effects of NBS1-depletion by RNA-Seq, by biochemical characterization of the SHH-pathway and the DNA damage response (DDR) as well as on the growth and clonogenic properties of GCPs. RESULTS We found that monoallelic Nbn deletion increases SmoA1-dependent MB incidence. In addition to a defective DDR, Nbn+/- GCPs show increased clonogenicity compared to Nbn+/+ GCPs, dependent on an enhanced Notch signalling. In contrast, full NbnKO impairs MB development both in SmoA1 mice and in a SHH-driven tumour allograft. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that Nbn is haploinsufficient for SHH-MB development while full NbnKO is epistatic on SHH-driven MB development, thus revealing a gene dosage-dependent effect of Nbn inactivation on SHH-MB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Petroni
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Moretti
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Coppa Anna
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Dep. of Computer Engineering, Automation and Management, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science Antonio Ruberti, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Coni
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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McSwain LF, Parwani KK, Shahab SW, Hambardzumyan D, MacDonald TJ, Spangle JM, Kenney AM. Medulloblastoma and the DNA Damage Response. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903830. [PMID: 35747808 PMCID: PMC9209741 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children with standard of care consisting of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Recent molecular profiling led to the identification of four molecularly distinct MB subgroups – Wingless (WNT), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4. Despite genomic MB characterization and subsequent tumor stratification, clinical treatment paradigms are still largely driven by histology, degree of surgical resection, and presence or absence of metastasis rather than molecular profile. Patients usually undergo resection of their tumor followed by craniospinal radiation (CSI) and a 6 month to one-year multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen. While there is clearly a need for development of targeted agents specific to the molecular alterations of each patient, targeting proteins responsible for DNA damage repair could have a broader impact regardless of molecular subgrouping. DNA damage response (DDR) protein inhibitors have recently emerged as targeted agents with potent activity as monotherapy or in combination in different cancers. Here we discuss the molecular underpinnings of genomic instability in MB and potential avenues for exploitation through DNA damage response inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon F. McSwain
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kiran K. Parwani
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shubin W. Shahab
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dolores Hambardzumyan
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tobey J. MacDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Spangle
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anna Marie Kenney
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Anna Marie Kenney,
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5
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Shi Y, Shen M, Xu M, Tao M, Chen K, Zhu Q. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognosis for RAD51 Family in Human Breast Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4925-4936. [PMID: 35601003 PMCID: PMC9115836 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s350971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The RAD51 family of genes, including RAD51 and the five RAD51-like paralogs (RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, and XRCC3), are known to be crucially associated with DNA damage repair pathway. Increasing evidence indicated that RAD51 family members were implicated in breast cancer tumorigenesis. However, their biological roles and prognostic values in breast cancer have yet to be clarified. Methods In this study, by using the Oncomine and GEPIA databases, we explored the transcriptional levels of RAD51 family members in breast cancer. Besides, the associations between RAD51 family expression and clinical features were evaluated by using the UALCAN database and Kaplan-Meier (KM) Plotter. We also analyzed the mutations of the RAD51 family and differentially altered genes from the cBioPortal database. Results We found that RAD51 mRNA was significantly elevated in breast cancer samples than in normal tissues, while XRCC2 mRNA was downregulated. Besides, a remarkable correlation was detected between the expression of RAD51/RAD51B/XRCC2 genes and the breast cancer stage. Survival analysis utilizing the KM Plotter indicated that high RAD51 and XRCC3 mRNA was associated with a poor prognosis. Conversely, RFS data suggested that high levels of RAD51B/RAD51C/RAD51D/XRCC2 were associated with a favorable prognosis. Moreover, a high genetic variation rate of RAD51C (7%) was detected in breast cancer patients. Conclusion Conclusively, we implied that RAD51 and XRCC3 might be potential targets for precision therapy in breast cancer and the RAD51B/RAD51C/RAD51D/XRCC2 genes have significant values for breast cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengdan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Downing SM, Schreiner PA, Kwak YD, Li Y, Shaw TI, Russell HR, McKinnon PJ. Genome instability independent of type I interferon signaling drives neuropathology caused by impaired ribonucleotide excision repair. Neuron 2021; 109:3962-3979.e6. [PMID: 34655526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) is a monogenic type I interferonopathy characterized by neurodevelopmental defects and upregulation of type I interferon signaling and neuroinflammation. Mutations in genes that function in nucleic acid metabolism, including RNASEH2, are linked to AGS. Ribonuclease H2 (RNASEH2) is a genome surveillance factor critical for DNA integrity by removing ribonucleotides incorporated into replicating DNA. Here we show that RNASEH2 is necessary for neurogenesis and to avoid activation of interferon-responsive genes and neuroinflammation. Cerebellar defects after RNASEH2B inactivation are rescued by p53 but not cGAS deletion, suggesting that DNA damage signaling, not neuroinflammation, accounts for neuropathology. Coincident inactivation of Atm and Rnaseh2 further affected cerebellar development causing ataxia, which was dependent upon aberrant activation of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). The loss of ATM also markedly exacerbates cGAS-dependent type I interferon signaling. Thus, DNA damage-dependent signaling rather than type I interferon signaling underlies neurodegeneration in this class of neurodevelopmental/neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Downing
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patrick A Schreiner
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Young Don Kwak
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Helen R Russell
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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7
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Liu Z, Zhang W, Cheng X, Wang H, Bian L, Wang J, Han Z, Wang Y, Lian X, Liu B, Ren Z, Zhang B, Jiang Z, Lin Z, Gao Y. Overexpressed XRCC2 as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in glioma patients. Mol Med 2021; 27:52. [PMID: 34051735 PMCID: PMC8164800 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background XRCC2, a homologous recombination-related gene, has been reported to be associated with a variety of cancers. However, its role in glioma has not been reported. This study aimed to find out the role of XRCC2 in glioma and reveal in which glioma-specific biological processes is XRCC2 involved based on thousands of glioma samples, thereby, providing a new perspective in the treatment and prognostic evaluation of glioma.
Methods The expression characteristics of XRCC2 in thousands of glioma samples from CGGA and TCGA databases were comprehensively analyzed. Wilcox or Kruskal test was used to analyze the expression pattern of XRCC2 in gliomas with different clinical and molecular features. The effect of XRCC2 on the prognosis of glioma patients was explored by Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed the possible cellular mechanisms involved in XRCC2 in glioma. Connectivity map (CMap) was used to screen small molecule drugs targeting XRCC2 and the expression levels of XRCC2 were verified in glioma cells and tissues by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Results We found the overexpression of XRCC2 in glioma. Moreover, the overexpressed XRCC2 was associated with a variety of clinical features related to prognosis. Cox and meta-analyses showed that XRCC2 is an independent risk factor for the poor prognosis of glioma. Furthermore, the results of GSEA indicated that overexpressed XRCC2 could promote malignant progression through involved signaling pathways, such as in the cell cycle. Finally, doxazosin, quinostatin, canavanine, and chrysin were identified to exert anti-glioma effects by targeting XRCC2. Conclusions This study analyzed the expression pattern of XRCC2 in gliomas and its relationship with prognosis using multiple datasets. This is the first study to show that XRCC2, a novel oncogene, is significantly overexpressed in glioma and can lead to poor prognosis in glioma patients. XRCC2 could serve as a new biomarker for glioma diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluation, thus bringing new insight into the management of glioma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-021-00316-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Microbiology Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xingbo Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lu Bian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhibin Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yanbiao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Binfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhishuai Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhenfeng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguo Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliate Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. .,Microbiology Laboratory, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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Tsuruoka C, Kaminishi M, Shinagawa M, Shang Y, Amasaki Y, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. High Relative Biological Effectiveness of 2 MeV Fast Neutrons for Induction of Medulloblastoma in Ptch1+/- Mice with Radiation-specific Deletion on Chromosome 13. Radiat Res 2021; 196:225-234. [PMID: 34046685 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00025.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neutron radiation, a high-linear energy transfer radiation, has a high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for various end points. The age at exposure is an important modifier of the effects of radiation, including carcinogenesis, with infants being generally more radiosensitive. Ptch1+/- mice offer a unique experimental system for assessing radiation carcinogenesis. Spontaneous development of medulloblastoma tumors occurs in nonirradiated animals that lose their Ptch1+ allele, most frequently by a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 13 via recombination or non-disjunction (referred to as S-type tumors). In contrast, tumors occur in irradiated Ptch1+/- mice as a result of chromosome 13 LOH with an interstitial deletion (R-type), making spontaneous and radiation-induced tumors discernible. To elucidate the influence of age on the effect of fast neutrons, we irradiated Ptch1+/- mice with neutrons (mean energy, ∼2 MeV) or γ rays on embryonic day (E)14 and E17 and on postnatal day (P)1, 4 or 10 and classified the resulting medulloblastomas based on chromosome 13 aberrations. Instead of LOH, some tumors harbored mutations in their Ptch1+ gene via a nonirradiation-associated mechanism such as duplication, insertion, base substitution or deletion with microhomology-mediated end joining; thus, these tumors were classified as S-type. The RBE regarding the induction of R-type tumors was 12.9 (8.6, 17.2), 9.6 (6.9, 12.3), 21.5 (17.2, 25.8), and 7.1 (4.7, 9.5) (mean and 95% confidence interval) for mice irradiated on E14, E17, P1 and P4, respectively, with the highest value seen during the most active development of the tissue and P10 being completely resistant. These results indicate that the developmental stage at exposure of the tissue influences the RBE of neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kaminishi
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayumi Shinagawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Shang
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Amasaki
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Institute for Environmental Science, Kamikita-gun, Aomori, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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9
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Avery JT, Zhang R, Boohaker RJ. GLI1: A Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673154. [PMID: 34113570 PMCID: PMC8186314 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GLI1 is a transcriptional effector at the terminal end of the Hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway and is tightly regulated during embryonic development and tissue patterning/differentiation. GLI1 has low-level expression in differentiated tissues, however, in certain cancers, aberrant activation of GLI1 has been linked to the promotion of numerous hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic rewiring, and chemotherapeutic resistance. All of these are driven, in part, by GLI1’s role in regulating cell cycle, DNA replication and DNA damage repair processes. The consequences of GLI1 oncogenic activity, specifically the activity surrounding DNA damage repair proteins, such as NBS1, and cell cycle proteins, such as CDK1, can be linked to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms driving GLI1 dysregulation can provide prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to identify a patient population that would derive therapeutic benefit from either direct inhibition of GLI1 or targeted therapy towards proteins downstream of GLI1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Avery
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca J Boohaker
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
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10
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Mouse Models for Deciphering the Impact of Homologous Recombination on Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092083. [PMID: 33923105 PMCID: PMC8123484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a fundamental evolutionarily conserved process that plays prime role(s) in genome stability maintenance through DNA repair and through the protection and resumption of arrested replication forks. Many HR genes are deregulated in cancer cells. Notably, the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important HR players, are the most frequently mutated genes in familial breast and ovarian cancer. Transgenic mice constitute powerful tools to unravel the intricate mechanisms controlling tumorigenesis in vivo. However, the genes central to HR are essential in mammals, and their knockout leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Elaborated strategies have been developed to overcome this difficulty, enabling one to analyze the consequences of HR disruption in vivo. In this review, we first briefly present the molecular mechanisms of HR in mammalian cells to introduce each factor in the HR process. Then, we present the different mouse models of HR invalidation and the consequences of HR inactivation on tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the use of mouse models for the development of targeted cancer therapies as well as perspectives on the future potential for understanding the mechanisms of HR inactivation-driven tumorigenesis in vivo.
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11
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Simovic M, Ernst A. Chromothripsis, DNA repair and checkpoints defects. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:110-114. [PMID: 33589336 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromothripsis is a unique form of genome instability characterized by tens to hundreds of DNA double-strand breaks on one or very few chromosomes, followed by error-prone repair. The derivative chromosome(s) display massive rearrangements, which lead to the loss of tumor suppressor function and to the activation of oncogenes. Chromothripsis plays a major role in cancer as well as in other conditions, such as congenital diseases. In this review, we discuss the repair processes involved in the rejoining of the chromosome fragments, the role of DNA repair and checkpoint defects as a cause for chromothripsis as well as DNA repair defects resulting from chromothripsis. Finally, we consider clinical implications and potential therapeutic vulnerabilities that could be utilized to eliminate tumor cells with chromothripsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Simovic
- Group Genome Instability in Tumors, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Aurélie Ernst
- Group Genome Instability in Tumors, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Garcia-Lopez J, Kumar R, Smith KS, Northcott PA. Deconstructing Sonic Hedgehog Medulloblastoma: Molecular Subtypes, Drivers, and Beyond. Trends Genet 2020; 37:235-250. [PMID: 33272592 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant cerebellar tumor predominantly diagnosed during childhood. Driven by pathogenic activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, SHH subgroup MB (SHH-MB) accounts for nearly one-third of diagnoses. Extensive molecular analyses have identified biologically and clinically relevant intertumoral heterogeneity among SHH-MB tumors, prompting the recognition of novel subtypes. Beyond germline and somatic mutations promoting constitutive SHH signaling, driver alterations affect a multitude of pathways and molecular processes, including TP53 signaling, chromatin modulation, and post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here, we review recent advances in the underpinnings of SHH-MB in the context of molecular subtypes, clarify novel somatic and germline drivers, highlight cellular origins and developmental hierarchies, and describe the composition of the tumor microenvironment and its putative role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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13
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Kim J, Kim K, Mo JS, Lee Y. Atm deficiency in the DNA polymerase β null cerebellum results in cerebellar ataxia and Itpr1 reduction associated with alteration of cytosine methylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3678-3691. [PMID: 32123907 PMCID: PMC7144915 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability resulting from defective DNA damage responses or repair causes several abnormalities, including progressive cerebellar ataxia, for which the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report a new murine model of cerebellar ataxia resulting from concomitant inactivation of POLB and ATM. POLB is one of key enzymes for the repair of damaged or chemically modified bases, including methylated cytosine, but selective inactivation of Polb during neurogenesis affects only a subpopulation of cortical interneurons despite the accumulation of DNA damage throughout the brain. However, dual inactivation of Polb and Atm resulted in ataxia without significant neuropathological defects in the cerebellum. ATM is a protein kinase that responds to DNA strand breaks, and mutations in ATM are responsible for Ataxia Telangiectasia, which is characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. In the cerebella of mice deficient for both Polb and Atm, the most downregulated gene was Itpr1, likely because of misregulated DNA methylation cycle. ITPR1 is known to mediate calcium homeostasis, and ITPR1 mutations result in genetic diseases with cerebellar ataxia. Our data suggest that dysregulation of ITPR1 in the cerebellum could be one of contributing factors to progressive ataxia observed in human genomic instability syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusik Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Keeeun Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Jung-Soon Mo
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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14
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Chu SH, Chabon JR, Matovina CN, Minehart JC, Chen BR, Zhang J, Kumar V, Xiong Y, Callen E, Hung PJ, Feng Z, Koche RP, Liu XS, Chaudhuri J, Nussenzweig A, Sleckman BP, Armstrong SA. Loss of H3K36 Methyltransferase SETD2 Impairs V(D)J Recombination during Lymphoid Development. iScience 2020; 23:100941. [PMID: 32169821 PMCID: PMC7066224 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) during lymphocyte development is essential for V(D)J recombination and forms the basis of immunoglobulin variable region diversity. Understanding of this process in lymphogenesis has historically been centered on the study of RAG1/2 recombinases and a set of classical non-homologous end-joining factors. Much less has been reported regarding the role of chromatin modifications on this process. Here, we show a role for the non-redundant histone H3 lysine methyltransferase, Setd2, and its modification of lysine-36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in the processing and joining of DNA ends during V(D)J recombination. Loss leads to mis-repair of Rag-induced DNA DSBs, especially when combined with loss of Atm kinase activity. Furthermore, loss reduces immune repertoire and a severe block in lymphogenesis as well as causes post-mitotic neuronal apoptosis. Together, these studies are suggestive of an important role of Setd2/H3K36me3 in these two mammalian developmental processes that are influenced by double-stranded break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haihua Chu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
| | - Jonathan R Chabon
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
| | - Chloe N Matovina
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
| | | | - Bo-Ruei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vipul Kumar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Putzer J Hung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA
| | - Richard P Koche
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barry P Sleckman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215-5450, USA.
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15
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Akgül S, Li Y, Zheng S, Kool M, Treisman DM, Li C, Wang Y, Gröbner S, Ikenoue T, Shen Y, Camelo-Piragua S, Tomasek G, Stark S, Guduguntla V, Gusella JF, Guan KL, Pfister SM, Verhaak RGW, Zhu Y. Opposing Tumor-Promoting and -Suppressive Functions of Rictor/mTORC2 Signaling in Adult Glioma and Pediatric SHH Medulloblastoma. Cell Rep 2019; 24:463-478.e5. [PMID: 29996106 PMCID: PMC6116735 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human cancers arise from stem and progenitor cells by the sequential accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, while cancer modeling typically requires simultaneous multiple oncogenic events. Here, we show that a single p53 mutation, despite causing no defect in the mouse brain, promoted neural stem and progenitor cells to spontaneously accumulate oncogenic alterations, including loss of multiple chromosomal (chr) regions syntenic to human chr10 containing Pten, forming malignant gliomas with PI3K/Akt activation. Rictor/mTORC2 loss inhibited Akt signaling, greatly delaying and reducing glioma formation by suppressing glioma precursors within the subventricular zone stem cell niche. Rictor/mTORC2 loss delayed timely differentiation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) during cerebellar development, promoting sustained GCP proliferation and medulloblastoma formation, which recapitulated critical features of TP53 mutant sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastomas with GLI2 and/or N-MYC amplification. Our study demonstrates that Rictor/mTORC2 has opposing functions in neural stem cells and GCPs in the adult and the developing brain, promoting malignant gliomas and suppressing SHH-medulloblastoma formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seçkin Akgül
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Sid Faithfull Brain Cancer Research Laboratory, Cell & Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Yinghua Li
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel M Treisman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Chaoyang Li
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Susanne Gröbner
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsuneo Ikenoue
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yiping Shen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sandra Camelo-Piragua
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gerald Tomasek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sebastian Stark
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vinay Guduguntla
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James F Gusella
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Gilbert Family Neurofibromatosis Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA; Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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16
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Vriend J, Tate RB. Differential Expression of Genes for Ubiquitin Ligases in Medulloblastoma Subtypes. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:469-488. [PMID: 30810905 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-1009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using publically available datasets on gene expression in medulloblastoma (MB) subtypes, we selected genes for ubiquitin ligases and identified statistically those that best predicted each of the four major MB subgroups as separate disease entities. We identify a gene coding for an ubiquitin ligase, ZNRF3, whose overexpression alone can predict the WNT subgroup for 100% in the Pfister dataset. For the SHH subgroup, we identify a gene for a regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), PPP2R2C, as the major predictor among the E3 ligases genes. The ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like conjugation database (UUCD) lists PPP2R2C as coding for a Cullin Ring ubiquitin ligase adaptor. For group 3 MBs, the best ubiquitin ligase predictor was PPP2R2B, a gene which codes for another regulatory subunit of the PP2A holoenzyme. For group 4, the best E3 gene predictors were MID2, ZBTB18, and PPP2R2A, which codes for a third PP2A regulatory subunit. Heatmap analysis of the E3 gene data shows that expression of ten genes for ubiquitin ligases can be used to classify MBs into the four major consensus subgroups. This was illustrated by analysis of gene expression of ubiquitin ligases of the Pfister dataset and confirmed in the dataset of Cavalli. We conclude that genes for ubiquitin ligases can be used as genetic markers for MB subtypes and that the proteins coded for by these genes should be investigated as subtype specific therapeutic targets for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rm134, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Robert B Tate
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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17
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Apurinic endonuclease-1 preserves neural genome integrity to maintain homeostasis and thermoregulation and prevent brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12285-E12294. [PMID: 30538199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809682115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequent oxidative modification of the neural genome is a by-product of the high oxygen consumption of the nervous system. Rapid correction of oxidative DNA lesions is essential, as genome stability is a paramount determinant of neural homeostasis. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1; also known as "APEX1" or "REF1") is a key enzyme for the repair of oxidative DNA damage, although the specific role(s) for this enzyme in the development and maintenance of the nervous system is largely unknown. Here, using conditional inactivation of murine Ape1, we identify critical roles for this protein in the brain selectively after birth, coinciding with tissue oxygenation shifting from a placental supply to respiration. While mice lacking APE1 throughout neurogenesis were viable with little discernible phenotype at birth, rapid and pronounced brain-wide degenerative changes associated with DNA damage were observed immediately after birth leading to early death. Unexpectedly, Ape1 Nes-cre mice appeared hypothermic with persistent shivering associated with the loss of thermoregulatory serotonergic neurons. We found that APE1 is critical for the selective regulation of Fos1-induced hippocampal immediate early gene expression. Finally, loss of APE1 in combination with p53 inactivation resulted in a profound susceptibility to brain tumors, including medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, implicating oxidative DNA lesions as an etiologic agent in these diseases. Our study reveals APE1 as a major suppressor of deleterious oxidative DNA damage and uncovers specific and broad pathogenic consequences of respiratory oxygenation in the postnatal nervous system.
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18
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Ratnaparkhe M, Wong JKL, Wei PC, Hlevnjak M, Kolb T, Simovic M, Haag D, Paul Y, Devens F, Northcott P, Jones DTW, Kool M, Jauch A, Pastorczak A, Mlynarski W, Korshunov A, Kumar R, Downing SM, Pfister SM, Zapatka M, McKinnon PJ, Alt FW, Lichter P, Ernst A. Defective DNA damage repair leads to frequent catastrophic genomic events in murine and human tumors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4760. [PMID: 30420702 PMCID: PMC6232171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromothripsis and chromoanasynthesis are catastrophic events leading to clustered genomic rearrangements. Whole-genome sequencing revealed frequent complex genomic rearrangements (n = 16/26) in brain tumors developing in mice deficient for factors involved in homologous-recombination-repair or non-homologous-end-joining. Catastrophic events were tightly linked to Myc/Mycn amplification, with increased DNA damage and inefficient apoptotic response already observable at early postnatal stages. Inhibition of repair processes and comparison of the mouse tumors with human medulloblastomas (n = 68) and glioblastomas (n = 32) identified chromothripsis as associated with MYC/MYCN gains and with DNA repair deficiencies, pointing towards therapeutic opportunities to target DNA repair defects in tumors with complex genomic rearrangements. Chromothripsis and chromoanasynthesis lead to locally clustered rearrangements affecting one or a few chromosomes, but their impact on cancer development and progression is unclear. Here the authors analyse the role of DNA repair factors in brain tumors by whole-genome sequencing of tumors from mouse models of medulloblastoma or high grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Ratnaparkhe
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University Germany, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - John K L Wong
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Pei-Chi Wei
- Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mario Hlevnjak
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kolb
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Milena Simovic
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University Germany, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Daniel Haag
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Yashna Paul
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Frauke Devens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Paul Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, United States
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, 91-738, Poland
| | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, 91-738, Poland
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Susanna M Downing
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, 38105-3678, TN, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, 38105-3678, TN, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Boston Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Aurélie Ernst
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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19
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Kim J, Kim J, Lee Y. DNA polymerase β deficiency in the p53 null cerebellum leads to medulloblastoma formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:548-553. [PMID: 30274781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA damage response or repair mechanisms during neurogenesis result in genomic instability, which is causative for several neural defects. These include brain tumors, particularly medulloblastoma, which occurs in the cerebellum with a high incidence in children. We generated an animal model with defective base excision repair during brain development through selective inactivation of DNA polymerase β (Polb) in neuroprogenitor cells. All of Polb conditional knockout mice developed medulloblastoma in a p53 null background, similar to the Xrcc1 and p53 double deficient animal model. XRCC1 is a scaffolding protein which is involved in DNA damage repair and binds to POLB. In both animal models, the histopathological characteristics of the medulloblastoma were similar to those of human classic medulloblastoma. Brain tumor development was slower in the Polb and p53 double null animals than in the Xrcc1 and p53 double knockout animals. Molecular marker analysis suggested that Polb- and Xrcc1-deficient medulloblastomas belonged to the SHHα subtype, underscoring the important role of genomic stability in preventing this devastating pediatric cerebellar tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusik Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemi Kim
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Stability Institute, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Genome Stability Institute, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Chen Y, Li Z, Xu Z, Tang H, Guo W, Sun X, Zhang W, Zhang J, Wan X, Jiang Y, Mao Z. Use of the XRCC2 promoter for in vivo cancer diagnosis and therapy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:420. [PMID: 29549248 PMCID: PMC5856804 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is a promising target for cancer therapy as it is frequently upregulated in tumors. One such strategy is to target tumors with cancer-specific, hyperactive promoters of HR genes including RAD51 and RAD51C. However, the promoter size and the delivery method have limited its potential clinical applications. Here we identified the ~2.1 kb promoter of XRCC2, similar to ~6.5 kb RAD51 promoter, as also hyperactivated in cancer cells. We found that XRCC2 expression is upregulated in nearly all types of cancers, to a degree comparable to RAD51 while much higher than RAD51C. Further study demonstrated that XRCC2 promoter is hyperactivated in cancer cell lines, and diphtheria toxin A (DTA) gene driven by XRCC2 promoter specifically eliminates cancer cells. Moreover, lentiviral vectors containing XRCC2 promoter driving firefly luciferase or DTA were created and applied to subcutaneous HeLa xenograft mice. We demonstrated that the pXRCC2-luciferase lentivirus is an effective tool for in vivo cancer visualization. Most importantly, pXRCC2-DTA lentivirus significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa xenografts in comparison to the control group. In summary, our results strongly indicate that virus-mediated delivery of constructs built upon the XRCC2 promoter holds great potential for tumor diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyin Tang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Sun
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Barzilai A, Schumacher B, Shiloh Y. Genome instability: Linking ageing and brain degeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:4-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Zhu G, Rankin SL, Larson JD, Zhu X, Chow LML, Qu C, Zhang J, Ellison DW, Baker SJ. PTEN Signaling in the Postnatal Perivascular Progenitor Niche Drives Medulloblastoma Formation. Cancer Res 2016; 77:123-133. [PMID: 27815386 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN exerts diverse outcomes on cancer in different developmental contexts. To gain insight into the effect of its loss on outcomes in the brain, we conditionally inactivated the murine Pten gene in neonatal neural stem/progenitor cells. Pten inactivation created an abnormal perivascular proliferative niche in the cerebellum that persisted in adult animals but did not progress to malignancy. Proliferating cells showed undifferentiated morphology and expressed the progenitor marker Nestin but not Math1, a marker of committed granule neuron progenitors. Codeletion of Pten and Trp53 resulted in fully penetrant medulloblastoma originating from the perivascular niche, which exhibited abnormal blood vessel networks and advanced neuronal differentiation of tumor cells. EdU pulse-chase experiments demonstrated a perivascular cancer stem cell population in Pten/Trp53 double mutant medulloblastomas. Genetic analyses revealed recurrent somatic inactivations of the tumor suppressor gene Ptch1 and a recapitulation of the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastomas. Overall, our results showed that PTEN acts to prevent the proliferation of a progenitor niche in postnatal cerebellum predisposed to oncogenic induction of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 77(1); 123-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sherri L Rankin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jon D Larson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lionel M L Chow
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chunxu Qu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. .,Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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23
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Lang PY, Nanjangud GJ, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Shaw C, Hwang D, Parker JS, Kabanov AV, Gershon TR. ATR maintains chromosomal integrity during postnatal cerebellar neurogenesis and is required for medulloblastoma formation. Development 2016; 143:4038-4052. [PMID: 27803059 PMCID: PMC5117143 DOI: 10.1242/dev.139022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly and medulloblastoma may both result from mutations that compromise genomic stability. We report that ATR, which is mutated in the microcephalic disorder Seckel syndrome, sustains cerebellar growth by maintaining chromosomal integrity during postnatal neurogenesis. Atr deletion in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) induced proliferation-associated DNA damage, p53 activation, apoptosis and cerebellar hypoplasia in mice. Co-deletions of either p53 or Bax and Bak prevented apoptosis in Atr-deleted CGNPs, but failed to fully rescue cerebellar growth. ATR-deficient CGNPs had impaired cell cycle checkpoint function and continued to proliferate, accumulating chromosomal abnormalities. RNA-Seq demonstrated that the transcriptional response to ATR-deficient proliferation was highly p53 dependent and markedly attenuated by p53 co-deletion. Acute ATR inhibition in vivo by nanoparticle-formulated VE-822 reproduced the developmental disruptions seen with Atr deletion. Genetic deletion of Atr blocked tumorigenesis in medulloblastoma-prone SmoM2 mice. Our data show that p53-driven apoptosis and cell cycle arrest - and, in the absence of p53, non-apoptotic cell death - redundantly limit growth in ATR-deficient progenitors. These mechanisms may be exploited for treatment of CGNP-derived medulloblastoma using ATR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Lang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gouri J Nanjangud
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Research Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christine Shaw
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Research Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Duhyeong Hwang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel S Parker
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy R Gershon
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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24
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Erasimus H, Gobin M, Niclou S, Van Dyck E. DNA repair mechanisms and their clinical impact in glioblastoma. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:19-35. [PMID: 27543314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite surgical resection and genotoxic treatment with ionizing radiation and the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide, glioblastoma remains one of the most lethal cancers, due in great part to the action of DNA repair mechanisms that drive resistance and tumor relapse. Understanding the molecular details of these mechanisms and identifying potential pharmacological targets have emerged as vital tasks to improve treatment. In this review, we introduce the various cellular systems and animal models that are used in studies of DNA repair in glioblastoma. We summarize recent progress in our knowledge of the pathways and factors involved in the removal of DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiation and temozolomide. We introduce the therapeutic strategies relying on DNA repair inhibitors that are currently being tested in vitro or in clinical trials, and present the challenges raised by drug delivery across the blood brain barrier as well as new opportunities in this field. Finally, we review the genetic and epigenetic alterations that help shape the DNA repair makeup of glioblastoma cells, and discuss their potential therapeutic impact and implications for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Erasimus
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Matthieu Gobin
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Simone Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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25
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Kaminsky N, Bihari O, Kanner S, Barzilai A. Connecting Malfunctioning Glial Cells and Brain Degenerative Disorders. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2016; 14:155-165. [PMID: 27245308 PMCID: PMC4936608 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is a complex biological system activated by different types of DNA damage. Mutations in certain components of the DDR machinery can lead to genomic instability disorders that culminate in tissue degeneration, premature aging, and various types of cancers. Intriguingly, malfunctioning DDR plays a role in the etiology of late onset brain degenerative disorders such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. For many years, brain degenerative disorders were thought to result from aberrant neural death. Here we discuss the evidence that supports our novel hypothesis that brain degenerative diseases involve dysfunction of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes). Impairment in the functionality of glial cells results in pathological neuro-glial interactions that, in turn, generate a "hostile" environment that impairs the functionality of neuronal cells. These events can lead to systematic neural demise on a scale that appears to be proportional to the severity of the neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kaminsky
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ofer Bihari
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sivan Kanner
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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26
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Abstract
The mechanisms leading to brain tumor formation are poorly understood. Using Ptch1+/- mice as a medulloblastoma model, sequential mutations were found to shape tumor evolution. Initially, medulloblastoma preneoplastic lesions display loss of heterozygosity of the Ptch1 wild-type allele, an event associated with cell senescence in preneoplasia. Subsequently, p53 mutations lead to senescence evasion and progression from preneoplasia to medulloblastoma. These findings are consistent with a model where high levels of Hedgehog signaling caused by the loss of the tumor suppressor Ptch1 lead to oncogene-induced senescence and drive p53 mutations. Thus, cell senescence is an important characteristic of a subset of SHH medulloblastoma and might explain the acquisition of somatic TP53 mutations in human medulloblastoma. This mode of medulloblastoma formation contrasts with the one characterizing Li-Fraumeni patients with medulloblastoma, where TP53 germ-line mutations cause chromothriptic genomic instability and lead to mutations in Hedgehog signaling genes, which drive medulloblastoma growth. Here we discuss in detail these 2 alternative mechanisms leading to medulloblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tamayo-Orrego
- a Molecular Biology of Neural Development , Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Integrated Program in Neuroscience , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Shannon M Swikert
- a Molecular Biology of Neural Development , Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Integrated Program in Neuroscience , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Frédéric Charron
- a Molecular Biology of Neural Development , Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM) , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,b Integrated Program in Neuroscience , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,c Department of Medicine , University of Montreal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada.,d Division of Experimental Medicine , Department of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Biology , McGill University , Quebec , Canada
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27
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Evasion of Cell Senescence Leads to Medulloblastoma Progression. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2925-37. [PMID: 26997276 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How brain tumors progress from precancerous lesions to advanced cancers is not well understood. Using Ptch1(+/-) mice to study medulloblastoma progression, we found that Ptch1 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is an early event that is associated with high levels of cell senescence in preneoplasia. In contrast, advanced tumors have evaded senescence. Remarkably, we discovered that the majority of advanced medulloblastomas display either spontaneous, somatic p53 mutations or Cdkn2a locus inactivation. Consistent with senescence evasion, these p53 mutations are always subsequent to Ptch1 LOH. Introduction of a p53 mutation prevents senescence, accelerates tumor formation, and increases medulloblastoma incidence. Altogether, our results show that evasion of senescence associated with Ptch1 LOH allows progression to advanced tumors.
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28
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Aberrant GLI1 Activation in DNA Damage Response, Carcinogenesis and Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2330-51. [PMID: 26633513 PMCID: PMC4695894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical hedgehog (HH) pathway is a multicomponent signaling cascade (HH, protein patched homolog 1 (PTCH1), smoothened (SMO)) that plays a pivotal role during embryonic development through activation of downstream effector molecules, namely glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1), GLI2 and GLI3. Activation of GLIs must be tightly regulated as they modulate target genes which control tissue patterning, stem cell maintenance, and differentiation during development. However, dysregulation or mutations in HH signaling leads to genomic instability (GI) and various cancers, for example, germline mutation in PTCH1 lead to Gorlin syndrome, a condition where patients develop numerous basal cell carcinomas and rarely rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Activating mutations in SMO have also been recognized in sporadic cases of medulloblastoma and SMO is overexpressed in many other cancers. Recently, studies in several human cancers have shown that GLI1 expression is independent from HH ligand and canonical intracellular signaling through PTCH and SMO. In fact, this aberrantly regulated GLI1 has been linked to several non-canonical oncogenic growth signals such as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), avian myelocytomatosis virus oncogene cellular homolog (C-MYC), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) and β-catenin. Recent studies from our lab and other independent studies demonstrate that aberrantly expressed GLI1 influences the integrity of several DNA damage response and repair signals, and if altered, these networks can contribute to GI and impact tumor response to chemo- and radiation therapies. Furthermore, the ineffectiveness of SMO inhibitors in clinical studies argues for the development of GLI1-specific inhibitors in order to develop effective therapeutic modalities to treat these tumors. In this review, we focus on summarizing current understanding of the molecular, biochemical and cellular basis for aberrant GLI1 expression and discuss GLI1-mediated HH signaling on DNA damage responses, carcinogenesis and chemoresistance.
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29
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Vriend J, Ghavami S, Marzban H. The role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma. Mol Brain 2015; 8:64. [PMID: 26475605 PMCID: PMC4609148 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells precursors are derived from the upper rhombic lip and migrate tangentially independent of glia along the subpial stream pathway to form the external germinal zone. Postnatally, granule cells migrate from the external germinal zone radially through the Purkinje cell layer, guided by Bergmann glia fibers, to the internal granular cell layer. Medulloblastomas (MBs) are the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. Many of these tumors develop from precursor cells of the embryonic rhombic lips. Four main groups of MB are recognized. The WNT group of MBs arise primarily from the lower rhombic lip and embryonic brainstem. The SHH group of MBs originate from cerebellar granule cell precursors in the external germinal zone of the embryonic cerebellum. The cellular origins of type 3 and type 4 MBs are not clear. Several ubiquitin ligases are revealed to be significant factors in development of the cerebellum as well as in the initiation and maintenance of MBs. Proteasome dysfunction at a critical stage of development may be a major factor in determining whether progenitor cells which are destined to become granule cells differentiate normally or become MB cells. We propose the hypothesis that proteasomal activity is essential to regulate the critical transition between proliferating granule cells and differentiated granule cells and that proteasome dysfunction may lead to MB. Proteasome dysfunction could also account for various mutations in MBs resulting from deficiencies in DNA checkpoint and repair mechanisms prior to development of MBs. Data showing a role for the ubiquitin ligases β-TrCP, FBW7, Huwe1, and SKP2 in MBs suggest the possibility of a classification of MBs based on the expression (over expression or under expression) of specific ubiquitin ligases which function as oncogenes, tumor suppressors or cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rm129, BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada.
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30
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Xu J, Margol AS, Shukla A, Ren X, Finlay JL, Krieger MD, Gilles FH, Couch FJ, Aziz M, Fung ET, Asgharzadeh S, Barrett MT, Erdreich-Epstein A. Disseminated Medulloblastoma in a Child with Germline BRCA2 6174delT Mutation and without Fanconi Anemia. Front Oncol 2015; 5:191. [PMID: 26380221 PMCID: PMC4550790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, occurs with increased frequency in individuals with Fanconi anemia who have biallelic germline mutations in BRCA2. We describe an 8-year-old child who had disseminated anaplastic medulloblastoma and a deleterious heterozygous BRCA2 6174delT germline mutation. Molecular profiling was consistent with Group 4 medulloblastoma. The posterior fossa mass was resected and the patient received intensive chemotherapy and craniospinal irradiation. Despite this, the patient succumbed to a second recurrence of his medulloblastoma, which presented 8 months after diagnosis as malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions. Continuous medulloblastoma cell lines were isolated from the original tumor (CHLA-01-MED) and the malignant pleural effusion (CHLA-01R-MED). Here, we provide their analyses, including in vitro and in vivo growth, drug sensitivity, comparative genomic hybridization, and next generation sequencing analysis. In addition to the BRCA2 6174delT, the medulloblastoma cells had amplification of MYC, deletion at Xp11.2, and isochromosome 17, but no structural variations or overexpression of GFI1 or GFI1B. To our knowledge, this is the first pair of diagnosis/recurrence medulloblastoma cell lines, the only medulloblastoma cell lines with BRCA2 6174delT described to date, and the first reported case of a child with medulloblastoma associated with a germline BRCA2 6174delT who did not also have Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Xu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Ashley Sloane Margol
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | | | - Xiuhai Ren
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Jonathan L Finlay
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Mark D Krieger
- Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Floyd H Gilles
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Meraj Aziz
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | | | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Michael T Barrett
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) , Phoenix, AZ , USA
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA ; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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Topka S, Glassmann A, Weisheit G, Schüller U, Schilling K. The transcription factor Cux1 in cerebellar granule cell development and medulloblastoma pathogenesis. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:698-712. [PMID: 25096634 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cux1, also known as Cutl1, CDP or Cut is a homeodomain transcription factor implicated in the regulation of normal and oncogenic development in diverse peripheral tissues and organs. We studied the expression and functional role of Cux1 in cerebellar granule cells and medulloblastoma. Cux1 is robustly expressed in proliferating granule cell precursors and in postmitotic, migrating granule cells. Expression is lost as postmigratory granule cells mature. Moreover, Cux1 is also strongly expressed in a well-established mouse model of medulloblastoma. In contrast, expression of CUX1 in human medulloblastoma tissue samples is lower than in normal fetal cerebellum. In these tumors, CUX1 expression tightly correlates with a set of genes which, when mapped on a global protein-protein interaction dataset, yields a tight network that constitutes a cell cycle control signature and may be related to p53 and the DNA damage response pathway. Antisense-mediated reduction of CUX1 levels in two human medulloblastoma cell lines led to a decrease in proliferation and altered motility. The developmental expression of Cux1 in the cerebellum and its action in cell lines support a role in granule cell and medulloblastoma proliferation. Its expression in human medulloblastoma shifts that perspective, suggesting that CUX1 is part of a network involved in cell cycle control and maintenance of DNA integrity. The constituents of this network may be rational targets to therapeutically approach medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Topka
- Anatomisches Institut, Anatomie & Zellbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Nussallee 10, 53115, Bonn, Germany,
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Characterization of medulloblastoma in Fanconi Anemia: a novel mutation in the BRCA2 gene and SHH molecular subgroup. Biomark Res 2015; 3:13. [PMID: 26064523 PMCID: PMC4462002 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by the variable presence of multiple congenital somatic abnormalities, bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. Medulloblastoma (MB) has been described only in few cases of FA with biallelic inactivation in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2/FANCD1 or its associated gene PALB2/FANCN. We report the case of a patient affected by Fanconi Anemia with Wilms tumor and unusual presentation of two medulloblastomas (MB1 and MB2). We identified a new pathogenetic germline BRCA2 mutation: c.2944_2944delA. Molecular analysis of MBs allowed us to define new features of MB in FA. MBs were found to belong to the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) molecular subgroup with some differences between MB1 and MB2. We highlighted that MB in FA could share molecular aspects and hemispheric localization with sporadic adult SHH-MB. Our report provides new findings that shed new light on the genetic and molecular pathogenesis of MB in FA patients with implications in the disease management.
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Tong Y, Merino D, Nimmervoll B, Gupta K, Wang YD, Finkelstein D, Dalton J, Ellison DW, Ma X, Zhang J, Malkin D, Gilbertson RJ. Cross-Species Genomics Identifies TAF12, NFYC, and RAD54L as Choroid Plexus Carcinoma Oncogenes. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:712-27. [PMID: 25965574 PMCID: PMC4458854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Choroid plexus carcinomas (CPCs) are poorly understood and frequently lethal brain tumors with few treatment options. Using a mouse model of the disease and a large cohort of human CPCs, we performed a cross-species, genome-wide search for oncogenes within syntenic regions of chromosome gain. TAF12, NFYC, and RAD54L co-located on human chromosome 1p32-35.3 and mouse chromosome 4qD1-D3 were identified as oncogenes that are gained in tumors in both species and required for disease initiation and progression. TAF12 and NFYC are transcription factors that regulate the epigenome, whereas RAD54L plays a central role in DNA repair. Our data identify a group of concurrently gained oncogenes that cooperate in the formation of CPC and reveal potential avenues for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiai Tong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Diana Merino
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Birgit Nimmervoll
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kirti Gupta
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - James Dalton
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Malkin
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Abstract
BRCA is a tumor suppressor gene implicated in the major mechanisms of cellular stability in every type of cell. Its mutations are described in numerous cancers, mainly breast and ovarian in women. It was also found an increase of lifetime risk of pancreas, colon, prostate cancer or lymphoma in men carriers. We report the cases of two female patients aged 40 and 58-years-old female patients and one 35-years-old male patient, with brain or medullar gliomas, carriers of a germline mutation of BRCA gene. Those gliomas were particularly aggressive and were not responding to the standard treatment, with chemo and radiotherapy. The very unusual characteristics in location and evolutive profile of these central nervous system tumors raise the question of a genetical underlying mechanism, maybe linked to the BRCA gene mutation that carry these patients. In addition, a non-fortuitous association between germline mutation of BRCA and occurrence of a glioma can be evoked according to the embryological, epidemiological and biomolecular findings noted in the literature. Other clinical and experimental studies are necessary to precise the physiopathological link existing between BRCA mutations and the occurrence of a glioma; this could have therapeutical and clinical implications in the future.
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Tripathi K, Mani C, Barnett R, Nalluri S, Bachaboina L, Rocconi RP, Athar M, Owen LB, Palle K. Gli1 protein regulates the S-phase checkpoint in tumor cells via Bid protein, and its inhibition sensitizes to DNA topoisomerase 1 inhibitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:31513-25. [PMID: 25253693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.606483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of hedgehog molecules, particularly Gli1, is common in cancers of many tissues and is responsible for their aggressive behavior and chemoresistance. Here we demonstrate a novel and tumor-specific role for aberrant Gli1 in the regulation of the S-phase checkpoint that suppresses replication stress and resistance to chemotherapy. Inhibition of Gli1 in tumor cells induced replication stress-mediated DNA damage response, attenuated their clonogenic potential, abrogated camptothecin (CPT)-induced Chk1 phosphorylation, and potentiated its cytotoxicity. However, in normal fibroblasts, Gli1 siRNAs showed no significant changes in CPT-induced Chk1 phosphorylation. Further analysis of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR)/Chk1 signaling cascade genes in tumor cells revealed an unexpected mechanism whereby Gli1 regulates ATR-mediated Chk1 phosphorylation by transcriptional regulation of the BH3-only protein Bid. Consistent with its role in DNA damage response, Bid down-regulation in tumor cells abolished CPT-induced Chk1 phosphorylation and sensitized them to CPT. Correspondingly, Gli1 inhibition affected the expression of Bid and the association of replication protein A (RPA) with the ATR- interacting protein (ATRIP)-ATR complex, and this compromised the S-phase checkpoint. Conversely, complementation of Bid in Gli1-deficient cells restored CPT-induced Chk1 phosphorylation. An in silico analysis of the Bid promoter identified a putative Gli1 binding site, and further studies using luciferase reporter assays confirmed Gli1-dependent promoter activity. Collectively, our studies established a novel connection between aberrant Gli1 and Bid in the survival of tumor cells and their response to chemotherapy, at least in part, by regulating the S-phase checkpoint. Importantly, our data suggest a novel drug combination of Gli1 and Top1 inhibitors as an effective therapeutic strategy in treating tumors that expresses Gli1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushlendra Tripathi
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Reagan Barnett
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Sriram Nalluri
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Lavanya Bachaboina
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Rodney P Rocconi
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Mohammed Athar
- the Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Laurie B Owen
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604 and
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ATR inhibition preferentially targets homologous recombination-deficient tumor cells. Oncogene 2014; 34:3474-81. [PMID: 25174396 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is required for faithful repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Defects in HR repair cause severe genomic instability and challenge cellular viability. Paradoxically, various cancers are HR defective and have apparently acquired characteristics to survive genomic instability. We aimed to identify these characteristics to uncover therapeutic targets for HR-deficient cancers. Cytogenetic analysis of 1143 ovarian cancers showed that the degree of genomic instability was correlated to amplification of replication checkpoint genes ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and CHEK1. To test whether genomic instability leads to increased reliance on replication checkpoint signaling, we inactivated Rad51 to model HR-related genomic instability. Rad51 inactivation caused defective HR repair and induced aberrant replication dynamics. Notably, inhibition of Rad51 led to increased ATR/checkpoint kinase-1 (Chk1)-mediated replication stress signaling. Importantly, inhibition of ATR or Chk1 preferentially killed HR-deficient cancer cells. Combined, our data show that defective HR caused by Rad51 inhibition results in differential sensitivity for ATR and Chk1 inhibitors, implicating replication checkpoint kinases as potential drug targets for HR-defective cancers.
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Pak E, Segal RA, Stiles CD. New progenitors NESTIN(g) in the EGL. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1710-2. [PMID: 24270268 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Pak
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and the Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Huang YY, Dai L, Gaines D, Droz-Rosario R, Lu H, Liu J, Shen Z. BCCIP suppresses tumor initiation but is required for tumor progression. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7122-33. [PMID: 24145349 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of genome caretaker genes contribute to genomic instability and tumor initiation. Because many of the caretaker genes are also essential for cell viability, permanent loss of function of these genes would prohibit further tumor progression. How essential caretaker genes contribute to tumorigenesis is not fully understood. Here, we report a "hit-and-run" mode of action for an essential caretaker gene in tumorigenesis. Using a BRCA2-interacting protein BCCIP as the platform, we found that a conditional BCCIP knockdown and concomitant p53 deletion caused rapid development of medulloblastomas, which bear a wide spectrum of alterations involving the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway, consistent with a caretaker responsibility of BCCIP on genomic integrity. Surprisingly, the progressed tumors have spontaneously lost the transgenic BCCIP knockdown cassette and restored BCCIP expression. Thus, a transient downregulation of BCCIP, but not necessarily a permanent mutation, is sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis. After the malignant transformation has been accomplished and autonomous cancer growth has been established, BCCIP reverses its role from a tumor-initiation suppressor to become a requisite for progression. This exemplifies a new type of tumor suppressor, which is distinct from the classical tumor suppressors that are often permanently abrogated during tumorigenesis. It has major implications on how a nonmutagenic or transient regulation of essential caretaker gene contributes to tumorigenesis. We further suggest that BCCIP represents a paradoxical class of modulators for tumorigenesis as a suppressor for initiation but a requisite for progression (SIRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yuan Huang
- Authors' Affiliation: Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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A population of Nestin-expressing progenitors in the cerebellum exhibits increased tumorigenicity. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1737-44. [PMID: 24141309 PMCID: PMC3845444 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that cerebellar granule neurons originate exclusively from granule neuron precursors (GNPs) in the external germinal layer (EGL). Here we identify a rare population of neuronal progenitors in mouse developing cerebellum that expresses Nestin. Although Nestin is widely considered a marker for multipotent stem cells, these Nestin-expressing progenitors (NEPs) are committed to the granule neuron lineage. Unlike conventional GNPs, which reside in the outer EGL and proliferate extensively, NEPs reside in the deep part of the EGL and are quiescent. Expression profiling reveals that NEPs are distinct from GNPs, and in particular, express markedly reduced levels of genes associated with DNA repair. Consistent with this, upon aberrant activation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, NEPs exhibit more severe genomic instability and give rise to tumors more efficiently than GNPs. These studies identify a novel progenitor for cerebellar granule neurons and a novel cell of origin for medulloblastoma.
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Shalaby T, Fiaschetti G, Nagasawa K, Shin-ya K, Baumgartner M, Grotzer M. G-quadruplexes as potential therapeutic targets for embryonal tumors. Molecules 2013; 18:12500-37. [PMID: 24152672 PMCID: PMC6269990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181012500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonal tumors include a heterogeneous group of highly malignant neoplasms that primarily affect infants and children and are characterized by a high rate of mortality and treatment-related morbidity, hence improved therapies are clearly needed. G-quadruplexes are special secondary structures adopted in guanine (G)-rich DNA sequences that are often present in biologically important regions, e.g. at the end of telomeres and in the regulatory regions of oncogenes such as MYC. Owing to the significant roles that both telomeres and MYC play in cancer cell biology, G-quadruplexes have been viewed as emerging therapeutic targets in oncology and as tools for novel anticancer drug design. Several compounds that target these structures have shown promising anticancer activity in tumor xenograft models and some of them have entered Phase II clinical trials. In this review we examine approaches to DNA targeted cancer therapy, summarize the recent developments of G-quadruplex ligands as anticancer drugs and speculate on the future direction of such structures as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for embryonal tumors of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Shalaby
- Division of Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich 8032, Switzerland.
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Natarajan S, Li Y, Miller EE, Shih DJ, Taylor MD, Stearns TM, Bronson RT, Ackerman SL, Yoon JK, Yun K. Notch1-induced brain tumor models the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5381-90. [PMID: 23852537 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While activation of the Notch pathway is observed in many human cancers, it is unknown whether elevated Notch1 expression is sufficient to initiate tumorigenesis in most tissues. To test the oncogenic potential of Notch1 in solid tumors, we expressed an activated form of Notch1 (N1ICD) in the developing mouse brain. N1ICD;hGFAP-cre mice were viable but developed severe ataxia and seizures, and died by weaning age. Analysis of transgenic embryo brains revealed that N1ICD expression induced p53-dependent apoptosis. When apoptosis was blocked by genetic deletion of p53, 30% to 40% of N1ICD;GFAP-cre;p53(+/-) and N1ICD;GFAP-cre;p53(-/-) mice developed spontaneous medulloblastomas. Interestingly, N1ICD-induced medulloblastomas most closely resembled the sonic hedgehog subgroup of human medulloblastoma at the molecular level. Surprisingly, N1ICD-induced tumors do not maintain high levels of the Notch pathway gene expression, except for Notch2, showing that initiating oncogenic events may not be decipherable by analyzing growing tumors in some cases. In summary, this study shows that Notch1 has an oncogenic potential in the brain when combined with other oncogenic hits, such as p53 loss, and provides a novel mouse model of medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 73(17); 5381-90. ©2013 AACR.
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Rommel PC, Bosque D, Gitlin AD, Croft GF, Heintz N, Casellas R, Nussenzweig MC, Kriaucionis S, Robbiani DF. Fate mapping for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) marks non-lymphoid cells during mouse development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69208. [PMID: 23861962 PMCID: PMC3704518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aicda gene encodes Activation-Induced cytidine Deaminase (AID), an enzyme essential for remodeling antibody genes in mature B lymphocytes. AID is also responsible for DNA damage at oncogenes, leading to their mutation and cancer-associated chromosome translocation in lymphoma. We used fate mapping and AIDGFP reporter mice to determine if AID expression in the mouse extends beyond lymphocytes. We discovered that AIDcre tags a small fraction of non-lymphoid cells starting at 10.5 days post conception (dpc), and that AIDGFP+ cells are detectable at dpc 11.5 and 12.5. Embryonic cells are tagged by AIDcre in the submandibular region, where conditional deletion of the tumor suppressor PTEN causes squamous papillomas. AIDcre also tags non-lymphoid cells in the embryonic central nervous system. Finally, in the adult mouse brain, AIDcre marks a small fraction of diverse neurons and distinct neuronal populations, including pyramidal cells in cortical layer IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C. Rommel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Bosque
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander D. Gitlin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gist F. Croft
- Laboratory of Molecular Vertebrate Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Genomics and Immunity, NIAMS, and Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Skirmantas Kriaucionis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, the Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gonnissen A, Isebaert S, Haustermans K. Hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer and its therapeutic implication. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13979-4007. [PMID: 23880852 PMCID: PMC3742228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in the development and progression of several tumor types, including prostate cancer, which is still the most common non-skin malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in industrialized countries worldwide. Several studies have indicated that the Hh pathway plays a crucial role in the development as well as in the progression of this disease to more aggressive and even therapy-resistant disease states. Moreover, preclinical data have shown that inhibition of Hh signaling has the potential to reduce prostate cancer invasiveness and metastatic potential. Clinical trials investigating the benefit of Hh inhibitors in patients with prostate cancer have recently been initiated. However, acquired drug resistance has already been observed in other tumor types after long-term Hh inhibition. Therefore, combining Hh inhibitors with ionizing radiation, chemotherapy or other molecular targeted agents could represent an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will highlight the role of Hh signaling in the development and progression of prostate cancer and summarize the different therapeutic applications of Hedgehog inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Gonnissen
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, & Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Glioma and medulloblastoma represent the most commonly occurring malignant brain tumors in adults and in children, respectively. Recent genomic and transcriptional approaches present a complex group of diseases and delineate a number of molecular subgroups within tumors that share a common histopathology. Differences in cells of origin, regional niches, developmental timing, and genetic events all contribute to this heterogeneity. In an attempt to recapitulate the diversity of brain tumors, an increasing array of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has been developed. These models often utilize promoters and genetic drivers from normal brain development and can provide insight into specific cells from which these tumors originate. GEMMs show promise in both developmental biology and developmental therapeutics. This review describes numerous murine brain tumor models in the context of normal brain development and the potential for these animals to impact brain tumor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J. Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Sanna-Maria Hede
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - William A. Weiss
- University of California, Depts. of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
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Wu X, Northcott PA, Croul S, Taylor MD. Mouse models of medulloblastoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2013; 30:442-9. [PMID: 21718590 PMCID: PMC4013419 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Despite its prevalence and importance in pediatric neuro-oncology, the genes and pathways responsible for its initiation, maintenance, and progression remain poorly understood. Genetically engineered mouse models are an essential tool for uncovering the molecular and cellular basis of human diseases, including cancer, and serve a valuable role as preclinical models for testing targeted therapies. In this review, we summarize how such models have been successfully applied to the study of medulloblastoma over the past decade and what we might expect in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochong Wu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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A contemporary review of molecular candidates for the development and treatment of childhood medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2013; 29:381-8. [PMID: 23292496 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-2014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma is the most common pediatric central nervous system tumor; however, the causes are not well established. There has been some emphasis on mutations in developmental pathways and their impact on tumor pathology in hereditary diseases, but, in order to better understand the nature of diseases like medulloblastoma, other mechanisms also require attention. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the main genes involved in neurodevelopment, their downstream targets, and modulatory links by growth factors. Occurrence of pediatric brain tumors including medulloblastoma are mostly sporadic, but some hereditary diseases like Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Gorlin's syndrome, Turcot's syndrome, and Rubenstein-Tarbi syndrome are known to contribute their development as consequences of germline mutations at specific points: DNA-repairing gene Tp53 for Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Patch for Gorlin's, and apoptosis-related gene product adenomatous polyposis coli for Turcot's disease. CONCLUSION Intracellular relations at molecular level and future therapeutics that specifically target the corresponding pathways should be well understood in order to prevent and cure childhood medulloblastoma.
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Barlow J, Faryabi RB, Callen E, Wong N, Malhowski A, Chen HT, Gutierez-Cruz G, Sun HW, McKinnon P, Wright G, Casellas R, Robbiani DF, Staudt L, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Nussenzweig A. Identification of early replicating fragile sites that contribute to genome instability. Cell 2013; 152:620-32. [PMID: 23352430 PMCID: PMC3629730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in B lymphocytes arise stochastically during replication or as a result of targeted DNA damage by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Here we identify recurrent, early replicating, and AID-independent DNA lesions, termed early replication fragile sites (ERFSs), by genome-wide localization of DNA repair proteins in B cells subjected to replication stress. ERFSs colocalize with highly expressed gene clusters and are enriched for repetitive elements and CpG dinucleotides. Although distinct from late-replicating common fragile sites (CFS), the stability of ERFSs and CFSs is similarly dependent on the replication-stress response kinase ATR. ERFSs break spontaneously during replication, but their fragility is increased by hydroxyurea, ATR inhibition, or deregulated c-Myc expression. Moreover, greater than 50% of recurrent amplifications/deletions in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma map to ERFSs. In summary, we have identified a source of spontaneous DNA lesions that drives instability at preferred genomic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Barlow
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Robert B. Faryabi
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Nancy Wong
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Amy Malhowski
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Hua Tang Chen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Gustavo Gutierez-Cruz
- Laboratory of Muscle Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Peter McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - George Wright
- Metabolism Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rafael Casellas
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH Bethesda MD 20892
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Louis Staudt
- Metabolism Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - André Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892
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Agyeman A, Mazumdar T, Houghton JA. Regulation of DNA damage following termination of Hedgehog (HH) survival signaling at the level of the GLI genes in human colon cancer. Oncotarget 2012; 3:854-68. [PMID: 23097684 PMCID: PMC3478462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling response is mediated by GLI genes (GLI1, GLI2) downstream of SMO, that are also activated by oncogenic signaling pathways. We have demonstrated the importance of targeting GLI downstream of SMO in the induction of cell death in human colon carcinoma cells. In HT29 cells inhibition of GLI1/GLI2 by the small molecule inhibitor GANT61 induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and activation of ATM, MDC1 and NBS1; γH2AX and MDC1, NBS1 and MDC1 co-localized in nuclear foci. Early activation of ATM was decreased by 24 hr, when p-NBS1Ser343, activated by ATM, was significantly reduced in cell extracts. Bound γH2AX was detected in isolated chromatin fractions or nuclei during DNA damage but not during DNA repair. MDC1 was tightly bound to chromatin at 32 hr as cells accumulated in early S-phase prior to becoming subG1, and during DNA repair. Limited binding of NBS1 was detected at all times during DNA damage but was strongly bound during DNA repair. Transient overexpression of NBS1 protected HT29 cells from GANT61-induced cell death, while knockdown of H2AX by H2AXshRNA delayed DNA damage signaling. Data demonstrate following GLI1/GLI2 inhibition: 1) induction of DNA damage in cells that are also resistant to SMO inhibitors, 2) dynamic interactions between γH2AX, MDC1 and NBS1 in single cell nuclei and in isolated chromatin fractions, 3) expression and chromatin binding properties of key mediator proteins that mark DNA damage or DNA repair, and 4) the importance of NBS1 in the DNA damage response mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akwasi Agyeman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Markant SL, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Personalized mice: modelling the molecular heterogeneity of medulloblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:228-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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50
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Nos2 inactivation promotes the development of medulloblastoma in Ptch1(+/-) mice by deregulation of Gap43-dependent granule cell precursor migration. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002572. [PMID: 22438824 PMCID: PMC3305407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. A subset of medulloblastoma originates from granule cell precursors (GCPs) of the developing cerebellum and demonstrates aberrant hedgehog signaling, typically due to inactivating mutations in the receptor PTCH1, a pathomechanism recapitulated in Ptch1+/− mice. As nitric oxide may regulate GCP proliferation and differentiation, we crossed Ptch1+/− mice with mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) to investigate a possible influence on tumorigenesis. We observed a two-fold higher medulloblastoma rate in Ptch1+/− Nos2−/− mice compared to Ptch1+/− Nos2+/+ mice. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying this finding, we performed gene expression profiling of medulloblastomas from both genotypes, as well as normal cerebellar tissue samples of different developmental stages and genotypes. Downregulation of hedgehog target genes was observed in postnatal cerebellum from Ptch1+/+ Nos2−/− mice but not from Ptch1+/− Nos2−/− mice. The most consistent effect of Nos2 deficiency was downregulation of growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43). Functional studies in neuronal progenitor cells demonstrated nitric oxide dependence of Gap43 expression and impaired migration upon Gap43 knock-down. Both effects were confirmed in situ by immunofluorescence analyses on tissue sections of the developing cerebellum. Finally, the number of proliferating GCPs at the cerebellar periphery was decreased in Ptch1+/+ Nos2−/− mice but increased in Ptch1+/− Nos2−/− mice relative to Ptch1+/− Nos2+/+ mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Nos2 deficiency promotes medulloblastoma development in Ptch1+/− mice through retention of proliferating GCPs in the external granular layer due to reduced Gap43 expression. This study illustrates a new role of nitric oxide signaling in cerebellar development and demonstrates that the localization of pre-neoplastic cells during morphogenesis is crucial for their malignant progression. Medulloblastoma is a common pediatric brain tumor, a subtype of which is driven by aberrant hedgehog pathway activation in cerebellar granule cell precursors. Although this tumor etiology has been intensively investigated in the well-established Ptch1+/− mouse model, knowledge is still lacking about the molecular interactions between neoplastic transformation and other developmental processes. Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to be involved in controlling proliferation and differentiation of these cells. Therefore, inactivation of the NO–producing enzyme Nos2 in combination with the mutated Ptch1 gene should provide insight into how developmental regulation influences pathogenesis. Here, we describe a new role for NO in developing neuronal precursors of the cerebellum facilitating physiologically accurate migration via regulation of Gap43. We further demonstrate that disturbance of these processes leads to retention of granule precursor cells to the cerebellar periphery. Together with the sustained proliferation of these cells in combined Ptch1+/− Nos2−/− mice, this effect results in an increased medulloblastoma incidence relative to Ptch1+/− mice and demonstrates a new disease-promoting mechanism in this tumor entity.
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