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Li Y, Zhu J, Zhai F, Kong L, Li H, Jin X. Advances in the understanding of nuclear pore complexes in human diseases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:374. [PMID: 39080077 PMCID: PMC11289042 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are sophisticated and dynamic protein structures that straddle the nuclear envelope and act as gatekeepers for transporting molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPCs comprise up to 30 different proteins known as nucleoporins (NUPs). However, a growing body of research has suggested that NPCs play important roles in gene regulation, viral infections, cancer, mitosis, genetic diseases, kidney diseases, immune system diseases, and degenerative neurological and muscular pathologies. PURPOSE In this review, we introduce the structure and function of NPCs. Then We described the physiological and pathological effects of each component of NPCs which provide a direction for future clinical applications. METHODS The literatures from PubMed have been reviewed for this article. CONCLUSION This review summarizes current studies on the implications of NPCs in human physiology and pathology, highlighting the mechanistic underpinnings of NPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Li
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Suzuki R, Tan X, Szymanska KJ, Kubikova N, Perez CA, Wells D, Oktay KH. The role of declining ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) function in oocyte aging. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:302. [PMID: 38914566 PMCID: PMC11196715 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the advances in the understanding of reproductive physiology, the mechanisms underlying ovarian aging are still not deciphered. Recent research found an association between impaired ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanisms and oocyte aging. However, direct evidence connecting ATM-mediated pathway function decline and impaired oocyte quality is lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the role of ATM-mediated DNA DSB repair in the maintenance of oocyte quality in a mouse oocyte knockdown model. Gene interference, in vitro culture, parthenogenesis coupled with genotoxicity assay approaches, as well as molecular cytogenetic analyses based upon next-generation sequencing, were used to test the hypothesis that intact ATM function is critical in the maintenance of oocyte quality. We found that ATM knockdown impaired oocyte quality, resulting in poor embryo development. ATM knockdown significantly lowered or blocked the progression of meiosis in vitro, as well as retarding and reducing embryo cleavage after parthenogenesis. After ATM knockdown, all embryos were of poor quality, and none reached the blastocyst stage. ATM knockdown was also associated with an increased aneuploidy rate compared to controls. Finally, ATM knockdown increased the sensitivity of the oocytes to a genotoxic active metabolite of cyclophosphamide, with increased formation of DNA DSBs, reduced survival, and earlier apoptotic death compared to controls. These findings suggest a key role for ATM in maintaining oocyte quality and resistance to genotoxic stress, and that the previously observed age-induced decline in oocyte ATM function may be a prime factor contributing to oocyte aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Xiujuan Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Katarzyna J Szymanska
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Nada Kubikova
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Columba Avila Perez
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dagan Wells
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Juno Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kutluk H Oktay
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.
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3
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Di Nardo M, Astigiano S, Baldari S, Pallotta MM, Porta G, Pigozzi S, Antonini A, Emionite L, Frattini A, Valli R, Toietta G, Soddu S, Musio A. The synergism of SMC1A cohesin gene silencing and bevacizumab against colorectal cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:49. [PMID: 38365745 PMCID: PMC10870497 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMC1A is a subunit of the cohesin complex that participates in many DNA- and chromosome-related biological processes. Previous studies have established that SMC1A is involved in cancer development and in particular, is overexpressed in chromosomally unstable human colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to investigate whether SMC1A could serve as a therapeutic target for CRC. METHODS At first, we studied the effects of either SMC1A overexpression or knockdown in vitro. Next, the outcome of SMC1A knocking down (alone or in combination with bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor) was analyzed in vivo. RESULTS We found that SMC1A knockdown affects cell proliferation and reduces the ability to grow in anchorage-independent manner. Next, we demonstrated that the silencing of SMC1A and the combo treatment were effective in increasing overall survival in a xenograft mouse model. Functional analyses indicated that both treatments lead to atypical mitotic figures and gene expression dysregulation. Differentially expressed genes were implicated in several pathways including gene transcription regulation, cellular proliferation, and other transformation-associated processes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SMC1A silencing, in combination with bevacizumab, can represent a promising therapeutic strategy for human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Di Nardo
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, Pisa, 1 56124, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Baldari
- Dipartimento Ricerca e Tecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Pallotta
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, Pisa, 1 56124, Italy
| | - Giovanni Porta
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Sezione di Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Pigozzi
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Antonini
- Dipartimento Ricerca e Tecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Annalisa Frattini
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Sezione di Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Valli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Sezione di Biologia Generale e Genetica Medica, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Dipartimento Ricerca e Tecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Dipartimento Ricerca e Tecnologie Avanzate, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Musio
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche (ITB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Moruzzi, Pisa, 1 56124, Italy.
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Hall R, Guedán A, Yap MW, Young GR, Harvey R, Stoye JP, Bishop KN. SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 disrupts innate immune signalling by inhibiting cellular mRNA export. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010349. [PMID: 36007063 PMCID: PMC9451085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus and the etiological agent of COVID-19, a devastating infectious disease. Due to its far-reaching effect on human health, there is an urgent and growing need to understand the viral molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 and its interaction with the host cell. SARS-CoV-2 encodes 9 predicted accessory proteins, which are presumed to be dispensable for in vitro replication, most likely having a role in modulating the host cell environment to aid viral replication. Here we show that the ORF6 accessory protein interacts with cellular Rae1 to inhibit cellular protein production by blocking mRNA export. We utilised cell fractionation coupled with mRNAseq to explore which cellular mRNA species are affected by ORF6 expression and show that ORF6 can inhibit the export of many mRNA including those encoding antiviral factors such as IRF1 and RIG-I. We also show that export of these mRNA is blocked in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Together, our studies identify a novel mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 can manipulate the host cell environment to supress antiviral responses, providing further understanding to the replication strategies of a virus that has caused an unprecedented global health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Hall
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anabel Guedán
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melvyn W. Yap
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Young
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- World Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate N. Bishop
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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5
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N MPA, Lim HM. An in vitro Assay of mRNA 3' end Using the E. coli Cell-free Expression System. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4333. [PMID: 35340297 PMCID: PMC8899560 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
At the end of about 80% of the operon in Escherichia coli, translation termination decouples transcription, leading to Rho-dependent transcription termination (RDT). However, no in vitro or in vivo assay system has proven to be good enough to see the 3' end of the mRNA generated by RDT. Here, we present a cell-free assay system that could provide detailed information on the 3' end of a transcript RNA generated by RDT. Our protocol shows how to extract transcript RNA generated by transcription reactions from a cell-free extract, followed by an RNA oligomer ligation to the 3' end of a transcript RNA of interest. The 3' end of the RNA is amplified using RT-PCR. Its genetic location can be determined using a gene-specific primer extension reaction. The 3' ends of mRNA can be visualized and quantified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One significant advantage of a cell-free assay system is that factors involved in the generation of the 3' end, such as proteins and sRNA, can be directly assayed by exogenously adding factor(s) to the reaction. Graphic abstract: An illustration of the experimental methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monford Paul Abishek N
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon M. Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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6
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Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the surface of nuclear membranes play a critical role in regulating the transport of both small molecules and macromolecules between the cell nucleus and cytoplasm via their multilayered spiderweb-like central channel. During mitosis, nuclear envelope breakdown leads to the rapid disintegration of NPCs, allowing some NPC proteins to play crucial roles in the kinetochore structure, spindle bipolarity, and centrosome homeostasis. The aberrant functioning of nucleoporins (Nups) and NPCs has been associated with autoimmune diseases, viral infections, neurological diseases, cardiomyopathies, and cancers, especially leukemia. This Special Issue highlights several new contributions to the understanding of NPC proteostasis.
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7
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Kobayashi Y, Masuda T, Fujii A, Shimizu D, Sato K, Kitagawa A, Tobo T, Ozato Y, Saito H, Kuramitsu S, Noda M, Otsu H, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Eguchi H, Mori M, Mimori K. Mitotic checkpoint regulator RAE1 promotes tumor growth in colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3173-3189. [PMID: 34008277 PMCID: PMC8353924 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are among the most successful targets for anticancer therapy because they play important roles in cell proliferation as they constitute the mitotic spindle, which is critical for chromosome segregation during mitosis. Hence, identifying new therapeutic targets encoding proteins that regulate microtubule assembly and function specifically in cancer cells is critical. In the present study, we identified a candidate gene that promotes tumor progression, ribonucleic acid export 1 (RAE1), a mitotic checkpoint regulator, on chromosome 20q through a bioinformatics approach using datasets of colorectal cancer (CRC), including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RAE1 was ubiquitously amplified and overexpressed in tumor cells. High expression of RAE1 in tumor tissues was positively associated with distant metastasis and was an independent poor prognostic factor in CRC. In vitro and in vivo analysis showed that RAE1 promoted tumor growth, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted cell cycle progression, possibly with a decreased proportion of multipolar spindle cells in CRC. Furthermore, RAE1 induced chemoresistance through its anti-apoptotic effect. In addition, overexpression of RAE1 and significant effects on survival were observed in various types of cancer, including CRC. In conclusion, we identified RAE1 as a novel gene that facilitates tumor growth in part by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting cell cycle progression through stabilizing spindle bipolarity and facilitating tumor growth. We suggest that it is a potential therapeutic target to overcome therapeutic resistance of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujii
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Sato
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taro Tobo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozato
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kuramitsu
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Miwa Noda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Hajime Otsu
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Mizushima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
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8
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Ribonucleic Acid Export 1 Is a Kinetochore-Associated Protein That Participates in Chromosome Alignment in Mouse Oocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094841. [PMID: 34063622 PMCID: PMC8125685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid export 1 (Rae1) is an important nucleoporin that participates in mRNA export during the interphase of higher eukaryotes and regulates the mitotic cell cycle. In this study, small RNA interference technology was used to knockdown Rae1, and immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and chromosome spreading were used to study the role of Rae1 in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. We found that Rae1 is a crucial regulator of meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. After the resumption of meiosis (GVBD), Rae1 was concentrated on the kinetochore structure. The knockdown of Rae1 by a specific siRNA inhibited GVBD progression at 2 h, finally leading to a decreased 14 h polar body extrusion (PBE) rate. However, a comparable 14 h PBE rate was found in the control, and the Rae1 knockdown groups that had already undergone GVBD. Furthermore, we found elevated PBE after 9.5 h in the Rae1 knockdown oocytes. Further analysis revealed that Rae1 depletion significantly decreased the protein level of securin. In addition, we detected weakened kinetochore–microtubule (K-MT) attachments, misaligned chromosomes, and an increased incidence of aneuploidy in the Rae1 knockdown oocytes. Collectively, we propose that Rae1 modulates securin protein levels, which contribute to chromosome alignment, K-MT attachments, and aneuploidy in meiosis.
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9
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Yi F, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang Z, Li Z, Zhou T, Xu H, Liu J, Jiang B, Li X, Wang L, Bai N, Guo Q, Guan Y, Feng Y, Mao Z, Fan G, Zhang S, Wang C, Cao L, O'Rourke BP, Wang Y, Wu Y, Wu B, You S, Zhang N, Guan J, Song X, Sun Y, Wei S, Cao L. The deacetylation-phosphorylation regulation of SIRT2-SMC1A axis as a mechanism of antimitotic catastrophe in early tumorigenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabe5518. [PMID: 33627431 PMCID: PMC7904255 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe5518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Improper distribution of chromosomes during mitosis can contribute to malignant transformation. Higher eukaryotes have evolved a mitotic catastrophe mechanism for eliminating mitosis-incompetent cells; however, the signaling cascade and its epigenetic regulation are poorly understood. Our analyses of human cancerous tissue revealed that the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2 is up-regulated in early-stage carcinomas of various organs. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that SIRT2 interacts with and deacetylates the structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1 (SMC1A), which then promotes SMC1A phosphorylation to properly drive mitosis. We have further demonstrated that inhibition of SIRT2 activity or continuously increasing SMC1A-K579 acetylation causes abnormal chromosome segregation, which, in turn, induces mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells and enhances their vulnerability to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings suggest that regulation of the SIRT2-SMC1A axis through deacetylation-phosphorylation permits escape from mitotic catastrophe, thus allowing early precursor lesions to overcome oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Guangjian Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuangui Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Longyue Cao
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Brian P O'Rourke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Panjin Liaohe Oilfield Gem Flower Hospital, Panjin, Liaoning Province 124010, China
| | - Yanmei Wu
- Panjin Liaohe Oilfield Gem Flower Hospital, Panjin, Liaoning Province 124010, China
| | - Boquan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Junlin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249-7331, USA.
| | - Liu Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, , No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
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10
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Kato K, Ikliptikawati DK, Kobayashi A, Kondo H, Lim K, Hazawa M, Wong RW. Overexpression of SARS-CoV-2 protein ORF6 dislocates RAE1 and NUP98 from the nuclear pore complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 536:59-66. [PMID: 33360543 PMCID: PMC7733692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The novel human betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has caused an unprecedented pandemic in the 21st century. Several studies have revealed interactions between SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and host nucleoporins, yet their functions are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the open-reading frame 6 (ORF6) of SARS-CoV-2 can directly manipulate localization and functions of nucleoporins. We found that ORF6 protein disrupted nuclear rim staining of nucleoporins RAE1 and NUP98. Consequently, this disruption caused aberrant nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and led to nuclear accumulation of mRNA transporters such as hnRNPA1. Ultimately, host cell nucleus size was reduced and cell growth was halted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kato
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Dini Kurnia Ikliptikawati
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Kondo
- Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keesiang Lim
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Richard W Wong
- School of Natural System, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (INFINITI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Division of Transdisciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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11
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Francia ME, Bhavsar S, Ting LM, Croken MM, Kim K, Dubremetz JF, Striepen B. A Homolog of Structural Maintenance of Chromosome 1 Is a Persistent Centromeric Protein Which Associates With Nuclear Pore Components in Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:295. [PMID: 32714878 PMCID: PMC7343853 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular parasites which cause various animal and human diseases including malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. They proliferate by a unique mechanism that combines physically separated semi-closed mitosis of the nucleus and assembly of daughter cells by internal budding. Mitosis occurs in the presence of a nuclear envelope and with little appreciable chromatin condensation. A long standing question in the field has been how parasites keep track of their uncondensed chromatin chromosomes throughout their development, and hence secure proper chromosome segregation during division. Past work demonstrated that the centromeres, the region of kinetochore assembly at chromosomes, of Toxoplasma gondii remain clustered at a defined region of the nuclear periphery proximal to the main microtubule organizing center of the cell, the centrosome. We have proposed that this mechanism is likely involved in the process. Here we set out to identify underlying molecular players involved in centromere clustering. Through pharmacological treatment and structural analysis we show that centromere clustering is not mediated by persistent microtubules of the mitotic spindle. We identify the chromatin binding factor a homolog of structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1). Additionally, we show that both TgSMC1, and a centromeric histone, interact with TgExportin1, a predicted soluble component of the nuclear pore complex. Our results suggest that the nuclear envelope, and in particular the nuclear pore complex may play a role in positioning centromeres in T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Francia
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sheila Bhavsar
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Li-Min Ting
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Matthew M Croken
- Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kami Kim
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Boris Striepen
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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12
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Ou MY, Ju XC, Cai YJ, Sun XY, Wang JF, Fu XQ, Sun Q, Luo ZG. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 controls mitotic progression of neural progenitors via interaction with cohesin. Development 2020; 147:dev185132. [PMID: 32321712 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cortex development is controlled by temporal patterning of neural progenitor (NP) competence with sequential generation of deep and superficial layer neurons, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report a role for heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 (HNRNPA3) in regulating the division of early cortical NPs that mainly give rise to deep-layer neurons via direct neurogenesis. HNRNPA3 is expressed at high levels in NPs of mouse and human cortex at early stages, with a unique peri-chromosome pattern. Intriguingly, downregulation of HNRNPA3 caused chromosome disarrangement, which hindered normal separation of chromosomes during NP division, leading to mitotic delay. Furthermore, HNRNPA3 is associated with the cohesin-core subunit SMC1A and controls its association with chromosomes, implicating a mechanism for the role of HNRNPA3 in regulating chromosome segregation in dividing NPs. Hnrnpa3-deficient mice exhibited reduced cortical thickness, especially of deep layers. Moreover, downregulation of HNRNPA3 in cultured human cerebral organoids led to marked reduction in NPs and deep-layer neurons. Thus, this study has identified a crucial role for HNRNPA3 in NP division and highlighted the relationship between mitosis progression and early neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yi Ou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Chun Ju
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi-Jun Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin-Yao Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Feng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiu-Qing Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen-Ge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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13
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Nucleoporin Nup58 localizes to centrosomes and mid-bodies during mitosis. Cell Div 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 31388347 PMCID: PMC6679547 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) act as nano-turnstiles within nuclear membranes between the cytoplasm and nucleus of mammalian cells. NPC proteins, called nucleoporins (Nups), mediate trafficking of proteins and RNA into and out of the nucleus, and are involved in a variety of mitotic processes. We previously reported that Nup62 localizes to the centrosome and mitotic spindle during mitosis, and plays a role in centrosome homeostasis. However, whether Nup58, a Nup62 subcomplex protein, also localizes to spindle poles is unknown. Result Herein, we show that Nup58 localizes to the nuclear rim during interphase, and to mitotic spindles, centrosomes, and midbodies during mitosis. Our confocal microscopy, live-cell imaging, and stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy results also demonstrated that Nup58 localized to the centrosomes during metaphase and relocalized to midbodies during abscission. Depletion of Nup58 resulted in centrosomal abnormalities and delayed abscission. Conclusion Nup58 localized at the centrosomes and mitotic spindle during metaphase and relocalized at midbodies during abscission. This study highlights the important role of Nup58 in mitosis.
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14
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Monteiro LF, Forti FL. Network analysis of DUSP12 partners in the nucleus under genotoxic stress. J Proteomics 2019; 197:42-52. [PMID: 30779967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dual Specificity Phosphatase 12 is a member of the Atypical DUSP Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase family, meaning that it does not contain typical MAP kinase targeting motifs, while being able to dephosphorylate tyrosine and serine/threonine residues. DUSP12 contains, apart from its catalytic domain, a zinc finger domain, making it one of the largest DUSPs, which displays strong nuclear expression in several tissues. In this work we identified nuclear targets of DUSP12 in two different cancer cell lines (A549 and MCF-7), challenging them with genotoxic stimuli to observe the effect on the networks and to link existing information about DUSP12 functions to the data obtained though mass spectrometry. We found network connections to the cytoskeleton (e.g. IQGAP1), to the chromatin (e.g. HP1BP3), to the splicing machinery and to the previously known pathway of ribosome maturation (e.g. TCOF1), which draw insight into many of the functions of this phosphatase, much likely connecting it to distinct, previously unknown genomic stability mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Falcão Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luís Forti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Karig DK, Bessling S, Thielen P, Zhang S, Wolfe J. Preservation of protein expression systems at elevated temperatures for portable therapeutic production. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2016.1039. [PMID: 28446704 PMCID: PMC5414909 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.1039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biotechnology capabilities are limited by stringent storage needs of reagents, largely prohibiting use outside of specialized laboratories. Focusing on a large class of protein-based biotechnology applications, we address this issue by developing a method for preserving cell-free protein expression systems for months above room temperature. Our approach realizes unprecedented long-term stability at elevated temperatures by leveraging the sugar alcohol trehalose, a simple, low-cost, open-air drying step, and strategic separation of reaction components during drying. The resulting preservation capacity enables efficient production of a wide range of on-demand proteins under adverse conditions, for instance during emergency outbreaks or in remote locations. To demonstrate application potential, we use cell-free reagents subjected to months of exposure at 37°C and atmospheric conditions to produce sufficient concentrations of a pyocin protein to kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a troublesome pathogen for traumatic and burn wound injuries. Our work makes possible new biotechnology applications that demand ruggedness and scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Karig
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seneca Bessling
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Peter Thielen
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Sherry Zhang
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Wolfe
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
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16
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Stockum A, Snijders AP, Maertens GN. USP11 deubiquitinates RAE1 and plays a key role in bipolar spindle formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190513. [PMID: 29293652 PMCID: PMC5749825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct segregation of the mitotic chromosomes into daughter cells is a highly regulated process critical to safeguard genome stability. During M phase the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures that all kinetochores are correctly attached before its inactivation allows progression into anaphase. Upon SAC inactivation, the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ligase ubiquitinates and targets cyclin B and securin for proteasomal degradation. Here, we describe the identification of Ribonucleic Acid Export protein 1 (RAE1), a protein previously shown to be involved in SAC regulation and bipolar spindle formation, as a novel substrate of the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) Ubiquitin Specific Protease 11 (USP11). Lentiviral knock-down of USP11 or RAE1 in U2OS cells drastically reduces cell proliferation and increases multipolar spindle formation. We show that USP11 is associated with the mitotic spindle, does not regulate SAC inactivation, but controls ubiquitination of RAE1 at the mitotic spindle, hereby functionally modulating its interaction with Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus protein (NuMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stockum
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Francis Crick Institute, The Crick Mass Spectrometry Science Technology Platform, 1 Midland Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Goedele N. Maertens
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Yi F, Wang Z, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xu H, Li X, Bai N, Cao L, Song X. Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1: Role in Genome Stability and Tumorigenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:1092-1099. [PMID: 28924389 PMCID: PMC5599913 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SMC1 (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1), well known as one of the SMC superfamily members, has been explored to function in many activities including chromosome dynamics, cell cycle checkpoint, DNA damage repair and genome stability. Upon being properly assembled as part of cohesin, SMC1 can be phosphorylated by ATM and mediate downstream DNA damage repair after ionizing irradiation. Abnormal gene expression or mutation of SMC1 can cause defect in the DNA damage repair pathway, which has been strongly associated with tumorigenesis. Here we focus to discuss SMC1's role in genome stability maintenance and tumorigenesis. Deciphering the underlying molecular mechanism can provide insight into novel strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ning Bai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education; Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University; Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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18
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Oh JH, Hur H, Lee JY, Kim Y, Seo Y, Kim MH. The mitotic checkpoint regulator RAE1 induces aggressive breast cancer cell phenotypes by mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42256. [PMID: 28181567 PMCID: PMC5299842 DOI: 10.1038/srep42256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene RAE1 encodes ribonucleic acid export 1 (RAE1), which is involved in mRNA export and is known to serve as a mitotic checkpoint regulator. In addition, RAE1 haplo-insufficiency leads to chromosome missegregation and early aging-associated phenotypes. In humans, a positive correlation has been found between RAE1 copy number abnormalities and gene amplification in breast cancer cells. However, the precise functional role of RAE1 in breast cancer remains to be determined. An in silico analysis of data retrieved from GENT and cBio-Portal identified RAE1 upregulation in breast cancer tissues relative to normal breast cells. Functional studies of various cell lines showed that RAE1 induced invasive and migratory abilities by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition signals. A tissue microarray was constructed to demonstrate the interrelationship between clinicopathological features and RAE1 expression. Immunohistochemistry revealed a positive correlation between RAE1 expression and a high histologic grade. Furthermore, RAE1 overexpression was associated with considerably poorer disease-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival, especially in patients with oestrogen receptor-positive tumours. In summary, RAE1 may be a prognostic marker and therapeutic intervention target in malignant breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Oh
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ho Hur
- Department of Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10444, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yeejeong Kim
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 10444, Korea
| | - Younsoo Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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19
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Kumar R. Separase: Function Beyond Cohesion Cleavage and an Emerging Oncogene. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1283-1299. [PMID: 27966791 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proper and timely segregation of genetic endowment is necessary for survival and perpetuation of every species. Mis-segregation of chromosomes and resulting aneuploidy leads to genetic instability, which can jeopardize the survival of an individual or population as a whole. Abnormality with segregation of genetic contents has been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, sterility, mental retardation, spontaneous abortion, miscarriages, and other birth related defects. Separase, by irreversible cleavage of cohesin complex subunit, paves the way for metaphase/anaphase transition during the cell cycle. Both over or reduced expression and altered level of separase have been associated with several medical consequences including cancer, as a result separase now emerges as an important oncogene and potential molecular target for medical intervenes. Recently, separase is also found to be essential in separation and duplication of centrioles. Here, I review the role of separase in mitosis, meiosis, non-canonical roles of separase, separase regulation, as a regulator of centriole disengagement, nonproteolytic roles, diverse substrates, structural insights, and association of separase with cancer. At the ends, I proposed a model which showed that separase is active throughout the cell cycle and there is a mere increase in separase activity during metaphase contrary to the common believes that separase is inactive throughout cell cycle except for metaphase. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1283-1299, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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20
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Abstract
Here, we review how DNA damage affects the centrosome and how centrosomes communicate with the DNA damage response (DDR) apparatus. We discuss how several proteins of the DDR are found at centrosomes, including the ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2 kinases, the BRCA1 ubiquitin ligase complex and several members of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family. Stereotypical centrosome organisation, in which two centriole barrels are orthogonally arranged in a roughly toroidal pericentriolar material (PCM), is strongly affected by exposure to DNA-damaging agents. We describe the genetic dependencies and mechanisms for how the centrioles lose their close association, and the PCM both expands and distorts after DNA damage. Another consequence of genotoxic stress is that centrosomes undergo duplication outside the normal cell cycle stage, meaning that centrosome amplification is commonly seen after DNA damage. We discuss several potential mechanisms for how centrosome numbers become dysregulated after DNA damage and explore the links between the DDR and the PLK1- and separase-dependent mechanisms that drive centriole separation and reduplication. We also describe how centrosome components, such as centrin2, are directly involved in responding to DNA damage. This review outlines current questions on the involvement of centrosomes in the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa I Mullee
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Building, Dangan, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ciaran G Morrison
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Biosciences Building, Dangan, Galway, Ireland.
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21
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Wu Y, Fu X, Wang L. Identification of novel biomarkers for preeclampsia on the basis of differential expression network analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:201-207. [PMID: 27347039 PMCID: PMC4906647 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy complication, which is a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality. The present study aimed to screen potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prediction of PE and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of PE development based on the differential expression network (DEN). The microarray datasets E-GEOD-6573 and E-GEOD-48424 were downloaded from the European Bioinformatics Institute database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the PE and normal groups were screened by Significant Analysis of Microarrays with the cutoff value of a |log2 fold change| of >2, and a false discovery rate of <0.05. The DEN was constructed based on the differential and non-differential interactions observed. In addition, genes with higher connectivity degrees in the DEN were identified on the basis of centrality analysis, while disease genes were also extracted from the DEN. In order to understand the functional roles of genes in DEN, Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The present results indicated that a total of 225 genes were considered as DEGs in the PE group, while 466 nodes and 314 gene interactions were involved in the DEN. Among these 466 nodes, 4 nodes with higher degrees were identified, including ubiquitin C (UBC), small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1), SUMO2 and RAD21 homolog (S. pombe) (RAD21). Notably, UBC was also found to be a disease gene. UBC, RAD21, SUMO2 and SUMO1 were markedly enriched in the regulation of programmed cell death, as well as in the regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle and chromosomal part. In conclusion, based on these results, we suggest that UBC, RAD21, SUMO2 and SUMO1 may be reliable biomarkers for the prediction of the development and progression of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Wu
- Department of Gynecology, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256610, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Fu
- Department of Obstetrics, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256610, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710032, P.R. China
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22
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Kobayashi A, Hashizume C, Dowaki T, Wong RW. Therapeutic potential of mitotic interaction between the nucleoporin Tpr and aurora kinase A. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1447-58. [PMID: 25789545 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1021518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle poles are defined by centrosomes; therefore, an abnormal number or defective structural organization of centrosomes can lead to loss of spindle bipolarity and genetic integrity. Previously, we showed that Tpr (translocated promoter region), a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), interacts with Mad1 and dynein to promote proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. Tpr also associates with p53 to induce autophagy. Here, we report that Tpr depletion induces mitotic catastrophe and enhances the rate of tetraploidy and polyploidy. Mechanistically, Tpr interacts, via its central domain, with Aurora A but not Aurora B kinase. In Tpr-depleted cells, the expression levels, centrosomal localization and phosphorylation of Aurora A were all reduced. Surprisingly, an Aurora A inhibitor, Alisertib (MLN8237), also disrupted centrosomal localization of Tpr and induced mitotic catastrophe and cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Strikingly, over-expression of Aurora A disrupted Tpr centrosomal localization only in cells with supernumerary centrosomes but not in bipolar cells. Our results highlight the mutual regulation between Tpr and Aurora A and further confirm the importance of nucleoporin function in spindle pole organization, bipolar spindle assembly, and mitosis; functions that are beyond the conventional nucleocytoplasmic transport and NPC structural roles of nucleoporins. Furthermore, the central coiled-coil domain of Tpr binds to and sequesters extra Aurora A to safeguard bipolarity. This Tpr domain merits further investigation for its ability to inhibit Aurora kinase and as a potential therapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kobayashi
- a Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology ; Faculty of Natural Systems; Kanazawa University ; Kanazawa , Ishikawa , Japan
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23
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Mohr L, Buheitel J, Schöckel L, Karalus D, Mayer B, Stemmann O. An Alternatively Spliced Bifunctional Localization Signal Reprograms Human Shugoshin 1 to Protect Centrosomal Instead of Centromeric Cohesin. Cell Rep 2015; 12:2156-68. [PMID: 26365192 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Separation of human sister chromatids involves the removal of DNA embracing cohesin ring complexes. Ring opening occurs by prophase-pathway-dependent phosphorylation and separase-mediated cleavage, with the former being antagonized at centromeres by Sgo1-dependent PP2A recruitment. Intriguingly, prophase pathway signaling and separase's proteolytic activity also bring about centriole disengagement, whereas Sgo1 is again counteracting this licensing step of later centrosome duplication. Here, we demonstrate that alternative splice variants of human Sgo1 specifically and exclusively localize and function either at centromeres or centrosomes. A small C-terminal peptide encoded by exon 9 of SGO1 (CTS for centrosomal targeting signal of human Sgo1) is necessary and sufficient to drive centrosomal localization and simultaneously abrogate centromeric association of corresponding Sgo1 isoforms. Cohesin is shown to be a target of the prophase pathway at centrosomes and protected by Sgo1-PP2A. Accordingly, premature centriole disengagement in response to Sgo1 depletion is suppressed by blocking ring opening of an engineered cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mohr
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95444 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes Buheitel
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95444 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Laura Schöckel
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95444 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dorothea Karalus
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95444 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernd Mayer
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95444 Bayreuth, Germany; Annikki GmbH, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Olaf Stemmann
- Department of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, 95444 Bayreuth, Germany.
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24
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Agircan FG, Schiebel E, Mardin BR. Separate to operate: control of centrosome positioning and separation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0461. [PMID: 25047615 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is the main microtubule (MT)-organizing centre of animal cells. It consists of two centrioles and a multi-layered proteinaceous structure that surrounds the centrioles, the so-called pericentriolar material. Centrosomes promote de novo assembly of MTs and thus play important roles in Golgi organization, cell polarity, cell motility and the organization of the mitotic spindle. To execute these functions, centrosomes have to adopt particular cellular positions. Actin and MT networks and the association of the centrosomes to the nuclear envelope define the correct positioning of the centrosomes. Another important feature of centrosomes is the centrosomal linker that connects the two centrosomes. The centrosome linker assembles in late mitosis/G1 simultaneously with centriole disengagement and is dissolved before or at the beginning of mitosis. Linker dissolution is important for mitotic spindle formation, and its cell cycle timing has profound influences on the execution of mitosis and proficiency of chromosome segregation. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of centrosome positioning and separation, and describe their functions and mechanisms in the light of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret G Agircan
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Balca R Mardin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Norred SE, Caveney PM, Retterer ST, Boreyko JB, Fowlkes JD, Collier CP, Simpson ML. Sealable femtoliter chamber arrays for cell-free biology. J Vis Exp 2015:52616. [PMID: 25867144 PMCID: PMC4401254 DOI: 10.3791/52616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free systems provide a flexible platform for probing specific networks of biological reactions isolated from the complex resource sharing (e.g., global gene expression, cell division) encountered within living cells. However, such systems, used in conventional macro-scale bulk reactors, often fail to exhibit the dynamic behaviors and efficiencies characteristic of their living micro-scale counterparts. Understanding the impact of internal cell structure and scale on reaction dynamics is crucial to understanding complex gene networks. Here we report a microfabricated device that confines cell-free reactions in cellular scale volumes while allowing flexible characterization of the enclosed molecular system. This multilayered poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) device contains femtoliter-scale reaction chambers on an elastomeric membrane which can be actuated (open and closed). When actuated, the chambers confine Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) reactions expressing a fluorescent protein, allowing for the visualization of the reaction kinetics over time using time-lapse fluorescent microscopy. Here we demonstrate how this device may be used to measure the noise structure of CFPS reactions in a manner that is directly analogous to those used to characterize cellular systems, thereby enabling the use of noise biology techniques used in cellular systems to characterize CFPS gene circuits and their interactions with the cell-free environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Elizabeth Norred
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Patrick M Caveney
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Jonathan B Boreyko
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| | - Jason D Fowlkes
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
| | | | - Michael L Simpson
- Bredesen Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville;
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26
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Morelle C, Sterkers Y, Crobu L, MBang-Benet DE, Kuk N, Portalès P, Bastien P, Pagès M, Lachaud L. The nucleoporin Mlp2 is involved in chromosomal distribution during mitosis in trypanosomatids. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:4013-27. [PMID: 25690889 PMCID: PMC4417144 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoporins are evolutionary conserved proteins mainly involved in the constitution of the nuclear pores and trafficking between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but are also increasingly viewed as main actors in chromatin dynamics and intra-nuclear mitotic events. Here, we determined the cellular localization of the nucleoporin Mlp2 in the 'divergent' eukaryotes Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. In both protozoa, Mlp2 displayed an atypical localization for a nucleoporin, essentially intranuclear, and preferentially in the periphery of the nucleolus during interphase; moreover, it relocated at the mitotic spindle poles during mitosis. In T. brucei, where most centromeres have been identified, TbMlp2 was found adjacent to the centromeric sequences, as well as to a recently described unconventional kinetochore protein, in the periphery of the nucleolus, during interphase and from the end of anaphase onwards. TbMlp2 and the centromeres/kinetochores exhibited a differential migration towards the poles during mitosis. RNAi knockdown of TbMlp2 disrupted the mitotic distribution of chromosomes, leading to a surprisingly well-tolerated aneuploidy. In addition, diploidy was restored in a complementation assay where LmMlp2, the orthologue of TbMlp2 in Leishmania, was expressed in TbMlp2-RNAi-knockdown parasites. Taken together, our results demonstrate that Mlp2 is involved in the distribution of chromosomes during mitosis in trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Morelle
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Montpellier 1, Montpellier F34090, France CNRS 5290-IRD 224-University Montpellier 1&2 (UMR 'MiVEGEC'), Montpellier F34090, France Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Montpellier 1, Montpellier F34090, France CNRS 5290-IRD 224-University Montpellier 1&2 (UMR 'MiVEGEC'), Montpellier F34090, France Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Lucien Crobu
- CNRS 5290-IRD 224-University Montpellier 1&2 (UMR 'MiVEGEC'), Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Diane-Ethna MBang-Benet
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Montpellier 1, Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Nada Kuk
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Montpellier 1, Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Pierre Portalès
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Montpellier 1, Montpellier F34090, France CNRS 5290-IRD 224-University Montpellier 1&2 (UMR 'MiVEGEC'), Montpellier F34090, France Department of Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Michel Pagès
- CNRS 5290-IRD 224-University Montpellier 1&2 (UMR 'MiVEGEC'), Montpellier F34090, France
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University Montpellier 1, Montpellier F34090, France CNRS 5290-IRD 224-University Montpellier 1&2 (UMR 'MiVEGEC'), Montpellier F34090, France
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27
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Abstract
The intracellular location and regulation of proteins within each cell is critically important and is typically deregulated in disease especially cancer. The clinical hypothesis for inhibiting the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport is based on the dependence of certain key proteins within malignant cells. This includes a host of well-characterized tumor suppressor and oncoproteins that require specific localization for their function. This aberrant localization of tumour suppressors and oncoproteins results in their their respective inactivation or over-activation. This incorrect localization occurs actively via the nuclear pore complex that spans the nuclear envelope and is mediated by transport receptors. Accordingly, given the significant need for novel, specific disease treatments, the nuclear envelope and the nuclear transport machinery have emerged as a rational therapeutic target in oncology to restore physiological nucleus/cytoplasmic homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that this approach might be of substantial therapeutic use. This review summarizes the mechanisms of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, its role in cancer biology and the therapeutic potential of targeting this critical cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hill
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal
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28
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Xu H, Yan Y, Deb S, Rangasamy D, Germann M, Malaterre J, Eder NC, Ward RL, Hawkins NJ, Tothill RW, Chen L, Mortensen NJ, Fox SB, McKay MJ, Ramsay RG. Cohesin Rad21 mediates loss of heterozygosity and is upregulated via Wnt promoting transcriptional dysregulation in gastrointestinal tumors. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1781-1797. [PMID: 25464844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene triggers a series of molecular events leading to intestinal adenomagenesis. Haploinsufficiency of the cohesin Rad21 influences multiple initiating events in colorectal cancer (CRC). We identify Rad21 as a gatekeeper of LOH and a β-catenin target gene and provide evidence that Wnt pathway activation drives RAD21 expression in human CRC. Genome-wide analyses identified Rad21 as a key transcriptional regulator of critical CRC genes and long interspersed element (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposons. Elevated RAD21 expression tracks with reactivation of L1 expression in human sporadic CRC, implicating cohesin-mediated L1 expression in global genomic instability and gene dysregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Xu
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Yuqian Yan
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Pathology Department, PMCC, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Victorian Cancer Biobank, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Danny Rangasamy
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Markus Germann
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jordane Malaterre
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Noreen C Eder
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Robyn L Ward
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Richard W Tothill
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Cancer Research Division, PMCC, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Long Chen
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Neil J Mortensen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford Cancer Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia; Pathology Department, PMCC, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Michael J McKay
- University of Sydney and North Coast Cancer Institute, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Differentiation and Transcription Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (PMCC), East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3000, Australia.
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29
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Bernstein LR, Mackenzie ACL, Kraemer DC, Morley JE, Farr S, Chaffin CL, Merchenthaler I. Shortened estrous cycle length, increased FSH levels, FSH variance, oocyte spindle aberrations, and early declining fertility in aging senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice: concomitant characteristics of human midlife female reproductive aging. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2287-300. [PMID: 24654787 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women experience a series of specific transitions in their reproductive function with age. Shortening of the menstrual cycle begins in the mid to late 30s and is regarded as the first sign of reproductive aging. Other early changes include elevation and increased variance of serum FSH levels, increased incidences of oocyte spindle aberrations and aneuploidy, and declining fertility. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the mouse strain senescence-accelerated mouse-prone-8 (SAMP8) is a suitable model for the study of these midlife reproductive aging characteristics. Midlife SAMP8 mice aged 6.5-7.85 months (midlife SAMP8) exhibited shortened estrous cycles compared with SAMP8 mice aged 2-3 months (young SAMP8, P = .0040). Midlife SAMP8 mice had high FSH levels compared with young SAMP8 mice, and mice with a single day of high FSH exhibited statistically elevated FSH throughout the cycle, ranging from 1.8- to 3.6-fold elevation on the days of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus (P < .05). Midlife SAMP8 mice displayed more variance in FSH than young SAMP8 mice (P = .01). Midlife SAMP8 ovulated fewer oocytes (P = .0155). SAMP8 oocytes stained with fluorescently labeled antitubulin antibodies and scored in fluorescence microscopy exhibited increased incidence of meiotic spindle aberrations with age, from 2/126 (1.59%) in young SAMP8 to 38/139 (27.3%) in midlife SAMP8 (17.2-fold increase, P < .0001). Finally, SAMP8 exhibited declining fertility from 8.9 pups/litter in young SAMP8 to 3.5 pups/litter in midlife SAMP8 mice (P < .0001). The age at which these changes occur is younger than for most mouse strains, and their simultaneous occurrence within a single strain has not been described previously. We propose that SAMP8 mice are a model of midlife human female reproductive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori R Bernstein
- Pregmama, LLC (L.R.B.), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20886; Departments of Epidemiology and Public Health (L.R.B., A.C.L.M., I.M.) and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences (C.L.C.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics (L.R.B.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Departments of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences (L.R.B.) and Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology (D.C.K.), Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, Texas 77843; Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Endocrinology (J.E.M., S.F.), St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63103; and St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center (S.F.), St. Louis, Missouri 63106
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30
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Riparbelli MG, Gottardo M, Glover DM, Callaini G. Inhibition of Polo kinase by BI2536 affects centriole separation during Drosophila male meiosis. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:2064-72. [PMID: 24802643 PMCID: PMC4111698 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of Drosophila Polo kinase with BI2536 has allowed us to re-examine the requirements for Polo during Drosophila male gametogenesis. BI2536-treated spermatocytes persisted in a pro-metaphase state without dividing and had condensed chromosomes that did not separate. Centrosomes failed to recruit γ-tubulin and centrosomin (Cnn) and were not associated with microtubule arrays that were abnormal and did not form proper bipolar spindles. Centrioles, which usually separate during the anaphase of the first meiosis, remained held together in a V-shaped configuration suggesting that Polo kinase regulates the proteolysis that breaks centriole linkage to ensure their disengagement. Despite these defects spermatid differentiation proceeds, leading to axoneme formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Siena; Siena, Italy
| | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics; University of Cambridge; Cambridge, UK
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31
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Ball AR, Chen YY, Yokomori K. Mechanisms of cohesin-mediated gene regulation and lessons learned from cohesinopathies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:191-202. [PMID: 24269489 PMCID: PMC3951616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cohesins are conserved and essential Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) protein-containing complexes that physically interact with chromatin and modulate higher-order chromatin organization. Cohesins mediate sister chromatid cohesion and cellular long-distance chromatin interactions affecting genome maintenance and gene expression. Discoveries of mutations in cohesin's subunits and its regulator proteins in human developmental disorders, so-called "cohesinopathies," reveal crucial roles for cohesins in development and cellular growth and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the latest findings concerning cohesin's functions in higher-order chromatin architecture organization and gene regulation and new insight gained from studies of cohesinopathies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Ball
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
| | - Yen-Yun Chen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA
| | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1700, USA.
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32
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Down-modulation of nucleoporin RanBP2/Nup358 impaired chromosomal alignment and induced mitotic catastrophe. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e854. [PMID: 24113188 PMCID: PMC3824679 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal missegregation is a common feature of many human tumors. Recent studies have indicated a link between nucleoporin RanBP2/Nup358 and chromosomal segregation during mitosis; however, the molecular details have yet to be fully established. Observed through live cell imaging and flow cytometry, here we show that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of RanBP2 induced G2/M phase arrest, metaphase catastrophe and mitotic cell death. Furthermore, RanBP2 down-modulation disrupted importin/karyopherin β1 as well as the expression and localization of the Ran GTPase activating protein 1. We found that N-terminal of RanBP2 interacted with the N-terminal of importin β1. Moreover, at least a portion of RanBP2 partially localizes at the centrosome during mitosis. Notably, we also found that GTPase Ran is also involved in the regulation of RanBP2-importin β1 interaction. Overall, our results suggest that mitotic arrest and the following cell death were caused by depletion of RanBP2. Our findings point to a crucial role for RanBP2 in proper mitotic progression and faithful chromosomal segregation.
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33
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Hashizume C, Moyori A, Kobayashi A, Yamakoshi N, Endo A, Wong RW. Nucleoporin Nup62 maintains centrosome homeostasis. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3804-16. [PMID: 24107630 PMCID: PMC3905072 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are comprised of 2 orthogonally arranged centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar material (PCM), which serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell. More importantly, centrosomes also control spindle polarity and orientation during mitosis. Recently, we and other investigators discovered that several nucleoporins play critical roles during cell division. Here, we show that nucleoporin Nup62 plays a novel role in centrosome integrity. Knockdown of Nup62 induced mitotic arrest in G2/M phases and mitotic cell death. Depletion of Nup62 using RNA interference results in defective centrosome segregation and centriole maturation during the G2 phase. Moreover, Nup62 depletion in human cells leads to the appearance of multinucleated cells and induces the formation of multipolar centrosomes, centriole synthesis defects, dramatic spindle orientation defects, and centrosome component rearrangements that impair cell bi-polarity. Our results also point to a potential role of Nup62 in targeting gamma-tubulin and SAS-6 to the centrioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Hashizume
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Systems; Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akane Moyori
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Systems; Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Natural System; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Systems; Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Nana Yamakoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Systems; Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Natural System; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Aoi Endo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Systems; Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Richard W Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Department of Biology; Faculty of Natural Systems; Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan; Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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34
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Karig DK, Jung SY, Srijanto B, Collier CP, Simpson ML. Probing cell-free gene expression noise in femtoliter volumes. ACS Synth Biol 2013; 2:497-505. [PMID: 23688072 DOI: 10.1021/sb400028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free systems offer a simplified and flexible context that enables important biological reactions while removing complicating factors such as fitness, division, and mutation that are associated with living cells. However, cell-free expression in unconfined spaces is missing important elements of expression in living cells. In particular, the small volume of living cells can give rise to significant stochastic effects, which are negligible in bulk cell-free reactions. Here, we confine cell-free gene expression reactions to cell-relevant 20 fL volumes (between the volumes of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) containers. We demonstrate that expression efficiency varies widely among different containers, likely due to non-Poisson distribution of expression machinery at the observed scale. Previously, this phenomenon has been observed only in liposomes. In addition, we analyze gene expression noise. This analysis is facilitated by our use of cell-free systems, which allow the mapping of the measured noise properties to intrinsic noise models. In contrast, previous live cell noise analysis efforts have been complicated by multiple noise sources. Noise analysis reveals signatures of translational bursting, while noise dynamics suggest that overall cell-free expression is limited by a diminishing translation rate. In addition to offering a unique approach to understanding noise in gene circuits, our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the biophysical properties of cell-free expression systems, thus aiding efforts to harness cell-free systems for synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Karig
- Center
for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seung-Yong Jung
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bernadeta Srijanto
- Center
for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - C. Patrick Collier
- Center
for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Michael L. Simpson
- Center
for Nanophase
Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2010, United States
- Center for Environmental
Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2010, United States
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35
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Mehta GD, Kumar R, Srivastava S, Ghosh SK. Cohesin: functions beyond sister chromatid cohesion. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2299-312. [PMID: 23831059 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis is the cornerstone process of life. Cohesin, a multi-protein complex conserved from yeast to human, plays a crucial role in this process by keeping the sister chromatids together from S-phase to anaphase onset during mitosis and meiosis. Technological advancements have discovered myriad functions of cohesin beyond its role in sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), such as transcription regulation, DNA repair, chromosome condensation, homolog pairing, monoorientation of sister kinetochore, etc. Here, we have focused on such functions of cohesin that are either independent of or dependent on its canonical role of sister chromatid cohesion. At the end, human diseases associated with malfunctioning of cohesin, albeit with mostly unperturbed sister chromatid cohesion, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan D Mehta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Wadhwani Research Centre for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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36
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Occhipinti L, Chang Y, Altvater M, Menet AM, Kemmler S, Panse VG. Non-FG mediated transport of the large pre-ribosomal subunit through the nuclear pore complex by the mRNA export factor Gle2. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8266-79. [PMID: 23907389 PMCID: PMC3783196 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple export receptors passage bound pre-ribosomes through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) by transiently interacting with the Phe-Gly (FG) meshwork of their transport channels. Here, we reveal how the non-FG interacting yeast mRNA export factor Gly-Leu-FG lethal 2 (Gle2) functions in the export of the large pre-ribosomal subunit (pre-60S). Structure-guided studies uncovered conserved platforms used by Gle2 to export pre-60S: an uncharacterized basic patch required to bind pre-60S, and a second surface that makes non-FG contacts with the nucleoporin Nup116. A basic patch mutant of Gle2 is able to function in mRNA export, but not pre-60S export. Thus, Gle2 provides a distinct interaction platform to transport pre-60S to the cytoplasm. Notably, Gle2’s interaction platforms become crucial for pre-60S export when FG-interacting receptors are either not recruited to pre-60S or are impaired. We propose that large complex cargos rely on non-FG as well as FG-interactions for their efficient translocation through the nuclear pore complex channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Occhipinti
- Department of Biology (D-BIOL), Institute of Biochemistry (IBC), ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland and MLS Program, Life Sciences Zurich Graduate School, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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37
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Laugsch M, Seebach J, Schnittler H, Jessberger R. Imbalance of SMC1 and SMC3 cohesins causes specific and distinct effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65149. [PMID: 23776448 PMCID: PMC3680458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SMC1 and SMC3 form a high-affinity heterodimer, which provides an open backbone of the cohesin ring, to be closed by a kleisin protein. RNAi mediated knock-down of either one heterodimer partner, SMC1 or SMC3, is expected to cause very similar if not identical phenotypes. However, we observed highly distinct, protein-specific phenotypes. Upon knock-down of human SMC1, much of SMC3 remains stable, accumulates in the cytoplasm and does not associate with other cohesin proteins. Most of the excess nuclear SMC3 is highly mobile and not or only weakly chromosome-associated. In contrast, human SMC3 knock-down rendered SMC1 instable without cytoplasmic accumulation. As observed by differential protein extraction and in FRAP experiments the remaining SMC1 or SMC3 proteins in the respective SMC1 or SMC3 knock-down experiments constituted a cohesin pool, which is associated with chromatin with highest affinity, likely the least expendable. Expression of bovine EGFP-SMC1 or mouse EGFP-SMC3 in human cells under conditions of human SMC1 or SMC3 knock-down rescued the respective phenotypes, but in untreated cells over-expressed exogenous SMC proteins mis-localized. Paucity of either one of the SMC proteins causes RAD21 degradation. These results argue for great caution in interpreting SMC1 and SMC3 RNAi or over-expression experiments. Under challenged conditions these two proteins unexpectedly behave differently, which may have biological consequences for regulation of cohesin-associated functions and for human cohesin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Laugsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Seebach
- Dept. of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Schnittler
- Dept. of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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38
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Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion depends on cohesin, a tripartite complex that forms ring structures to hold sister chromatids together in mitosis and meiosis. Meiocytes feature a multiplicity of distinct cohesin proteins and complexes, some meiosis specific, which serve additional functions such as supporting synapsis of two pairs of sister chromatids and determining the loop-axis architecture of prophase I chromosomes. Despite considerable new insights gained in the past few years into the localization and function of some cohesin proteins, and the recent identification of yet another meiosis-specific cohesin subunit, a plethora of open questions remains, which concern not only fundamental germ cell biology but also the consequences of cohesin impairment for human reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- François McNicoll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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39
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Funasaka T, Tsuka E, Wong RW. Regulation of autophagy by nucleoporin Tpr. Sci Rep 2012; 2:878. [PMID: 23170199 PMCID: PMC3501823 DOI: 10.1038/srep00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) consists of a conserved set of ~30 different proteins, termed nucleoporins, and serves as a gateway for the exchange of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleus. Tpr (translocated promoter region) is a component of NPC that presumably localizes at intranuclear filaments. Here, we show that Tpr knockdown caused a severe reduction in the number of nuclear pores. Furthermore, our electron microscopy studies indicated a significant reduction in the number of inner nuclear filaments. In addition, Tpr siRNA treatment impaired cell growth and proliferation compared to control siRNA-treated cells. In Tpr-depleted cells, the levels of p53 and p21 proteins were enhanced. Surprisingly, Tpr depletion increased p53 nuclear accumulation and facilitated autophagy. Our study demonstrates for the first time that Tpr plays a role in autophagy through controlling HSP70 and HSF1 mRNA export, p53 trafficking with karyopherin CRM1, and potentially through direct transcriptional regulation of autophagy factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Funasaka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Systems, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eriko Tsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Systems, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Richard W. Wong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Systems, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
- Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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40
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Prosser SL, Samant MD, Baxter JE, Morrison CG, Fry AM. Oscillation of APC/C activity during cell cycle arrest promotes centrosome amplification. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5353-68. [PMID: 22956538 PMCID: PMC3939426 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosome duplication is licensed by the disengagement, or 'uncoupling', of centrioles during late mitosis. However, arrest of cells in G2 can trigger premature centriole disengagement. Here, we show that premature disengagement results from untimely activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), leading to securin degradation and release of active separase. Although APC/C activation during G2 arrest is dependent on polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1)-mediated degradation of the APC/C inhibitor, early mitotic inhibitor 1 (Emi1), Plk1 also has a second APC/C-independent role in promoting disengagement. Importantly, APC/C and Plk1 activity also stimulates centriole disengagement in response to hydroxyurea or DNA damage-induced cell-cycle arrest and this leads to centrosome amplification. However, the reduplication of disengaged centrioles is dependent on cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity and Cdk2 activation coincides with a subsequent inactivation of the APC/C and re-accumulation of cyclin A. Although release from these arrests leads to mitotic entry, the presence of disengaged and/or amplified centrosomes results in the formation of abnormal mitotic spindles that lead to chromosome mis-segregation. Thus, oscillation of APC/C activity during cell cycle arrest promotes both centrosome amplification and genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna L. Prosser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
- Center for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mugdha D. Samant
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
| | - Joanne E. Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
| | - Ciaran G. Morrison
- Center for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, U.K
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41
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Jin H, Avey M, Yu HG. Is cohesin required for spindle-pole-body/centrosome cohesion? Commun Integr Biol 2012; 5:26-9. [PMID: 22482005 DOI: 10.4161/cib.18557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers that nucleate spindle microtubules during cell division. In budding yeast, the centrosome, often referred to as the spindle pole body, shares structural components with the centriole, the central core of the animal centrosome. The parental centrosome is duplicated when DNA replication takes place. Like sister chromatids tethered together by cohesin, duplicated centrosomes are linked and then separate to form the bipolar spindle necessary for chromosome segregation. Recent studies have shown that cohesin is also localized to the animal centrosome and is perhaps directly involved in engaging paired centrioles. Here we discuss the potential role of cohesin in mediating spindle-pole-body cohesion in the context of yeast meiosis. We propose that the coordination of chromosome segregation with centrosome cohesion and duplication is mediated by the antagonistic interaction between the Aurora kinase and the Polo kinase and that the role of cohesin in centrosome regulation appears to be indirect in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Department of Biological Science; The Florida State University; Tallahassee, FL USA
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42
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Haering CH, Jessberger R. Cohesin in determining chromosome architecture. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1386-93. [PMID: 22472347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cells use ring-like structured protein complexes for various tasks in DNA dynamics. The tripartite cohesin ring is particularly suited to determine chromosome architecture, for it is large and dynamic, may acquire different forms, and is involved in several distinct nuclear processes. This review focuses on cohesin's role in structuring chromosomes during mitotic and meiotic cell divisions and during interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Haering
- Cell Biology & Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Abstract
The maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion from S phase to the onset of anaphase relies on a small but evolutionarily conserved protein called Sororin. Sororin is a phosphoprotein and its dynamic localization and function are regulated by protein kinases, such as Cdk1/cyclin B and Erk2. The association of Sororin with chromatin requires cohesin to be preloaded to chromatin and modification of Smc3 during DNA replication. Sororin antagonizes the function of Wapl in cohesin releasing from S to G 2 phase and promotes cohesin release from sister chromatid arms in prophase via interaction with Plk1. This review focuses on progress of the identification and regulation of Sororin during cell cycle; role of post-translational modification on Sororin function; role of Sororin in the maintenance and resolution of sister chromatid cohesion; and finally discusses Sororin's emerging role in cancer and the potential issues that need be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX USA
| | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Children’s Cancer Center; Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX USA
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44
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Variations of chromatin, tubulin and actin structures in primate oocytes arrested during in vitro maturation and fertilization—what is this telling us about the relationships between cytoskeletal and chromatin meiotic defects? Theriogenology 2012; 77:1297-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Genome instability is a hallmark of cancer cells and how it arises is still not completely understood. Correct chromosome segregation is a pre-requisite for preserving genome integrity. Cohesin helps to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during cell cycle, however, much evidence regarding its functions have come to light over the last few years and suggest that cohesin plays multiple roles in the maintenance of genome stability. Here we review our rapidly increasing knowledge on the involvement of cohesin pathway in genome stability and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Mannini
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pisa, Italy
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46
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Chien R, Zeng W, Ball AR, Yokomori K. Cohesin: a critical chromatin organizer in mammalian gene regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:445-58. [PMID: 21851156 PMCID: PMC4056987 DOI: 10.1139/o11-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are evolutionarily conserved essential multi-protein complexes that are important for higher-order chromatin organization. They play pivotal roles in the maintenance of genome integrity through mitotic chromosome regulation, DNA repair and replication, as well as gene regulation critical for proper development and cellular differentiation. In this review, we will discuss the multifaceted functions of mammalian cohesins and their apparent functional hierarchy in the cell, with particular focus on their actions in gene regulation and their relevance to human developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chien
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Weihua Zeng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Alexander R. Ball
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
| | - Kyoko Yokomori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
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47
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Funasaka T, Wong RW. The role of nuclear pore complex in tumor microenvironment and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:239-51. [PMID: 21298575 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main reasons for cancer mortality is caused by the highly invasive behavior of cancer cells, which often due to aggressive metastasis. Metastasis is mediated by various growth factors and cytokines, operating through numerous signaling pathways. Remarkably, all these metastatic signaling pathways must enter the nucleus through a single gatekeeper, the nuclear pore complex (NPC). NPCs are the only gateway between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. NPCs are among the largest proteinaceous assemblies in the cell and are composed of multiple copies of around 30 different proteins called nucleoporins. Here, we review what is currently known about the NPC, and its role in the mechanisms of tumor progression. We will also explore potential strategies to target metastatic pathways by manipulating the karyopherins (importins/exportins) of nucleocytoplasmic traffic through NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Funasaka
- Frontier Science Organization, 1/F Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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48
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Schöckel L, Möckel M, Mayer B, Boos D, Stemmann O. Cleavage of cohesin rings coordinates the separation of centrioles and chromatids. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:966-72. [PMID: 21743463 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin pairs sister chromatids by forming a tripartite Scc1-Smc1-Smc3 ring around them. In mitosis, cohesin is removed from chromosome arms by the phosphorylation-dependent prophase pathway. Centromeric cohesin is protected by shugoshin 1 and protein phosphatase 2A (Sgo1-PP2A) and opened only in anaphase by separase-dependent cleavage of Scc1 (refs 4-6). Following chromosome segregation, centrioles loosen their tight orthogonal arrangement, which licenses later centrosome duplication in S phase. Although a role of separase in centriole disengagement has been reported, the molecular details of this process remain enigmatic. Here, we identify cohesin as a centriole-engagement factor. Both premature sister-chromatid separation and centriole disengagement are induced by ectopic activation of separase or depletion of Sgo1. These unscheduled events are suppressed by expression of non-cleavable Scc1 or inhibition of the prophase pathway. When endogenous Scc1 is replaced by artificially cleavable Scc1, the corresponding site-specific protease triggers centriole disengagement. Separation of centrioles can alternatively be induced by ectopic cleavage of an engineered Smc3. Thus, the chromosome and centrosome cycles exhibit extensive parallels and are coordinated with each other by dual use of the cohesin ring complex.
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49
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Phosphorylation of SMC1 by ATR is required for desferrioxamine (DFO)-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2011; 2:e128. [PMID: 21390062 PMCID: PMC3101822 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2011.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage signaling pathways are initiated in response to chemical reagents and radiation damage, as well as in response to hypoxia. It is implicated that structural maintenance of chromosomes 1 (SMC1) is not only a component of the cohesion complex but also facilitates the activation of DNA damage checkpoint proteins. Here, we studied the mechanism of DNA damage checkpoint activated by ATR–SMC1 pathway when cells are treated with desferrioxamine (DFO), a hypoxia-mimetic reagent. We show that DFO treatment induces phosphorylation of SMC1 at Ser966, NBS1 at Ser343, Chk1 at Ser317, Chk2 at Thr68, and p53 at Ser15. Among these sites, phosphorylation of SMC1, NBS1, and Chk1 by DFO are mediated by ATR as it is greatly reduced in both ATR-deficient human fibroblasts and HCT116 human colon cancer cells in which ATR is heterozygously mutated, whereas these proteins are phosphorylated in cells deficient for ATM and DNA-PKcs. DFO-induced apoptosis is decreased in ATR-mutant HCT116 cells, although p53 is normally activated in those cells. Expression of SMC1 S966A in which Ser966 is substituted to Ala attenuates apoptosis and phosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser317 after DFO treatment, although levels of HIF1α are not significantly changed. These results suggest that DFO induces apoptosis through the ATR–SMC1 arm of the pathway.
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50
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Kaláb P, Solc P, Motlík J. The role of RanGTP gradient in vertebrate oocyte maturation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2011; 53:235-67. [PMID: 21630149 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-19065-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of vertebrate oocyte into haploid gamete, the egg, consists of two specialized asymmetric cell divisions with no intervening S-phase. Ran GTPase has an essential role in relaying the active role of chromosomes in their own segregation by the meiotic process. In addition to its conserved role as a key regulator of macromolecular transport between nucleus and cytoplasm, Ran has important functions during cell division, including in mitotic spindle assembly and in the assembly of nuclear envelope at the exit from mitosis. The cellular functions of Ran are mediated by RanGTP interactions with nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) related to importin β and depend on the existence of chromosome-centered RanGTP gradient. Live imaging with FRET biosensors indeed revealed the existence of RanGTP gradient throughout mouse oocyte maturation. NTR-dependent transport of cell cycle regulators including cyclin B1, Wee2, and Cdc25B between the oocyte cytoplasm and germinal vesicle (GV) is required for normal resumption of meiosis. After GVBD in mouse oocytes, RanGTP gradient is required for timely meiosis I (MI) spindle assembly and provides long-range signal directing egg cortex differentiation. However, RanGTP gradient is not required for MI spindle migration and may be dispensable for MI spindle function in chromosome segregation. In contrast, MII spindle assembly and function in maturing mouse and Xenopus laevis eggs depend on RanGTP gradient, similar to X. laevis MII-derived egg extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kaláb
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4256, USA.
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