1
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Wu Y, Sun Y, Pei C, Peng X, Liu X, Qian EW, Du Y, Li JJ. Automated chemoenzymatic modular synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides on a digital microfluidic platform. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17397-17405. [PMID: 38813121 PMCID: PMC11134329 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01395f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycans, along with proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, constitute the four fundamental classes of biomacromolecules found in living organisms. Generally, glycans are attached to proteins or lipids to form glycoconjugates that perform critical roles in various biological processes. Automatic synthesis of glycans is essential for investigation into structure-function relationships of glycans. In this study, we presented a method that integrated magnetic bead-based manipulation and modular chemoenzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), on a DMF (Digital Microfluidics) platform. On the DMF platform, enzymatic modular reactions were conducted in solution, and purification of products or intermediates was achieved by using DEAE magnetic beads, circumventing the intricate steps required for traditional solid-phase synthesis. With this approach, we have successfully synthesized eleven HMOs with highest yields of up to >90% on the DMF platform. This study would not only lay the foundation for OPME synthesis of glycans on the DMF platform, but also set the stage for developing automated enzymatic glycan synthesizers based on the DMF platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yunze Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Caixia Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Xinlv Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Eika W Qian
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Nakacho 2-24-16, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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2
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Xu Y, Wang X, Zaal EA, Berkers CR, Lorent JH, Heise T, Cox R, Pieters RJ, Breukink E. Specific labeling of newly synthesized lipopolysaccharide via metabolic incorporation of azido-galactose. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159467. [PMID: 38382574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess an asymmetric outer membrane (OM) primarily composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the outer leaflet and phospholipids on the inner leaflet. The outer membrane functions as an effective permeability barrier to compounds such as antibiotics. Studying LPS biosynthesis is therefore helpful to explore novel strategies for new antibiotic development. Metabolic glycan labeling of the bacterial surface has emerged as a powerful method to investigate LPS biosynthesis. However, the previously reported methods of labeling LPS are based on radioactivity or difficult-to-produce analogs of bacterial sugars. In this study, we report on the incorporation of azido galactose into the LPS of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi via metabolic labeling. As a common sugar analog, azido galactose successfully labeled both O-antigen and core of Salmonella LPS, but not E. coli LPS. This labeling of Salmonella LPS, as shown by SDS-PAGE analysis and fluorescence microscopy, differs from the previously reported labeling of either O-antigen or core of LPS. Our findings are useful for studying LPS biogenesis pathways in Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella. In addition, our approach is helpful for screening for agents that target LPS biosynthesis as it allows for the detection of newly synthesized LPS that appears in the OM. Furthermore, this approach may also aid in isolating chemically modified LPS for vaccine development or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Division of Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Torben Heise
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud Cox
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roland J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eefjan Breukink
- Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Eddenden A, Dooda MK, Morrison ZA, Subramanian AS, Howell PL, Troutman JM, Nitz M. Metabolic Usage and Glycan Destinations of GlcNAz in E. coli. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:69-80. [PMID: 38146215 PMCID: PMC11138243 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria use a diverse range of carbohydrates to generate a profusion of glycans, with amino sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), being prevalent in the cell wall and in many exopolysaccharides. The primary substrate for GlcNAc-containing glycans, UDP-GlcNAc, is the product of the bacterial hexosamine pathway and a key target for bacterial metabolic glycan engineering. Using the strategy of expressing NahK, to circumvent the hexosamine pathway, it is possible to directly feed the analogue of GlcNAc, N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz), for metabolic labeling in Escherichia coli. The cytosolic production of UDP-GlcNAz was confirmed by using fluorescence-assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The key question of where GlcNAz is incorporated was interrogated by analyzing potential sites including peptidoglycan (PGN), the biofilm-related exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The highest levels of incorporation were observed in PGN with lower levels in PNAG and no observable incorporation in LPS or ECA. The promiscuity of the PNAG synthase (PgaCD) toward UDP-GlcNAz in vitro and the lack of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAz intermediates generated in vivo confirmed the incorporation preferences. The results of this work will guide the future development of carbohydrate-based probes and metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eddenden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Manoj K. Dooda
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223-0001, United States
| | - Zachary A. Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adithya Shankara Subramanian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - P. Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jerry M. Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223-0001, United States
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Lee SY, Marando VM, Smelyansky SR, Kim DE, Calabretta PJ, Warner TC, Bryson BD, Kiessling LL. Selective Glycan Labeling of Mannose-Containing Glycolipids in Mycobacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:377-385. [PMID: 38112296 PMCID: PMC10914408 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of history's most successful human pathogens. By subverting typical immune responses, Mtb can persist within a host until conditions become favorable for growth and proliferation. Virulence factors that enable mycobacteria to modulate host immune systems include a suite of mannose-containing glycolipids: phosphatidylinositol mannosides, lipomannan, and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Despite their importance, tools for their covalent capture, modification, and imaging are limited. Here, we describe a chemical biology strategy to detect and visualize these glycans. Our approach, biosynthetic incorporation, is to synthesize a lipid-glycan precursor that can be incorporated at a late-stage step in glycolipid biosynthesis. We previously demonstrated selective mycobacterial arabinan modification by biosynthetic incorporation using an exogenous donor. This report reveals that biosynthetic labeling is general and selective: it allows for cell surface mannose-containing glycolipid modification without nonspecific labeling of mannosylated glycoproteins. Specifically, we employed azido-(Z,Z)-farnesyl phosphoryl-β-d-mannose probes and took advantage of the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition to label and directly visualize the localization and dynamics of mycobacterial mannose-containing glycolipids. Our studies highlight the generality and utility of biosynthetic incorporation as the probe structure directs the selective labeling of distinct glycans. The disclosed agents allowed for direct tracking of the target immunomodulatory glycolipid dynamics in cellulo. We anticipate that these probes will facilitate investigating the diverse biological roles of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Victoria M. Marando
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephanie R. Smelyansky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daria E. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Phillip J. Calabretta
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Theodore C. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bryan D. Bryson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Laura L. Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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5
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Zhong Y, Wu J, Pan X, Liu B, Wang L. Aptamer-functionalized polydiacetylene biosensor for the detection of three foodborne pathogens. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:199-211. [PMID: 37856010 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, simple and sensitive screening of foodborne pathogens is of great significance to ensure food safety. In this study, an aptamer-functionalized polydiacetylene (Apta-PDA) biosensor was developed for the detection of E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium or V. parahaemolyticus. First, aptamers responding to the target bacteria were modified on the surface of magnetic beads by covalent binding to form MBs-oligonucleotide conjugates for bacterial enrichment. Then, an Apta-PDA biosensor was obtained by connecting the aptamers to the PDA nanovesicles using the carbodiimide method. Molecular recognition occurred in the presence of the target bacteria, whereby the aptamer folded into a sequence-defined unique structure, resulting in an MBs-Apta/bacteria/Apta-PDA sandwich structure. Due to the optical properties of PDA, the blue-red transition of the detection system could be observed by the naked eye and quantified by the colorimetric response percentage (CR%). Under optimized conditions, the detection limits of E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium and V. parahaemolyticus were 39, 60 and 60 CFU/ml, respectively, with a selectivity of 100% and a reaction time of 30 min. Compared with the gold standard method, the accuracy of the three target bacteria detection reached 98%, 97.5% and 97%, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity were both greater than 90%. The entire detection process was rapid and easy to execute without any special equipment, making this technology particularly suitable for resource-poor laboratories or regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310059, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, People's Republic of China
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6
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Eddenden A, Dooda MK, Morrison ZA, Subramanian AS, Howell PL, Troutman JM, Nitz M. The Metabolic Usage and Glycan Destinations of GlcNAz in E. coli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.553294. [PMID: 37645909 PMCID: PMC10462111 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.553294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria use a diverse range of carbohydrates to generate a profusion of glycans, with amino sugars such as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) being prevalent in the cell wall and in many exopolysaccharides. The primary substrate for GlcNAc-containing glycans, UDP-GlcNAc, is the product of the bacterial hexosamine pathway, and a key target for bacterial metabolic glycan engineering. Using the strategy of expressing NahK, to circumvent the hexosamine pathway, it is possible to directly feed the analogue of GlcNAc, N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz), for metabolic labelling in E. coli. The cytosolic production of UDP-GlcNAz was confirmed using fluorescence assisted polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The key question of where GlcNAz is incorporated, was interrogated by analyzing potential sites including: peptidoglycan (PGN), the biofilm-related exopolysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the enterobacterial common antigen (ECA). The highest levels of incorporation were observed in PGN with lower levels in PNAG and no observable incorporation in LPS or ECA. The promiscuity of the PNAG synthase (PgaCD) towards UDP-GlcNAz in vitro and lack of undecaprenyl-pyrophosphoryl-GlcNAz intermediates generated in vivo confirmed the incorporation preferences. The results of this work will guide the future development of carbohydrate-based probes and metabolic engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eddenden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manoj K Dooda
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
| | - Zachary A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adithya Shankara Subramanian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerry M Troutman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Harnagel AP, Sheshova M, Zheng M, Zheng M, Skorupinska-Tudek K, Swiezewska E, Lupoli TJ. Preference of Bacterial Rhamnosyltransferases for 6-Deoxysugars Reveals a Strategy To Deplete O-Antigens. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37437030 PMCID: PMC10375533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria synthesize hundreds of bacteria-specific or "rare" sugars that are absent in mammalian cells and enriched in 6-deoxy monosaccharides such as l-rhamnose (l-Rha). Across bacteria, l-Rha is incorporated into glycans by rhamnosyltransferases (RTs) that couple nucleotide sugar substrates (donors) to target biomolecules (acceptors). Since l-Rha is required for the biosynthesis of bacterial glycans involved in survival or host infection, RTs represent potential antibiotic or antivirulence targets. However, purified RTs and their unique bacterial sugar substrates have been difficult to obtain. Here, we use synthetic nucleotide rare sugar and glycolipid analogs to examine substrate recognition by three RTs that produce cell envelope components in diverse species, including a known pathogen. We find that bacterial RTs prefer pyrimidine nucleotide-linked 6-deoxysugars, not those containing a C6-hydroxyl, as donors. While glycolipid acceptors must contain a lipid, isoprenoid chain length, and stereochemistry can vary. Based on these observations, we demonstrate that a 6-deoxysugar transition state analog inhibits an RT in vitro and reduces levels of RT-dependent O-antigen polysaccharides in Gram-negative cells. As O-antigens are virulence factors, bacteria-specific sugar transferase inhibition represents a novel strategy to prevent bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa P Harnagel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Mia Sheshova
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Maggie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | | | - Ewa Swiezewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Tania J Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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8
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Chen X, Varki A. User-friendly bioorthogonal reactions click to explore glycan functions in complex biological systems. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169408. [PMID: 36919701 PMCID: PMC10014101 DOI: 10.1172/jci169408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, UCD, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
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9
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An B, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Xun D, Church GM, Dai Z, Yi X, Tang TC, Zhong C. Engineered Living Materials For Sustainability. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2349-2419. [PMID: 36512650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in synthetic biology and materials science have given rise to a new form of materials, namely engineered living materials (ELMs), which are composed of living matter or cell communities embedded in self-regenerating matrices of their own or artificial scaffolds. Like natural materials such as bone, wood, and skin, ELMs, which possess the functional capabilities of living organisms, can grow, self-organize, and self-repair when needed. They also spontaneously perform programmed biological functions upon sensing external cues. Currently, ELMs show promise for green energy production, bioremediation, disease treatment, and fabricating advanced smart materials. This review first introduces the dynamic features of natural living systems and their potential for developing novel materials. We then summarize the recent research progress on living materials and emerging design strategies from both synthetic biology and materials science perspectives. Finally, we discuss the positive impacts of living materials on promoting sustainability and key future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin An
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuzhu Liu
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongmin Xun
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - George M Church
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States
| | - Zhuojun Dai
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzu-Chieh Tang
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States.,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, Massachusetts United States
| | - Chao Zhong
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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10
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Sadler J, Brewster RC, Kjeldsen A, González AF, Nirkko JS, Varzandeh S, Wallace S. Overproduction of Native and Click-able Colanic Acid Slime from Engineered Escherichia coli. JACS AU 2023; 3:378-383. [PMID: 36873680 PMCID: PMC9976346 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental biology and application of bacterial exopolysaccharides is gaining increasing attention. However, current synthetic biology efforts to produce the major component of Escherichia sp. slime, colanic acid, and functional derivatives thereof have been limited. Herein, we report the overproduction of colanic acid (up to 1.32 g/L) from d-glucose in an engineered strain of Escherichia coli JM109. Furthermore, we report that chemically synthesized l-fucose analogues containing an azide motif can be metabolically incorporated into the slime layer via a heterologous fucose salvage pathway from Bacteroides sp. and used in a click reaction to attach an organic cargo to the cell surface. This molecular-engineered biopolymer has potential as a new tool for use in chemical, biological, and materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Wallace
- Institute
of Quantitative Biology,
Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Roger
Land Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, The King’s Buildings,
Edinburgh, EH9 3FF.
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11
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Zheng Q, Chang PV. Shedding Light on Bacterial Physiology with Click Chemistry. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200064. [PMID: 37841997 PMCID: PMC10569449 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria constitute a major lifeform on this planet and play numerous roles in ecology, physiology, and human disease. However, conventional methods to probe their activities are limited in their ability to visualize and identify their functions in these diverse settings. In the last two decades, the application of click chemistry to label these microbes has deepened our understanding of bacterial physiology. With the development of a plethora of chemical tools that target many biological molecules, it is possible to track these microorganisms in real-time and at unprecedented resolution. Here, we review click chemistry, including bioorthogonal reactions, and their applications in imaging bacterial glycans, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids using chemical reporters. We also highlight significant advances that have enabled biological discoveries that have heretofore remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Pamela V Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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12
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Morrison ZA, Eddenden A, Subramanian AS, Howell PL, Nitz M. Termination of Poly- N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) Polymerization with N-Acetylglucosamine Analogues. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3036-3046. [PMID: 35170962 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria require polysaccharides for structure, survival, and virulence. Despite their central role in microbiology, few tools are available to manipulate their production. In E. coli, the glycosyltransferase complex PgaCD produces poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG), an extracellular matrix polysaccharide required for biofilm formation. We report that C6-substituted (H, F, N3, SH, NH2) UDP-GlcNAc substrate analogues are inhibitors of PgaCD. In vitro, the inhibitors cause PNAG chain termination, consistent with the mechanism of PNAG polymerization from the nonreducing terminus. In vivo, expression of the GlcNAc-1-kinase NahK in E. coli provided a non-native GlcNAc salvage pathway that produced the UDP-GlcNAc analogue inhibitors in situ. The 6-fluoro and 6-deoxy derivatives were potent inhibitors of biofilm formation in the transformed strain, providing a tool to manipulate this key exopolysaccharide. Characterization of the UDP-GlcNAc pool and quantification of PNAG generation support PNAG termination as the primary in vivo mechanism of biofilm inhibition by 6-fluoro UDP-GlcNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Morrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexander Eddenden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adithya Shankara Subramanian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - P Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OntarioM5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mark Nitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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13
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de Jong H, Moure MJ, Hartman JEM, Bosman GP, Ong JY, Bardoel BW, Boons G, Wösten MMSM, Wennekes T. Selective Exoenzymatic Labeling of Lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with α2,6-Sialoside Analogues. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200340. [PMID: 35877976 PMCID: PMC9804176 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between bacteria and their host often rely on recognition processes that involve host or bacterial glycans. Glycoengineering techniques make it possible to modify and study the glycans on the host's eukaryotic cells, but only a few are available for the study of bacterial glycans. Here, we have adapted selective exoenzymatic labeling (SEEL), a chemical reporter strategy, to label the lipooligosaccharides of the bacterial pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae, using the recombinant glycosyltransferase ST6Gal1, and three synthetic CMP-sialic acid derivatives. We show that SEEL treatment does not affect cell viability and can introduce an α2,6-linked sialic acid with a reporter group on the lipooligosaccharides by Western blot, flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. This new bacterial glycoengineering technique allows for the precise modification, here with α2,6-sialoside derivatives, and direct detection of specific surface glycans on live bacteria, which will aid in further unravelling the precise biological functions of bacterial glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna de Jong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 13584 CLUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Moure
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA 30602USA,Chemical Glycobiology Lab, CIC bioGUNEBasque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA)Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 80048160DerioSpain
| | - Jet E. M. Hartman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Gerlof P. Bosman
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Jun Yang Ong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Bardoel
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtHeidelberglaan 100 HP G04.6143584 CXUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Geert‐Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Georgia315 Riverbend RoadAthensGA 30602USA
| | - Marc M. S. M. Wösten
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 13584 CLUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomedical ResearchUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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14
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Tyrikos-Ergas T, Gim S, Huang JY, Pinzón Martín S, Varón Silva D, Seeberger PH, Delbianco M. Synthetic phosphoethanolamine-modified oligosaccharides reveal the importance of glycan length and substitution in biofilm-inspired assemblies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3954. [PMID: 35804023 PMCID: PMC9270332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm matrices are nanocomposites of proteins and polysaccharides with remarkable mechanical properties. Efforts understanding and tuning the protein component have been extensive, whereas the polysaccharide part remained mostly overlooked. The discovery of phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) modified cellulose in E. coli biofilms revealed that polysaccharide functionalization alters the biofilm properties. To date, the pattern of pEtN cellulose and its mode of interactions with proteins remains elusive. Herein, we report a model system based on synthetic epitomes to explore the role of pEtN in biofilm-inspired assemblies. Nine pEtN-modified oligosaccharides were synthesized with full control over the length, degree and pattern of pEtN substitution. The oligomers were co-assembled with a representative peptide, triggering the formation of fibers in a length dependent manner. We discovered that the pEtN pattern modulates the adhesion of biofilm-inspired matrices, while the peptide component controls its stiffness. Unnatural oligosaccharides tune or disrupt the assembly morphology, revealing interesting targets for polysaccharide engineering to develop tunable bio-inspired materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soeun Gim
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jhih-Yi Huang
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Pinzón Martín
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 30, 4132, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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15
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Liu Y, Tong A, Gao X, Yuan S, Zhong R, Zhao C. Treponema primitia α1–2-fucosyltransferase-catalyzed one-pot multienzyme synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharide lacto-N-fucopentaose I with antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. Food Chem X 2022; 14:100273. [PMID: 35265828 PMCID: PMC8899238 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel α1,2-fucosyltransferase was cloned from Treponema primiti. Tpα1,2-FT catalyzes one-pot multi-enzyme synthesis of lacto-N-fucopentaose-I. LNFP-I was an inhibitor of enterovirus 71 in the early stages of infection.
Fucosylated oligosaccharides have important biological functions as well as an excellent antiviral activity. A novel α 1–2-fucosyltransferase (α 2FT) from Treponema primitia (Tp2FT) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified as an N-His6-tagged fusion protein (His6-Tp2FT). Mass spectrometry was carried out to identify the products of enzymatic reaction. The Tp2FT exhibited strict acceptor substrate specificity for type 1 structure (Galβ1-3GlcNAc)-containing glycans. It might be a promising emzyme for the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I), which is one of the important fucosylated oligosaccharides. In this study, different in vitro experiments were used to study the biological activities of LNFP I. It could reduce the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and effectively inhibit the synthesis of enterovirus 71 proliferation. LNFP I was an inhibitor of enterovirus 71 in the early stages of infection, it can used in infant nutrition and might provide a new drug for hand foot mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Aijun Tong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Gao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sinan Yuan
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ruting Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Corresponding author at: No. 15 Shangxiadian Rd., Fuzhou 350002, China.
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16
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Bai Y, Yang X, Yu H, Chen X. Substrate and Process Engineering for Biocatalytic Synthesis and Facile Purification of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102539. [PMID: 35100486 PMCID: PMC9272545 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in process development is essential for applying biocatalysis in industrial and laboratory production of organic compounds, including beneficial carbohydrates such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). HMOs have attracted increasing attention for their potential application as key ingredients in products that can improve human health. To efficiently access HMOs through biocatalysis, a combined substrate and process engineering strategy is developed, namely multistep one-pot multienzyme (MSOPME) design. The strategy allows access to a pure tagged HMO in a single reactor with a single C18-cartridge purification process, despite the length of the target. Its efficiency is demonstrated in the high-yielding (71-91 %) one-pot synthesis of twenty tagged HMOs (83-155 mg), including long-chain oligosaccharides with or without fucosylation or sialylation up to nonaoses from a lactoside without the isolation of the intermediate oligosaccharides. Gram-scale synthesis of an important HMO derivative - tagged lacto-N-fucopentaose-I (LNFP-I) - proceeds in 84 % yield. Tag removal is carried out in high efficiency (94-97 %) without the need for column purification to produce the desired natural HMOs with a free reducing end. The method can be readily adapted for large-scale synthesis and automation to allow quick access to HMOs, other glycans, and glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, 95616, Davis, California, USA
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17
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Marando VM, Kim DE, Kiessling LL. Biosynthetic incorporation for visualizing bacterial glycans. Methods Enzymol 2022; 665:135-151. [PMID: 35379432 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface glycans are central to many biological processes, yet methods for their site-selective modification are limited. Strategies for interrogating the structure and function of proteins have been enabled by chemoselective reactions of sidechain functionality for covalent modification, capture, or imaging. However, unlike protein sidechains, glycan building blocks lack distinguishing reactivity. Moreover, glycans are not primary gene products, so encoding glycan variants through genetic manipulation is challenging. Reactive functional groups can be introduced into glycans through metabolic engineering, which involves the generation of modified nucleotide-sugar building blocks. Lipid-linked building blocks, which are also used in glycan biosynthesis, have the advantage that they can be delivered directly to glycosyltransferases to function as surrogate substrates. This process, termed "biosynthetic incorporation," takes advantage of the properties of bacterial glycosyltransferase: they are selective for the products they generate yet promiscuous in their donor preferences. We describe how this strategy can be implemented to label arabinofuranose-containing glycans on the surface of mycobacterial cells. We anticipate that this platform can be expanded to develop chemoselective labeling agents for other important bacterial monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Marando
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daria E Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura L Kiessling
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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18
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Nicolardi S, Danuser R, Dotz V, Domínguez-Vega E, Al Kaabi A, Beurret M, Anish C, Wuhrer M. Glycan and Protein Analysis of Glycoengineered Bacterial E. coli Vaccines by MALDI-in-Source Decay FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4979-4987. [PMID: 35293727 PMCID: PMC8969423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Bacterial glycoconjugate
vaccines have a major role in preventing
microbial infections. Immunogenic bacterial glycans, such as O-antigen
polysaccharides, can be recombinantly expressed and combined with
specific carrier proteins to produce effective vaccines. O-Antigen
polysaccharides are typically polydisperse, and carrier proteins can
have multiple glycosylation sites. Consequently, recombinant glycoconjugate
vaccines have a high structural heterogeneity, making their characterization
challenging. Since development and quality control processes rely
on such characterization, novel strategies are needed for faster and
informative analysis. Here, we present a novel approach employing
minimal sample preparation and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry
analysis for protein terminal sequencing and characterization of the
oligosaccharide repeat units of bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines.
Three glycoconjugate vaccine candidates, obtained from the bioconjugation
of the O-antigen polysaccharides from E. coli serotypes
O2, O6A, and O25B with the genetically detoxified exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed by MALDI-in-source
decay (ISD) FT-ICR MS. Protein and glycan ISD fragment ions were selectively
detected using 1,5-diaminonaphtalene and a 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid/2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic
acid mixture (super-DHB) as a MALDI matrix, respectively. The analysis
of protein fragments required the absence of salts in the samples,
while the presence of salt was key for the detection of sodiated glycan
fragments. MS/MS analysis of O-antigen ISD fragments allowed for the
detection of specific repeat unit signatures. The developed strategy
requires minute sample amounts, avoids the use of chemical derivatizations,
and comes with minimal hands-on time allowing for fast corroboration
of key structural features of bacterial glycoconjugate vaccines during
early- and late-stage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renzo Danuser
- Janssen Vaccines AG (Branch of Cilag GmbH International), Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viktoria Dotz
- Bacterial Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Al Kaabi
- Janssen Vaccines AG (Branch of Cilag GmbH International), Rehhagstrasse 79, CH-3018 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Beurret
- Bacterial Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Bacterial Vaccine Discovery & Early Development, Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Archimedesweg 4-6, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Banahene N, Kavunja HW, Swarts BM. Chemical Reporters for Bacterial Glycans: Development and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3336-3413. [PMID: 34905344 PMCID: PMC8958928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria possess an extraordinary repertoire of cell envelope glycans that have critical physiological functions. Pathogenic bacteria have glycans that are essential for growth and virulence but are absent from humans, making them high-priority targets for antibiotic, vaccine, and diagnostic development. The advent of metabolic labeling with bioorthogonal chemical reporters and small-molecule fluorescent reporters has enabled the investigation and targeting of specific bacterial glycans in their native environments. These tools have opened the door to imaging glycan dynamics, assaying and inhibiting glycan biosynthesis, profiling glycoproteins and glycan-binding proteins, and targeting pathogens with diagnostic and therapeutic payload. These capabilities have been wielded in diverse commensal and pathogenic Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and mycobacterial species─including within live host organisms. Here, we review the development and applications of chemical reporters for bacterial glycans, including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, glycoproteins, teichoic acids, and capsular polysaccharides, as well as mycobacterial glycans, including trehalose glycolipids and arabinan-containing glycoconjugates. We cover in detail how bacteria-targeting chemical reporters are designed, synthesized, and evaluated, how they operate from a mechanistic standpoint, and how this information informs their judicious and innovative application. We also provide a perspective on the current state and future directions of the field, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary teams to create novel tools and extend existing tools to support fundamental and translational research on bacterial glycans.
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20
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Zhong R, Gao L, Chen Z, Yuan S, Chen X, Zhao C. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides using Thermosynechococcus α1-2-fucosyltransferase and their application in the regulation of intestinal microbiota. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100152. [PMID: 34816119 PMCID: PMC8593560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterial α 1-2-fucosyltransferase (α 2FT) from Thermosynechococcus sp. NK55a (Ts2FT) has been discovered and characterized. It shares 28-62% protein sequence homology to α 2FTs reported previously. The Ts2FT was cloned as an N-terminal His6-tagged recombinant protein (His6-Ts2FT) and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). It was expressed at a level of 6.2 mg/L culture after induction with 0.05 mM of isopropylβ-d-1-thiogalactoside (IPTG) at 16 °C for 20 h. It showed the optimal activity at a reaction temperature of 40 °C and pH of 7.0. The presence of a Mg2+ improved its catalytic efficiency. Ts2FT displayed a strict acceptor specificity and could recognize only β1-3-galatoside acceptors. It was used efficiently for one-pot multienzyme synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides. One of the products, lacto-N-fucopentaose I was shown to promote the growth of intestinal probiotics including those belonging to Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruting Zhong
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Luying Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Zhengxin Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sinan Yuan
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chao Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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21
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Agrawal A, Bandi CK, Burgin T, Woo Y, Mayes HB, Chundawat SPS. Click-Chemistry-Based Free Azide versus Azido Sugar Detection Enables Rapid In Vivo Screening of Glycosynthase Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2490-2501. [PMID: 34499469 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineering of carbohydrate-active enzymes such as glycosynthases to enable chemoenzymatic synthesis of bespoke oligosaccharides has been limited by the lack of suitable ultrahigh-throughput screening methods capable of robustly detecting either starting substrates or end-products of the glycosidic bond formation reaction. Currently, there are limited screening methods available for rapid and highly sensitive single-cell-based screening of glycosynthase enzymes employing azido sugars as activated donor glycosyl substrates. Here, we report a fluorescence-based approach employing click-chemistry for the selective detection of glycosyl azides as substrates versus free inorganic azides as reaction products that facilitated an ultrahigh-throughput in vivo single-cell-based assay of glycosynthase activity. This assay was developed based on the distinct differences observed in relative fluorescence intensity of the triazole-containing fluorophore product formed during the click-chemistry reaction of organic glycosyl azides versus inorganic azides. This discovery formed the basis for proof of concept validation of a directed evolution methodology for screening and sorting glycosynthase mutants capable of synthesis of targeted fucosylated oligosaccharides. Our screening approach facilitated fluorescence-activated cell sorting of an error-prone polymerase chain reaction-based mutant library of fucosynthases expressed in Escherichia coli to identify several novel mutants that showed increased activity for β-fucosyl azide-activated donor sugars toward desired acceptor sugars (e.g., pNP-xylose and lactose). Finally, we discuss avenues for improving this proof of concept in vivo assay method to identify better glycosynthase mutants and further demonstrate the broader applicability of this screening methodology for synthesis of bespoke glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Agrawal
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Chandra Kanth Bandi
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 2800 Plymouth Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Youngwoo Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 2800 Plymouth Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Heather B. Mayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 2800 Plymouth Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Shishir P. S. Chundawat
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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22
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Zheng M, Zheng M, Epstein S, Harnagel AP, Kim H, Lupoli TJ. Chemical Biology Tools for Modulating and Visualizing Gram-Negative Bacterial Surface Polysaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1841-1865. [PMID: 34569792 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cells present a wide diversity of saccharides that decorate the cell surface and help mediate interactions with the environment. Many Gram-negative cells express O-antigens, which are long sugar polymers that makeup the distal portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that constitutes the surface of the outer membrane. This review highlights chemical biology tools that have been developed in recent years to facilitate the modulation of O-antigen synthesis and composition, as well as related bacterial polysaccharide pathways, and the detection of unique glycan sequences. Advances in the biochemistry and structural biology of O-antigen biosynthetic machinery are also described, which provide guidance for the design of novel chemical and biomolecular probes. Many of the tools noted here have not yet been utilized in biological systems and offer researchers the opportunity to investigate the complex sugar architecture of Gram-negative cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Maggie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Samuel Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Alexa P. Harnagel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Hanee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
| | - Tania J. Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, 10003 New York, United States
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23
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Burgos-Morales O, Gueye M, Lacombe L, Nowak C, Schmachtenberg R, Hörner M, Jerez-Longres C, Mohsenin H, Wagner H, Weber W. Synthetic biology as driver for the biologization of materials sciences. Mater Today Bio 2021; 11:100115. [PMID: 34195591 PMCID: PMC8237365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials in nature have fascinating properties that serve as a continuous source of inspiration for materials scientists. Accordingly, bio-mimetic and bio-inspired approaches have yielded remarkable structural and functional materials for a plethora of applications. Despite these advances, many properties of natural materials remain challenging or yet impossible to incorporate into synthetic materials. Natural materials are produced by living cells, which sense and process environmental cues and conditions by means of signaling and genetic programs, thereby controlling the biosynthesis, remodeling, functionalization, or degradation of the natural material. In this context, synthetic biology offers unique opportunities in materials sciences by providing direct access to the rational engineering of how a cell senses and processes environmental information and translates them into the properties and functions of materials. Here, we identify and review two main directions by which synthetic biology can be harnessed to provide new impulses for the biologization of the materials sciences: first, the engineering of cells to produce precursors for the subsequent synthesis of materials. This includes materials that are otherwise produced from petrochemical resources, but also materials where the bio-produced substances contribute unique properties and functions not existing in traditional materials. Second, engineered living materials that are formed or assembled by cells or in which cells contribute specific functions while remaining an integral part of the living composite material. We finally provide a perspective of future scientific directions of this promising area of research and discuss science policy that would be required to support research and development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Burgos-Morales
- École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg - ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - M. Gueye
- École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg - ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412, France
| | - L. Lacombe
- École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg - ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412, France
| | - C. Nowak
- École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg - ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - R. Schmachtenberg
- École Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg - ESBS, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, 67412, France
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - M. Hörner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - C. Jerez-Longres
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine - SGBM, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - H. Mohsenin
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - H.J. Wagner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering - D-BSSE, ETH Zurich, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - W. Weber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine - SGBM, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
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24
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Zhang A, Sun L, Bai Y, Yu H, McArthur JB, Chen X, Atsumi S. Microbial production of human milk oligosaccharide lactodifucotetraose. Metab Eng 2021; 66:12-20. [PMID: 33812022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are potent bioactive compounds that modulate neonatal health and are of interest for development as potential drug treatments for adult diseases. The potential of these molecules, their limited access from natural sources, and difficulty in large-scale isolation of individual HMOs for studies and applications have motivated the development of chemical syntheses and in vitro enzymatic catalysis strategies. Whole cell biocatalysts are emerging as alternative self-regulating production platforms that have the potential to reduce the cost for enzymatic synthesis of HMOs. Whole cell biocatalysts for the production of short-chained, linear and small monofucosylated HMOs have been reported but those for fucosylated structures with higher complexity have not been explored. In this study, we established a strategy for producing a difucosylated HMO, lactodifucotetraose (LDFT), from lactose and L-fucose in Escherichia coli. We used two bacterial fucosyltransferases with narrow acceptor selectivity to drive the sequential fucosylation of lactose and intermediate 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) to produce LDFT. Deletion of substrate degradation pathways that decoupled cellular growth from LDFT production, enhanced expression of native substrate transporters and modular induction of the genes in the LDFT biosynthetic pathway allowed complete conversion of lactose into LDFT and minor quantities of the side product 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL). Overall, 5.1 g/L of LDFT was produced from 3 g/L lactose and 3 g/L L-fucose in 24 h. Our results demonstrate promising applications of engineered microbial biosystems for the production of multi-fucosylated HMOs for biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shota Atsumi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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25
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Metabolic glycan labelling for cancer-targeted therapy. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1102-1114. [PMID: 33219365 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering with unnatural sugars provides a powerful tool to label cell membranes with chemical tags for subsequent targeted conjugation of molecular cargos via efficient chemistries. This technology has been widely explored for cancer labelling and targeting. However, as this metabolic labelling process can occur in both cancerous and normal cells, cancer-selective labelling needs to be achieved to develop cancer-targeted therapies. Unnatural sugars can be either rationally designed to enable preferential labelling of cancer cells, or specifically delivered to cancerous tissues. In this Review Article, we will discuss the progress to date in design and delivery of unnatural sugars for metabolic labelling of tumour cells and subsequent development of tumour-targeted therapy. Metabolic cell labelling for cancer immunotherapy will also be discussed. Finally, we will provide a perspective on future directions of metabolic labelling of cancer and immune cells for the development of potent, clinically translatable cancer therapies.
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26
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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27
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Zhong Z, Emond-Rheault JG, Bhandare S, Lévesque R, Goodridge L. Bacteriophage-Induced Lipopolysaccharide Mutations in Escherichia coli Lead to Hypersensitivity to Food Grade Surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E552. [PMID: 32872188 PMCID: PMC7558818 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are considered as one of the most promising antibiotic alternatives in combatting bacterial infectious diseases. However, one concern of employing phage application is the emergence of bacteriophage-insensitive mutants (BIMs). Here, we isolated six BIMs from E. coli B in the presence of phage T4 and characterized them using genomic and phenotypic methods. Of all six BIMs, a six-amino acid deletion in glucosyltransferase WaaG likely conferred phage resistance by deactivating the addition of T4 receptor glucose to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This finding was further supported by the impaired phage adsorption to BIMs and glycosyl composition analysis which quantitatively confirmed the absence of glucose in the LPS of BIMs. Since LPSs actively maintain outer membrane (OM) permeability, phage-induced truncations of LPSs destabilized the OM and sensitized BIMs to various substrates, especially to the food-grade surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). This hypersensitivity to SDS was exploited to design a T4-SDS combination which successfully prevented the generation of BIMs and eliminated the inoculated bacteria. Collectively, phage-driven modifications of LPSs immunized BIMs from T4 predation but increased their susceptibilities as a fitness cost. The findings of this study suggest a novel strategy to enhance the effectiveness of phage-based food safety interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyan Zhong
- Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H3X 3V9 Canada;
| | - Jean-Guillaume Emond-Rheault
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (J.-G.E.-R.); (R.L.)
| | - Sudhakar Bhandare
- Operations Branch, Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Charlottetown, PE C1E 1E3, Canada;
| | - Roger Lévesque
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (J.-G.E.-R.); (R.L.)
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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28
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Abstract
Cordyceps is a parasitic edible fungus with a variety of metabolically active ingredients. The main active ingredient, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), shows favourable application prospects in prevention and treatment of certain diseases. EPS extracted from different parts of various Cordyceps species can be used in health foods or medicinal preparations because of the structural diversity and multiple bioactivities. In terms of the complexity of composition and structure, researchers have speculated on the anabolic pathways of EPSs and the genes involved in the synthesis process. Studies to increase the yield of polysaccharides are limited because the synthesis pathways and anabolic regulation mechanisms of Cordyceps exopolysaccharide remain unknown. This review summarises the current researches in the yield of Cordyceps polysaccharides. A mechanism for the biosynthesis of Cordyceps polysaccharides was proposed by referring to the polysaccharide synthesis in other species. Furthermore, we also discuss the future perspective and ongoing challenges of EPS in uses of health foods and pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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29
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Wan L, Zhu Y, Li W, Zhang W, Mu W. Combinatorial Modular Pathway Engineering for Guanosine 5'-Diphosphate-l-fucose Production in Recombinant Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5668-5675. [PMID: 32336091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP)-l-fucose is an important nucleotide sugar involved in the synthesis of fucosylated oligosaccharides, such as fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides, which play important roles in physiological and pathological processes. Here, a combinatorial modular pathway engineering strategy was implemented to efficiently increase the intracellular titers of GDP-l-fucose in engineered Escherichia coli. The de novo GDP-l-fucose synthesis pathway was partitioned into two modules and fine-tuned at both transcriptional and translational levels, which remarkably improved the GDP-l-fucose production. In addition, the gene encoding the UDP-glucose lipid carrier transferase (WcaJ) was inactivated to eliminate the competing metabolite pathway from GDP-l-fucose to colanic acid. Furthermore, cofactors were regenerated to promote biocatalysis. Taken together, the final engineered strain EWL37, which could achieve a titer of 18.33 mg/L in shake-flask cultivation, showed 106.21 mg/L intracellular GDP-l-fucose accumulation and a DCW-specific GDP-l-fucose content of 4.28 mg/g through fed-batch cultivation. In general, this study demonstrated that the utilization of combinatorial modular pathway engineering significantly improved the de novo synthesis of GDP-l-fucose in engineered E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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30
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Wan L, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Mu W. α-l-Fucosidases and their applications for the production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5619-5631. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Zhang ZJ, Wang YC, Yang X, Hang HC. Chemical Reporters for Exploring Microbiology and Microbiota Mechanisms. Chembiochem 2019; 21:19-32. [PMID: 31730246 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in bioorthogonal chemistry and the development of chemical reporters have afforded new strategies to explore the targets and functions of specific metabolites in biology. These metabolite chemical reporters have been applied to diverse classes of bacteria including Gram-negative, Gram-positive, mycobacteria, and more complex microbiota communities. Herein we summarize the development and application of metabolite chemical reporters to study fundamental pathways in bacteria as well as microbiota mechanisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrun J Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yen-Chih Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xinglin Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Howard C Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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32
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McArthur JB, Yu H, Chen X. A Bacterial β1-3-Galactosyltransferase Enables Multigram-Scale Synthesis of Human Milk Lacto- N-tetraose (LNT) and Its Fucosides. ACS Catal 2019; 9:10721-10726. [PMID: 33408950 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
β1-3-Linked galactosides such as Galβ1‒3GlcNAcβOR are common carbohydrate motifs found in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOSs), glycolipids, and glycoproteins. Efficient and scalable enzymatic syntheses of these structures have proven challenging due to the lack of access to a highly active β1‒3-galactosyltransferase (β3GalT) in large amounts. Previously reported E. coli β3GalT (EcWbgO) has been identified as a limiting factor for producing a β1-3-galactose-terminated human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) by fermentation. Here we report the identification of an EcWbgO homolog from C. violaceum (Cvβ3GalT) which showed a high efficiency in catalyzing the formation of LNT from lacto-N-triose (LNT II). With the highly active Cvβ3GalT, multigram-scale (>10 gram) synthesis of LNT from lactose was achieved using a sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) glycosylation process. The access to Cvβ3GalT enabled enzymatic synthesis of several fucosylated HMOSs with or without further sialylation including LNFP II, S-LNF II, LNDFH I, LNFP V, and DiFuc-LNT. Among these, LNFP V and DiFuc-LNT would not be accessible by enzymatic synthesis if an active β3GalT were not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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33
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Weinborn V, Li Y, Shah IM, Yu H, Dallas DC, German JB, Mills DA, Chen X, Barile D. Production of functional mimics of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic glycosylation of bovine milk oligosaccharides. Int Dairy J 2019; 102. [PMID: 32089591 DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of mothers' milk is associated with reduced incidence and severity of enteric infections, leading to reduced morbidity in breastfed infants. Fucosylated and sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are important for both direct antimicrobial action - likely via a decoy effect - and indirect antimicrobial action through commensal growth enhancement. Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMO) are a potential source of HMO-mimics as BMO resemble HMO; however, they have simpler and less fucosylated structures. BMO isolated at large scales from bovine whey permeate were modified by the addition of fucose and/or sialic acid to generate HMO-like glycans using high-yield and cost-effective one-pot multienzyme approaches. Quadrupole time-of-flight LC/MS analysis revealed that 22 oligosaccharides were synthesized and 9 had identical composition to known HMO. Preliminary anti-adherence activity assays indicated that fucosylated BMO decreased the uptake of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 by human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells more effectively than native BMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Weinborn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Glycohub, Inc., 4070 Truxel Road, Sacramento, CA 95834, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ishita M Shah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Food for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Glycohub, Inc., 4070 Truxel Road, Sacramento, CA 95834, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Food for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Food for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Food for Health Institute, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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34
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Bai J, Wu Z, Sugiarto G, Gadi MR, Yu H, Li Y, Xiao C, Ngo A, Zhao B, Chen X, Guan W. Biochemical characterization of Helicobacter pylori α1-3-fucosyltransferase and its application in the synthesis of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2019; 480:1-6. [PMID: 31132553 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have important biological functions. Enzymatic synthesis of such compounds requires robust fucosyltransferases. A C-terminal 66-amino acid truncated version of Helicobacter pylori α1-3-fucosyltransferase (Hp3FT) is a good candidate. Hp3FT was biochemically characterized to identify optimal conditions for enzymatic synthesis of fucosides. While N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) and lactose were both suitable acceptors, the former is preferred. At a low guanosine 5'-diphospho-β-L-fucose (GDP-Fuc) to acceptor ratio, Hp3FT selectively fucosylated LacNAc. Based on these enzymatic characteristics, diverse fucosylated HMOs, including 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) III, lacto-N-neofucopentaose (LNnFP) V, lacto-N-neodifucohexaose (LNnDFH) II, difuco- and trifuco-para-lacto-N-neohexaose (DF-paraLNnH and TF-para-LNnH), were synthesized enzymatically by varying the ratio of the donor and acceptor as well as controlling the order of multiple glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, China
| | - Go Sugiarto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Cong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Alice Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Baohua Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Wanyi Guan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China.
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35
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Zhang X, Chen F, Petrella A, Chacón-Huete F, Covone J, Tsai TW, Yu CC, Forgione P, Kwan DH. A High-Throughput Glycosyltransferase Inhibition Assay for Identifying Molecules Targeting Fucosylation in Cancer Cell-Surface Modification. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:715-724. [PMID: 30831024 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In cancers, increased fucosylation (attachment of fucose sugar residues) on cell-surface glycans, resulting from the abnormal upregulation of the expression of specific fucosyltransferase enzymes (FUTs), is one of the most important types of glycan modifications associated with malignancy. Fucosylated glycans on cell surfaces are involved in a multitude of cellular interactions and signal regulation in normal biological processes, as well as in disease. For example, sialyl LewisX is a fucosylated cell-surface glycan that is abnormally abundant in some cancers where it has been implicated in facilitating metastasis, allowing circulating tumor cells to bind to the epithelial tissue within blood vessels and invade into secondary sites by taking advantage of glycan-mediated interactions. To identify inhibitors of FUT enzymes as potential cancer therapeutics, we have developed a novel high-throughput assay that makes use of a fluorogenically labeled oligosaccharide as a probe of fucosylation. This probe, which consists of a 4-methylumbelliferyl glycoside, is recognized and hydrolyzed by specific glycoside hydrolase enzymes to release fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone, yet when the probe is fucosylated prior to treatment with the glycoside hydrolases, hydrolysis does not occur and no fluorescent signal is produced. We have demonstrated that this assay can be used to measure the inhibition of FUT enzymes by small molecules, because blocking fucosylation will allow glycosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the labeled oligosaccharide to produce a fluorescent signal. Employing this assay, we have screened a focused library of small molecules for inhibitors of a human FUT enzyme involved in the synthesis of sialyl LewisX and demonstrated that our approach can be used to identify potent FUT inhibitors from compound libraries in microtiter plate format.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Teng-Wei Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ching Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
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36
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Yu H, Santra A, Li Y, McArthur JB, Ghosh T, Yang X, Wang PG, Chen X. Streamlined chemoenzymatic total synthesis of prioritized ganglioside cancer antigens. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:4076-4080. [PMID: 29789847 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient streamlined chemoenzymatic strategy for total synthesis of four prioritized ganglioside cancer antigens GD2, GD3, fucosyl GM1, and GM3 from commercially available lactose and phytosphingosine is demonstrated. Lactosyl sphingosine (LacβSph) was chemically synthesized (on a 13 g scale), subjected to sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) glycosylation reactions with facile C18-cartridge purification, followed by improved acylation conditions to form target gangliosides, including fucosyl GM1 which has never been synthesized before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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37
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Tasnima N, Yu H, Yan X, Li W, Xiao A, Chen X. Facile chemoenzymatic synthesis of Lewis a (Le a) antigen in gram-scale and sialyl Lewis a (sLe a) antigens containing diverse sialic acid forms. Carbohydr Res 2018; 472:115-121. [PMID: 30562693 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient streamlined chemoenzymatic approach has been developed for gram-scale synthesis of Lewis a angtigen (LeaβProN3) and a library of sialyl Lewis a antigens (sLeaβProN3) containing different sialic acid forms. Intially, commercially available inexpensive N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) was converted to its N'-glycosyl p-toluenesulfonohydrazide in one step. Followed by chemical glycosylation, GlcNAcβProN3 was synthesized using this protecting group-free method in high yield (82%). Sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) β1-3-galactosylation of GlcNAcβProN3 followed by OPME α1-4-fucosylation reactions produced target LeaβProN3 in gram-scale. Structurally diverse sialic acid forms was successfully introduced using a OPME sialylation reation containing a CMP-sialic acid synthetase and Pasteurella multocida α2-3-sialyltransferase 1 (PmST1) mutant PmST1 M144D with or without a sialic acid aldolase to form sLeaβProN3 containing naturally occurring or non-natural sialic acid forms in preparative scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nova Tasnima
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xuebin Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Wanqing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - An Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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38
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Li G, Shen M, Yang Y, Le S, Li M, Wang J, Zhao Y, Tan Y, Hu F, Lu S. Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Phage PaP1 Predation via O-Antigen Polymerase Mutation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1170. [PMID: 29910791 PMCID: PMC5992289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of bacteria to phage predation poses a major obstacle for phage therapy. Bacteria adopt multiple mechanisms, such as inhibition of phage adsorption and CRISPR/Cas systems, to resist phage infection. Here, a phage-resistant mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA1 under the infection of lytic phage PaP1 was selected for further study. The PaP1-resistant variant, termed PA1RG, showed decreased adsorption to PaP1 and was devoid of long chain O-antigen on its cell envelope. Whole genome sequencing and comparative analysis revealed a single nucleotide mutation in the gene PA1S_08510, which encodes the O-antigen polymerase Wzy that is involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. PA1_Wzy was classified into the O6 serotype based on sequence homology analysis and adopts a transmembrane topology similar to that seem with P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. Complementation of gene wzy in trans enabled the mutant PA1RG to produce the normal LPS pattern with long chain O-antigen and restored the susceptibility of PA1RG to phage PaP1 infection. While wzy mutation did not affect bacterial growth, mutant PA1RG exhibited decreased biofilm production, suggesting a fitness cost of PA1 associated with resistance of phage PaP1 predation. This study uncovered the mechanism responsible for PA1RG resistance to phage PaP1 via wzy mutation and revealed the role of phages in regulating bacterial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyu Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Le
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinling Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuquan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuguang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Gurbanov R, S Ozek N, Tunçer S, Severcan F, Gozen AG. Aspects of silver tolerance in bacteria: infrared spectral changes and epigenetic clues. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700252. [PMID: 29243883 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the molecular profile changes leading to the adaptation of bacteria to survive and grow at inhibitory silver concentration were explored. The profile obtained through infrared (IR)-based measurements indicated extensive changes in all biomolecular components, which were supported by chemometric techniques. The changes in biomolecular profile were prominent, including nucleic acids. The changes in nucleic acid region (1350-950 cm-1 ) were encountered as a clue for conformational change in DNA. Further analysis of DNA by IR spectroscopy revealed changes in the backbone and sugar conformations. Moreover, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-based measurements of DNA methylation levels were performed to see if epigenetic mechanisms are in operation during bacterial adaptation to this environmental challenge. The results indicated a notable demethylation in Escherichia coli and methylation in Staphylococcus aureus likely to be associated with their elaborate adaptation process to sustain survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafig Gurbanov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nihal S Ozek
- Department of Biology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sinem Tunçer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feride Severcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse G Gozen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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40
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Nguyen PQ, Courchesne NMD, Duraj-Thatte A, Praveschotinunt P, Joshi NS. Engineered Living Materials: Prospects and Challenges for Using Biological Systems to Direct the Assembly of Smart Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704847. [PMID: 29430725 PMCID: PMC6309613 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Vast potential exists for the development of novel, engineered platforms that manipulate biology for the production of programmed advanced materials. Such systems would possess the autonomous, adaptive, and self-healing characteristics of living organisms, but would be engineered with the goal of assembling bulk materials with designer physicochemical or mechanical properties, across multiple length scales. Early efforts toward such engineered living materials (ELMs) are reviewed here, with an emphasis on engineered bacterial systems, living composite materials which integrate inorganic components, successful examples of large-scale implementation, and production methods. In addition, a conceptual exploration of the fundamental criteria of ELM technology and its future challenges is presented. Cradled within the rich intersection of synthetic biology and self-assembling materials, the development of ELM technologies allows the power of biology to be leveraged to grow complex structures and objects using a palette of bio-nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Nguyen
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Noémie-Manuelle Dorval Courchesne
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Duraj-Thatte
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pichet Praveschotinunt
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Neel S. Joshi
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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41
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Yu H, Li Y, Wu Z, Li L, Zeng J, Zhao C, Wu Y, Tasnima N, Wang J, Liu H, Gadi MR, Guan W, Wang PG, Chen X. H. pylori α1-3/4-fucosyltransferase (Hp3/4FT)-catalyzed one-pot multienzyme (OPME) synthesis of Lewis antigens and human milk fucosides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:11012-11015. [PMID: 28936496 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori α1-3/4-fucosyltransferase (Hp3/4FT) was expressed in Escherichia coli at a level of 30 mg L-1 culture and used as a diverse catalyst in a one-pot multienzyme (OPME) system for high-yield production of l-fucose-containing carbohydrates including Lewis antigens such as Lewis a, b, and x, O-sulfated Lewis x, and sialyl Lewis x and human milk fucosides such as 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) III, and lacto-N-difuco-hexaose (LNDFH) II and III. Noticeably, while difucosylation of tetrasaccharides was readily achieved using an excess amount of donor, the synthesis of LNFP III was achieved by Hp3/4FT-catalyzed selective fucosylation of the N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) component in lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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42
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Tao TL, Cui FJ, Chen XX, Sun WJ, Huang DM, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wu D, Liu WM. Improved mycelia and polysaccharide production of Grifola frondosa by controlling morphology with microparticle Talc. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:1. [PMID: 29306327 PMCID: PMC5756420 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mushroom showed pellet, clump and/or filamentous mycelial morphologies during submerged fermentation. Addition of microparticles including Talc (magnesium silicate), aluminum oxide and titanium oxide could control mycelial morphologies to improve mycelia growth and secondary metabolites production. Here, effect of microparticle Talc (45 μm) addition on the mycelial morphology, fermentation performance, monosaccharide compositions of polysaccharides and enzymes activities associated with polysaccharide synthesis in G. frondosa was well investigated to find a clue of the relationship between polysaccharide biosynthesis and morphological changes. Results Addition of Talc decreased the diameter of the pellets and increased the percentage of S-fraction mycelia. Talc gave the maximum mycelial biomass of 19.25 g/L and exo-polysaccharide of 3.12 g/L at 6.0 g/L of Talc, and mycelial polysaccharide of 0.24 g/g at 3.0 g/L of Talc. Talc altered the monosaccharide compositions/percentages in G. frondosa mycelial polysaccharide with highest mannose percentage of 62.76 % and lowest glucose percentage of 15.22 % followed with the corresponding changes of polysaccharide-synthesis associated enzymes including lowest UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) activity of 91.18 mU/mg and highest UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDG) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMPPB) activities of 81.45 mU/mg and 93.15 mU/mg. Conclusion Our findings revealed that the presence of Talc significantly changed the polysaccharide production and sugar compositions/percentages in mycelial and exo-polysaccharides by affecting mycelial morphology and polysaccharide-biosynthesis related enzymes activities of G. frondosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Lei Tao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing, 334221, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Center for Food Additives Bio-production, Dexing, 334221, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Ming Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
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43
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Zhao C, Wu Y, Liu X, Liu B, Cao H, Yu H, Sarker SD, Nahar L, Xiao J. Functional properties, structural studies and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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44
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Sprenger GA, Baumgärtner F, Albermann C. Production of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic and whole-cell microbial biotransformations. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:79-91. [PMID: 28764968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are almost unique constituents of breast milk and are not found in appreciable amounts in cow milk. Due to several positive aspects of HMO for the development, health, and wellbeing of infants, production of HMO would be desirable. As a result, scientists from different disciplines have developed methods for the preparation of single HMO compounds. Here, we review approaches to HMO preparation by (chemo-)enzymatic syntheses or by whole-cell biotransformation with recombinant bacterial cells. With lactose as acceptor (in vitro or in vivo), fucosyltransferases can be used for the production of 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, or more complex fucosylated core structures. Sialylated HMO can be produced by sialyltransferases and trans-sialidases. Core structures as lacto-N-tetraose can be obtained by glycosyltransferases from chemical donor compounds or by multi-enzyme cascades; recent publications also show production of lacto-N-tetraose by recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria and approaches to obtain fucosylated core structures. In view of an industrial production of HMOs, the whole cell biotransformation is at this stage the most promising option to provide human milk oligosaccharides as food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Sprenger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Florian Baumgärtner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Albermann
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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45
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Sherratt AR, Rouleau Y, Luebbert C, Strmiskova M, Veres T, Bidawid S, Corneau N, Pezacki JP. Rapid Screening and Identification of Living Pathogenic Organisms via Optimized Bioorthogonal Non-canonical Amino Acid Tagging. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1048-1055.e3. [PMID: 28757183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria can be a major cause of illness from environmental sources as well as the consumption of contaminated products, giving rise to public health concerns globally. The surveillance of such living organisms in food and water supplies remains an important challenge in mitigating their deleterious societal effects. Here, we have developed an optimized bioorthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging approach to the imaging, capture, and interrogation of shigatoxigenic/verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and Listeria that enables the distinction between living wild-type pathogenic bacteria. The approaches utilize homopropargylglycine (HPG), as well as optimized growth media, that restricts endogenous methionine biosynthesis in a variety of species of public health concern. Endogenous methionine residues are then replaced with HPG, which can then be modified using a myriad of compatible bioorthogonal reactions for tagging of exclusively live bacteria. The methods reported allow for the very rapid screening and identification of living pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Rae Sherratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yanouchka Rouleau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | - Miroslava Strmiskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Teodor Veres
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sabah Bidawid
- Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Nathalie Corneau
- Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada.
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46
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Zhou J, Lv S, Zhang D, Xia F, Hu W. Deactivating Influence of 3-O-Glycosyl Substituent on Anomeric Reactivity of Thiomannoside Observed in Oligomannoside Synthesis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2599-2621. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Siying Lv
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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47
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Yu H, Li Y, Zeng J, Thon V, Nguyen DM, Ly T, Kuang HY, Ngo A, Chen X. Sequential One-Pot Multienzyme Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycosphingolipid Glycans. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10809-10824. [PMID: 27736072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are a diverse family of biologically important glycolipids. In addition to variations on the lipid component, more than 300 glycosphingolipid glycans have been characterized. These glycans are directly involved in various molecular recognition events. Several naturally occurring sialic acid forms have been found in sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, namely gangliosides. However, ganglioside glycans containing less common sialic acid forms are currently not available. Herein, highly effective one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems are used in sequential for high-yield and cost-effective production of glycosphingolipid glycans, including those containing different sialic acid forms such as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), 2-keto-3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-nononic acid (Kdn), and 8-O-methyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac8OMe). A library of 64 structurally distinct glycosphingolipid glycans belonging to ganglio-series, lacto-/neolacto-series, and globo-/isoglobo-series glycosphingolipid glycans is constructed. These glycans are essential standards and invaluable probes for bioassays and biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Glycohub, Inc. , 4070 Truxel Road, Sacramento, California 95834, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yanhong Li
- Glycohub, Inc. , 4070 Truxel Road, Sacramento, California 95834, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology , Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Vireak Thon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dung M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Thao Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hui Yu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alice Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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48
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Biotechnological production of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides: Prokaryotic fucosyltransferases and their use in biocatalytic cascades or whole cell conversion systems. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:61-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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49
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Liu Y, Wen L, Li L, Gadi MR, Guan W, Huang K, Xiao Z, Wei M, Ma C, Zhang Q, Yu H, Chen X, Wang PG, Fang J. A General Chemoenzymatic Strategy for the Synthesis of Glycosphingolipids. European J Org Chem 2016; 2016:4315-4320. [PMID: 28824290 PMCID: PMC5560440 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A concise, prototypical, and stereoselective strategy for the synthesis of therapeutically and immunologically significant glycosphingolipids has been developed. This strategy provides a universal platform for glycosphingolipid synthesis by block coupling of enzymatically prepared free oligosaccharideglycans to lipids using glycosyl N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidates as efficient activated intermediates. As demonstrated here, two different types of glycosphingolipids were obtained in excellent yields using the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Liuqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Gadi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Wanyi Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Kenneth Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Zhongying Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Mohui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, https://chenglycogroup.wordpress.com/
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, https://chenglycogroup.wordpress.com/
| | - Peng George Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA, http://lithium.gsu.edu/faculty/PWang/
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Carbohydrate Chemistry, and State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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50
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Wratil PR, Horstkorte R, Reutter W. Metabolic Glycoengineering with N-Acyl Side Chain Modified Mannosamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9482-512. [PMID: 27435524 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In metabolic glycoengineering (MGE), cells or animals are treated with unnatural derivatives of monosaccharides. After entering the cytosol, these sugar analogues are metabolized and subsequently expressed on newly synthesized glycoconjugates. The feasibility of MGE was first discovered for sialylated glycans, by using N-acyl-modified mannosamines as precursor molecules for unnatural sialic acids. Prerequisite is the promiscuity of the enzymes of the Roseman-Warren biosynthetic pathway. These enzymes were shown to tolerate specific modifications of the N-acyl side chain of mannosamine analogues, for example, elongation by one or more methylene groups (aliphatic modifications) or by insertion of reactive groups (bioorthogonal modifications). Unnatural sialic acids are incorporated into glycoconjugates of cells and organs. MGE has intriguing biological consequences for treated cells (aliphatic MGE) and offers the opportunity to visualize the topography and dynamics of sialylated glycans in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (bioorthogonal MGE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Wratil
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Horstkorte
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Hollystrasse 1, 06114, Halle, Germany.
| | - Werner Reutter
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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