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Zhou M, Yu Y, Luo X, Wang J, Lan X, Liu P, Feng Y, Jian W. Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Therapeutics from a Mitochondria-Centric Perspective. Cardiology 2021; 146:781-792. [PMID: 34547747 DOI: 10.1159/000518879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronary arterial disease is the most common cardiovascular disease. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by the initial interruption of organ blood flow and subsequent restoration of organ blood flow is an important clinical problem with various cardiac reperfusion strategies after acute myocardial infarction. Even though blood flow recovery is necessary for oxygen and nutrient supply, reperfusion causes pathological sequelae that lead to the aggravation of ischemic injury. At present, although it is known that injury will occur after reperfusion, clinical treatment always focuses on immediate recanalization. Mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, autophagy, and their intricate interaction constitute an effective mitochondrial quality control system. The mitochondrial quality control system plays an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis and cell survival. The removal of damaged, aging, and dysfunctional mitochondria is mediated by mitochondrial autophagy. With the help of appropriate changes in mitochondrial dynamics, new mitochondria are produced through mitochondrial biogenesis to meet the energy needs of cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting oxidative stress have been associated with the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which play a crucial role in the pathophysiological process of myocardial injury. This review aimed at elucidating the mitochondrial quality control system and establishing the possibility of using mitochondria as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of I/R injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Zhou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China,
| | - Yunfeng Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxin Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jianzhang Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaodong Lan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Feng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Weixiong Jian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China.,National Key Discipline of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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2
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He L, Nguyen NB, Ardehali R, Zhou B. Heart Regeneration by Endogenous Stem Cells and Cardiomyocyte Proliferation: Controversy, Fallacy, and Progress. Circulation 2020; 142:275-291. [PMID: 32687441 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.045566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Myocardial infarction results in an irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes with subsequent adverse remodeling and heart failure. Identifying new sources for cardiomyocytes and promoting their formation represents a goal of cardiac biology and regenerative medicine. Within the past decade, many types of putative cardiac stem cells (CSCs) have been reported to regenerate the injured myocardium by differentiating into new cardiomyocytes. Some of these CSCs have been translated from bench to bed with reported therapeutic effectiveness. However, recent basic research studies on stem cell tracing have begun to question their fundamental biology and mechanisms of action, raising serious concerns over the myogenic potential of CSCs. We review the history of different types of CSCs within the past decade and provide an update of recent cell tracing studies that have challenged the origin and existence of CSCs. In addition to the potential role of CSCs in heart regeneration, proliferation of preexisting cardiomyocytes has recently gained more attention. This review will also evaluate the methodologic and technical aspects of past and current studies on CSCs and cardiomyocyte proliferation, with emphasis on technical strengths, advantages, and potential limitations of research approaches. While our understanding of cardiomyocyte generation and regeneration continues to evolve, it is important to address the shortcomings and inaccuracies in this field. This is best achieved by embracing technological advancements and improved methods to label single cardiomyocytes/progenitors and accurately investigate their developmental potential and fate/lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.H., B.Z.)
| | - Ngoc B Nguyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (N.B.N., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (N.B.N., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine (N.B.N., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (N.B.N., R.A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.H., B.Z.).,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China (B.Z.).,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China (B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.)
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3
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Belostotskaya GB, Nerubatskaya IV, Galagudza MM. Two mechanisms of cardiac stem cell-mediated cardiomyogenesis in the adult mammalian heart include formation of colonies and cell-in-cell structures. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34159-34175. [PMID: 30344929 PMCID: PMC6183336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Because the mechanism of mature cardiomyocyte (CM) development from cardiac stem cells (CSCs) is not fully understood, we explored the involvement of CSCs into two pathways of cardiomyogenesis in adult mammalian heart: (1) via colony formation and (2) by means of intracellular development of CSCs inside CMs followed by the formation of “cell-in-cell structures” (CICSs). Methods and Results Using immunostaining and confocal microscopy, we studied the presence of CSC-derived colonies, CICSs and transitory amplifying cells (TACs), released from ruptured CICSs, in a suspension of ex vivo freshly isolated myocardial cells of mammals of different age and species, human including. All subsets of CSCs (c-kit+, Sca-1+ and Isl-1+) were found in mammals of different age. It was shown that c-kit+ and Sca-1+ CSCs produce both colonies and CICSs. However, Isl-1+ CSCs seem to be involved in cardiac growth during first month of age only both through colony formation and CICS generation. In turn, the studies on myocardial cell suspensions of adult C57/bl6N mice, one-year-old bull and 45-year-old woman not only confirmed the involvement of c-kit+ and Sca-1+ CSCs in both mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis, but also showed that Isl-1+ colonies are present in the myocardium of adult mice and rarely in human. Conclusions The presence of CSC-derived colonies, CICSs and TACs in all experimental specimens of myocardium proved our previous hypothesis about two pathways that generate new CMs in adult heart. Moreover, we suggest that TACs play a central role in self-renewal of myocardium throughout the lifetime of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina B Belostotskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina V Nerubatskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- From the Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Piero Anversa
- From the Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Lugano, Switzerland
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5
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Genetic lineage tracing analysis of c-kit + stem/progenitor cells revealed a contribution to vascular injury-induced neointimal lesions. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 121:277-286. [PMID: 30053526 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.07.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Accumulating evidence indicates the presence of vascular stem/progenitor cells that may play a role in endothelial repair and lesion formation in the injured artery, in which c-kit+ stem/progenitor cells have been reported to differentiate into endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro and in ischemic tissue. In this study, we investigated whether and how endogenous c-kit+ stem/progenitor cells contribute to vascular injury and neointima formation in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We created Kit-CreERxRosa26-RFP mice and performed genetic lineage tracing analysis of c-kit+ stem/progenitor cells in injury-induced neointima formation in vivo. We provide direct evidence that endogenous c-kit+ stem/progenitor cells minimally differentiate into endothelial or smooth muscle cells facilitating vascular repair, but predominantly generate monocytes/macrophages and granulocytes contributing to vascular immuno-inflammatory response to endothelial injury. Although c-kit+ cells reside in both bone marrow and vessel wall, bone marrow transplantation data indicate that bone marrow-derived c-kit+ cells are the main source for enhancing neointima formation. Furthermore, treatment of ACK2, a c-kit receptor antagonizer, attenuates neointimal hyperplasia after injury at least in part by depleting c-kit+ cells and their generated progeny. CONCLUSIONS c-kit+ stem/progenitor cells are not a main source for endothelial regeneration and smooth muscle accumulation of the large artery injury, but a plausible interventional approach to reduce vascular immuno-inflammatory response and subsequently to ameliorate vascular lesions.
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Renko O, Tolonen AM, Rysä J, Magga J, Mustonen E, Ruskoaho H, Serpi R. SDF1 gradient associates with the distribution of c-Kit+ cardiac cells in the heart. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1160. [PMID: 29348441 PMCID: PMC5773575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the adult cardiac stem cells (CSCs) has offered new therapeutic possibilities for treating ischemic myocardium. CSCs positive for the cell surface antigen c-Kit are known as the primary source for cardiac regeneration. Accumulating evidence shows that chemokines play important roles in stem cell homing. Here we investigated molecular targets to be utilized in modulating the mobility of endogenous CSCs. In a four week follow-up after experimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery of Sprague-Dawley rats c-Kit+ CSCs redistributed in the heart. The number of c-Kit+ CSCs in the atrial c-Kit niche was diminished, whereas increased amount was observed in the left ventricle and apex. This was associated with increased expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF1α), and a significant positive correlation was found between c-Kit+ CSCs and SDF1α expression in the heart. Moreover, the migratory capacity of isolated c-Kit+ CSCs was induced by SDF1 treatment in vitro. We conclude that upregulation of SDF1α after AMI associates with increased expression of endogenous c-Kit+ CSCs in the injury area, and show induced migration of c-Kit+ cells by SDF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Renko
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Tolonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Magga
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erja Mustonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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7
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Single-cell analysis of the fate of c-kit-positive bone marrow cells. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:27. [PMID: 29302361 PMCID: PMC5678002 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasticity of c-kit-positive bone marrow cells (c-kit-BMCs) in tissues different from their organ of origin remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that c-kit-BMCs are functionally heterogeneous and only a subgroup of these cells possesses cardiomyogenic potential. Population-based assays fall short of identifying the properties of individual stem cells, imposing on us the introduction of single cell-based approaches to track the fate of c-kit-BMCs in the injured heart; they included viral gene-tagging, multicolor clonal-marking and transcriptional profiling. Based on these strategies, we report that single mouse c-kit-BMCs expand clonally within the infarcted myocardium and differentiate into specialized cardiac cells. Newly-formed cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and c-kit-BMCs showed in their genome common sites of viral integration, providing strong evidence in favor of the plasticity of a subset of BMCs expressing the c-kit receptor. Similarly, individual c-kit-BMCs, which were infected with multicolor reporters and injected in infarcted hearts, formed cardiomyocytes and vascular cells organized in clusters of similarly colored cells. The uniform distribution of fluorescent proteins in groups of specialized cells documented the polyclonal nature of myocardial regeneration. The transcriptional profile of myogenic c-kit-BMCs and whole c-kit-BMCs was defined by RNA sequencing. Genes relevant for engraftment, survival, migration, and differentiation were enriched in myogenic c-kit-BMCs, a cell subtype which could not be assigned to a specific hematopoietic lineage. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the bone marrow comprises a category of cardiomyogenic, vasculogenic and/or fibrogenic c-kit-positive cells and a category of c-kit-positive cells that retains an undifferentiated state within the damaged heart.
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8
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Chen Z, Zhu W, Bender I, Gong W, Kwak IY, Yellamilli A, Hodges TJ, Nemoto N, Zhang J, Garry DJ, van Berlo JH. Pathologic Stimulus Determines Lineage Commitment of Cardiac C-kit + Cells. Circulation 2017; 136:2359-2372. [PMID: 29021323 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cardiac c-kit+ cells are being tested in clinical trials, the circumstances that determine lineage differentiation of c-kit+ cells in vivo are unknown. Recent findings suggest that endogenous cardiac c-kit+ cells rarely contribute cardiomyocytes to the adult heart. We assessed whether various pathological stimuli differentially affect the eventual cell fates of c-kit+ cells. METHODS We used single-cell sequencing and genetic lineage tracing of c-kit+ cells to determine whether various pathological stimuli would result in different fates of c-kit+ cells. RESULTS Single-cell sequencing of cardiac CD45-c-kit+ cells showed innate heterogeneity, indicative of the existence of vascular and mesenchymal c-kit+ cells in normal hearts. Cardiac pressure overload resulted in a modest increase in c-kit-derived cardiomyocytes, with significant increases in the numbers of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity did not increase c-kit-derived endothelial cell fates but instead induced cardiomyocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, doxorubicin-induced DNA damage in c-kit+ cells resulted in expression of p53. Inhibition of p53 blocked cardiomyocyte differentiation in response to doxorubicin, whereas stabilization of p53 was sufficient to increase c-kit-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that different pathological stimuli induce different cell fates of c-kit+ cells in vivo. Although the overall rate of cardiomyocyte formation from c-kit+ cells is still below clinically relevant levels, we show that p53 is central to the ability of c-kit+ cells to adopt cardiomyocyte fates, which could lead to the development of strategies to preferentially generate cardiomyocytes from c-kit+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Chen
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Wuqiang Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.Z., J.Z.)
| | - Ingrid Bender
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Wuming Gong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (W.G., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Il-Youp Kwak
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Amritha Yellamilli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.Y., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Thomas J Hodges
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Natsumi Nemoto
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Jianyi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (W.Z., J.Z.)
| | - Daniel J Garry
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (W.G., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.)
| | - Jop H van Berlo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., W.Z., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., T.J.H., N.N., J.Z., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.) .,Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Z.C., I.B., W.G., I-Y.K., A.Y., N.N., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (W.G., D.J.G., J.H.v.B.).,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.Y., J.H.v.B.)
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9
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Cambria E, Pasqualini FS, Wolint P, Günter J, Steiger J, Bopp A, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY. Translational cardiac stem cell therapy: advancing from first-generation to next-generation cell types. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:17. [PMID: 29302353 PMCID: PMC5677990 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure rank among the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Except for heart transplantation, current therapy options only treat the symptoms but do not cure the disease. Stem cell-based therapies represent a possible paradigm shift for cardiac repair. However, most of the first-generation approaches displayed heterogeneous clinical outcomes regarding efficacy. Stemming from the desire to closely match the target organ, second-generation cell types were introduced and rapidly moved from bench to bedside. Unfortunately, debates remain around the benefit of stem cell therapy, optimal trial design parameters, and the ideal cell type. Aiming at highlighting controversies, this article provides a critical overview of the translation of first-generation and second-generation cell types. It further emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms of cardiac repair and the lessons learned from first-generation trials, in order to improve cell-based therapies and to potentially finally implement cell-free therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cambria
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | | | - Petra Wolint
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Julia Günter
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Julia Steiger
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Annina Bopp
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland
| | - Simon P Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland.,Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Translational Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8044 Switzerland.,Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, 8091 Switzerland.,Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Wyss Translational Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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D'Amario D, Leone AM, Narducci ML, Smaldone C, Lecis D, Inzani F, Luciani M, Siracusano A, La Neve F, Manchi M, Pelargonio G, Perna F, Bruno P, Massetti M, Pitocco D, Cappetta D, Esposito G, Urbanek K, De Angelis A, Rossi F, Piacentini R, Angelini G, Li Puma DD, Grassi C, De Paolis E, Capoluongo E, Silvestri V, Merlino B, Marano R, Crea F. Human cardiac progenitor cells with regenerative potential can be isolated and characterized from 3D-electro-anatomic guided endomyocardial biopsies. Int J Cardiol 2017; 241:330-343. [PMID: 28343765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In the present study, we aimed to develop a percutaneous approach and a reproducible methodology for the isolation and expansion of Cardiac Progenitor Cells (CPCs) from EndoMyocardial Biopsies (EMB) in vivo. Moreover, in an animal model of non-ischemic heart failure (HF), we would like to test whether CPCs obtained by this methodology may engraft the myocardium and differentiate. METHODS AND RESULTS EMB were obtained using a preformed sheath and a disposable bioptome, advanced via right femoral vein in 12 healthy mini pigs, to the right ventricle. EMB were enzymatically dissociated, cells were expanded and sorted for c-kit. We used 3D-Electro-Anatomic Mapping (3D-EAM) to obtain CPCs from 32 patients affected by non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. The in vivo regenerative potential of CPCs was tested in a rodent model of drug-induced non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. c-kit positive CPCs replicative capacity was assessed in 30 patients. Telomere length averaged 7.4±0.4kbp and telomerase activity was present in all preparations (1.7×105 copies). The in situ hybridization experiments showed that injected human CPCs may acquire a neonatal myocyte phenotype given the expression of the alpha-sarcomeric actin together with the presence of the Alu probe, suggesting a beneficial impact on LV performance. CONCLUSIONS The success in obtaining CPCs characterized by high regenerative potential, in vitro and in vivo, from EMB indicates that harvesting without thoracotomy in patients affected by either ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is feasible. These initial results may potentially expand the future application of CPCs to all patients affected by HF not undergoing surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico D'Amario
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maria Leone
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Narducci
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Costantino Smaldone
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Dalgisio Lecis
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Frediano Inzani
- Department of Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Siracusano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica La Neve
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Melissa Manchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Pelargonio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Perna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Bruno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Pitocco
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Care Unit, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Cappetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Grazia Esposito
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Piacentini
- Institute of Human Physiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Angelini
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; San Raffaele Pisana Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa De Paolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Merlino
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marano
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Raulf A, Voeltz N, Korzus D, Fleischmann BK, Hesse M. Visualization of Cell Cycle Variations and Determination of Nucleation in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28287537 DOI: 10.3791/55204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are prone to variations of the cell cycle, such as endoreduplication (continuing rounds of DNA synthesis without karyokinesis and cytokinesis) and acytokinetic mitosis (karyokinesis but no cytokinesis). Such atypical cell cycle variations result in polyploid and multinucleated cells rather than in cell division. Therefore, to determine cardiac turnover and regeneration, it is of crucial importance to correctly identify cardiomyocyte nuclei, the number of nuclei per cell, and their cell cycle status. This is especially true for the use of nuclear markers for identifying cell cycle activity, such as thymidine analogues Ki-67, PCNA, or pHH3. Here, we present methods for recognizing cardiomyocytes and their nuclearity and for determining their cell cycle activity. We use two published transgenic systems: the Myh6-H2B-mCh transgenic mouse line, for the unequivocal identification of cardiomyocyte nuclei, and the CAG-eGFP-anillin mouse line, for distinguishing cell division from cell cycle variations. Combined together, these two systems ease the study of cardiac regeneration and plasticity.
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12
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Wanjare M, Huang NF. Regulation of the microenvironment for cardiac tissue engineering. Regen Med 2017; 12:187-201. [PMID: 28244821 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of myocardium plays an important role in the fate and function of cardiomyocytes (CMs). Cardiovascular tissue engineering strategies commonly utilize stem cell sources in conjunction with microenvironmental cues that often include biochemical, electrical, spatial and biomechanical factors. Microenvironmental stimulation of CMs, in addition to the incorporation of intercellular interactions from non-CMs, results in the generation of engineered cardiac constructs. Current studies suggest that use of these factors when engineering cardiac constructs improve cardiac function when implanted in vivo. In this review, we summarize the approaches to modulate biochemical, electrical, biomechanical and spatial factors to induce CM differentiation and their subsequent organization for cardiac tissue engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wanjare
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Kannappan R, Matsuda A, Ferreira-Martins J, Zhang E, Palano G, Czarna A, Cabral-Da-Silva MC, Bastos-Carvalho A, Sanada F, Ide N, Rota M, Blasco MA, Serrano M, Anversa P, Leri A. p53 Modulates the Fate of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Ex Vivo and in the Diabetic Heart In Vivo. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:224-237. [PMID: 28163043 PMCID: PMC5474510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important modulator of stem cell fate, but its role in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) is unknown. Here, we tested the effects of a single extra-copy of p53 on the function of CPCs in the presence of oxidative stress mediated by doxorubicin in vitro and type-1 diabetes in vivo. CPCs were obtained from super-p53 transgenic mice (p53-tg), in which the additional allele is regulated in a manner similar to the endogenous protein. Old CPCs with increased p53 dosage showed a superior ability to sustain oxidative stress, repair DNA damage and restore cell division. With doxorubicin, a larger fraction of CPCs carrying an extra-copy of the p53 allele recruited γH2A.X reestablishing DNA integrity. Enhanced p53 expression resulted in a superior tolerance to oxidative stress in vivo by providing CPCs with defense mechanisms necessary to survive in the milieu of the diabetic heart; they engrafted in regions of tissue injury and in three days acquired the cardiomyocyte phenotype. The biological advantage provided by the increased dosage of p53 in CPCs suggests that this genetic strategy may be translated to humans to increase cellular engraftment and growth, critical determinants of successful cell therapy for the failing heart. p53 improves the ability of CPCs to sustain oxidative stress. p53 promotes the restoration of DNA integrity and cell division. p53 enhances the engraftment of CPCs in the diabetic heart.
Ongoing clinical trials with autologous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) are faced with a critical limitation which is related to the modest amount of retained cells within the damaged myocardium. We have developed a strategy that overcomes in part this problem enhancing the number of CSCs able to engraft within the pathologic organ. Additionally, these genetically modified CSCs can be generated in large number, raising the possibility that multiple temporally distinct deliveries of cells can be introduced to restore the structural and functional integrity of the decompensated heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alex Matsuda
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - João Ferreira-Martins
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giorgia Palano
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Czarna
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mauricio Castro Cabral-Da-Silva
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adriana Bastos-Carvalho
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fumihiro Sanada
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Noriko Ide
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria A Blasco
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid E-28029, Spain
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation, Swiss Institute for Regenerative Medicine (SIRM), Via Tesserete 48, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
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14
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Arbatlı S, Aslan GS, Kocabaş F. Stem Cells in Regenerative Cardiology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1079:37-53. [PMID: 29064067 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The common prevalence of heart failure and limitations in its treatment are leading cause of attention and interest towards the induction of cardiac regeneration with novel approaches. Recent studies provide growing evidence regarding bona fide cardiac regeneration post genetic manipulations, administration of stimulatory factors and myocardial injuries in animal models and human studies. To this end, stem cells of different sources have been tested to treat heart failure for the development of cellular therapies. Endogenous and exogenous stem cells sources used in regenerative cardiology have provided a proof of concept and applicability of cellular therapies in myocardial improvement. Recent clinical studies, especially, based on the endogenous cardiac progenitor and stem cells highlighted the possibility to regenerate lost cardiomyocytes in the myocardium. This review discusses emerging concepts in cardiac stem cell therapy, their sources and route of administration, and plausibility of de novo cardiomyocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Arbatlı
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Galip Servet Aslan
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Kocabaş
- Regenerative Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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15
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Du GQ, Shao ZB, Wu J, Yin WJ, Li SH, Wu J, Weisel RD, Tian JW, Li RK. Targeted myocardial delivery of GDF11 gene rejuvenates the aged mouse heart and enhances myocardial regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2016; 112:7. [PMID: 28004242 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-016-0593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic cardiac injury is the main contributor to heart failure, and the regenerative capacity of intrinsic stem cells plays an important role in tissue repair after injury. However, stem cells in aged individuals have reduced regenerative potential and aged tissues lack the capacity to renew. Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), from the activin-transforming growth factor β superfamily, has been shown to promote stem cell activity and rejuvenation. We carried out non-invasive targeted delivery of the GDF11 gene to the heart using ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) and cationic microbubble (CMB) to investigate the ability of GDF11 to rejuvenate the aged heart and improve tissue regeneration after injury. Young (3 months) and old (21 months) mice were used to evaluate the expression of GDF11 mRNA in the myocardium at baseline and after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and myocardial infarction. GDF11 expression decreased with age and following myocardial injury. UTMD-mediated delivery of the GDF11 plasmid to the aged heart after I/R injury effectively and selectively increased GDF11 expression in the heart, and improved cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Over-expression of GDF11 decreased senescence markers, p16 and p53, as well as the number of p16+ cells in old mouse hearts. Furthermore, increased proliferation of cardiac stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1+) cells and increased homing of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis in old ischemic hearts occurred after GDF11 over-expression. Repetitive targeted delivery of the GDF11 gene via UTMD can rejuvenate the aged mouse heart and protect it from I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Du
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Zheng-Bo Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Juan Yin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shu-Hong Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Richard D Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jia-Wei Tian
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Harbin, China.
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Room 3-702, 101 College St., Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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16
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Sugiura T, Hibino N, Breuer CK, Shinoka T. Tissue-engineered cardiac patch seeded with human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes promoted the regeneration of host cardiomyocytes in a rat model. J Cardiothorac Surg 2016; 11:163. [PMID: 27906085 PMCID: PMC5131419 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-016-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thousands of babies are born with congenital heart defects that require surgical repair involving a prosthetic implant. Lack of growth in prosthetic grafts is especially detrimental in pediatric surgery. Cell seeded biodegradable tissue engineered grafts are a novel solution to this problem. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility of seeding human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) onto a biodegradable cardiac patch. Methods The hiPS-CMs were cultured on a biodegradable patch composed of a polyglycolic acid (PGA) and a 50:50 poly (l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) copolymer (PLCL) for 1 week. Male athymic rats were randomly divided into 2 groups of 10 animals each: 1. hiPS-CM seeded group, and 2. Unseeded group. After culture, the cardiac patch was implanted to repair a defect with a diameter of 2 mm created in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) wall. Hearts were explanted at 4 (n = 2), 8 (n = 2), and 16 (n = 6) weeks after patch implantation. Explanted patches were assessed immunohistochemically. Results Seeded patch explants did not stain positive for α-actinin (marker of cardiomyocytes) at the 4 week time point, suggesting that the cultured hiPS-CMs evacuated the patch in the early phase of tissue remodeling. However, after 16 weeks implantation, the area fraction of positively stained α-actinin cells was significantly higher in the seeded group than in the unseeded group (Seeded group: 6.1 ± 2.8% vs. Unseeded group: 0.95 ± 0.50%, p = 0.004), suggesting cell seeding promoted regenerative proliferation of host cardiomyocytes. Conclusions Seeded hiPS-CMs were not present in the patch after 4 weeks. However, we surmise that they influenced the regeneration of host cardiomyocytes via a paracrine mechanism. Tissue-engineered hiPS-CMs seeded cardiac patches warrant further investigation for use in the repair of congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahisa Sugiura
- Tissue Engineering Program and Surgical Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Tissue Engineering Program and Surgical Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher K Breuer
- Tissue Engineering Program and Surgical Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Toshiharu Shinoka
- Tissue Engineering Program and Surgical Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Program, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, T2294, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
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17
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Kan L, Thayer P, Fan H, Ledford B, Chen M, Goldstein A, Cao G, He JQ. Polymer microfiber meshes facilitate cardiac differentiation of c-kit+ human cardiac stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2016; 347:143-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Malliaras K, Vakrou S, Kapelios CJ, Nanas JN. Innate heart regeneration: endogenous cellular sources and exogenous therapeutic amplification. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1341-1352. [PMID: 27484198 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1218846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The -once viewed as heretical- concept of the adult mammalian heart as a dynamic organ capable of endogenous regeneration has recently gained traction. However, estimated rates of myocyte turnover vary wildly and the underlying mechanisms of cardiac plasticity remain controversial. It is still unclear whether the adult mammalian heart gives birth to new myocytes through proliferation of resident myocytes, through cardiomyogenic differentiation of endogenous progenitors or through both mechanisms. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the cellular origins of postnatal mammalian cardiomyogenesis and touch upon therapeutic strategies that could potentially amplify innate cardiac regeneration. EXPERT OPINION The adult mammalian heart harbors a limited but detectable capacity for spontaneous endogenous regeneration. During normal aging, proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes is the dominant mechanism for generation of new cardiomyocytes. Following myocardial injury, myocyte proliferation increases modestly, but differentiation of endogenous progenitor cells appears to also contribute to cardiomyogenesis (although agreement on the latter point is not universal). Since cardiomyocyte deficiency underlies almost all types of heart disease, development of therapeutic strategies that amplify endogenous regeneration to a clinically-meaningful degree is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Malliaras
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Styliani Vakrou
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - Chris J Kapelios
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
| | - John N Nanas
- a 3rd Department of Cardiology , University of Athens School of Medicine , Athens , Greece
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19
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Lambers E, Kume T. Navigating the labyrinth of cardiac regeneration. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:751-61. [PMID: 26890576 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and is a major health and economic burden, costing the United States Health Care System more than $200 billion annually. A major cause of heart disease is the massive loss or dysfunction of cardiomyocytes caused by myocardial infarctions and hypertension. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the heart, much research has focused on better understanding the process of differentiation toward cardiomyocytes. This review will highlight what is currently known about cardiac cell specification during mammalian development, areas of controversy, cellular sources of cardiomyocytes, and current and potential uses of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac therapies. Developmental Dynamics 245:751-761, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Lambers
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Abstract
Much has changed since our survey of the landscape for myocardial regeneration powered by adult stem cells 4 years ago.(1) The intervening years since that first review has witnessed an explosive expansion of studies that advance both understanding and implementation of adult stem cells in promoting myocardial repair. Painstaking research from innumerable laboratories throughout the world is prying open doors that may lead to restoration of myocardial structure and function in the wake of pathological injury. This global effort has produced deeper mechanistic comprehension coupled with an evolving appreciation for the complexity of myocardial regeneration in the adult context. Undaunted by both known and (as yet) unknown challenges, pursuit of myocardial regenerative medicine mediated by adult stem cell therapy has gathered momentum fueled by tantalizing clues and visionary goals. This concise review takes a somewhat different perspective than our initial treatise, taking stock of the business sector that has become an integral part of the field while concurrently updating state of affairs in cutting edge research. Looking retrospectively at advancement over the years as all reviews eventually must, the fundamental lesson to be learned is best explained by Jonatan Mårtensson: "Success will never be a big step in the future. Success is a small step taken just now."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, San Diego, CA.
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21
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Sun X, Altalhi W, Nunes SS. Vascularization strategies of engineered tissues and their application in cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:183-94. [PMID: 26056716 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of vascular networks is to transport blood and deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, which occurs at the interface of the microvasculature. Therefore, the formation of the vessels at the microcirculatory level, or angiogenesis, is critical for tissue regeneration and repair. Current strategies for vascularization of engineered tissues have incorporated multi-disciplinary approaches including engineered biomaterials, cells and angiogenic factors. Pre-vascularization of scaffolds composed of native matrix, synthetic polymers, or other biological materials can be achieved through the use of single cells in mono or co-culture, in combination or not with angiogenic factors or by the use of isolated vessels. The advance of these methods, together with a growing understanding of the biology behind vascularization, has facilitated the development of vascularization strategies for engineered tissues with therapeutic potential for tissue regeneration and repair. Here, we review the different cell-based strategies utilized to pre-vascularize engineered tissues and in making more complex vascularized cardiac tissues for regenerative medicine applications.
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22
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ASLAN GS, MISIR DG, KOCABAŞ F. Underlying mechanisms and prospects of heart regeneration. Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1506-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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23
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Epigenomic Reprogramming of Adult Cardiomyocyte-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17686. [PMID: 26657817 PMCID: PMC4677315 DOI: 10.1038/srep17686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been believed that mammalian adult cardiomyocytes (ACMs) are terminally-differentiated and are unable to proliferate. Recently, using a bi-transgenic ACM fate mapping mouse model and an in vitro culture system, we demonstrated that adult mouse cardiomyocytes were able to dedifferentiate into cardiac progenitor-like cells (CPCs). However, little is known about the molecular basis of their intrinsic cellular plasticity. Here we integrate single-cell transcriptome and whole-genome DNA methylation analyses to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the dedifferentiation and cell cycle reentry of mouse ACMs. Compared to parental cardiomyocytes, dedifferentiated mouse cardiomyocyte-derived CPCs (mCPCs) display epigenomic reprogramming with many differentially-methylated regions, both hypermethylated and hypomethylated, across the entire genome. Correlated well with the methylome, our transcriptomic data showed that the genes encoding cardiac structure and function proteins are remarkably down-regulated in mCPCs, while those for cell cycle, proliferation, and stemness are significantly up-regulated. In addition, implantation of mCPCs into infarcted mouse myocardium improves cardiac function with augmented left ventricular ejection fraction. Our study demonstrates that the cellular plasticity of mammalian cardiomyocytes is the result of a well-orchestrated epigenomic reprogramming and a subsequent global transcriptomic alteration.
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24
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Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitor (Y-27632) Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis of Human Cardiac Stem Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144513. [PMID: 26645568 PMCID: PMC4672899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent clinical trials using c-kit+ human cardiac stem cells (CSCs) demonstrated promising results in increasing cardiac function and improving quality of life. However, CSC efficiency is low, likely due to limited cell survival and engraftment after transplantation. The Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, Y-27632, significantly increased cell survival rate, adhesion, and migration in numerous types of cells, including stem cells, suggesting a common feature of the ROCK-mediated apoptotic pathway that may also exist in human CSCs. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that pretreatment of human CSCs with Y-27632 protects cells from Doxorubicin (Dox) induced apoptosis. Methods and Results c-kit+ CSCs were cultured in CSC medium for 3–5 days followed by 48hr treatment with 0 to 10μM Y-27632 alone, 0 to 1.0μM Dox alone, or Y-27632 followed by Dox (48hrs). Cell viability, toxicity, proliferation, morphology, migration, Caspase-3 activity, expression levels of apoptotic-related key proteins and c-kit+ were examined. Results showed that 48hr treatment with Y-27632 alone did not result in great changes in c-kit+ expression, proliferation, Caspase-3 activity, or apoptosis; however cell viability was significantly increased and cell migration was promoted. These effects likely involve the ROCK/Actin pathways. In contrast, 48hr treatment with Dox alone dramatically increased Caspase-3 activity, resulting in cell death. Although Y-27632 alone did not affect the expression levels of apoptotic-related key factors (p-Akt, Akt, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, cleaved Caspase-3, and Caspase-3) under basal conditions, it significantly inhibited the Dox-induced increase in cleaved Caspase-3 and reduced cell death under Dox treatment. Conclusions We conclude that preconditioning human CSCs with Y-27632 significantly reduces Dox-induced cell death and possibly involves the cleaved Caspase-3 and ROCK/Actin pathways. The beneficial effects of Y-27632 may be applied to stem cell-based therapy to increase cell survival rates after transplantation or to act as a cardiac protective agent for Dox-treated cancer patients.
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Rescue of neonatal cardiac dysfunction in mice by administration of cardiac progenitor cells in utero. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8825. [PMID: 26593099 PMCID: PMC4673493 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Striated preferentially expressed gene (Speg) is a member of the myosin light chain kinase family. We previously showed that disruption of the Speg gene locus in mice leads to a dilated cardiomyopathy with immature-appearing cardiomyocytes. Here we show that cardiomyopathy of Speg−/− mice arises as a consequence of defects in cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) function, and that neonatal cardiac dysfunction can be rescued by in utero injections of wild-type CPCs into Speg−/− foetal hearts. CPCs harvested from Speg−/− mice display defects in clone formation, growth and differentiation into cardiomyocytes in vitro, which are associated with cardiac dysfunction in vivo. In utero administration of wild-type CPCs into the hearts of Speg−/− mice results in CPC engraftment, differentiation and myocardial maturation, which rescues Speg−/− mice from neonatal heart failure and increases the number of live births by fivefold. We propose that in utero administration of CPCs may have future implications for treatment of neonatal heart diseases. The protein Speg is expressed in the developing mouse heart, where its absence leads to neonatal cardiac disease. Here the authors trace the cardiomyopathy of Speg KO mice back to defects in cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and rescue it with injections of wild type CPCs into the foetal heart.
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Wang L, Liu Z, Yin C, Zhou Y, Liu J, Qian L. Improved Generation of Induced Cardiomyocytes Using a Polycistronic Construct Expressing Optimal Ratio of Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26649751 DOI: 10.3791/53426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) holds great potential for regenerative medicine by offering alternative strategies for treatment of heart disease. This conversion has been achieved by forced expression of defined factors such as Gata4 (G), Mef2c (M) and Tbx5 (T). Traditionally, iCMs are generated by a cocktail of viruses expressing these individual factors. However, reprogramming efficiency is relatively low and most of the in vitro G,M,T-transduced fibroblasts do not become fully reprogrammed, making it difficult to study the reprogramming mechanisms. We recently have shown that the stoichiometry of G,M,T is crucial for efficient iCM reprogramming. An optimal stoichiometry of G,M,T with relative high level of M and low levels of G and T achieved by using our polycistronic MGT vector (hereafter referred to as MGT) significantly increased reprogramming efficiency and improved iCM quality in vitro. Here we provide a detailed description of the methodology used to generate iCMs with MGT construct from cardiac fibroblasts. Isolation of cardiac fibroblasts, generation of virus for reprogramming and evaluation of the reprogramming process are also included to provide a platform for efficient and reproducible generation of iCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Ziqing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Chaoying Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill;
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Belostotskaya G, Nevorotin A, Galagudza M. Identification of cardiac stem cells within mature cardiac myocytes. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:3155-62. [PMID: 26280107 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1078037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac stem cells are described in a number of mammalian species including humans. Cardiac stem cell clusters consisting of both lineage-negative and partially committed cells are generally identified between contracting cardiac myocytes. In the present study, c-kit(+), Sca(+), and Isl1(+) stem cells were revealed to be located inside the sarcoplasm of cardiac myocytes in myocardial cell cultures derived from newborn, 20-, and 40-day-old rats. Intracellularly localized cardiac stem cells had a coating or capsule with a few pores that opened into the host cell sarcoplasm. The similar structures were also identified in the suspension of freshly isolated myocardial cells (ex vivo) of 20- and 40-day-old rats. The results from this study provide direct evidence for the replicative division of encapsulated stem cells, followed by their partial cardiomyogenic differentiation. The latter is substantiated by the release of multiple transient amplifying cells following the capsule rupture. In conclusion, functional cardiac stem cells can reside not only exterior to but also within cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Belostotskaya
- a Centre of Cytoanalysis; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences ; St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Institute of Experimental Medicine; North-West Federal Medical Research Centre ; St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Alexey Nevorotin
- c First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg ; St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Michael Galagudza
- b Institute of Experimental Medicine; North-West Federal Medical Research Centre ; St. Petersburg , Russia.,d ITMO University ; St. Petersburg , Russia
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Bergmann O, Zdunek S, Felker A, Salehpour M, Alkass K, Bernard S, Sjostrom SL, Szewczykowska M, Jackowska T, Dos Remedios C, Malm T, Andrä M, Jashari R, Nyengaard JR, Possnert G, Jovinge S, Druid H, Frisén J. Dynamics of Cell Generation and Turnover in the Human Heart. Cell 2015; 161:1566-75. [PMID: 26073943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 758] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of cell generation to physiological heart growth and maintenance in humans has been difficult to establish and has remained controversial. We report that the full complement of cardiomyocytes is established perinataly and remains stable over the human lifespan, whereas the numbers of both endothelial and mesenchymal cells increase substantially from birth to early adulthood. Analysis of the integration of nuclear bomb test-derived (14)C revealed a high turnover rate of endothelial cells throughout life (>15% per year) and more limited renewal of mesenchymal cells (<4% per year in adulthood). Cardiomyocyte exchange is highest in early childhood and decreases gradually throughout life to <1% per year in adulthood, with similar turnover rates in the major subdivisions of the myocardium. We provide an integrated model of cell generation and turnover in the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Bergmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zdunek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Felker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehran Salehpour
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kanar Alkass
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel Bernard
- Department of Mathematics, Institut Camille Jordan, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Staffan L Sjostrom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Teresa Jackowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cris Dos Remedios
- Discipline of Anatomy, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Torsten Malm
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michaela Andrä
- Klinikum Klagenfurt & Section for Surgical Research, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical University Graz, 9020 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advance Bioimaging, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Göran Possnert
- Division of Ion Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- Spectrum Health Frederik Meijer Heart & Vascular Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Druid
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zhang Q, Li Q, Li L, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Xu Y. Expression of exogenetic enhanced green fluorescent protein in rat endocranium through lentivirus infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:7028-7033. [PMID: 26261594 PMCID: PMC4525928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate whether exogenetic green fluorescent protein is able to express in the endocranium of rats, and to establish a method for further study in exogenetic gene knock-in or gene overexpression. Forty female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 10 in each: low and high dose groups, treated with 10% and 100% EGFP-lentivirus, respectively; negative control group, treated with virus enhancer; sham group, treated with normal saline. Seven days later, half rats' brain tissues were perfusion fixed and fresh brain tissues were obtained from the rest after euthanasia in each group. Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting and RT-PCR were respectively performed to detect the site where EGFP expressed and its levels. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that EGFP was successfully expressed in brain tissue of those rats infected with EGFP-lentivirus. Both Western blotting and RT-PCR showed that EGFP was expressed after treatment with EGFP-lentivirus, and the expression level increased with the dosage of the vector. Exogenetic EGFP gene can express in brain tissue of the rat, which laid a solid foundation for future studies in exogenetic gene knock in or gene overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Yina Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital Shanghai, China
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Raulf A, Horder H, Tarnawski L, Geisen C, Ottersbach A, Röll W, Jovinge S, Fleischmann BK, Hesse M. Transgenic systems for unequivocal identification of cardiac myocyte nuclei and analysis of cardiomyocyte cell cycle status. Basic Res Cardiol 2015; 110:33. [PMID: 25925989 PMCID: PMC4414935 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-015-0489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Even though the mammalian heart has been investigated for many years, there are still uncertainties in the fields of cardiac cell biology and regeneration with regard to exact fractions of cardiomyocytes (CMs) at different developmental stages, their plasticity after cardiac lesion and also their basal turnover rate. A main shortcoming is the accurate identification of CM and the demonstration of CM division. Therefore, an in vivo model taking advantage of a live reporter-based identification of CM nuclei and their cell cycle status is needed. In this technical report, we describe the generation and characterization of embryonic stem cells and transgenic mice expressing a fusion protein of human histone 2B and the red fluorescence protein mCherry under control of the CM specific αMHC promoter. This fluorescence label allows unequivocal identification and quantitation of CM nuclei and nuclearity in isolated cells and native tissue slices. In ventricles of adults, we determined a fraction of <20 % CMs and binucleation of 77-90 %, while in atria a CM fraction of 30 % and a binucleation index of 14 % were found. We combined this transgenic system with the CAG-eGFP-anillin transgene, which identifies cell division and established a novel screening assay for cell cycle-modifying substances in isolated, postnatal CMs. Our transgenic live reporter-based system enables reliable identification of CM nuclei and determination of CM fractions and nuclearity in heart tissue. In combination with CAG-eGFP-anillin-mice, the cell cycle status of CMs can be monitored in detail enabling screening for proliferation-inducing substances in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Raulf
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Horder
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- />Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Van Andel Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Caroline Geisen
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Ottersbach
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Röll
- />Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Jovinge
- />Lund Strategic Research Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- />DeVos Cardiovascular Research Program, Van Andel Institute/Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, USA
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- />Pharma Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Hesse
- />Institute of Physiology I, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
This review article discusses the mechanisms of cardiomyogenesis in the adult heart. They include the re-entry of cardiomyocytes into the cell cycle; dedifferentiation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes, which assume an immature replicating cell phenotype; transdifferentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into cardiomyocytes; and cardiomyocytes derived from activation and lineage specification of resident cardiac stem cells. The recognition of the origin of cardiomyocytes is of critical importance for the development of strategies capable of enhancing the growth response of the myocardium; in fact, cell therapy for the decompensated heart has to be based on the acquisition of this fundamental biological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Marcello Rota
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesco S Pasqualini
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Piero Anversa
- From the Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Bridge to Recovery and Myocardial Cell Division. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:901-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Vermillion KL, Anderson KJ, Hampton M, Andrews MT. Gene expression changes controlling distinct adaptations in the heart and skeletal muscle of a hibernating mammal. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:58-74. [PMID: 25572546 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00108.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the hibernation season, the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) experiences extreme fluctuations in heart rate, metabolism, oxygen consumption, and body temperature, along with prolonged fasting and immobility. These conditions necessitate different functional requirements for the heart, which maintains contractile function throughout hibernation, and the skeletal muscle, which remains largely inactive. The adaptations used to maintain these contractile organs under such variable conditions serves as a natural model to study a variety of medically relevant conditions including heart failure and disuse atrophy. To better understand how two different muscle tissues maintain function throughout the extreme fluctuations of hibernation we performed Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing of cDNAs to compare the transcriptome of heart and skeletal muscle across the circannual cycle. This analysis resulted in the identification of 1,076 and 1,466 differentially expressed genes in heart and skeletal muscle, respectively. In both heart and skeletal muscle we identified a distinct cold-tolerant mechanism utilizing peroxisomal metabolism to make use of elevated levels of unsaturated depot fats. The skeletal muscle transcriptome also shows an early increase in oxidative capacity necessary for the altered fuel utilization and increased oxygen demand of shivering. Expression of the fetal gene expression profile is used to maintain cardiac tissue, either through increasing myocyte size or proliferation of resident cardiomyocytes, while skeletal muscle function and mass are protected through transcriptional regulation of pathways involved in protein turnover. This study provides insight into how two functionally distinct muscles maintain function under the extreme conditions of mammalian hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Vermillion
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Kyle J Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
| | - Marshall Hampton
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Matthew T Andrews
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota; and
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Goichberg P, Chang J, Liao R, Leri A. Cardiac stem cells: biology and clinical applications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2002-17. [PMID: 24597850 PMCID: PMC4208604 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Heart disease is the primary cause of death in the industrialized world. Cardiac failure is dictated by an uncompensated reduction in the number of viable and fully functional cardiomyocytes. While current pharmacological therapies alleviate the symptoms associated with cardiac deterioration, heart transplantation remains the only therapy for advanced heart failure. Therefore, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic modalities. Cell-based therapies involving cardiac stem cells (CSCs) constitute a promising emerging approach for the replenishment of the lost tissue and the restoration of cardiac contractility. RECENT ADVANCES CSCs reside in the adult heart and govern myocardial homeostasis and repair after injury by producing new cardiomyocytes and vascular structures. In the last decade, different classes of immature cells expressing distinct stem cell markers have been identified and characterized in terms of their growth properties, differentiation potential, and regenerative ability. Phase I clinical trials, employing autologous CSCs in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, are being completed with encouraging results. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating evidence concerning the role of CSCs in heart regeneration imposes a reconsideration of the mechanisms of cardiac aging and the etiology of heart failure. Deciphering the molecular pathways that prevent activation of CSCs in their environment and understanding the processes that affect CSC survival and regenerative function with cardiac pathologies, commonly accompanied by alterations in redox conditions, are of great clinical importance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigations of CSC biology may be translated into highly effective and novel therapeutic strategies aiming at the enhancement of the endogenous healing capacity of the diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Bergmann O, Jovinge S. Cardiac regeneration in vivo: Mending the heart from within? Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Wang H, Li N, Duan CE, Yang YJ. Cardiac progenitor/stem cells on myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease: what we have known from current research. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19:247-58. [PMID: 23381197 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-013-9372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has become a promising method for many diseases, including ischemic heart disease and heart failure. Several kinds of stem cells have been studied for heart diseases. Of them, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), which have been used in many clinical trials, are the most understood one. But the effect of BMSCs is mediated by paracrine factors instead of direct turning into cardiomyocytes. On the other hand, a lot of evidences have shown that resident cardiac stem cells could turn into cardiomyocytes directly in vivo. Currently, seven kinds of resident cardiac stem cells have been discovered. However, their mechanisms, development origins, and relationships have yet to be fully understood. Moreover, two Phase I clinical trials have been performed recently. They show promising results. In this review, we will summarize the current research on these cardiac stem cells and the methods to enhance their effects in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Regulation of Cardiac Cell Fate by microRNAs: Implications for Heart Regeneration. Cells 2014; 3:996-1026. [PMID: 25358052 PMCID: PMC4276912 DOI: 10.3390/cells3040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression that have been shown to be central players in the establishment of cellular programs, often acting as switches that control the choice between proliferation and differentiation during development and in adult tissues. The heart develops from two small patches of cells in the mesoderm, the heart fields, which originate the different cardiac cell types, including cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. These progenitors proliferate and differentiate to establish a highly connected three-dimensional structure, involving a robust succession of gene expression programs strongly influenced by microRNAs. Although the mammalian heart has conventionally been viewed as a post-mitotic organ, cardiac cells have recently been shown to display some regenerative potential, which is nonetheless insufficient to regenerate heart lesions, in contrast with other vertebrates like the zebrafish. Both the proliferation of adult cardiac stem cells and the ability of cardiomyocytes to re-enter the cell cycle have been proposed to sustain these regenerative processes. Here we review the role of microRNAs in the control of stem cell and cardiomyocyte dependent cardiac regeneration processes, and discuss potential applications for the treatment of cardiac injury.
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40
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Kimura W, Muralidhar S, Canseco DC, Puente B, Zhang CC, Xiao F, Abderrahman YH, Sadek HA. Redox signaling in cardiac renewal. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1660-73. [PMID: 25000143 PMCID: PMC4175032 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Utilizing oxygen (O2) through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation enables organisms to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with a higher efficiency than glycolysis, but it results in increased reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria, which can result in stem cell dysfunction and senescence. RECENT ADVANCES In the postnatal organism, the hematopoietic system represents a classic example of the role of stem cells in cellular turnover and regeneration. However, in other organs such as the heart, both the degree and source of cellular turnover have been heavily contested. CRITICAL ISSUES Although recent evidence suggests that the major source of the limited cardiomyocyte turnover in the adult heart is cardiomyocyte proliferation, the identity and potential role of undifferentiated cardiac progenitor cells remain controversial. Several types of cardiac progenitor cells have been identified, and several studies have identified an important role of redox and metabolic regulation in survival and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells. Perhaps a simple way to approach these controversies is to focus on the multipotentiality characteristics of a certain progenitor population, and not necessarily its ability to give rise to all cell types within the heart. In addition, it is important to note that cycling cells in the heart may express markers of differentiation or may be truly undifferentiated, and for the purpose of this review, we will refer to these cycling cells as progenitors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that hypoxia, redox signaling, and metabolic phenotypes are major regulators of cardiac renewal, and may prove to be important therapeutic targets for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kimura
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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Leri A, Rota M, Hosoda T, Goichberg P, Anversa P. Cardiac stem cell niches. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:631-46. [PMID: 25267073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical role that stem cell niches have in cardiac homeostasis and myocardial repair following injury is the focus of this review. Cardiac niches represent specialized microdomains where the quiescent and activated state of resident stem cells is regulated. Alterations in niche function with aging and cardiac diseases result in abnormal sites of cardiomyogenesis and inadequate myocyte formation. The relevance of Notch1 signaling, gap-junction formation, HIF-1α and metabolic state in the regulation of stem cell growth and differentiation within the cardiac niches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toru Hosoda
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Human heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Currently, heart transplantation and implantation of mechanical devices represent the only available treatments for advanced HF. Two alternative strategies have emerged to treat patients with HF. One approach relies on transplantation of exogenous stem cells (SCs) of non-cardiac or cardiac origin to induce cardiac regeneration and improve ventricular function. Another complementary strategy relies on stimulation of the endogenous regenerative capacity of uninjured cardiac progenitor cells to rebuild cardiac muscle and restore ventricular function. Various SC types and delivery strategies have been examined in the experimental and clinical settings; however, neither the ideal cell type nor the cell delivery method for cardiac cell therapy has yet emerged. Although the use of bone marrow (BM)-derived cells, most frequently exploited in clinical trials, appears to be safe, the results are controversial. Two recent randomized trials have failed to document any beneficial effects of intracardiac delivery of autologous BM mononuclear cells on cardiac function of patients with HF. The remarkable discovery that various populations of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) are present in the adult human heart and that it possesses limited regeneration capacity has opened a new era in cardiac repair. Importantly, unlike BM-derived SCs, autologous CPCs from myocardial biopsies cultured and subsequently delivered by coronary injection to patients have given positive results. Although these data are promising, a better understanding of how to control proliferation and differentiation of CPCs, to enhance their recruitment and survival, is required before CPCs become clinically applicable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Akhmedov
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Ave., Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA
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43
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Hesse M, Fleischmann BK, Kotlikoff MI. Concise Review: The Role of C-kit Expressing Cells in Heart Repair at the Neonatal and Adult Stage. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1701-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology 1, Life and Brain Center; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology 1, Life and Brain Center; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Michael I. Kotlikoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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Cosentino S, Castiglioni L, Colazzo F, Nobili E, Tremoli E, Rosa P, Abbracchio MP, Sironi L, Pesce M. Expression of dual nucleotides/cysteinyl-leukotrienes receptor GPR17 in early trafficking of cardiac stromal cells after myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1785-96. [PMID: 24909956 PMCID: PMC4196654 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR17 is a Gi-coupled dual receptor activated by uracil-nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. These mediators are massively released into hypoxic tissues. In the normal heart, GPR17 expression has been reported. By contrast, its role in myocardial ischaemia has not yet been assessed. In the present report, the expression of GPR17 was investigated in mice before and at early stages after myocardial infarction by using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Before induction of ischaemia, results indicated the presence of the receptor in a population of stromal cells expressing the stem-cell antigen-1 (Sca-1). At early stages after ligation of the coronary artery, the receptor was expressed in Sca-1+ cells, and cells stained with Isolectin-B4 and anti-CD45 antibody. GPR17+ cells also expressed mesenchymal marker CD44. GPR17 function was investigated in vitro in a Sca-1+/CD31− cell line derived from normal hearts. These experiments showed a migratory function of the receptor by treatment with UDP-glucose and leukotriene LTD4, two GPR17 pharmacological agonists. The GPR17 function was finally assessed in vivo by treating infarcted mice with Cangrelor, a pharmacological receptor antagonist, which, at least in part, inhibited early recruitment of GPR17+ and CD45+ cells. These findings suggest a regulation of heart-resident mesenchymal cells and blood-borne cellular species recruitment following myocardial infarction, orchestrated by GPR17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cosentino
- Laboratorio di Biologia e Biochimica dell'Aterotrombosi, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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45
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Dynamic haematopoietic cell contribution to the developing and adult epicardium. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4054. [PMID: 24905805 PMCID: PMC4059938 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium is a cellular source with the potential to reconstitute lost cardiovascular tissue following myocardial infarction. Here we show that the adult epicardium contains a population of CD45+ haematopoietic cells (HCs), which are located proximal to coronary vessels and encased by extracellular matrix (ECM). This complex tertiary structure is established during the regenerative window between post-natal days 1 and 7. We show that these HCs proliferate within the first 24 h and are released between days 2 and 7 after myocardial infarction. The ECM subsequently reforms to encapsulate HCs after 21 days. Vav1-tdTomato labelling reveals an integral contribution of CD45+ HCs to the developing epicardium, which is not derived from the proepicardial organ. Transplantation experiments with either whole bone marrow or a Vav1+ subpopulation of cells confirm a contribution of HCs to the intact adult epicardium, which is elevated during the first 24 weeks of adult life but depleted in aged mice. The murine epicardium forms an envelope around the heart and contains cells that can participate in cardiac repair. Here the authors discover a population of epicardial cells derived from blood cells, which proliferate and change their surrounding extracellular matrix in response to cardiac injury.
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46
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van Berlo JH, Kanisicak O, Maillet M, Vagnozzi RJ, Karch J, Lin SCJ, Middleton RC, Marbán E, Molkentin JD. c-kit+ cells minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart. Nature 2014; 509:337-41. [PMID: 24805242 PMCID: PMC4127035 DOI: 10.1038/nature13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
If and how the heart regenerates after an injury event is highly debated. c-kit-expressing cardiac progenitor cells have been reported as the primary source for generation of new myocardium after injury. Here we generated two genetic approaches in mice to examine if endogenous c-kit+ cells contribute differentiated cardiomyocytes to the heart during development, with aging or after injury in adulthood. A cDNA encoding either Cre recombinase or a tamoxifen inducible MerCreMer chimeric protein was targeted to the Kit locus in mice and then bred with reporter lines to permanently mark cell lineage. Endogenous c-kit+ cells did produce new cardiomyocytes within the heart, although at a percentage of ≈0.03% or less, and if a preponderance towards cellular fusion is considered, the percentage falls below ≈0.008%. In contrast, c-kit+ cells amply generated cardiac endothelial cells. Thus, endogenous c-kit+ cells can generate cardiomyocytes within the heart, although likely at a functionally insignificant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jop H van Berlo
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA [2] Department of Medicine, division of Cardiology, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA [3]
| | - Onur Kanisicak
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA [2]
| | - Marjorie Maillet
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Suh-Chin J Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
| | - Ryan C Middleton
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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Lerchenmüller C, Rosenzweig A. Mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiac growth. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1003-9. [PMID: 24637046 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a well-established intervention for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Increase in cardiomyocyte size is likely to be the central mechanism of exercise-induced cardiac growth, but recent research also supports a role for the generation of new cardiomyocytes as a contributor to physiological cardiac growth. Other cardiac cell types also respond to exercise. For example, endothelial cells are important for the regulation of large vessels and expansion of microvasculature in meeting demands of the growing heart. Cardiac fibroblasts are known to generate and respond to important signals from their environment, but their role in exercise is less well defined. Therefore, cardiac growth relies on complex, finely regulated and interdependent signaling pathways as well as cross-talk among cardiac cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Lerchenmüller
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Rosenzweig
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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48
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Costamagna D, Quattrocelli M, Duelen R, Sahakyan V, Perini I, Palazzolo G, Sampaolesi M. Fate choice of post-natal mesoderm progenitors: skeletal versus cardiac muscle plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:615-27. [PMID: 23949444 PMCID: PMC11113798 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1445-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for skeletal and cardiac muscles still constitutes a fascinating and ambitious frontier. In this perspective, understanding the possibilities of intrinsic cell plasticity, present in post-natal muscles, is vital to define and improve novel therapeutic strategies for acute and chronic diseases. In addition, many somatic stem cells are now crossing the boundaries of basic/translational research to enter the first clinical trials. However, it is still an open question whether a lineage switch between skeletal and cardiac adult myogenesis is possible. Therefore, this review focuses on resident somatic stem cells of post-natal skeletal and cardiac muscles and their plastic potential toward the two lineages. Furthermore, examples of myogenic lineage switch in adult stem cells are also reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domiziana Costamagna
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Duelen
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vardine Sahakyan
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilaria Perini
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giacomo Palazzolo
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Translational Cardiomyology Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Embryo and Stem Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N4, Bus 814, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Myocardial infarction leads to loss of cardiomyocytes, scar formation, ventricular remodeling and eventually deterioration of heart function. Over the past decade, stem cell therapy has emerged as a novel strategy for patients with ischemic heart disease and its beneficial effects have been demonstrated by substantial preclinical and clinical studies. Efficacy of several types of stem cells in the therapy of cardiovascular diseases has already been evaluated. However, repair of injured myocardium through stem cell transplantation is restricted by critical safety issues and ethic concerns. Recently, the discovery of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) that reside in the heart itself brings new prospects for myocardial regeneration and reconstitution of cardiac tissues. CSCs are positive for various stem cell markers and have the potential of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. They play a pivotal role in the maintenance of heart homeostasis and cardiac repair. Elucidation of their biological characteristics and functions they exert in myocardial infarction are very crucial to further investigations on them. This review will focus on the field of cardiac stem cells and discuss technical and practical issues that may involve in their clinical applications in myocardial infarction.
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The role of bioactive lipids in stem cell mobilization and homing: novel therapeutics for myocardial ischemia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:653543. [PMID: 24672794 PMCID: PMC3930186 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in medical therapy and interventional strategies, the prognosis of millions of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains poor. Currently, short of heart transplantation with all of its inherit limitations, there are no available treatment strategies that replace the infarcted myocardium. It is now well established that cardiomyocytes undergo continuous renewal, with contribution from bone marrow (BM)-derived stem/progenitor cells (SPCs). This phenomenon is upregulated during AMI by initiating multiple innate reparatory mechanisms through which BMSPCs are mobilized towards the ischemic myocardium and contribute to myocardial regeneration. While a role for the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in retention of BMSPCs in bone marrow is undisputed, its exclusive role in their mobilization and homing to a highly proteolytic microenvironment, such as the ischemic/infarcted myocardium, is currently being challenged. Recent evidence suggests a pivotal role for bioactive lipids in the mobilization of BMSPCs at the early stages following AMI and their homing towards ischemic myocardium. This review highlights the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of stem cell mobilization, provides newer evidence implicating bioactive lipids in BMSPC mobilization and differentiation, and discusses their potential as therapeutic agents in the treatment of IHD.
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