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Vicente MM, Leite-Gomes E, Pinho SS. Glycome dynamics in T and B cell development: basic immunological mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Immunol 2023:S1471-4906(23)00112-6. [PMID: 37407365 PMCID: PMC10394430 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycans cover the surfaces of all mammalian cells through a process called glycosylation. Nearly all proteins and receptors that integrate the intricate series of co-stimulatory/inhibitory pathways of the immune system are glycosylated. Growing evidence indicates that the development of the immune system at the origins of T and B cell development is tightly regulated by glycosylation. In this opinion, we hypothesize that the glycome composition of developing T and B cells is developmentally regulated. We discuss how glycans play fundamental roles in lymphocyte development and how glycans early define T and B cell functionality in multiple aspects of adaptive immunity. These advances can provide opportunities for the discovery of novel disease factors and more effective candidate treatments for various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel M Vicente
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Graduate Program in Areas of Applied and Basic Biology (GABBA), School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Leite-Gomes
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé S Pinho
- i3S - Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Shinde P, Kiepas A, Zhang L, Sudhir S, Konstantopoulos K, Stamatos NM. Polysialylation controls immune function of myeloid cells in murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112648. [PMID: 37339052 PMCID: PMC10592499 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a post-translational modification of a select group of cell-surface proteins that guides cellular interactions. As the overall impact of changes in expression of this glycan on leukocytes during infection is not known, we evaluate the immune response of polySia-deficient ST8SiaIV-/- mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, ST8SiaIV-/- mice are less susceptible to infection and clear Spn from airways faster, with alveolar macrophages demonstrating greater viability and phagocytic activity. Leukocyte pulmonary recruitment, paradoxically, is diminished in infected ST8SiaIV-/- mice, corroborated by adoptive cell transfer, microfluidic migration experiments, and intravital microscopy, and possibly explained by dysregulated ERK1/2 signaling. PolySia is progressively lost from neutrophils and monocytes migrating from bone marrow to alveoli in Spn-infected WT mice, consistent with changing cellular functions. These data highlight multidimensional effects of polySia on leukocytes during an immune response and suggest therapeutic interventions for optimizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Shinde
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alexander Kiepas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shreya Sudhir
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nicholas M Stamatos
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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3
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Fernandes Â, Azevedo CM, Silva MC, Faria G, Dantas CS, Vicente MM, Pinho SS. Glycans as shapers of tumour microenvironment: A sweet driver of T-cell-mediated anti-tumour immune response. Immunology 2023; 168:217-232. [PMID: 35574724 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Essentially all cells are covered with a dense coat of different glycan structures/sugar chains, giving rise to the so-called glycocalyx. Changes in cellular glycosylation are a hallmark of cancer, affecting most of the pathophysiological processes associated with malignant transformation, including tumour immune responses. Glycans are chief macromolecules that define T-cell development, differentiation, fate, activation and signalling. Thus, the diversity of glycans expressed at the surface of T cells constitutes a fundamental molecular interface with the microenvironment by regulating the bilateral interactions between T-cells and cancer cells, fine-tuning the anti-tumour immune response. In this review, we will introduce the power of glycans as orchestrators of T-cell-mediated immune response in physiological conditions and in cancer. We discuss how glycans modulate the glyco-metabolic landscape in the tumour microenvironment, and whether glycans can synergize with immunotherapy as a way of rewiring T-cell effector functions against cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Fernandes
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina M Azevedo
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biological Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana C Silva
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biological Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Faria
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carolina S Dantas
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biological Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel M Vicente
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biological Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salomé S Pinho
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,School of Medicine and Biological Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Soukhtehzari S, Berish RB, Fazli L, Watson PH, Williams KC. The different prognostic significance of polysialic acid and CD56 expression in tumor cells and lymphocytes identified in breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:78. [PMID: 35780131 PMCID: PMC9250520 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, the attachment of carbohydrates onto proteins, is a fundamental process that alters the biological activity of proteins. Changes to glycosylation states are associated with many forms of cancer including breast cancer. Through immunohistological analysis of breast cancer patient tumors, we have discovered the expression of an atypical glycan-polysialic acid (polySia)-in breast cancer. Notably, we have identified polySia expression in not only tumor cells but also on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and our study reveals ST8Sia4 as the predominant polysialyltransferase expressed. Evaluation of ST8Sia4 expression in tumor cells identified an association between high expression levels and poor patient outcomes whereas ST8Sia4 expression in infiltrating stromal cells was associated with good patient outcomes. Investigation into CD56, a protein known to be polysialylated, found CD56 and polySia expression on breast tumor cells and TILs. CD56 expression did not positively correlate with polySia expression except in patient tumors which expressed HER2. In these HER2 expressing tumors, CD56 expression was significantly associated with HER2 expression score. Evaluation of CD56 tumor cell expression identified a significant association between CD56 expression and poor patient outcomes. By contrast, CD56 expression on TILs was significantly associated with good clinical outcomes. Tumors with CD56+ TILs were also consistently polySia TIL positive. Interestingly, in tumors where TILs were CD56 low-to-negative, a polySia+ lymphocyte population was still identified and the presence of these lymphocytes was a poor prognostic indicator. Overall, this study provides the first detailed report of polySia and CD56 in breast cancer and demonstrates that the prognostic significance is dependent on the cell type expression within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soukhtehzari
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard B Berish
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver General Hospital and Department of Urologic Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, BC, Canada
| | - Peter H Watson
- Deeley Research Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver Island Centre, University of British Columbia, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, BC, V8R 6V5, Canada
| | - Karla C Williams
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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5
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Villanueva-Cabello TM, Gutiérrez-Valenzuela LD, Salinas-Marín R, López-Guerrero DV, Martínez-Duncker I. Polysialic Acid in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 12:823637. [PMID: 35222358 PMCID: PMC8873093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.823637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a highly regulated polymer of sialic acid (Sia) with such potent biophysical characteristics that when expressed drastically influences the interaction properties of cells. Although much of what is known of polySia in mammals has been elucidated from the study of its role in the central nervous system (CNS), polySia is also expressed in other tissues, including the immune system where it presents dynamic changes during differentiation, maturation, and activation of different types of immune cells of the innate and adaptive response, being involved in key regulatory mechanisms. At least six polySia protein carriers (CCR7, ESL-1, NCAM, NRP2, ST8Sia 2, and ST8Sia 4) are expressed in different types of immune cells, but there is still much to be explored in regard not only to the regulatory mechanisms that determine their expression and the structure of polySia chains but also to the identification of the cis- and trans- ligands of polySia that establish signaling networks. This review summarizes the current knowledge on polySia in the immune system, addressing its biosynthesis, its tools for identification and structural characterization, and its functional roles and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Villanueva-Cabello
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lya D. Gutiérrez-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Iván Martínez-Duncker,
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6
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Moe GR, Steirer LM, Lee JA, Shivakumar A, Bolanos AD. A cancer-unique glycan: de-N-acetyl polysialic acid (dPSA) linked to cell surface nucleolin depends on re-expression of the fetal polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2 gene. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:293. [PMID: 34544457 PMCID: PMC8451149 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysialic acid (polySia) modifies six cell surface proteins in humans mainly during fetal development and some blood cells in adults. Two genes in humans, ST8SIA2 and ST8SIA4, code for polysialyltransferases that synthesize polySia. ST8SIA2 is highly expressed during fetal development and in cancer but not in adult normal human cells. ST8SIA4 is expressed in fetal and adult brain, spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood leukocytes and in cancer. We identified a derivative of polySia containing de-N-acetyl neuraminic acid residues (dPSA), which is expressed on the cell surface of human cancer cell lines and tumors but not normal cells. METHODS dPSA-modified proteins in several human cancer cell lines and normal blood cells were identified using co-immunoprecipitation with anti-dPSA antibodies, mass spectroscopy and Western blot. RNAi and CRISPR were used to knockdown and knockout, respectively, the polysialyltransferase genes in human melanoma SK-MEL-28 and neuroblastoma CHP-134 cell lines, respectively, to determine the effect on production of cell surface dPSA measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We found that dPSA is linked to or associated with nucleolin, a nuclear protein reported to be on the cell surface of cancer but not normal cells. Knocking down expression of ST8SIA2 with RNAi or knocking out each gene individually and in combination using CRISPR showed that cell surface dPSA depended on expression of ST8SIA2. CONCLUSIONS The presence of dPSA specifically in a broad range of human cancers but not human adult normal cells offers novel possibilities for diagnosis, prevention and treatment targeting the dPSA antigen that appears to be cancer-specific, consistent across not only human cancers but also species, and may be an unrecognized mechanism of immune shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Moe
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Steirer
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Joshua A Lee
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Adarsha Shivakumar
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Alejandro D Bolanos
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
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7
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The sialyltransferase ST3Gal-IV guides murine T-cell progenitors to the thymus. Blood Adv 2021; 4:1930-1941. [PMID: 32380539 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are important players in beneficial and detrimental immune responses. In contrast to other lymphocyte populations that develop in the bone marrow, T-cell precursors need to migrate to the thymus for further development. The interaction of P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is crucial for thymic entry of T-cell precursors during settings of T-cell lineage reconstitution. PSGL-1 has to be sialylated to function as a ligand for P-selectin, and the sialyltransferase ST3Gal-IV might play a critical role in this process. We therefore investigated the role of ST3Gal-IV for T-cell development using competitive mixed bone marrow chimeric mice. We found that ST3Gal-IV is dispensable for homing and engraftment of hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow. However, ST3Gal-IV deficiency affects seeding of the thymus by early T-cell progenitors, leading to impaired restoration of the peripheral T-cell compartment. This defect could be restored by ectopic retroviral expression of ST3Gal-IV in hematopoietic stem cells derived from ST3Gal-IV-deficient donor mice. Our findings show that ST3Gal-IV plays a critical and nonredundant role for efficient T-cell lineage reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation.
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8
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The Role of Glycosylation in Inflammatory Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:265-283. [PMID: 34495540 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of glycan presentation in a cell, tissue and organism is enormous, which reflects the huge amount of important biological information encoded by the glycome which has not been fully understood. A compelling body of evidence has been highlighting the fundamental role of glycans in immunity, such as in development, and in major inflammatory processes such as inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune disorders. Glycans play an instrumental role in the immune response, integrating the canonical circuits that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. The relevance of glycosylation in immunity is demonstrated by the role of glycans as important danger-associated molecular patterns and pathogen-associated molecular patterns associated with the discrimination between self and non-self; also as important regulators of the threshold of T cell activation, modulating receptors signalling and the activity of both T and other immune cells. In addition, glycans are important determinants that regulate the dynamic crosstalk between the microbiome and immune response. In this chapter, the essential role of glycans in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory disorders will be presented and its potential clinical applications (diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics) will be highlighted.
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9
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Villanueva-Cabello TM, Gutiérrez-Valenzuela LD, López-Guerrero DV, Cruz-Muñoz ME, Mora-Montes HM, Martínez-Duncker I. Polysialic acid is expressed in human naïve CD4+ T cells and is involved in modulating activation. Glycobiology 2019; 29:557-564. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Villanueva-Cabello
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
| | - Lya D Gutiérrez-Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
| | - Delia V López-Guerrero
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
| | - Mario E Cruz-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
| | | | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mor, México
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10
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Chemical and biological methods for probing the structure and functions of polysialic acids. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:363-376. [DOI: 10.1042/etls20180008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its poly-anionic charge and large hydrodynamic volume, polysialic acid (polySia) attached to neural cell adhesion molecule regulates axon–axon and axon–substratum interactions and signalling, particularly, in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Expression of polySia is spatiotemporally regulated by the action of two polysialyl transferases, namely ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV. PolySia expression peaks during late embryonic and early post-natal period and maintained at a steady state in adulthood in neurogenic niche of the brain. Aberrant polySia expression is associated with neurological disorders and brain tumours. Investigations on the structure and functions, over the past four decades, have shed light on the physiology of polySia. This review focuses on the biological, biochemical, and chemical tools available for polySia engineering. Genetic knockouts, endo-neuraminidases that cleave polySia, antibodies, exogenous expression, and neuroblastoma cells have provided deep insights into the ability of polySia to guide migration of neuronal precursors in neonatal brain development, neuronal clustering, axonal pathway guidance, and axonal targeting. Advent of metabolic sialic acid engineering using ManNAc analogues has enabled reversible and dose-dependent modulation polySia in vitro and ex vivo. In vivo, ManNAc analogues readily engineer the sialoglycans in peripheral tissues, but show no effect in the brain. A recently developed carbohydrate-neuroactive hybrid strategy enables a non-invasive access to the brain in living animals across the blood–brain barrier. A combination of recent advances in CNS drugs and imaging with ManNAc analogues for polySia modulation would pave novel avenues for understanding intricacies of brain development and tackling the challenges of neurological disorders.
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11
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Pang X, Li H, Guan F, Li X. Multiple Roles of Glycans in Hematological Malignancies. Front Oncol 2018; 8:364. [PMID: 30237983 PMCID: PMC6135871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The three types of blood cells (red blood cells for carrying oxygen, white blood cells for immune protection, and platelets for wound clotting) arise from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in the adult bone marrow, and function in physiological regulation and communication with local microenvironments to maintain systemic homeostasis. Hematological malignancies are relatively uncommon malignant disorders derived from the two major blood cell lineages: myeloid (leukemia) and lymphoid (lymphoma). Malignant clones lose their regulatory mechanisms, resulting in production of a large number of dysfunctional cells and destruction of normal hematopoiesis. Glycans are one of the four major types of essential biological macromolecules, along with nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Major glycan subgroups are N-glycans, O-glycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycosphingolipids. Aberrant expression of glycan structures, resulting from dysregulation of glycan-related genes, is associated with cancer development and progression in terms of cell signaling and communication, tumor cell dissociation and invasion, cell-matrix interactions, tumor angiogenesis, immune modulation, and metastasis formation. Aberrant glycan expression occurs in most hematological malignancies, notably acute myeloid leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and multiple myeloma, etc. Here, we review recent research advances regarding aberrant glycans, their related genes, and their roles in hematological malignancies. Our improved understanding of the mechanisms that underlie aberrant patterns of glycosylation will lead to development of novel, more effective therapeutic approaches targeted to hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Pang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongjiao Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Guan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Schellenburg S, Schulz A, Poitz DM, Muders MH. Role of neuropilin-2 in the immune system. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:239-244. [PMID: 28843905 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRPs) are single transmembrane receptors with short cytoplasmic tails and are dependent on receptors like VEGF receptors or Plexins for signal transduction. NRPs are known to be important in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and axon guidance. The Neuropilin-family consists of two members, Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Neuropilin-2 (NRP2). They are up to 44 % homologous and conserved in all vertebrates. High levels of NRP2 are found on immune cells. Current research is very limited regarding the functions of NRP2 on these cells. Recent evidence suggests that NRP2 is important for migration, antigen presentation, phagocytosis and cell-cell contact within the immune system. Additionally, posttranslational NRP2 modifications like polysialylation are crucial for the function of some immune cells. This review is an overview about expression and functions of NRP2 in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schellenburg
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Schulz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - D M Poitz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - M H Muders
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Freire-de-Lima L, Gentile LB, da Fonseca LM, da Costa KM, Santos Lemos J, Jacques LR, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Nunes MP, Takiya CM, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L. Role of Inactive and Active Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-sialidases on T Cell Homing and Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1307. [PMID: 28744279 PMCID: PMC5504189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc-TS) belongs to a superfamily of proteins that may have enzymatic activity. While enzymatically active members (Tc-aTS) are able to transfer sialic acid from the host cell sialyl-glycoconjugates onto the parasite or to other molecules on the host cell surface, the inactive members (Tc-iTS) are characterized by their lectinic properties. Over the last 10 years, several papers demonstrated that, individually, Tc-aTS or Tc-iTS is able to modulate several biological events. Since the genes encoding Tc-iTS and Tc-aTS are present in the same copy number, and both proteins portray similar substrate-specificities as well, it would be plausible to speculate that such molecules may compete for the same sialyl-glycan structures and govern numerous immunobiological phenomena. However, their combined effect has never been evaluated in the course of an acute infection. In this study, we investigated the ability of both proteins to modulate the production of inflammatory signals, as well as the homing of T cells to the cardiac tissue of infected mice, events that usually occur during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection. The results showed that the intravenous administration of Tc-iTS, but not Tc-aTS protected the cardiac tissue from injury caused by reduced traffic of inflammatory cells. In addition, the ability of Tc-aTS to modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines was attenuated and/or compromised when Tc-iTS was co-injected in the same proportions. These results suggest that although both proteins present structural similarities and compete for the same sialyl-glycan epitopes, they might present distinct immunomodulatory properties on T cells following T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Gentile
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelli M da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Santos Lemos
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rodrigues Jacques
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo CruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciência da Saúde - Sala D1-035, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio G Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marise P Nunes
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo CruzRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M Takiya
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose O Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica, Centro de Ciência da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Mehrabian M, Hildebrandt H, Schmitt-Ulms G. NCAM1 Polysialylation: The Prion Protein's Elusive Reason for Being? ASN Neuro 2016; 8:8/6/1759091416679074. [PMID: 27879349 PMCID: PMC5122176 DOI: 10.1177/1759091416679074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much confusion surrounds the physiological function of the cellular prion protein (PrPC). It is, however, anticipated that knowledge of its function will shed light on its contribution to neurodegenerative diseases and suggest ways to interfere with the cellular toxicity central to them. Consequently, efforts to elucidate its function have been all but exhaustive. Building on earlier work that uncovered the evolutionary descent of the prion founder gene from an ancestral ZIP zinc transporter, we recently investigated a possible role of PrPC in a morphogenetic program referred to as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By capitalizing on PrPC knockout cell clones in a mammalian cell model of EMT and using a comparative proteomics discovery strategy, neural cell adhesion molecule-1 emerged as a protein whose upregulation during EMT was perturbed in PrPC knockout cells. Follow-up work led us to observe that PrPC regulates the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM1 in cells undergoing morphogenetic reprogramming. In addition to governing cellular migration, polysialylation modulates several other cellular plasticity programs PrPC has been phenotypically linked to. These include neurogenesis in the subventricular zone, controlled mossy fiber sprouting and trimming in the hippocampal formation, hematopoietic stem cell renewal, myelin repair and maintenance, integrity of the circadian rhythm, and glutamatergic signaling. This review revisits this body of literature and attempts to present it in light of this novel contextual framework. When approached in this manner, a coherent model of PrPC acting as a regulator of polysialylation during specific cell and tissue morphogenesis events comes into focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert Hildebrandt
- Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Mehrabian M, Brethour D, Wang H, Xi Z, Rogaeva E, Schmitt-Ulms G. The Prion Protein Controls Polysialylation of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 during Cellular Morphogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133741. [PMID: 26288071 PMCID: PMC4546001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its multi-faceted role in neurodegenerative diseases, the physiological function of the prion protein (PrP) has remained elusive. On the basis of its evolutionary relationship to ZIP metal ion transporters, we considered that PrP may contribute to the morphogenetic reprogramming of cells underlying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). Consistent with this hypothesis, PrP transcription increased more than tenfold during EMT, and stable PrP-deficient cells failed to complete EMT in a mammalian cell model. A global comparative proteomics analysis identified the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) as a candidate mediator of this impairment, which led to the observation that PrP-deficient cells fail to undergo NCAM1 polysialylation during EMT. Surprisingly, this defect was caused by a perturbed transcription of the polysialyltransferase ST8SIA2 gene. Proteomics data pointed toward β-catenin as a transcriptional regulator affected in PrP-deficient cells. Indeed, pharmacological blockade or siRNA-based knockdown of β-catenin mimicked PrP-deficiency in regards to NCAM1 polysialylation. Our data established the existence of a PrP-ST8SIA2-NCAM signaling loop, merged two mature fields of investigation and offer a simple model for explaining phenotypes linked to PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Mehrabian
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Brethour
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengrui Xi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Villanueva-Cabello TM, Mollicone R, Cruz-Muñoz ME, López-Guerrero DV, Martínez-Duncker I. Activation of human naïve Th cells increases surface expression of GD3 and induces neoexpression of GD2 that colocalize with TCR clusters. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1454-64. [PMID: 26263924 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper lymphocytes (Th) orchestrate the immune response after their activation by antigen-presenting cells. Activation of naïve Th cells is reported to generate the reduction in surface epitopes of sialic acid (Sia) in α2,3 and α2,6 linkages. In this work, we report that in spite of this glycophenotype, anti-CD3/anti-CD28-activated purified human naïve Th cells show a significant increase in surface Sia, as assessed by metabolic labeling, compared with resting naïve Th cells, suggesting an increased flux of Sia toward Siaα2,8 glycoconjugates. To understand this increase as a result of ganglioside up-regulation, we observed that very early after activation, human naïve Th cells show an increased expression in surface GD3 and neoexpression of surface GD2 gangliosides, the latter clustering with the T cell receptor (TCR). Also, we report that in contrast to GM2/GD2 synthase null mice, lentiviral vector-mediated silencing of the GM2/GD2 synthase in activated human naïve Th cells reduced efficient TCR clustering and downstream signaling, as assessed by proliferation assays and IL-2 and IL-2R expression, pointing to an important role of this enzyme in activation of human naive Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Villanueva-Cabello
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, México Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, México
| | - Rosella Mollicone
- INSERM U1197, Paris Sud Université XI, Paul Brousse Hôpital, Villejuif 94807, France
| | | | - Delia V López-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Viral, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62350, México
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, México
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17
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Simon P, Feuerstacke C, Kaese M, Saboor F, Middendorff R, Galuska SP. Polysialylation of NCAM characterizes the proliferation period of contractile elements during postnatal development of the epididymis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123960. [PMID: 25822229 PMCID: PMC4379024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) regulates inter alia the proliferation and differentiation via the interactions with neurotrophins. Since in postnatal epididymis neurotrophins and their receptors like the Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor p75 and TrK B receptor are expressed, we wanted to analyze if the polysialylation of NCAM is also involved during the development of the epididymis. To this end, we monitored the developmental changes in the expression of the polysialyltransferases and NCAM polysialylation using murine epididymis at different time points during postnatal development. Our results revealed that during postnatal development of the epididymis both polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII and ST8SiaIV, were expressed and that the expression levels dropped with increasing age. In agreement with the expression levels of the polysialyltransferases the highest content of polysialylated NCAM was present during the first 10 days after birth. Interestingly, proliferating smooth muscle cell populations prevalently expressed polysialylated NCAM. Furthermore, we observed that inverse to the decrease in polysialylation of smooth muscle cells a strong up-regulation of collagen takes place suggesting a functional relationship since collagen was recently described to induce the turnover of polysialylated NCAM via an induction of endocytosis in cellulo. The same time course of polySia and collagen synthesis was also observed in other regions of the male reproductive system e.g. vas deferens and tunica albuginea (testis). Together, we identified a spatio-temporal expression pattern of polySia-NCAM characterized by high proliferation rate of smooth muscle cells and low collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Caroline Feuerstacke
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kaese
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Farhan Saboor
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 123, 35385, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RM); (SPG)
| | - Sebastian P. Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail: (RM); (SPG)
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18
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Alfaro D, García-Ceca J, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Terra-Granado E, Montero-Herradón S, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Savino W, Zapata A. EphB2 and EphB3 play an important role in the lymphoid seeding of murine adult thymus. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:883-96. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1hi1114-568r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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Kloos A, Woller N, Gürlevik E, Ureche CI, Niemann J, Armbrecht N, Martin NT, Geffers R, Manns MP, Gerardy-Schahn R, Kühnel F. PolySia-Specific Retargeting of Oncolytic Viruses Triggers Tumor-Specific Immune Responses and Facilitates Therapy of Disseminated Lung Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:751-63. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0124-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Colley KJ, Kitajima K, Sato C. Polysialic acid: biosynthesis, novel functions and applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:498-532. [PMID: 25373518 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.976606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As an anti-adhesive, a reservoir for key biological molecules, and a modulator of signaling, polysialic acid (polySia) is critical for nervous system development and maintenance, promotes cancer metastasis, tissue regeneration and repair, and is implicated in psychiatric diseases. In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis and functions of mammalian polySia, and the use of polySia in therapeutic applications. PolySia modifies a small subset of mammalian glycoproteins, with the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, serving as its major carrier. Studies show that mammalian polysialyltransferases employ a unique recognition mechanism to limit the addition of polySia to a select group of proteins. PolySia has long been considered an anti-adhesive molecule, and its impact on cell adhesion and signaling attributed directly to this property. However, recent studies have shown that polySia specifically binds neurotrophins, growth factors, and neurotransmitters and that this binding depends on chain length. This work highlights the importance of considering polySia quality and quantity, and not simply its presence or absence, as its various roles are explored. The capsular polySia of neuroinvasive bacteria allows these organisms to evade the host immune response. While this "stealth" characteristic has made meningitis vaccine development difficult, it has also made polySia a worthy replacement for polyetheylene glycol in the generation of therapeutic proteins with low immunogenicity and improved circulating half-lives. Bacterial polysialyltransferases are more promiscuous than the protein-specific mammalian enzymes, and new studies suggest that these enzymes have tremendous therapeutic potential, especially for strategies aimed at neural regeneration and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Colley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL , USA and
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21
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Hsu FC, Shapiro MJ, Chen MW, McWilliams DC, Seaburg LM, Tangen SN, Shapiro VS. Immature recent thymic emigrants are eliminated by complement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6005-15. [PMID: 25367120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) must undergo phenotypic and functional maturation to become long-lived mature naive T cells. In CD4-cre NKAP conditional knockout mice, NKAP-deficient RTEs fail to complete T cell maturation. In this study, we demonstrate that NKAP-deficient immature RTEs do not undergo apoptosis, but are eliminated by complement. C3, C4, and C1q are bound to NKAP-deficient peripheral T cells, demonstrating activation of the classical arm of the complement pathway. As thymocytes mature and exit to the periphery, they increase sialic acid incorporation into cell surface glycans. This is essential to peripheral lymphocyte survival, as stripping sialic acid with neuraminidase leads to the binding of natural IgM and complement fixation. NKAP-deficient T cells have a defect in sialylation on cell surface glycans, leading to IgM recruitment. We demonstrate that the defect in sialylation is due to aberrant α2,8-linked sialylation, and the expression of three genes (ST8sia1, ST8sia4, and ST8sia6) that mediate α2,8 sialylation are downregulated in NKAP-defcient RTEs. The maturation of peripheral NKAP-deficient T cells is partially rescued in a C3-deficient environment. Thus, sialylation during T cell maturation is critical to protect immature RTEs from complement in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Chi Hsu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Meibo W Chen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | | | - Sarah N Tangen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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22
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Stamatos NM, Zhang L, Jokilammi A, Finne J, Chen WH, El-Maarouf A, Cross AS, Hankey KG. Changes in polysialic acid expression on myeloid cells during differentiation and recruitment to sites of inflammation: role in phagocytosis. Glycobiology 2014; 24:864-79. [PMID: 24865221 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a unique linear homopolymer of α2,8-linked sialic acid that has been studied extensively as a posttranslational modification of neural cell adhesion molecule in the central nervous system. Only two proteins are known to be polysialylated in cells of the immune system: CD56 on human natural killer cells and murine bone marrow (BM) leukocytes, and neuropilin-2 (NRP-2) on dendritic cells (DCs). We tested the hypothesis that polySia expression is regulated during maturation and migration of leukocytes and plays a role in functional activity. Using wild-type and NCAM(-/-) mice, we show that BM neutrophils express only polysialylated CD56, whereas a subset of BM monocytes expresses polysialylated CD56 and/or another polysialylated protein(s). We demonstrate that polysialylated CD56 expression is progressively down-regulated in wild-type monocytes and monocyte-derived cells during migration from BM through peripheral blood to pulmonary and peritoneal sites of inflammation. Freshly isolated monocyte-derived peritoneal macrophages are devoid of polySia yet re-express polySia on NRP-2 and an additional protein(s) after maintenance in culture. Removal of polySia from these cells enhances phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae, suggesting that down-regulation of polySia on macrophages facilitates bacterial clearance. Using wild-type and NRP-2(-/-) mice, we demonstrate that NRP-2 and an additional protein(s) are polysialylated by ST8 SiaIV in BM-derived DCs. We conclude that polySia expression in monocyte-derived cells is dynamically regulated by ST8 SiaIV activity and by expression of carrier proteins during recruitment to sites of inflammation and influences cellular interactions with microbes, contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Jokilammi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Finne
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Abderrahman El-Maarouf
- Department of Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Kim G Hankey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Engineering the product profile of a polysialyltransferase. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:437-42. [PMID: 24727899 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligo- and polysaccharides have myriad applications as therapeutic reagents from glycoconjugate vaccines to matrices for tissue engineering. Polysaccharide length may vary over several orders of magnitude and is a critical determinant of both their physical properties and biological activities. Therefore, the tailored synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides of defined size is a major goal for glycoengineering. By mutagenesis and screening of a bacterial polysialyltransferase (polyST), we identified a single-residue switch that controls the size distribution of polymeric products. Specific substitutions at this site yielded distributive enzymes that synthesize polysaccharides with narrow size distribution ideal for glycoengineering applications. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the wild-type enzyme has an extended binding site that accommodates at least 20 residues of the growing polymer; changes in affinity along this binding site allow fine-tuning of the enzyme's product distribution.
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24
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Nagae M, Ikeda A, Hane M, Hanashima S, Kitajima K, Sato C, Yamaguchi Y. Crystal structure of anti-polysialic acid antibody single chain Fv fragment complexed with octasialic acid: insight into the binding preference for polysialic acid. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33784-33796. [PMID: 24100042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.496224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid is a linear homopolymer of α2-8-linked sialic acids attached mainly onto glycoproteins. Cell surface polysialic acid plays roles in cell adhesion and differentiation events in a manner that is often dependent on the degree of polymerization (DP). Anti-oligo/polysialic acid antibodies have DP-dependent antigenic specificity, and such antibodies are widely utilized in biological studies for detecting and distinguishing between different oligo/polysialic acids. A murine monoclonal antibody mAb735 has a unique preference for longer polymers of polysialic acid (DP >10), yet the mechanism of recognition at the atomic level remains unclear. Here, we report the crystal structure of mAb735 single chain variable fragment (scFv735) in complex with octasialic acid at 1.8 Å resolution. In the asymmetric unit, two scFv735 molecules associate with one octasialic acid. In both complexes of the unit, all the complementarity-determining regions except for L3 interact with three consecutive sialic acid residues out of the eight. A striking feature of the complex is that 11 ordered water molecules bridge the gap between antibody and ligand, whereas the direct antibody-ligand interaction is less extensive. The dihedral angles of the trisialic acid unit directly interacting with scFv735 are not uniform, indicating that mAb735 does not strictly favor the previously proposed helical conformation. Importantly, both reducing and nonreducing ends of the bound ligand are completely exposed to solvent. We suggest that mAb735 gains its apparent high affinity for a longer polysialic acid chain by recognizing every three sialic acid units in a paired manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Akemi Ikeda
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Masaya Hane
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sato
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center and the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198.
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25
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Ulm C, Saffarzadeh M, Mahavadi P, Müller S, Prem G, Saboor F, Simon P, Middendorff R, Geyer H, Henneke I, Bayer N, Rinné S, Lütteke T, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Gerardy-Schahn R, Schwarzer D, Mühlenhoff M, Preissner KT, Günther A, Geyer R, Galuska SP. Soluble polysialylated NCAM: a novel player of the innate immune system in the lung. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3695-708. [PMID: 23619613 PMCID: PMC11113884 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1342-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) by polysialic acid (polySia) is well studied in the nervous system and described as a dynamic modulator of plastic processes like precursor cell migration, axon fasciculation, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we describe a novel function of polysialylated NCAM (polySia-NCAM) in innate immunity of the lung. In mature lung tissue of healthy donors, polySia was exclusively attached to the transmembrane isoform NCAM-140 and located to intracellular compartments of epithelial cells. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, however, increased polySia levels and processing of the NCAM carrier were observed. Processing of polysialylated NCAM was reproduced in a mouse model by bleomycin administration leading to an activation of the inflammasome and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. As shown in a cell culture model, polySia-NCAM-140 was kept in the late trans-Golgi apparatus of lung epithelial cells and stimulation by IL-1β or lipopolysaccharide induced metalloprotease-mediated ectodomain shedding, resulting in the secretion of soluble polySia-NCAM. Interestingly, polySia chains of secreted NCAM neutralized the cytotoxic activity of extracellular histones as well as DNA/histone-network-containing "neutrophil extracellular traps", which are formed during invasion of microorganisms. Thus, shedding of polySia-NCAM by lung epithelial cells may provide a host-protective mechanism to reduce tissue damage during inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ulm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mona Saffarzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Müller
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Prem
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Farhan Saboor
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf Middendorff
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hildegard Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nils Bayer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rinné
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lütteke
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - David Schwarzer
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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26
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Sato C, Kitajima K. Disialic, oligosialic and polysialic acids: distribution, functions and related disease. J Biochem 2013; 154:115-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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27
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Simon P, Bäumner S, Busch O, Röhrich R, Kaese M, Richterich P, Wehrend A, Müller K, Gerardy-Schahn R, Mühlenhoff M, Geyer H, Geyer R, Middendorff R, Galuska SP. Polysialic acid is present in mammalian semen as a post-translational modification of the neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM and the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18825-33. [PMID: 23671285 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.451112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization in animals is a complex sequence of several biochemical events beginning with the insemination into the female reproductive tract and, finally, leading to embryogenesis. Studies by Kitajima and co-workers (Miyata, S., Sato, C., and Kitajima, K. (2007) Trends Glycosci. Glyc, 19, 85-98) demonstrated the presence of polysialic acid (polySia) on sea urchin sperm. Based on these results, we became interested in the potential involvement of sialic acid polymers in mammalian fertilization. Therefore, we isolated human sperm and performed analyses, including Western blotting and mild 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene-HPLC, that revealed the presence α2,8-linked polySia chains. Further analysis by a glyco-proteomics approach led to the identification of two polySia carriers. Interestingly, besides the neural cell adhesion molecule, the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII has also been found to be a target for polysialylation. Further analysis of testis and epididymis tissue sections demonstrated that only epithelial cells of the caput were polySia-positive. During the epididymal transit, polySia carriers were partially integrated into the sperm membrane of the postacrosomal region. Because polySia is known to counteract histone as well as neutrophil extracellular trap-mediated cytotoxicity against host cells, which plays a role after insemination, we propose that polySia in semen represents a cytoprotective element to increase the number of vital sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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28
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Hromatka BS, Drake PM, Kapidzic M, Stolp H, Goldfien GA, Shih IM, Fisher SJ. Polysialic acid enhances the migration and invasion of human cytotrophoblasts. Glycobiology 2012. [PMID: 23208007 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (polySia) is a large, cell-surface linear homopolymer composed of α2,8-linked sialic acid residues. Most extensively studied in the nervous system, this unique glycan modulates development by enhancing cell migration and regulating differentiation. PolySia also functions in developing and adult immune systems and is a signature of many cancers. In this study, we demonstrated that human placental trophoblasts, an epithelial lineage, also display this glycan. Cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts expressed polySia in the first trimester and downregulated it during the course of pregnancy. PolySia promoted cytotrophoblast migration in an explant model of chorionic villous growth. Removal of this glycan also reduced cytotrophoblast penetration of basement membranes in an in vitro model of invasion. Finally, we showed that polySia was overexpressed in biopsies from patients with gestational trophoblastic diseases, including benign molar pregnancies and malignant choriocarcinomas. These results demonstrated, for the first time, functional roles for polySia during normal human placental development and implicated these unusual oligosaccharides in the unrestrained invasion of trophoblast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethann S Hromatka
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, RMB 902A, San Francisco, CA 94143-0665, USA.
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29
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Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Stimamiglio MA, Muñoz JJ, Alfaro D, Terra-Granado E, Garcia-Ceca J, Alonso-Colmenar LM, Savino W, Zapata AG. Developing T-cell migration: role of semaphorins and ephrins. FASEB J 2012; 26:4390-9. [PMID: 22815386 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-202952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a crucial event for normal T-cell development, and various ligand/receptor pairs have been implicated. Most of them, including chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins, have attractant properties on thymocytes. We discuss herein two further groups of ligand/receptor pairs, semaphorins/neuropilins and ephs/ephrins, which are constitutively expressed by thymocytes and thymic microenvironmental cells. Evidence shows that the corresponding interactions are relevant for developing T-cell migration, including the entry of bone marrow progenitor cells, migration of CD4/CD8-defined thymocyte subpopulations triggered by chemokines and/or extracellular matrix proteins, and thymocyte export. Conceptually, the data summarized here show that thymocyte migration results from a complex network of molecular interactions, which generate not only attraction, but also repulsion of migrating T-cell precursors.
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30
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a diverse family of monosaccharides widely expressed on all cell surfaces of vertebrates and so-called "higher" invertebrates, and on certain bacteria that interact with vertebrates. This overview surveys examples of biological roles of sialic acids in immunity, with emphasis on an evolutionary perspective. Given the breadth of the subject, the treatment of individual topics is brief. Subjects discussed include biophysical effects regulation of factor H; modulation of leukocyte trafficking via selectins; Siglecs in immune cell activation; sialic acids as ligands for microbes; impact of microbial and endogenous sialidases on immune cell responses; pathogen molecular mimicry of host sialic acids; Siglec recognition of sialylated pathogens; bacteriophage recognition of microbial sialic acids; polysialic acid modulation of immune cells; sialic acids as pathogen decoys or biological masks; modulation of immunity by sialic acid O-acetylation; sialic acids as antigens and xeno-autoantigens; antisialoglycan antibodies in reproductive incompatibility; and sialic-acid-based blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0687, USA.
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31
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Galuska SP, Geyer H, Mink W, Kaese P, Kühnhardt S, Schäfer B, Mühlenhoff M, Freiberger F, Gerardy-Schahn R, Geyer R. Glycomic strategy for efficient linkage analysis of di-, oligo- and polysialic acids. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5266-78. [PMID: 22728599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid polymers of glycoproteins and glycolipids are characterized by a high diversity in nature and are involved in distinct biological processes depending inter alia on the glycosidic linkages between the present sialic acid residues. Though suitable protocols are available for chain length and sialic acid determination, sensitive methods for linkage analysis of di-, oligo-, and polysialic acids (di/oligo/polySia) are still pending. In this study, we have established a highly sensitive glycomic strategy for this purpose which is based on permethylation of di/oligo/polySia after tagging their reducing ends with the fluorescent dye 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB). Using DMB-labeled sialic acid di/oligo/polymers glycosidic linkages could be efficiently determined and, optionally, the established working procedure can be combined with HPLC for in depth characterization of distinct di/oligo/polySia chains. Moreover, the outlined approach can be directly applied to mammalian tissue samples and linkage analysis of sialic acid polymers present in biopsy samples of neuroblastoma tissue demonstrating the usefulness of the outlined work flow to screen, for example, cancer tissue for the presence of distinct variants of di/oligo/polySia as potentially novel biomarkers. Hence, the described strategy offers a highly sensitive and efficient strategy for identification of glycosidic linkages in sialic acid di/oligo/polymers of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Galuska
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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32
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Nakano TA, Steirer LM, Moe GR. The expression profile of de-N-acetyl polysialic acid (NeuPSA) in normal and diseased human tissue. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40343-53. [PMID: 21949236 PMCID: PMC3220578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sialic acids have a key role in many aspects of human biology, the expression of polysialic acid (PSA) in human tissues is thought to be relatively rare. We identified a derivative of PSA called neuraminic acid-containing PSA or NeuPSA that was highly expressed in primary human melanoma tumors and in several cancer cell lines. Moreover, anti-NeuPSA antibodies could induce apoptosis of cancer cells. However, little was known about NeuPSA expression in normal or diseased tissues. In this study we investigated the complete expression profile of NeuPSA in human tissues and a few primary tumors using the anti-NeuPSA monoclonal antibody, SEAM 3. Almost every human tissue tested spanning a representative sample of all organ types was positive for SEAM 3 binding. Specificity of SEAM 3 binding was established by inhibition with NeuPSA but not closely related meningococcal C polysaccharide and loss of SEAM 3 binding when specimens were treated with periodate at high pH, which specifically destroys NeuPSA. Only subsets of cells in each specimen stained positive, and the relative staining between tissues was variable. The distribution and amount of NeuPSA antigen in tissues was correlated with known levels of polysialyltransferase PST or STX expression. The majority of anti-NeuPSA binding occurred intracellularly in the cytoplasm of cells. Tumors generally exhibited considerably increased staining compared with corresponding normal tissues. Identifying the diverse tissue distribution and intracellular location of NeuPSA provides a foundation for investigating the functional role of NeuPSA in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory R. Moe
- From the Centers for Cancer and
- Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609
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33
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Steirer LM, Moe GR. An antibody to de-N-acetyl sialic acid containing-polysialic acid identifies an intracellular antigen and induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27249. [PMID: 22096542 PMCID: PMC3212545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), an α2,8-linked homopolymer of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), is developmentally regulated and its expression is thought to be restricted to a few tissues in adults. Recently, we showed that two human pathogens expressed a derivative of PSA containing de-N-acetyl sialic acid residues (NeuPSA). Here we show that an epitope identified by the anti-NeuPSA monoclonal antibody, SEAM 3 (SEAM 3-reactive antigen or S3RA), is expressed in human melanomas, and also intracellularly in a human melanoma cell line (SK-MEL-28), a human T cell leukemia cell line (Jurkat), and two neuroblastoma cell lines (CHP-134 and SH-SY5Y). SEAM 3 binding induced apoptosis in the four cell lines tested. The unusual intracellular distribution of S3RA was similar to that described for the PSA polysialyltransferases, STX and PST, which are also expressed in the four cell lines used here. Interestingly, suppression of PST mRNA expression by transfection of SK-MEL-28 cells with PST-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in decreased SEAM 3 binding. The results suggest further studies of the utility of antibodies such as SEAM 3 as therapeutic agents for certain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Steirer
- Centers for Cancer, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. Moe
- Centers for Cancer, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
- Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), Oakland, California, United States of America
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34
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Desanti GE, Jenkinson WE, Parnell SM, Boudil A, Gautreau-Rolland L, Eksteen B, Ezine S, Lane PJL, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. Clonal analysis reveals uniformity in the molecular profile and lineage potential of CCR9(+) and CCR9(-) thymus-settling progenitors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:5227-35. [PMID: 21421850 PMCID: PMC3826122 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The entry of T cell progenitors to the thymus marks the beginning of a multistage developmental process that culminates in the generation of self-MHC-restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Although multiple factors including the chemokine receptors CCR7 and CCR9 are now defined as important mediators of progenitor recruitment and colonization in both the fetal and adult thymi, the heterogeneity of thymus-colonizing cells that contribute to development of the T cell pool is complex and poorly understood. In this study, in conjunction with lineage potential assays, we perform phenotypic and genetic analyses on thymus-settling progenitors (TSP) isolated from the embryonic mouse thymus anlagen and surrounding perithymic mesenchyme, including simultaneous gene expression analysis of 14 hemopoietic regulators using single-cell multiplex RT-PCR. We show that, despite the known importance of CCL25-CCR9 mediated thymic recruitment of T cell progenitors, embryonic PIR(+)c-Kit(+) TSP can be subdivided into CCR9(+) and CCR9(-) subsets that differ in their requirements for a functional thymic microenvironment for thymus homing. Despite these differences, lineage potential studies of purified CCR9(+) and CCR9(-) TSP reveal a common bias toward T cell-committed progenitors, and clonal gene expression analysis reveals a genetic consensus that is evident between and within single CCR9(+) and CCR9(-) TSP. Collectively, our data suggest that although the earliest T cell progenitors may display heterogeneity with regard to their requirements for thymus colonization, they represent a developmentally homogeneous progenitor pool that ensures the efficient generation of the first cohorts of T cells during thymus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume E. Desanti
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William E. Jenkinson
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Bertus Eksteen
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J. L. Lane
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric J. Jenkinson
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Anderson
- Medical School, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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35
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Abstract
Although most hematopoietic lineages develop in the bone marrow (BM), T cells uniquely complete their development in the specialized environment of the thymus. Hematopoietic stem cells with long-term self-renewal capacity are not present in the thymus. As a result, continuous T cell development requires that BM-derived progenitors be imported into the thymus throughout adult life. The process of thymic homing begins with the mobilization of progenitors out of the BM, continues with their circulation in the bloodstream, and concludes with their settling in the thymus. This review will discuss each of these steps as they occur in the unirradiated and postirradiation scenarios, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of regulation. Improved knowledge about these early steps in T cell generation may accelerate the development of new therapeutic options in patients with impaired T cell number or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Zlotoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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Rey-Gallardo A, Delgado-Martín C, Gerardy-Schahn R, Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Vega MA. Polysialic acid is required for neuropilin-2a/b-mediated control of CCL21-driven chemotaxis of mature dendritic cells and for their migration in vivo. Glycobiology 2011; 21:655-62. [PMID: 21199821 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of mature dendritic cells (mDCs) to secondary lymphoid organs is required for the development of immunity. Recently, we reported that polysialic acid (PSA) and the transmembrane glycoprotein neuropilin-2 (NRP2) control mDC chemotaxis to CCL21 and that this process is dependent on the C-terminal basic region of the chemokine. Herein, we provide further insight into the molecular components controlling PSA regulated chemotaxis in mDCs. In the present study, we demonstrate that human mDCs express the NRP2 isoforms NRP2a and NRP2b, that both of them are susceptible to polysialylation and that polysialylation is required to specifically enhance chemotaxis toward CCL21 in mDCs. The results presented suggest that PSA attached to NRP2 isoforms acts as a binding module for the CCL21 chemokine, thereby facilitating its presentation to the chemokine receptor CCR7. To investigate the relevance of polysialylation on mDC migration, a xenograft mouse model was used and the migration of human DCs to mouse lymph nodes analyzed. Here, we demonstrate that the depletion of PSA from mDCs results in a drastic reduction in the migration of the cells to draining popliteal lymph nodes. With this finding, we provide first evidence that PSA is a crucial factor for in vivo migration of mDCs to lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rey-Gallardo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biología de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Foley DA, Swartzentruber KG, Thompson MG, Mendiratta SS, Colley KJ. Sequences from the first fibronectin type III repeat of the neural cell adhesion molecule allow O-glycan polysialylation of an adhesion molecule chimera. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35056-67. [PMID: 20805222 PMCID: PMC2966120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysialic acid is a developmentally regulated, anti-adhesive polymer that is added to N-glycans on the fifth immunoglobulin domain (Ig5) of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We found that the first fibronectin type III repeat (FN1) of NCAM is required for the polysialylation of N-glycans on the adjacent Ig5 domain, and we proposed that the polysialyltransferases recognize specific sequences in FN1 to position themselves for Ig5 N-glycan polysialylation. Other studies identified a novel FN1 acidic surface patch and α-helix that play roles in NCAM polysialylation. Here, we characterize the contribution of two additional FN1 sequences, Pro(510)-Tyr(511)-Ser(512) (PYS) and Gln(516)-Val(517)-Gln(518) (QVQ). Replacing PYS or the acidic patch dramatically decreases the O-glycan polysialylation of a truncated NCAM protein, and replacing the α-helix or QVQ shifts polysialic acid to FN1 O-glycans in full-length NCAM. We also found that the FN1 domain of the olfactory cell adhesion molecule, a homologous but unpolysialylated protein, could partially replace NCAM FN1. Inserting Pro(510)-Tyr(511) eliminated N-glycan polysialylation and enhanced O-glycosylation of an NCAM- olfactory cell adhesion molecule chimera, and inserting other FN1 sequences unique to NCAM, predominantly the acidic patch, created a new polysialyltransferase recognition site. Taken together, our results highlight the role of the FN1 α-helix and QVQ sequences in N-glycan polysialylation and demonstrate that the acidic patch primarily functions in O-glycan polysialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A. Foley
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Kristin G. Swartzentruber
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Matthew G. Thompson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Shalu Shiv Mendiratta
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Karen J. Colley
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
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38
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Rey-Gallardo A, Escribano C, Delgado-Martín C, Rodriguez-Fernández JL, Gerardy-Schahn R, Rutishauser U, Corbi AL, Vega MA. Polysialylated neuropilin-2 enhances human dendritic cell migration through the basic C-terminal region of CCL21. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1139-46. [PMID: 20488940 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) migration to secondary lymphoid organs is a critical step to properly exert its role in immunity and predominantly depends on the interaction of the chemokine receptor CCR7 with its ligands CCL21 and CCL19. Polysialic acid (PSA) has been recently reported to control CCL21-directed migration of mature DCs. Here, we first demonstrate that PSA present on human mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells did not enhance chemotactic responses to CCL19. We have also explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the selective enhancing effect of PSA on CCL21-driven chemotaxis of DCs. In this regard, we found out that prevention of DC polysialylation decreased CCL21 activation of JNK and Akt signaling pathways, both associated with CCR7-mediated chemotaxis. We also report that the enhanced PSA-mediated effect on DC migration towards CCL21 relied on the highly basic C-terminal region of this chemokine and depended on the PSA acceptor molecule neuropilin-2 (NRP2) and on the polysialyltransferase ST8SiaIV. Altogether, our data indicate that the CCR7/CCL21/NRP2/ST8SiaIV functional axis constitutes an important guidance clue for DC targeting to lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rey-Gallardo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biología de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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