1
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Kandel R, Jung J, Neal S. Proteotoxic stress and the ubiquitin proteasome system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:107-120. [PMID: 37734998 PMCID: PMC10807858 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system maintains protein homeostasis by regulating the breakdown of misfolded proteins, thereby preventing misfolded protein aggregates. The efficient elimination is vital for preventing damage to the cell by misfolded proteins, known as proteotoxic stress. Proteotoxic stress can lead to the collapse of protein homeostasis and can alter the function of the ubiquitin proteasome system. Conversely, impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome system can also cause proteotoxic stress and disrupt protein homeostasis. This review examines two impacts of proteotoxic stress, 1) disruptions to ubiquitin homeostasis (ubiquitin stress) and 2) disruptions to proteasome homeostasis (proteasome stress). Here, we provide a mechanistic description of the relationship between proteotoxic stress and the ubiquitin proteasome system. This relationship is illustrated by findings from several protein misfolding diseases, mainly neurodegenerative diseases, as well as from basic biology discoveries from yeast to mammals. In addition, we explore the importance of the ubiquitin proteasome system in endoplasmic reticulum quality control, and how proteotoxic stress at this organelle is alleviated. Finally, we highlight how cells utilize the ubiquitin proteasome system to adapt to proteotoxic stress and how the ubiquitin proteasome system can be genetically and pharmacologically manipulated to maintain protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kandel
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jasmine Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sonya Neal
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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2
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Kriachkov VA, Gotmanova NN, Tashlitsky VN, Bacheva AV. Brain-Derived 11S Regulator (PA28αβ) Promotes Proteasomal Hydrolysis of Elongated Oligoglutamine-Containing Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13275. [PMID: 37686081 PMCID: PMC10487437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins with extended polyglutamine regions are associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease. Intracellular proteolytic processing of these proteins is not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether long polyglutamine fragments resulting from the proteolysis of these proteins can be potentially cleaved by the proteasome. Here, we studied the susceptibility of the glutamine-glutamine bond to proteolysis by the proteasome using oligoglutamine-containing peptides with a fluorophore/quencher pair. We found that the addition of the 11S proteasomal regulator (also known as PA28) significantly accelerated the hydrolysis of oligoglutamine-containing peptides by the 20S proteasome. Unexpectedly, a similar effect was observed for the 26S proteasome in the presence of the 11S regulator. LC/MS data revealed that the hydrolysis of our peptides with both 20S and 26S proteasomes leads to N-terminal fragments containing two or three glutamine residues and that the hydrolysis site does not change after the addition of the 11S regulator. This was confirmed by the docking experiment, which shows that the preferred hydrolysis site is located after the second/third glutamine residue. Inhibitory analysis revealed that trypsin-like specificity is mainly responsible for the proteasomal hydrolysis of the glutamine-glutamine bond. Together, our results indicate that both 20S and 26S proteasomes are capable of degrading the N-terminal part of oligoglutamine fragments, while the 11S regulator significantly accelerates the hydrolysis without changing its specificity. This data suggests that proteasome activity may be enhanced in relation to polyglutamine substrates present in neurons in the early stages of polyglutamine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav A. Kriachkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Natalia N. Gotmanova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (V.N.T.)
| | - Vadim N. Tashlitsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (V.N.T.)
| | - Anna V. Bacheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.G.); (V.N.T.)
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3
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Xu S, Gierisch ME, Schellhaus AK, Poser I, Alberti S, Salomons FA, Dantuma NP. Cytosolic stress granules relieve the ubiquitin-proteasome system in the nuclear compartment. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111802. [PMID: 36574355 PMCID: PMC9890234 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of cytosolic stress granules in the integrated stress response has remained largely enigmatic. Here, we studied the functionality of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in cells that were unable to form stress granules. Surprisingly, the inability of cells to form cytosolic stress granules had primarily a negative impact on the functionality of the nuclear UPS. While defective ribosome products (DRiPs) accumulated at stress granules in thermally stressed control cells, they localized to nucleoli in stress granule-deficient cells. The nuclear localization of DRiPs was accompanied by redistribution and enhanced degradation of SUMOylated proteins. Depletion of the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4, which targets SUMOylated misfolded proteins for proteasomal degradation, largely restored the functionality of the UPS in the nuclear compartment in stress granule-deficient cells. Stress granule-deficient cells showed an increase in the formation of mutant ataxin-1 nuclear inclusions when exposed to thermal stress. Our data reveal that stress granules play an important role in the sequestration of cytosolic misfolded proteins, thereby preventing these proteins from accumulating in the nucleus, where they would otherwise infringe nuclear proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Maria E Gierisch
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Ina Poser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Simon Alberti
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB)Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Florian A Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB)Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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4
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Kim H, Gomez-Pastor R. HSF1 and Its Role in Huntington's Disease Pathology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:35-95. [PMID: 36396925 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response (HSR) in mammalian cells and is a critical element in maintaining protein homeostasis. HSF1 functions at the center of many physiological processes like embryogenesis, metabolism, immune response, aging, cancer, and neurodegeneration. However, the mechanisms that allow HSF1 to control these different biological and pathophysiological processes are not fully understood. This review focuses on Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by severe protein aggregation of the huntingtin (HTT) protein. The aggregation of HTT, in turn, leads to a halt in the function of HSF1. Understanding the pathways that regulate HSF1 in different contexts like HD may hold the key to understanding the pathomechanisms underlying other proteinopathies. We provide the most current information on HSF1 structure, function, and regulation, emphasizing HD, and discussing its potential as a biological target for therapy. DATA SOURCES We performed PubMed search to find established and recent reports in HSF1, heat shock proteins (Hsp), HD, Hsp inhibitors, HSF1 activators, and HSF1 in aging, inflammation, cancer, brain development, mitochondria, synaptic plasticity, polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, and HD. STUDY SELECTIONS Research and review articles that described the mechanisms of action of HSF1 were selected based on terms used in PubMed search. RESULTS HSF1 plays a crucial role in the progression of HD and other protein-misfolding related neurodegenerative diseases. Different animal models of HD, as well as postmortem brains of patients with HD, reveal a connection between the levels of HSF1 and HSF1 dysfunction to mutant HTT (mHTT)-induced toxicity and protein aggregation, dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of the structural and functional integrity of synaptic connections, which eventually leads to neuronal loss. These features are shared with other neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Currently, several inhibitors against negative regulators of HSF1, as well as HSF1 activators, are developed and hold promise to prevent neurodegeneration in HD and other NDs. CONCLUSION Understanding the role of HSF1 during protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in HD may help to develop therapeutic strategies that could be effective across different NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rocio Gomez-Pastor
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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5
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Powell JE, Lim CKW, Krishnan R, McCallister TX, Saporito-Magriña C, Zeballos MA, McPheron GD, Gaj T. Targeted gene silencing in the nervous system with CRISPR-Cas13. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2485. [PMID: 35044815 PMCID: PMC8769545 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cas13 nucleases are a class of programmable RNA-targeting CRISPR effector proteins that are capable of silencing target gene expression in mammalian cells. Here, we demonstrate that RfxCas13d, a Cas13 ortholog with favorable characteristics to other family members, can be delivered to the mouse spinal cord and brain to silence neurodegeneration-associated genes. Intrathecally delivering an adeno-associated virus vector encoding an RfxCas13d variant programmed to target superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), a protein whose mutation can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, reduced SOD1 mRNA and protein in the spinal cord by >50% and improved outcomes in a mouse model of the disorder. We further show that intrastriatally delivering an RfxCas13d variant programmed to target huntingtin (HTT), a protein whose mutation is causative for Huntington’s disease, led to a ~50% reduction in HTT protein in the mouse brain. Our results establish RfxCas13d as a versatile platform for knocking down gene expression in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson E. Powell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Colin K. W. Lim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ramya Krishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Maria A. Zeballos
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Thomas Gaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Blumenstock S, Schulz-Trieglaff EK, Voelkl K, Bolender AL, Lapios P, Lindner J, Hipp MS, Hartl FU, Klein R, Dudanova I. Fluc-EGFP reporter mice reveal differential alterations of neuronal proteostasis in aging and disease. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107260. [PMID: 34410010 PMCID: PMC8488555 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular protein quality control machinery is important for preventing protein misfolding and aggregation. Declining protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is believed to play a crucial role in age‐related neurodegenerative disorders. However, how neuronal proteostasis capacity changes in different diseases is not yet sufficiently understood, and progress in this area has been hampered by the lack of tools to monitor proteostasis in mammalian models. Here, we have developed reporter mice for in vivo analysis of neuronal proteostasis. The mice express EGFP‐fused firefly luciferase (Fluc‐EGFP), a conformationally unstable protein that requires chaperones for proper folding, and that reacts to proteotoxic stress by formation of intracellular Fluc‐EGFP foci and by reduced luciferase activity. Using these mice, we provide evidence for proteostasis decline in the aging brain. Moreover, we find a marked reaction of the Fluc‐EGFP sensor in a mouse model of tauopathy, but not in mouse models of Huntington’s disease. Mechanistic investigations in primary neuronal cultures demonstrate that different types of protein aggregates have distinct effects on the cellular protein quality control. Thus, Fluc‐EGFP reporter mice enable new insights into proteostasis alterations in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Blumenstock
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Voelkl
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Bolender
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul Lapios
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jana Lindner
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Irina Dudanova
- Department of Molecules - Signaling - Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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7
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Gkekas I, Gioran A, Boziki MK, Grigoriadis N, Chondrogianni N, Petrakis S. Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration: Interconnected Processes in PolyQ Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091450. [PMID: 34573082 PMCID: PMC8471619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders are caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions within the coding region of disease-causing genes. PolyQ-expanded proteins undergo conformational changes leading to the formation of protein inclusions which are associated with selective neuronal degeneration. Several lines of evidence indicate that these mutant proteins are associated with oxidative stress, proteasome impairment and microglia activation. These events may correlate with the induction of inflammation in the nervous system and disease progression. Here, we review the effect of polyQ-induced oxidative stress in cellular and animal models of polyQ diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the interplay between oxidative stress, neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation using as an example the well-known neuroinflammatory disease, Multiple Sclerosis. Finally, we review some of the pharmaceutical interventions which may delay the onset and progression of polyQ disorders by targeting disease-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gkekas
- Institute of Applied Biosciences/Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna Gioran
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (N.C.)
| | - Marina Kleopatra Boziki
- 2nd Neurological Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.K.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- 2nd Neurological Department, AHEPA University General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.K.B.); (N.G.)
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (N.C.)
| | - Spyros Petrakis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences/Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2311257525
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8
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Bragança CE, Kraut DA. Mode of targeting to the proteasome determines GFP fate. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15892-15901. [PMID: 32913119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the canonical pathway for protein degradation in eukaryotic cells. GFP is frequently used as a reporter in proteasomal degradation assays. However, there are multiple variants of GFP in use, and these variants have different intrinsic stabilities. Further, there are multiple means by which substrates are targeted to the proteasome, and these differences could also affect the proteasome's ability to unfold and degrade substrates. Herein we investigate how the fate of GFP variants of differing intrinsic stabilities is determined by the mode of targeting to the proteasome. We compared two targeting systems: linear Ub4 degrons and the UBL domain from yeast Rad23, both of which are commonly used in degradation experiments. Surprisingly, the UBL degron allows for degradation of the most stable sGFP-containing substrates, whereas the Ub4 degron does not. Destabilizing the GFP by circular permutation allows degradation with either targeting signal, indicating that domain stability and mode of targeting combine to determine substrate fate. Difficult-to-unfold substrates are released and re-engaged multiple times, with removal of the degradation initiation region providing an alternative clipping pathway that precludes unfolding and degradation; the UBL degron favors degradation of even difficult-to-unfold substrates, whereas the Ub4 degron favors clipping. Finally, we show that the ubiquitin receptor Rpn13 is primarily responsible for the enhanced ability of the proteasome to degrade stable UBL-tagged substrates. Our results indicate that the choice of targeting method and reporter protein are critical to the design of protein degradation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Adam Kraut
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
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9
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Grune T. Oxidized protein aggregates: Formation and biological effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 150:120-124. [PMID: 32097679 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of protein aggregates has a long history. While in the first decades until the 80ies of the 20th century only the observation of the presence of such aggregates was reported, later the biochemistry of the formation and the biological effects of theses aggregates were described. This review focusses on the complexity of the biological effects of protein aggregates and its potential role in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10785, Berlin, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
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10
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Dantuma NP, Herzog LK. Machado-Joseph Disease: A Stress Combating Deubiquitylating Enzyme Changing Sides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:237-260. [PMID: 32274760 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an autosomal dominant inheritable neurodegenerative disorder. After a long pre-symptomatic period, this late-onset disease progressively disables patients and typically leads to premature death. Neuronal loss in specific regions of the cerebellum, brainstem and basal ganglia as well as the spinal cord explains the spectra of debilitating neurological symptoms, most strikingly progressive limb, and gait ataxia. The genetic cause of MJD is a polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat expansion in the gene that encodes ataxin-3. This polyQ-containing protein displays a well-defined catalytic activity as ataxin-3 is a deubiquitylating enzyme that removes and disassembles ubiquitin chains from specific substrates. While mutant ataxin-3 with an expanded polyQ repeat induces cellular stress due to its propensity to aggregate, the native functions of wild-type ataxin-3 are linked to the cellular countermeasures against the very same stress conditions inflicted by polyQ-containing and other aggregation-prone proteins. Hence, a mixture of gain-of-function and loss-of-function mechanisms are likely to contribute to the neuronal demise observed in MJD. In this review, we discuss the intimate link between ataxin-3 and cellular stress and its relevance for therapeutic intervention in MJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Laura K Herzog
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing Increases Lifespan and Improves Motor Deficits in a Huntington's Disease Mouse Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:829-839. [PMID: 31465962 PMCID: PMC6717077 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a currently incurable and, ultimately, fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion within exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which results in the production of a mutant protein that forms inclusions and selectively destroys neurons in the striatum and other adjacent structures. The RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease from CRISPR-Cas9 systems is a versatile technology for inducing DNA double-strand breaks that can stimulate the introduction of frameshift-inducing mutations and permanently disable mutant gene function. Here, we show that the Cas9 nuclease from Staphylococcus aureus, a small Cas9 ortholog that can be packaged alongside a single guide RNA into a single adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, can be used to disrupt the expression of the mutant HTT gene in the R6/2 mouse model of HD following its in vivo delivery to the striatum. Specifically, we found that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of the mutant HTT gene resulted in a ∼50% decrease in neuronal inclusions and significantly improved lifespan and certain motor deficits. These results thus illustrate the potential for CRISPR-Cas9 technology to treat HD and other autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion via in vivo genome editing.
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12
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Ham S, Kim H, Hwang S, Kang H, Yun SP, Kim S, Kim D, Kwon HS, Lee YS, Cho M, Shin HM, Choi H, Chung KY, Ko HS, Lee GH, Lee Y. Cell-Based Screen Using Amyloid Mimic β23 Expression Identifies Peucedanocoumarin III as a Novel Inhibitor of α-Synuclein and Huntingtin Aggregates. Mol Cells 2019; 42:480-494. [PMID: 31250621 PMCID: PMC6602149 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregates of disease-causing proteins dysregulate cellular functions, thereby causing neuronal cell loss in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Although many in vitro or in vivo studies of protein aggregate inhibitors have been performed, a therapeutic strategy to control aggregate toxicity has not been earnestly pursued, partly due to the limitations of available aggregate models. In this study, we established a tetracycline (Tet)-inducible nuclear aggregate (β23) expression model to screen potential lead compounds inhibiting β23-induced toxicity. Highthroughput screening identified several natural compounds as nuclear β23 inhibitors, including peucedanocoumarin III (PCIII). Interestingly, PCIII accelerates disaggregation and proteasomal clearance of both nuclear and cytosolic β23 aggregates and protects SH-SY5Y cells from toxicity induced by β23 expression. Of translational relevance, PCIII disassembled fibrils and enhanced clearance of cytosolic and nuclear protein aggregates in cellular models of huntingtin and α-synuclein aggregation. Moreover, cellular toxicity was diminished with PCIII treatment for polyglutamine (PolyQ)-huntingtin expression and α-synuclein expression in conjunction with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treatment. Importantly, PCIII not only inhibited α-synuclein aggregation but also disaggregated preformed α-synuclein fibrils in vitro . Taken together, our results suggest that a Tet-Off β23 cell model could serve as a robust platform for screening effective lead compounds inhibiting nuclear or cytosolic protein aggregates. Brain-permeable PCIII or its derivatives could be beneficial for eliminating established protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Hyojung Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Seojin Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452,
Korea
| | - Hyunook Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130,
USA
| | - Sangjune Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130,
USA
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130,
USA
| | - Hyun Sook Kwon
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540,
Korea
| | - Yun-Song Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - MyoungLae Cho
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540,
Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- National Development Institute of Korean Medicine, Gyeongsan 38540,
Korea
| | - Heejung Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Ka Young Chung
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205,
USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130,
USA
| | - Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452,
Korea
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419,
Korea
- Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351,
Korea
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13
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Tomita T, Matouschek A. Substrate selection by the proteasome through initiation regions. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1222-1232. [PMID: 31074920 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in the cell have to be eliminated once their function is no longer desired or they become damaged. Most regulated protein degradation is achieved by a large enzymatic complex called the proteasome. Many proteasome substrates are targeted for degradation by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin molecules. Ubiquitinated proteins can be bound by the proteasome, but for proteolysis to occur the proteasome needs to find a disordered tail somewhere in the target at which it initiates degradation. The initiation step contributes to the specificity of proteasomal degradation. Here, we review how the proteasome selects initiation sites within its substrates and discuss how the initiation step affects physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tomita
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712
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14
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Ruiz-Calvo A, Bajo-Grañeras R, Maroto IB, Zian D, Grabner GF, García-Taboada E, Resel E, Zechner R, Zimmermann R, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, Galve-Roperh I, Bellocchio L, Guzmán M. Astroglial monoacylglycerol lipase controls mutant huntingtin-induced damage of striatal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:134-144. [PMID: 30914306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids exert neuroprotection in a wide array of preclinical models. A number of these studies has focused on cannabinoid CB1 receptors in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and the most characteristic MSN-degenerative disease, Huntington's disease (HD). Accruing evidence supports that astrocytes contribute to drive HD progression, and that they express CB1 receptors, degrade endocannabinoids, and modulate endocannabinergic transmission. However, the possible role of the astroglial endocannabinoid system in controlling MSN integrity remains unknown. Here, we show that JZL-184, a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the key enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, prevented the mutant huntingtin-induced up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α in primary mouse striatal astrocytes via CB1 receptors. To study the role of astroglial MGL in vivo, we injected stereotactically into the mouse dorsal striatum viral vectors that encode mutant or normal huntingtin under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. We observed that, in wild-type mice, pharmacological blockade of MGL with JZL-184 (8 mg/kg/day, i.p.) conferred neuroprotection against mutant huntingtin-induced striatal damage, as evidenced by the prevention of MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. We next found that conditional mutant mice bearing a genetic deletion of MGL selectively in astroglial cells (MGLfloxed/floxed;GFAP-Cre/+ mice) were resistant to mutant huntingtin-induced MSN loss, astrogliosis, and motor coordination impairment. Taken together, these data support that astroglial MGL controls the availability of a 2-arachidonoylglycerol pool that ensues protection of MSNs in the mouse striatum in vivo, thus providing a potential druggable target for reducing striatal neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene B Maroto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debora Zian
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elena García-Taboada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Jung KH, Kim SF, Liu Y, Zhang X. A Fluorogenic
AggTag
Method Based on Halo‐ and SNAP‐Tags to Simultaneously Detect Aggregation of Two Proteins in Live Cells. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1078-1087. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwan Ho Jung
- Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Sojung F. Kim
- Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of ChemistryThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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16
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Ruiz-Calvo A, Maroto IB, Bajo-Grañeras R, Chiarlone A, Gaudioso Á, Ferrero JJ, Resel E, Sánchez-Prieto J, Rodríguez-Navarro JA, Marsicano G, Galve-Roperh I, Bellocchio L, Guzmán M. Pathway-Specific Control of Striatal Neuron Vulnerability by Corticostriatal Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:307-322. [PMID: 29121220 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of neurons within the striatum are GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which receive glutamatergic input from the cortex and thalamus, and form two major efferent pathways: the direct pathway, expressing dopamine D1 receptor (D1R-MSNs), and the indirect pathway, expressing dopamine D2 receptor (D2R-MSNs). While molecular mechanisms of MSN degeneration have been identified in animal models of striatal damage, the molecular factors that dictate a selective vulnerability of D1R-MSNs or D2R-MSNs remain unknown. Here, we combined genetic, chemogenetic, and pharmacological strategies with behavioral and neurochemical analyses, and show that the pool of cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) located on corticostriatal terminals efficiently safeguards D1R-MSNs, but not D2R-MSNs, from different insults. This cell-specific response relies on the regulation of glutamatergic signaling, and is independent from the CB1R-dependent control of astroglial activity in the striatum. These findings define cortical CB1R as a pivotal synaptic player in dictating a differential vulnerability of D1R-MSNs versus D2R-MSNs, and increase our understanding of the role of coordinated cannabinergic-glutamatergic signaling in establishing corticostriatal circuits and its dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ruiz-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene B Maroto
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bajo-Grañeras
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Chiarlone
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Gaudioso
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Ferrero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Resel
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Prieto
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ismael Galve-Roperh
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM and University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Manuel Guzmán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Universitario de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUIN) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Hernández IH, Torres-Peraza J, Santos-Galindo M, Ramos-Morón E, Fernández-Fernández MR, Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Miranda-Vizuete A, Lucas JJ. The neuroprotective transcription factor ATF5 is decreased and sequestered into polyglutamine inclusions in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:839-850. [PMID: 28861715 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor-5 (ATF5) is a stress-response transcription factor induced upon different cell stressors like fasting, amino-acid limitation, cadmium or arsenite. ATF5 is also induced, and promotes transcription of anti-apoptotic target genes like MCL1, during the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. In the brain, high ATF5 levels are found in gliomas and also in neural progenitor cells, which need to decrease their ATF5 levels for differentiation into mature neurons or glia. This initially led to believe that ATF5 is not expressed in adult neurons. More recently, we reported basal neuronal ATF5 expression in adult mouse brain and its neuroprotective induction during UPR in a mouse model of status epilepticus. Here we aimed to explore whether ATF5 is also expressed by neurons in human brain both in basal conditions and in Huntington's disease (HD), where UPR has been described to be partially impaired due to defective ATF6 processing. Apart from confirming that ATF5 is present in human adult neurons, here we report accumulation of ATF5 within the characteristic polyglutamine-containing neuronal nuclear inclusions in brains of HD patients and mice. This correlates with decreased levels of soluble ATF5 and of its antiapoptotic target MCL1. We then confirmed the deleterious effect of ATF5 deficiency in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of polyglutamine-induced toxicity. Finally, ATF5 overexpression attenuated polyglutamine-induced apoptosis in a cell model of HD. These results reflect that decreased ATF5 in HD-probably secondary to sequestration into inclusions-renders neurons more vulnerable to mutant huntingtin-induced apoptosis and that ATF5-increasing interventions might have therapeutic potential for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivó H Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Torres-Peraza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Gerència d'Atenció Primària del Servei de Salut de les Illes Balears (IB-SALUT), Palma, Spain
| | - María Santos-Galindo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eloísa Ramos-Morón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - M Rosario Fernández-Fernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Pérez-Álvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José J Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Wang B, Zeng L, Merillat SA, Fischer S, Ochaba J, Thompson LM, Barmada SJ, Scaglione KM, Paulson HL. The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Ube2W regulates solubility of the Huntington's disease protein, huntingtin. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:127-136. [PMID: 28986324 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by a CAG repeat expansion that encodes a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the HD disease protein, huntingtin (HTT). PolyQ expansion promotes misfolding and aggregation of mutant HTT (mHTT) within neurons. The cellular pathways, including ubiquitin-dependent processes, by which mHTT is regulated remain incompletely understood. Ube2W is the only ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2) known to ubiquitinate substrates at their amino (N)-termini, likely favoring substrates with disordered N-termini. By virtue of its N-terminal polyQ domain, HTT has an intrinsically disordered amino terminus. In studies employing immortalized cells, primary neurons and a knock-in (KI) mouse model of HD, we tested the effect of Ube2W deficiency on mHTT levels, aggregation and neurotoxicity. In cultured cells, deficiency of Ube2W activity markedly decreases mHTT aggregate formation and increases the level of soluble monomers, while reducing mHTT-induced cytotoxicity. Consistent with this result, the absence of Ube2W in HdhQ200 KI mice significantly increases levels of soluble monomeric mHTT while reducing insoluble oligomeric species. This study sheds light on the potential function of the non-canonical ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Ube2W, in this polyQ neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Sean A Merillat
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Svetlana Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth M Scaglione
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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19
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Jimenez-Sanchez M, Licitra F, Underwood BR, Rubinsztein DC. Huntington's Disease: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a024240. [PMID: 27940602 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a024240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Despite its well-defined genetic origin, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease are unclear and complex. Here, we review some of the currently known functions of the wild-type huntingtin protein and discuss the deleterious effects that arise from the expansion of the CAG repeats, which are translated into an abnormally long polyglutamine tract. Finally, we outline some of the therapeutic strategies that are currently being pursued to slow down the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Floriana Licitra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin R Underwood
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Beechcroft, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB21 5EF, United Kingdom
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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20
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Sakamaki JI, Wilkinson S, Hahn M, Tasdemir N, O'Prey J, Clark W, Hedley A, Nixon C, Long JS, New M, Van Acker T, Tooze SA, Lowe SW, Dikic I, Ryan KM. Bromodomain Protein BRD4 Is a Transcriptional Repressor of Autophagy and Lysosomal Function. Mol Cell 2017; 66:517-532.e9. [PMID: 28525743 PMCID: PMC5446411 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a membrane-trafficking process that directs degradation of cytoplasmic material in lysosomes. The process promotes cellular fidelity, and while the core machinery of autophagy is known, the mechanisms that promote and sustain autophagy are less well defined. Here we report that the epigenetic reader BRD4 and the methyltransferase G9a repress a TFEB/TFE3/MITF-independent transcriptional program that promotes autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. We show that BRD4 knockdown induces autophagy in vitro and in vivo in response to some, but not all, situations. In the case of starvation, a signaling cascade involving AMPK and histone deacetylase SIRT1 displaces chromatin-bound BRD4, instigating autophagy gene activation and cell survival. Importantly, this program is directed independently and also reciprocally to the growth-promoting properties of BRD4 and is potently repressed by BRD4-NUT, a driver of NUT midline carcinoma. These findings therefore identify a distinct and selective mechanism of autophagy regulation.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/metabolism
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Drosophila melanogaster/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Humans
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Lysosomes/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Aggregates
- Protein Binding
- Proteolysis
- RNA Interference
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 1/genetics
- Sirtuin 1/metabolism
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Sakamaki
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Simon Wilkinson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Marcel Hahn
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nilgun Tasdemir
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jim O'Prey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - William Clark
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jaclyn S Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Maria New
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tim Van Acker
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Scott W Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivan Dikic
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University School of Medicine, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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21
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Bersuker K, Brandeis M, Kopito RR. Protein misfolding specifies recruitment to cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:229-41. [PMID: 27114501 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) containing aggregated disease-associated proteins and polyubiquitin (poly-Ub) conjugates are universal histopathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Ub has been proposed to target proteins to IBs for degradation via autophagy, but the mechanisms that govern recruitment of ubiquitylated proteins to IBs are not well understood. In this paper, we use conditionally destabilized reporters that undergo misfolding and ubiquitylation upon removal of a stabilizing ligand to examine the role of Ub conjugation in targeting proteins to IBs that are composed of an N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin, the causative protein of Huntington's disease. We show that reporters are excluded from IBs in the presence of the stabilizing ligand but are recruited to IBs after ligand washout. However, we find that Ub conjugation is not necessary to target reporters to IBs. We also report that forced Ub conjugation by the Ub fusion degradation pathway is not sufficient for recruitment to IBs. Finally, we find that reporters and Ub conjugates are stable at IBs. These data indicate that compromised folding states, rather than conjugation to Ub, can specify recruitment to IBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Bersuker
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael Brandeis
- Department of Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ron R Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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22
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The life cycle of the 26S proteasome: from birth, through regulation and function, and onto its death. Cell Res 2016; 26:869-85. [PMID: 27444871 PMCID: PMC4973335 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 26S proteasome is a large, ∼2.5 MDa, multi-catalytic ATP-dependent protease complex that serves as the degrading arm of the ubiquitin system, which is the major pathway for regulated degradation of cytosolic, nuclear and membrane proteins in all eukaryotic organisms.
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23
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Bott LC, Salomons FA, Maric D, Liu Y, Merry D, Fischbeck KH, Dantuma NP. The polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor responsible for spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy inhibits the APC/C(Cdh1) ubiquitin ligase complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27703. [PMID: 27312068 PMCID: PMC4911547 DOI: 10.1038/srep27703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion in the androgen receptor (AR) causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), an X-linked neuromuscular disease that is fully manifest only in males. It has been suggested that proteins with expanded polyglutamine tracts impair ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis due to their propensity to aggregate, but recent studies indicate that the overall activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system is preserved in SBMA models. Here we report that AR selectively interferes with the function of the ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which, together with its substrate adaptor Cdh1, is critical for cell cycle arrest and neuronal architecture. We show that both wild-type and mutant AR physically interact with the APC/CCdh1 complex in a ligand-dependent fashion without being targeted for proteasomal degradation. Inhibition of APC/CCdh1 by mutant but not wild-type AR in PC12 cells results in enhanced neurite outgrowth which is typically followed by rapid neurite retraction and mitotic entry. Our data indicate a role of AR in neuronal differentiation through regulation of APC/CCdh1 and suggest abnormal cell cycle reactivation as a pathogenic mechanism in SBMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bott
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neurogenetics Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Florian A Salomons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Diane Merry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kenneth H Fischbeck
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Neurogenetics Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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24
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Comparison of mHTT Antibodies in Huntington's Disease Mouse Models Reveal Specific Binding Profiles and Steady-State Ubiquitin Levels with Disease Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155834. [PMID: 27196694 PMCID: PMC4873140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) cellular pathology is characterised by the aggregation of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein into inclusion bodies. The present paper compared the sensitivity of five widely used mHTT antibodies (S830; MW8; EM48; 1C2; ubiquitin) against mice from five commonly used HD mouse models (R6/1; YAC128; HdhQ92; B6 HdhQ150; B6 x129/Ola HdhQ150) at two ages to determine: the most sensitive antibodies for each model; whether mHTT antibody binding differed depending on aggregation stage (diffuse versus frank inclusion); the role of ubiquitin during aggregation as the ubiquitin proteosome system has been implicated in disease development. The models demonstrated unique profiles of antibody binding even when the models varied only by background strain (HdhQ150). MW8 was highly sensitive for detecting frank inclusions in all lines whereas EM48, ubiquitin and 1C2 demonstrated consistent staining in all models irrespective of age or form of mHTT. MW8 and S830 were the most sensitive antibodies with 1C2 the least. Ubiquitin levels were stable for each model regardless of age. Ubiquitin was particularly sensitive in young YAC128 mice that demonstrate an absence of inclusions until ~12 months of age suggesting high affinity to mHTT in its diffuse form. The data indicate that generalisations across models regarding the quantification of aggregations may not be valid and that mHTT antibody binding is unique to the mouse model and sensitive to changes in inclusion development.
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25
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Lin L, Jin Z, Tan H, Xu Q, Peng T, Li H. Atypical ubiquitination by E3 ligase WWP1 inhibits the proteasome-mediated degradation of mutant huntingtin. Brain Res 2016; 1643:103-12. [PMID: 27107943 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by the expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeats in exon 1 of HD gene encoding huntingtin (Htt), which is characterized by aggregation and formation of mutant Htt containing expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats. Dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HD. As the linkage mediator between ubiquitin and specific target proteins, E3 ubiquitin ligases have been suggested to be involved in mHtt degradation and HD pathology. However, the potential involvement of the E3 ligase WWP1 in HD has not been explored. The present study determined whether WWP1 is involved in the development of HD in both in vivo and in vitro models. The results showed that in contrast to several other E3 ligases, expression of WWP1 is enhanced in mice and N2a cells expressing mutant Htt (160Q) and co-localized with mHtt protein aggregates. In addition, expression of WWP1 positively regulates mutan Htt levels, aggregate formation, and cell toxicity. Further analysis revealed that WWP1 ubiquitinated mHtt at an atypical position of Lys-63, which may have inhibited degradation of mutant Htt through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In conclusion, these results suggested that the E3 ligase WWP1 is involved in the pathogenesis of HD; therefore, it may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Jin
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Tan
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Xu
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Peng
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; (b)Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders of Education Ministry,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; (c)Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Li
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; (b)Key Laboratory for Neurological Disorders of Education Ministry,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China; (c)Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Jiang Y, Chadwick SR, Lajoie P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: The cause and solution to Huntington's disease? Brain Res 2016; 1648:650-657. [PMID: 27040914 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins is a hallmark of many human diseases, including several incurable neurological disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD). In HD, expansion of a polyglutamine stretch within the first exon of the Huntingtin protein (Htt) leads to Htt misfolding, aberrant protein aggregation, and progressive appearance of disease symptoms. Several studies in various organisms (from yeast to humans) have identified the accumulation of misfolded secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER stress) as a crucial determinant of cellular toxicity in HD. In this review, we highlight the recent research linking HD to ER stress. We also discuss how the modulation of signaling pathways responsible for coping with misfolded protein accumulation in the ER may constitute attractive methods to reduce toxicity and identify new therapeutic targets for treatment of HD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Sarah R Chadwick
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Patrick Lajoie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1.
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27
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Choi SI, Kim EK. Autophagy in granular corneal dystrophy type 2. Exp Eye Res 2016; 144:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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28
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Papaevgeniou N, Chondrogianni N. UPS Activation in the Battle Against Aging and Aggregation-Related Diseases: An Extended Review. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1449:1-70. [PMID: 27613027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3756-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process accompanied by gradual increase of damage in all cellular macromolecules, i.e., nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. When the proteostasis network (chaperones and proteolytic systems) cannot reverse the damage load due to its excess as compared to cellular repair/regeneration capacity, failure of homeostasis is established. This failure is a major hallmark of aging and/or aggregation-related diseases. Dysfunction of the major cellular proteolytic machineries, namely the proteasome and the lysosome, has been reported during the progression of aging and aggregation-prone diseases. Therefore, activation of these pathways is considered as a possible preventive or therapeutic approach against the progression of these processes. This chapter focuses on UPS activation studies in cellular and organismal models and the effects of such activation on aging, longevity and disease prevention or reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., Athens, 11635, Greece.
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29
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Dasgupta S, Fishman MA, Mahallati H, Castro LM, Tashima AK, Ferro ES, Fricker LD. Reduced Levels of Proteasome Products in a Mouse Striatal Cell Model of Huntington's Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145333. [PMID: 26691307 PMCID: PMC4686214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is the result of a long polyglutamine tract in the gene encoding huntingtin protein, which in turn causes a large number of cellular changes and ultimately results in neurodegeneration of striatal neurons. Although many theories have been proposed, the precise mechanism by which the polyglutamine expansion causes cellular changes is not certain. Some evidence supports the hypothesis that the long polyglutamine tract inhibits the proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in protein degradation. However, other studies report normal proteasome function in cells expressing long polyglutamine tracts. The controversy may be due to the methods used to examine proteasome activity in each of the previous studies. In the present study, we measured proteasome function by examining levels of endogenous peptides that are products of proteasome cleavage. Peptide levels were compared among mouse striatal cell lines expressing either 7 glutamines (STHdhQ7/Q7) or 111 glutamines in the huntingtin protein, either heterozygous (STHdhQ7/Q111) or homozygous (STHdhQ111/Q111). Both of the cell lines expressing huntingtin with 111 glutamines showed a large reduction in nearly all of the peptides detected in the cells, relative to levels of these peptides in cells homozygous for 7 glutamines. Treatment of STHdhQ7/Q7 cells with proteasome inhibitors epoxomicin or bortezomib also caused a large reduction in most of these peptides, suggesting that they are products of proteasome-mediated cleavage of cellular proteins. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that proteasome function is impaired by the expression of huntingtin protein containing long polyglutamine tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Fishman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
| | - Hana Mahallati
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
| | - Leandro M. Castro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Experimental Campus on the São Paulo Coast, São Vicente, 11330–900, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre K. Tashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 04023–901, SP, Brazil
| | - Emer S. Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508–000, SP, Brazil
| | - Lloyd D. Fricker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Kim EK, Lee H, Choi SI. Molecular Pathogenesis of Corneal Dystrophies: Schnyder Dystrophy and Granular Corneal Dystrophy type 2. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:99-115. [PMID: 26310152 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) provides updated data to ophthalmologists by incorporating traditional definitions of corneal dystrophies with new genetic, clinical, and pathologic information. Recent advances in the genetics of corneal dystrophies facilitate more precise classifications and elucidate each classification's molecular mechanisms. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms and underlying pathogenic mechanisms have remained obscure, with the exception of Schnyder corneal dystrophy (CD), granular CD type 2 (GCD2), and Fuch's endothelial CD. Here, we review the pathogenesis of Schnyder CD and GCD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Kweon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus Project for Medical Science and Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vision Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Choi
- Corneal Dystrophy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Zhu X, Zhang L, Kao YT, Xu F, Min W. A tunable fluorescent timer method for imaging spatial-temporal protein dynamics using light-driven photoconvertible protein. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:226-232. [PMID: 24488612 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellular function is largely determined by protein behaviors occurring in both space and time. While regular fluorescent proteins can only report spatial locations of the target inside cells, fluorescent timers have emerged as an invaluable tool for revealing coupled spatial-temporal protein dynamics. Existing fluorescent timers are all based on chemical maturation. Herein we propose a light-driven timer concept that could report relative protein ages at specific sub-cellular locations, by weakly but chronically illuminating photoconvertible fluorescent proteins inside cells. This new method exploits light, instead of oxygen, as the driving force. Therefore its timing speed is optically tunable by adjusting the photoconverting laser intensity. We characterized this light-driven timer method both in vitro and in vivo and applied it to image spatiotemporal distributions of several proteins with different lifetimes. This novel timer method thus offers a flexible "ruler" for studying temporal hierarchy of spatially ordered processes with exquisite spatial-temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. The most significant risk factor for the development of these disorders is aging, which is associated with a progressive decline in UPS activity and the accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins. To date, no therapies have been developed that can specifically up-regulate this system. RECENT ADVANCES In the neurodegenerative brain, dysfunction of the UPS has been associated with the deposition of ubiquitinated protein aggregates and widespread disruption of the proteostasis network. Recent research has identified further evidence of impairment in substrate ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, which could contribute to the loss of cellular proteostasis in neurodegenerative disease. Novel strategies for activation of the UPS by genetic manipulation and treatment with synthetic compounds have also recently been identified. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss the specific roles of the UPS in the healthy central nervous system and establish how dysfunctional components can contribute to neurotoxicity in the context of disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Knowledge of the UPS components that are specifically or preferentially involved in neurodegenerative disease will be critical in the development of targeted therapies which aim at limiting the accumulation of misfolded proteins without gross disturbance of this major proteolytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McKinnon
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology , London, United Kingdom
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33
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Ortega Z, Lucas JJ. Ubiquitin-proteasome system involvement in Huntington's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:77. [PMID: 25324717 PMCID: PMC4179678 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a genetic autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the huntingtin (htt) gene. This triplet expansion encodes a polyglutamine stretch (polyQ) in the N-terminus of the high molecular weight (348-kDa) and ubiquitously expressed protein htt. Normal individuals have between 6 and 35 CAG triplets, while expansions longer than 40 repeats lead to HD. The onset and severity of the disease depend on the length of the polyQ tract: the longer the polyglutamine stretch (polyQ) is, the earlier the disease begins and the more severe the symptoms are. One of the main histopathological hallmarks of HD is the presence of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusion bodies, whose prominent and invariant feature is the presence of ubiquitin (Ub); therefore, they can be detected with anti-ubiquitin and anti-proteasome antibodies. This, together with the observation that mutations in components of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) give rise to some neurodegenerative diseases, suggests that UPS impairment may be causative of HD. Even though the link between disrupted Ub homeostasis and protein aggregation to HD is undisputed, the functional significance of these correlations and their mechanistic implications remains unresolved. Moreover, there is no consistent evidence documenting an accompanying decrease in levels of free Ub or disruption of Ub pool dynamics in neurodegenerative disease or models thus suggesting that the Ub-conjugate accumulation may be benign and just underlie lesion in 26S function. In this chapter we will elaborate on the different studies that have been performed using different experimental approaches, in order to shed light to this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Ortega
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose J Lucas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativa (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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34
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Mahogunin ring finger 1 suppresses misfolded polyglutamine aggregation and cytotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1472-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Dantuma NP, Bott LC. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in neurodegenerative diseases: precipitating factor, yet part of the solution. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:70. [PMID: 25132814 PMCID: PMC4117186 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases based on the presence of deposits consisting of ubiquitylated proteins in affected neurons. It has been postulated that aggregation-prone proteins associated with these disorders, such as α-synuclein, β-amyloid peptide, and polyglutamine proteins, compromise UPS function, and delay the degradation of other proteasome substrates. Many of these substrates play important regulatory roles in signaling, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis, and their inadvertent stabilization due to an overloaded and improperly functioning UPS may thus be responsible for cellular demise in neurodegeneration. Over the past decade, numerous studies have addressed the UPS dysfunction hypothesis using various model systems and techniques that differ in their readout and sensitivity. While an inhibitory effect of some disease proteins on the UPS has been demonstrated, increasing evidence attests that the UPS remains operative in many disease models, which opens new possibilities for treatment. In this review, we will discuss the paradigm shift that repositioned the UPS from being a prime suspect in the pathophysiology of neurodegeneration to an attractive therapeutic target that can be harnessed to accelerate the clearance of disease-linked proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico P Dantuma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura C Bott
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden ; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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36
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Fuxreiter M, Tóth-Petróczy Á, Kraut DA, Matouschek AT, Lim RYH, Xue B, Kurgan L, Uversky VN. Disordered proteinaceous machines. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6806-43. [PMID: 24702702 PMCID: PMC4350607 DOI: 10.1021/cr4007329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE
Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Tóth-Petróczy
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniel A. Kraut
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 East Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Andreas T. Matouschek
- Section
of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Cellular &
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas
at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Roderick Y. H. Lim
- Biozentrum
and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University
of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse
70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bin Xue
- Department of Cell Biology,
Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College
of Fine Arts and Sciences, and Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health
Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lukasz Kurgan
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Cell Biology,
Microbiology and Molecular Biology, College
of Fine Arts and Sciences, and Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health
Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute
for Biological Instrumentation, Russian
Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region 119991, Russia
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Schipper-Krom S, Juenemann K, Jansen AH, Wiemhoefer A, van den Nieuwendijk R, Smith DL, Hink MA, Bates GP, Overkleeft H, Ovaa H, Reits E. Dynamic recruitment of active proteasomes into polyglutamine initiated inclusion bodies. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:151-9. [PMID: 24291262 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease are hallmarked by neuronal intracellular inclusion body formation. Whether proteasomes are irreversibly recruited into inclusion bodies in these protein misfolding disorders is a controversial subject. In addition, it has been proposed that the proteasomes may become clogged by the aggregated protein fragments, leading to impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Here, we show by fluorescence pulse-chase experiments in living cells that proteasomes are dynamically and reversibly recruited into inclusion bodies. As these recruited proteasomes remain catalytically active and accessible to substrates, our results challenge the concept of proteasome sequestration and impairment in Huntington's disease, and support the reported absence of proteasome impairment in mouse models of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schipper-Krom
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Juenemann
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Anne H Jansen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Wiemhoefer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van den Nieuwendijk
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Donna L Smith
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Hink
- Section Molecular Cytology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gillian P Bates
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, United Kingdom
| | - Hermen Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Department of Cell Biology II, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
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38
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Margulis BA, Vigont V, Lazarev VF, Kaznacheyeva EV, Guzhova IV. Pharmacological protein targets in polyglutamine diseases: mutant polypeptides and their interactors. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1997-2007. [PMID: 23684638 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are a group of pathologies affecting different parts of the brain and causing dysfunction and atrophy of certain neural cell populations. These diseases stem from mutations in various cellular genes that result in the synthesis of proteins with extended polyglutamine tracts. In particular, this concerns huntingtin, ataxins, and androgen receptor. These mutant proteins can form oligomers, aggregates, and, finally, aggresomes with distinct functions and different degrees of cytotoxicity. In this review, we analyze the effects of different forms of polyQ proteins on other proteins and their functions, which are considered as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Margulis
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky pr., 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
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39
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Rué L, López-Soop G, Gelpi E, Martínez-Vicente M, Alberch J, Pérez-Navarro E. Brain region- and age-dependent dysregulation of p62 and NBR1 in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 52:219-28. [PMID: 23295856 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is characterized by the formation of protein aggregates, which can be degraded by macroautophagy. Here, we studied protein levels and intracellular distribution of p62 and NBR1, two macroautophagy cargo receptors, during disease progression. In R6/1 mice, p62 and NBR1 protein levels were decreased in all brain regions analyzed early in the disease, whereas at late stages they accumulated in the striatum and hippocampus, but not in the cortex. The accumulation of p62, but not NBR1, occurred in neuronal nuclei, where it co-localized with mutant huntingtin inclusions, both in R6/1 and Huntington's disease patients. Moreover, exportin-1 was selectively decreased in old R6/1 mice brain, and could worsen p62 nuclear accumulation. In conclusion, p62 interacts with mutant huntingtin and is retained in the nucleus along the progression of the disease, mostly in striatal and hippocampal neurons. Thus, cytoplasmic NBR1 might be important to maintain basal levels of selective macroautophagy in these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rué
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Jadhav S, Zilka N, Novak M. Protein truncation as a common denominator of human neurodegenerative foldopathies. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:516-32. [PMID: 23516100 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative foldopathies are characterized by aberrant folding of diseased modified proteins, which are major constituents of the intracellular and extracellular lesions. These lesions correlate with the cognitive and/or motor impairment seen in these diseases. The majority of the disease modified proteins in neurodegenerative foldopathies belongs to the group of proteins termed as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Several independent studies have showed that abnormal protein processing constitutes the key pathological feature of these disorders. The current review focuses on protein truncation as a common denominator of neurodegenerative foldopathies, which is considered to be the major driving force behind the pathological metamorphosis of brain IDPs. The aim of the review is to emphasize the key role of the protein truncation in the pathogenic pathways of neurodegenerative diseases. A deeper understanding of the complex downstream processing of the IDPs, resulting in the generation of pathologically modified proteins might be a prerequisite for the successful therapeutic strategies of several fatal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Jadhav
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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41
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The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Huntington's Disease: Are Proteasomes Impaired, Initiators of Disease, or Coming to the Rescue? Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:837015. [PMID: 23050151 PMCID: PMC3462393 DOI: 10.1155/2012/837015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein. A prominent hallmark of the disease is the presence of intracellular aggregates initiated by N-terminal huntingtin fragments containing the polyglutamine repeat, which recruit components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. While it is commonly thought that proteasomes are irreversibly sequestered into these aggregates leading to impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the data on proteasomal impairment in Huntington's disease is contradictory. In addition, it has been suggested that proteasomes are unable to actually cleave polyglutamine sequences in vitro, thereby releasing aggregation-prone polyglutamine peptides in cells. Here, we discuss how the proteasome is involved in the various stages of polyglutamine aggregation in Huntington's disease, and how alterations in activity may improve clearance of mutant huntingtin fragments.
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42
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Shim SM, Lee WJ, Kim Y, Chang JW, Song S, Jung YK. Role of S5b/PSMD5 in proteasome inhibition caused by TNF-α/NFκB in higher eukaryotes. Cell Rep 2012; 2:603-15. [PMID: 22921402 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for maintaining protein homeostasis. However, proteasome dysregulation in chronic diseases is poorly understood. Through genome-wide cell-based screening using 5,500 cDNAs, a signaling pathway leading to NFκB activation was selected as an inhibitor of 26S proteasome. TNF-α increased S5b (HGNC symbol PSMD5; hereafter S5b/PSMD5) expression via NFκB, and the surplus S5b/PSMD5 directly inhibited 26S proteasome assembly and activity. Downregulation of S5b/PSMD5 abolished TNF-α-induced proteasome inhibition. TNF-α enhanced the interaction of S5b/PSMD5 with S7/PSMC2 in nonproteasome complexes, and interference of this interaction rescued TNF-α-induced proteasome inhibition. Transgenic mice expressing S5b/PSMD5 exhibited a reduced life span and premature onset of aging-related phenotypes, including reduced proteasome activity in their tissues. Conversely, S5b/PSMD5 deficiency in Drosophila melanogaster ameliorated the tau rough eye phenotype, enhanced proteasome activity, and extended the life span of tau flies. These results reveal the critical role of S5b/PSMD5 in negative regulation of proteasome by TNF-α/NFκB and provide insights into proteasome inhibition in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Shim
- Global Research Laboratory, School of Biological Science/Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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43
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Kraut DA, Israeli E, Schrader EK, Patil A, Nakai K, Nanavati D, Inobe T, Matouschek A. Sequence- and species-dependence of proteasomal processivity. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1444-53. [PMID: 22716912 DOI: 10.1021/cb3001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is the degradation machine at the center of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and controls the concentrations of many proteins in eukaryotes. It is highly processive so that substrates are degraded completely into small peptides, avoiding the formation of potentially toxic fragments. Nonetheless, some proteins are incompletely degraded, indicating the existence of factors that influence proteasomal processivity. We have quantified proteasomal processivity and determined the underlying rates of substrate degradation and release. We find that processivity increases with species complexity over a 5-fold range between yeast and mammalian proteasome, and the effect is due to slower but more persistent degradation by proteasomes from more complex organisms. A sequence stretch that has been implicated in causing incomplete degradation, the glycine-rich region of the NFκB subunit p105, reduces the proteasome's ability to unfold its substrate, and polyglutamine repeats such as found in Huntington's disease reduce the processivity of the proteasome in a length-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Kraut
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085,
United States
| | - Eitan Israeli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
| | - Erin K. Schrader
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
| | - Ashwini Patil
- Human Genome
Center, The Institute
of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Nakai
- Human Genome
Center, The Institute
of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Proteomics Core Facility, Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tomonao Inobe
- Frontier Research Core for Life
Sciences, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku,
Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Andreas Matouschek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208,
United States
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44
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Baptista MS, Duarte CB, Maciel P. Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in nervous system function and disease: using C. elegans as a dissecting tool. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2691-715. [PMID: 22382927 PMCID: PMC11115168 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its central roles in protein quality control, regulation of cell cycle, intracellular signaling, DNA damage response and transcription regulation, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays specific roles in the nervous system, where it contributes to precise connectivity through development, and later assures functionality by regulating a wide spectrum of neuron-specific cellular processes. Aberrations in this system have been implicated in the etiology of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we provide an updated view on the UPS and highlight recent findings concerning its role in normal and diseased nervous systems. We discuss the advantages of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans as a tool to unravel the major unsolved questions concerning this biochemical pathway and its involvement in nervous system function and dysfunction, and expose the new possibilities, using state-of-the-art techniques, to assess UPS function using this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio S Baptista
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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45
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Hipp MS, Patel CN, Bersuker K, Riley BE, Kaiser SE, Shaler TA, Brandeis M, Kopito RR. Indirect inhibition of 26S proteasome activity in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J Cell Biol 2012; 196:573-87. [PMID: 22371559 PMCID: PMC3307690 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathognomonic accumulation of ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates in human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease, suggests that highly aggregated proteins interfere with 26S proteasome activity. In this paper, we examine possible mechanisms by which an N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin (htt; N-htt) inhibits 26S function. We show that ubiquitinated N-htt-whether aggregated or not-did not choke or clog the proteasome. Both Ub-dependent and Ub-independent proteasome reporters accumulated when the concentration of mutant N-htt exceeded a solubility threshold, indicating that stabilization of 26S substrates is not linked to impaired Ub conjugation. Above this solubility threshold, mutant N-htt was rapidly recruited to cytoplasmic inclusions that were initially devoid of Ub. Although synthetically polyubiquitinated N-htt competed with other Ub conjugates for access to the proteasome, the vast majority of mutant N-htt in cells was not Ub conjugated. Our data confirm that proteasomes are not directly impaired by aggregated N-terminal fragments of htt; instead, our data suggest that Ub accumulation is linked to impaired function of the cellular proteostasis network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Hipp
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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46
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Differential degradation of full-length and cleaved ataxin-7 fragments in a novel stable inducible SCA7 model. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 47:219-33. [PMID: 22367614 PMCID: PMC3360856 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is one of nine neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats, and a common toxic gain-of-function mechanism has been proposed. Proteolytic cleavage of several polyglutamine proteins has been identified and suggested to modulate the polyglutamine toxicity. In this study, we show that full-length and cleaved fragments of the SCA7 disease protein ataxin-7 (ATXN7) are differentially degraded. We found that the ubiquitin–proteosome system (UPS) was essential for the degradation of full-length endogenous ATXN7 or transgenic full-length ATXN7 with a normal or expanded glutamine repeat in both HEK 293T and stable PC12 cells. However, a similar contribution by UPS and autophagy was found for the degradation of proteolytically cleaved ATXN7 fragments. Furthermore, in our novel stable inducible PC12 model, induction of mutant ATXN7 expression resulted in toxicity and this toxicity was worsened by inhibition of either UPS or autophagy. In contrast, pharmacological activation of autophagy could ameliorate the ATXN7-induced toxicity. Based on our findings, we propose that both UPS and autophagy are important for the reduction of mutant ataxin-7-induced toxicity, and enhancing ATXN7 clearance through autophagy could be used as a potential therapeutic strategy in SCA7.
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47
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Uchiki T, Weikel KA, Jiao W, Shang F, Caceres A, Pawlak D, Handa JT, Brownlee M, Nagaraj R, Taylor A. Glycation-altered proteolysis as a pathobiologic mechanism that links dietary glycemic index, aging, and age-related disease (in nondiabetics). Aging Cell 2012; 11:1-13. [PMID: 21967227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies indicate that the risks for major age-related debilities including coronary heart disease, diabetes, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are diminished in people who consume lower glycemic index (GI) diets, but lack of a unifying physiobiochemical mechanism that explains the salutary effect is a barrier to implementing dietary practices that capture the benefits of consuming lower GI diets. We established a simple murine model of age-related retinal lesions that precede AMD (hereafter called AMD-like lesions). We found that consuming a higher GI diet promotes these AMD-like lesions. However, mice that consumed the lower vs. higher GI diet had significantly reduced frequency (P < 0.02) and severity (P < 0.05) of hallmark age-related retinal lesions such as basal deposits. Consuming higher GI diets was associated with > 3 fold higher accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in retina, lens, liver, and brain in the age-matched mice, suggesting that higher GI diets induce systemic glycative stress that is etiologic for lesions. Data from live cell and cell-free systems show that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and lysosome/autophagy pathway [lysosomal proteolytic system (LPS)] are involved in the degradation of AGEs. Glycatively modified substrates were degraded significantly slower than unmodified substrates by the UPS. Compounding the detriments of glycative stress, AGE modification of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes impaired UPS activities. Furthermore, ubiquitin conjugates and AGEs accumulate and are found in lysosomes when cells are glycatively stressed or the UPS or LPS/autophagy are inhibited, indicating that the UPS and LPS interact with one another to degrade AGEs. Together, these data explain why AGEs accumulate as glycative stress increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Uchiki
- Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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48
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Nagai Y, Nukina N. [Selective degradation of expanded polyglutamine proteins by their specific recognition with QBP1]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2012; 51:1108-10. [PMID: 22277499 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.51.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation have been recognized as a common molecular pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and the polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. The polyQ diseases, including Huntington's disease and various spinocerebellar ataxias, are caused by abnormal expansions of the polyQ stretch (>35-40) within disease-causative proteins. Recently, defects in protein degradation in the brain have been shown to cause neurodegeneration in genetically-engineered mice, highlighting two important roles of protein degradation systems in neurodegenerative diseases; 1) their dysfunction in the pathogenesis and 2) their activation as a therapy. However, it is indispensable to eliminate only the pathogenic proteins to avoid deleterious side effects. Aiming to selectively degrade the expanded polyQ proteins, we employed QBP1, a peptide which specifically binds to the expanded polyQ stretch. We designed a chimeric protein with the Hsc70 binding motif, a signal sequence for chaperone-mediated autophagy, fused to QBP1 (Hsc70BM-QBP1), and found that Hsc70BM-QBP1 accelerates the selective degradation of expanded polyQ proteins in cell culture. Gene therapy using a viral vector expressing Hsc70BM-QBP1 effectively ameliorates the motor dysfunction and premature death in polyQ disease model mice. We propose that our therapeutic strategy to selectively degrade the pathogenic proteins can also be applied to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
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49
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Fecto F, Siddique T. UBQLN2/P62 cellular recycling pathways in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:157-62. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Arrasate M, Finkbeiner S. Protein aggregates in Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2011; 238:1-11. [PMID: 22200539 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal motor movements, personality changes, and early death. HD is caused by a mutation in the IT-15 gene that expands abnormally the number of CAG nucleotide repeats. As a result, the translated protein huntingtin contains disease-causing expansions of glutamines (polyQ) that make it prone to misfold and aggregate. While the gene and mutations that cause HD are known, the mechanisms underlying HD pathogenesis are not. Here we will review the state of knowledge of HD, focusing especially on a hallmark pathological feature-intracellular aggregates of mutant Htt called inclusion bodies (IBs). We will describe the role of IBs in the disease. We speculate that IB formation could be just one component of a broader coping response triggered by misfolded Htt whose efficacy may depend on the extent to which it clears toxic forms of mutant Htt. We will describe how IB formation might be regulated and which factors could determine different coping responses in different subsets of neurons. A differential regulation of IB formation as a function of the cellular context could, eventually, explain part of the neuronal vulnerability observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Arrasate
- Division of Neuroscience, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, E-31008, Spain.
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