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Wu R, Lim MS. Updates in pathobiological aspects of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1241532. [PMID: 37810974 PMCID: PMC10556522 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1241532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) encompass several distinct subtypes of mature T-cell neoplasms that are unified by the expression of CD30 and anaplastic cytomorphology. Identification of the cytogenetic abnormality t(2;5)(p23;q35) led to the subclassification of ALCLs into ALK+ ALCL and ALK- ALCL. According to the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours as well as the International Consensus Classification (ICC) of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms, ALCLs encompass ALK+ ALCL, ALK- ALCL, and breast implant-associated ALCL (BI-ALCL). Approximately 80% of systemic ALCLs harbor rearrangement of ALK, with NPM1 being the most common partner gene, although many other fusion partner genes have been identified to date. ALK- ALCLs represent a heterogeneous group of lymphomas with distinct clinical, immunophenotypic, and genetic features. A subset harbor recurrent rearrangement of genes, including TYK2, DUSP22, and TP63, with a proportion for which genetic aberrations have yet to be characterized. Although primary cutaneous ALCL (pc-ALCL) is currently classified as a subtype of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, due to the large anaplastic and pleomorphic morphology together with CD30 expression in the malignant cells, this review also discusses the pathobiological features of this disease entity. Genomic and proteomic studies have contributed significant knowledge elucidating novel signaling pathways that are implicated in ALCL pathogenesis and represent candidate targets of therapeutic interventions. This review aims to offer perspectives on recent insights regarding the pathobiological and genetic features of ALCL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan S. Lim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Ducray SP, Natarajan K, Garland GD, Turner SD, Egger G. The Transcriptional Roles of ALK Fusion Proteins in Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081074. [PMID: 31366041 PMCID: PMC6721376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a tyrosine kinase involved in neuronal and gut development. Initially discovered in T cell lymphoma, ALK is frequently affected in diverse cancers by oncogenic translocations. These translocations involve different fusion partners that facilitate multimerisation and autophosphorylation of ALK, resulting in a constitutively active tyrosine kinase with oncogenic potential. ALK fusion proteins are involved in diverse cellular signalling pathways, such as Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Janus protein tyrosine kinase (JAK)/STAT. Furthermore, ALK is implicated in epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and miRNA expression, and an interaction with nuclear proteins has been described. Through these mechanisms, ALK fusion proteins enable a transcriptional programme that drives the pathogenesis of a range of ALK-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Ducray
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | | | - Gavin D Garland
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB20QQ, UK.
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Hassler MR, Pulverer W, Lakshminarasimhan R, Redl E, Hacker J, Garland GD, Merkel O, Schiefer AI, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Kenner L, Weisenberger DJ, Weinhaeusel A, Turner SD, Egger G. Insights into the Pathogenesis of Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma through Genome-wide DNA Methylation Profiling. Cell Rep 2017; 17:596-608. [PMID: 27705804 PMCID: PMC6066089 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns in malignant cells allow insight into tumor evolution and development and can be used for disease classification. Here, we describe the genome-wide DNA methylation signatures of NPM-ALK-positive (ALK+) and NPM-ALK-negative (ALK−) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). We find that ALK+ and ALK− ALCL share common DNA methylation changes for genes involved in T cell differentiation and immune response, including TCR and CTLA-4, without an ALK-specific impact on tumor DNA methylation in gene promoters. Furthermore, we uncover a close relationship between global ALCL DNA methylation patterns and those in distinct thymic developmental stages and observe tumor-specific DNA hypomethylation in regulatory regions that are enriched for conserved transcription factor binding motifs such as AP1. Our results indicate similarity between ALCL tumor cells and thymic T cell subsets and a direct relationship between ALCL oncogenic signaling and DNA methylation through transcription factor induction and occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Hassler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Pulverer
- Health & Environment Department, Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ranjani Lakshminarasimhan
- Department of Urology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Elisa Redl
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Hacker
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gavin D Garland
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Andreas Weinhaeusel
- Health & Environment Department, Molecular Diagnostics, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Suzanne D Turner
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gerda Egger
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; European Research Initiative on ALK-Related Malignancies (ERIA), Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Hoareau-Aveilla C, Meggetto F. Crosstalk between microRNA and DNA Methylation Offers Potential Biomarkers and Targeted Therapies in ALK-Positive Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9080100. [PMID: 28771164 PMCID: PMC5575603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9080100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) has provided new and powerful tools for studying the mechanism, diagnosis and treatment of human cancers. The down-regulation of tumor suppressive miRNA by hypermethylation of CpG island (CpG is shorthand for 5′-C-phosphate-G-3′, that is, cytosine and guanine separated by only one phosphate) is emerging as a common hallmark of cancer and appears to be involved in drug resistance. This review discusses the role of miRNA and DNA methylation in drug resistance mechanisms and highlights their potential as anti-cancer therapies in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK)-positive lymphomas. These are a sub-type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas that predominantly affect children and young adults and are characterized by the expression of the nucleophosmin (NPM)/ALK chimeric oncoprotein. Dysregulation of miRNA expression and regulation has been shown to affect several signaling pathways in ALK carcinogenesis and control tumor growth, both in cell lines and mouse models. These data suggest that the modulation of DNA methylation and/or the expression of these miRNA could serve as new biomarkers and have potential therapeutic applications for ALK-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Hoareau-Aveilla
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.
| | - Fabienne Meggetto
- Inserm, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, UMR1037 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- CNRS, ERL5294 CRCT, F-31000 Toulouse, France.
- Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer-TOUCAN, F-31024 Toulouse, France.
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5
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Stephens KE, Levine JD, Aouizerat BE, Paul SM, Abrams G, Conley YP, Miaskowski C. Associations between genetic and epigenetic variations in cytokine genes and mild persistent breast pain in women following breast cancer surgery. Cytokine 2017; 99:203-213. [PMID: 28764974 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Persistent pain following breast cancer surgery is a significant problem. Both inherited and acquired mechanisms of inflammation appear to play a role in the development and maintenance of persistent pain. In this longitudinal study, growth mixture modeling was used to identify persistent breast pain phenotypes based on pain assessments obtained prior to and monthly for 6months following breast cancer surgery. Associations between the "no pain" and "mild pain" phenotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 15 cytokine genes were evaluated. The methylation status of the CpG sites found in the promoters of genes associated with pain group membership was determined using bisulfite sequencing. In the multivariate analysis, three SNPs (i.e., interleukin 6 (IL6) rs2069840, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) rs4073, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) rs1800610) and two TNF CpG sites (i.e., c.-350C, c.-344C) were associated with pain group membership. These findings suggest that variations in IL6, CXCL8, and TNF are associated with the development and maintenance of mild persistent breast pain. CpG methylation within the TNF promoter may provide an additional mechanism through which TNF alters the risk for mild persistent breast pain after breast cancer surgery. These genetic and epigenetic variations may help to identify individuals who are predisposed to the development of mild levels of persistent breast pain following breast cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon D Levine
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Steven M Paul
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gary Abrams
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yvette P Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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6
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Nellore A, Jaffe AE, Fortin JP, Alquicira-Hernández J, Collado-Torres L, Wang S, Phillips RA, Karbhari N, Hansen KD, Langmead B, Leek JT. Human splicing diversity and the extent of unannotated splice junctions across human RNA-seq samples on the Sequence Read Archive. Genome Biol 2016; 17:266. [PMID: 28038678 PMCID: PMC5203714 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene annotations, such as those in GENCODE, are derived primarily from alignments of spliced cDNA sequences and protein sequences. The impact of RNA-seq data on annotation has been confined to major projects like ENCODE and Illumina Body Map 2.0. RESULTS We aligned 21,504 Illumina-sequenced human RNA-seq samples from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) to the human genome and compared detected exon-exon junctions with junctions in several recent gene annotations. We found 56,861 junctions (18.6%) in at least 1000 samples that were not annotated, and their expression associated with tissue type. Junctions well expressed in individual samples tended to be annotated. Newer samples contributed few novel well-supported junctions, with the vast majority of detected junctions present in samples before 2013. We compiled junction data into a resource called intropolis available at http://intropolis.rail.bio . We used this resource to search for a recently validated isoform of the ALK gene and characterized the potential functional implications of unannotated junctions with publicly available TRAP-seq data. CONCLUSIONS Considering only the variation contained in annotation may suffice if an investigator is interested only in well-expressed transcript isoforms. However, genes that are not generally well expressed and nonetheless present in a small but significant number of samples in the SRA are likelier to be incompletely annotated. The rate at which evidence for novel junctions has been added to the SRA has tapered dramatically, even to the point of an asymptote. Now is perhaps an appropriate time to update incomplete annotations to include splicing present in the now-stable snapshot provided by the SRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Nellore
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Fortin
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José Alquicira-Hernández
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Undergraduate Program in Genome Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Collado-Torres
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Siruo Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Centre College, Danville, KY, USA
| | - Robert A Phillips
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD, USA
| | - Nishika Karbhari
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kasper D Hansen
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ben Langmead
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jeffrey T Leek
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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7
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Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase: the ultimate oncogene and therapeutic target. Blood 2016; 129:823-831. [PMID: 27879258 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-717793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase physiologically expressed by fetal neural cells. However, aberrantly expressed ALK is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse malignancies, including distinct types of lymphoma, lung carcinoma, and neuroblastoma. The aberrant ALK expression in nonneural cells results from chromosomal translocations that create novel fusion proteins. These protein hybrids compose the proximal part of a partner gene, including its promoter region, and the distal part of ALK, including the coding sequence for the entire kinase domain. ALK was first identified in a subset of T-cell lymphomas with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) morphology (ALK+ ALCL), the vast majority of which harbor the well-characterized nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein. NPM-ALK co-opts several intracellular signal transduction pathways, foremost being the STAT3 pathway, normally activated by cytokines from the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family to promote cell proliferation and to inhibit apoptosis. Many genes and proteins modulated by NPM-ALK are also involved in evasion of antitumor immune response, protection from hypoxia, angiogenesis, DNA repair, cell migration and invasiveness, and cell metabolism. In addition, NPM-ALK uses epigenetic silencing mechanisms to downregulate tumor suppressor genes to maintain its own expression. Importantly, NPM-ALK is capable of transforming primary human CD4+ T cells into immortalized cell lines indistinguishable from patient-derived ALK+ ALCL. Preliminary clinical studies indicate that inhibition of NPM-ALK induces long-lasting complete remissions in a large subset of heavily pretreated adult patients and the vast majority of children with high-stage ALK+ ALCL. Combining ALK inhibition with other novel therapeutic modalities should prove even more effective.
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8
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Different role of tumor necrosis factor-α polymorphism in non-Hodgkin lymphomas among Caucasian and Asian populations: a meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7684-98. [PMID: 24857911 PMCID: PMC4057699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is an immunoregulatory cytokine involved in B- and T-cell function, and also plays an important role in inflammation and cancer. TNF-α-308G>A has been associated with constitutively elevated TNF-α expression. Several studies have reported the association between the TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) risk, however, results are still inconsistent. To solve these conflicts, we conducted the first meta-analysis to assess the effect of TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism on the risk of NHL and various subtypes (additive model) including 10,619 cases and 12,977 controls in Caucasian and Asian populations. Our meta-analysis indicated that TNF-α-308G>A polymorphism is not associated with NHL risk when pooling all studies together (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 0.92-1.23, p=0.413). In stratified analyses, we found TNF-α-308A allele was significantly associated with higher risk of NHL, B-cell lymphomas (BCL), T-cell lymphomas (TCL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) in Caucasians (OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.06-1.40, p=0.007; OR=1.18, 95% CI: 1.03-1.34, p=0.014; OR=1.20, 95% CI: 1.01-1.42, p=0.040; OR=1.21, 95% CI: 1.11-1.32, p<0.001, respectively). Interestingly, it was associated with decreased risk of NHL, BCL and DLBCL in Asians (OR=0.75, 95% CI: 0.66-0.86, p<0.001; OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.52-0.94, p=0.018; OR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.86, p=0.001). These findings also suggest TNF-α might play a distinct role in pathogenesis of NHL in different populations.
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9
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Hassler MR, Klisaroska A, Kollmann K, Steiner I, Bilban M, Schiefer AI, Sexl V, Egger G. Antineoplastic activity of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Biochimie 2012; 94:2297-307. [PMID: 22687603 PMCID: PMC3480637 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism establishing long-term gene silencing during development and cell commitment, which is maintained in subsequent cell generations. Aberrant DNA methylation is found at gene promoters in most cancers and can lead to silencing of tumor suppressor genes. The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) is able to reactivate genes silenced by DNA methylation and has been shown to be a very potent epigenetic drug in several hematological malignancies. In this report, we demonstrate that 5-aza-CdR exhibits high antineoplastic activity against anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a rare CD30 positive non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T-cell origin. Low dose treatment of ALCL cell lines and xenografted tumors causes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. This is also reflected in genome-wide expression analyses, where genes related to apoptosis and cell death are amongst the most affected targets of 5-aza-CdR. Furthermore, we observed demethylation and re-expression of p16INK4A after drug administration and senescence associated β-galactosidase activity. Thus, our data provide evidence that 5-aza-CdR is highly efficient against ALCL and warrants further clinical evaluation for future therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Hassler
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Kim JH, Kang S, Kim TW, Yin L, Liu R, Kim SJ. Expression profiling after induction of demethylation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells identifies involvement of TNF-α mediated cancer pathways. Mol Cells 2012; 33:127-33. [PMID: 22228181 PMCID: PMC3887717 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic methylation change is a major process that occurs during cancer development. Even though many tumor-related genes have been identified based on their relationship between methylation and expression, few studies have been conducted to investigate the relevant biological pathways involved in these changes. To identify essential pathways likely to be affected by methylation in breast cancer, we examined a pool of genes in which expression was upregulated after induction of demethylation by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Aza) in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Genome-wide demethylation was confirmed by monitoring the demethylation of a previously known gene, SULT1A1. Overall, 210 and 213 genes were found to be upregulated and downregulated (fold change ≥ 2), respectively, in common in cells treated with 5 and 10 μM of Aza. Network analysis of these 423 genes with altered expression patterns identified the involvement of a cancer related network of genes that were heavily regulated by TNF-α in breast tumorigenesis. Our results suggest that epigenetic dysregulation of cellular processes relevant to TNF-α-dependent apoptosis may be intimately involved in tumorigenesis in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715,
Korea
| | - Seongeun Kang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715,
Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715,
Korea
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009,
China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009,
China
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 100-715,
Korea
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11
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Oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK induces expression of the growth-promoting receptor ICOS. Blood 2011; 118:3062-71. [PMID: 21765024 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-332916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report that T-cell lymphoma cells carrying the NPM-ALK fusion protein (ALK(+) TCL) frequently express the cell-stimulatory receptor ICOS. ICOS expression in ALK(+) TCL is moderate and strictly dependent on the expression and enzymatic activity of NPM-ALK. NPM-ALK induces ICOS expression via STAT3, which triggers the transcriptional activity of the ICOS gene promoter. In addition, STAT3 suppresses the expression of miR-219 that, in turn, selectively inhibits ICOS expression. ALK(+) TCL cell lines display extensive DNA methylation of the CpG island located within intron 1, the putative enhancer region, of the ICOS gene, whereas cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cell lines, which strongly express ICOS, show no methylation of the island. Treatment of the ALK(+) TCL cell lines with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor reversed the CpG island methylation and augmented the expression of ICOS mRNA and protein. Stimulation of the ICOS receptor with anti-ICOS antibody or ICOS ligand-expressing B cells markedly enhanced proliferation of the ALK(+) TCL cells. These results demonstrate that NPM-ALK, acting through STAT3 as the gene transcriptional activator, induces the expression of ICOS, a cell growth promoting receptor. These data also show that the DNA methylation status of the intronic CpG island affects transcriptional activity of the ICOS gene and, consequently, modulates the concentration of the expressed ICOS protein.
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12
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IL-2R common gamma-chain is epigenetically silenced by nucleophosphin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) and acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting NPM-ALK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11977-82. [PMID: 21715655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100319108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), physiologically expressed only by certain neural cells, becomes highly oncogenic, when aberrantly expressed in nonneural tissues as a fusion protein with nucleophosphin (NPM) and other partners. The reason why NPM-ALK succeeds in transforming specifically CD4(+) T lymphocytes remains unknown. The IL-2R common γ-chain (IL-2Rγ) is shared by receptors for several cytokines that play key roles in the maturation and growth of normal CD4(+) T lymphocytes and other immune cells. We show that IL-2Rγ expression is inhibited in T-cell lymphoma cells expressing NPM-ALK kinase as a result of DNA methylation of the IL-2Rγ gene promoter. IL-2Rγ promoter methylation is induced in malignant T cells by NPM-ALK. NPM-ALK acts through STAT3, a transcription factor that binds to the IL-2Rγ gene promoter and enhances binding of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) to the promoter. In addition, STAT3 suppresses expression of miR-21, which selectively inhibits DNMT1 mRNA expression. Reconstitution of IL-2Rγ expression leads to loss of the NPM-ALK protein and, consequently, apoptotic cell death of the lymphoma cells. These results demonstrate that the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK induces epigenetic silencing of the IL-2Rγ gene and that IL-2Rγ acts as a tumor suppressor by reciprocally inhibiting expression of NPM-ALK.
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13
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Kinney MC, Higgins RA, Medina EA. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: twenty-five years of discovery. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011; 135:19-43. [PMID: 21204709 DOI: 10.5858/2010-0507-rar.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The year 2010 commemorates the 25th year since the seminal publication by Karl Lennert and Harald Stein and others in Kiel, West Germany, describing an unusual large cell lymphoma now known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Investigators at many universities and hospitals worldwide have contributed to our current in-depth understanding of this unique peripheral T-cell lymphoma, which in its systemic form, principally occurs in children and young adults. OBJECTIVE To summarize our current knowledge of the clinical and pathologic features of systemic and primary cutaneous ALCL. Particular emphasis is given to the biology and pathogenesis of ALCL. DATA SOURCES Search of the medical literature (Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Ovid MEDLINE: 1950 to Present [National Library of Medicine]) and more than 20 years of diagnostic experience were used as the source of data for review. CONCLUSIONS Based on immunostaining for activation antigen CD30 and the presence of dysregulation of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene (2p23), the diagnosis of ALCL has become relatively straightforward for most patients. Major strides have been made during the last decade in our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of ALCL. Constitutive NPM-ALK signaling has been shown to drive oncogenesis via an intricate network of redundant and interacting pathways that regulate cell proliferation, cell fate, and cytoskeletal modeling. Nevertheless, pathomechanistic, therapeutic, and diagnostic challenges remain that should be resolved as we embark on the next generation of discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha C Kinney
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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van Krieken JH. New developments in the pathology of malignant lymphoma: a review of the literature published from August to November 2009. J Hematop 2009; 2:245-51. [PMID: 20309432 PMCID: PMC2798938 DOI: 10.1007/s12308-009-0052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Han van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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