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Wan B, Chen G, Poon ESK, Fung HS, Lau A, Sin SYW. Environmental factors and host sex influence the skin microbiota structure of Hong Kong newt (Paramesotriton hongkongensis) in a coldspot of chytridiomycosis in subtropical East Asia. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38872359 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Chytridiomycosis, an infectious skin disease caused by the chytrid fungi, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans, poses a significant threat to amphibian biodiversity worldwide. Antifungal bacteria found on the skin of chytrid-resistant amphibians could potentially provide defense against chytridiomycosis and lower mortality rates among resistant individuals. The Hong Kong newt (Paramesotriton hongkongensis) is native to East Asia, a region suspected to be the origin of chytrids, and has exhibited asymptomatic infection, suggesting a long-term coexistence with the chytrids. Therefore, the skin microbiota of this resistant species warrant investigation, along with other factors that can affect the microbiota. Among the 149 newts sampled in their natural habitats in Hong Kong, China, putative antifungal bacteria were found in all individuals. There were 314 amplicon sequence variants distributed over 25 genera of putative antifungal bacteria; abundant ones included Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, and Novosphingobium spp. The skin microbiota compositions were strongly influenced by the inter-site geographical distances. Despite inter-site differences, we identified some core skin microbes across sites that could be vital to P. hongkongensis. The dominant cores included the family Comamonadaceae, family Chitinophagaceae, and class Betaproteobacteria. Moreover, habitat elevation and host sex also exhibited significant effects on skin microbiota compositions. The antifungal bacteria found on these newts offer an important resource for conservation against chytridiomycosis, such as developing probiotic treatments for susceptible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoling Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Shui Kei Poon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hon Shing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Lau
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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2
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Coyne SP, Barrett K, Shultz J, Flanders JA, Bronson E. CASE DEFINITION AND TREATMENT TRIAL OF TETANY SYNDROME IN PANAMANIAN GOLDEN FROGS ( ATELOPUS ZETEKI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:447-452. [PMID: 38875201 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The mass extinction of amphibians necessitates specialized programs to ensure species' survival. Maryland Zoo in Baltimore houses the largest assurance population of the critically endangered Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). However, individuals in this population experience a tetany-like syndrome, characterized by rigid/inappropriately positioned limbs and difficulty hopping, swimming, and righting. In this study, a syndrome case definition was assigned and the associated clinical signs were described. Then, four different treatments were systematically assessed in order to find the most effective protocol for treatment and begin to elucidate its underlying causes. Eighty-three frogs fulfilled the case definition and were treated orally for 14 d with either calcium gluconate, magnesium chloride, supplemental gavage feeding, or combination of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin B complex. Frogs were tested with a defined protocol assessing hopping, righting, and swimming abilities. Testing was performed at symptom onset and repeated weekly until resolution occurred. Analyses revealed that combination treatment was significantly more effective in eliminating clinical signs of tetany syndrome. Results show the most effective way to treat this syndrome, but do not help elucidate the underlying cause. Future work will focus on examining factors (e.g., diet, husbandry) that may elicit the syndrome for a more complete understanding of its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Coyne
- Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, PA, 15301, USA,
| | - Kevin Barrett
- The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21217, USA
| | | | | | - Ellen Bronson
- The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21217, USA
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3
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Clarke E, Heugten KAV, Tollefson TN, Ridgley FN, Smith D, Brown JL, Scott H, Minter LJ. Comparison of Corticosterone Concentrations in Dermal Secretions and Urine in Free-Ranging Marine Toads ( Rhinella marina) in Human Care. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:1467549. [PMID: 37766874 PMCID: PMC10522434 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1467549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Corticosterone concentrations have been measured in amphibians by collecting blood or urine samples. However, blood sampling is invasive, and urine can be difficult to collect. A novel method of swabbing the skin of an amphibian has been utilized in numerous species but has not been verified in marine toads (Rhinella marina). This pilot study tested dermal swabs as a noninvasive method for collecting and measuring dermal corticosterone secretions. Swabs were used to collect dermal secretion samples from sixty-six free-ranging marine toads collected on Zoo Miami grounds. The subsequent day the toads were shipped to the North Carolina Zoo where dermal samples were collected again. Additional dermal and urine samples were collected on days 9, 15, 32, and 62 under human care to measure corticosterone concentrations. There was no significant correlation (P ≥ 0.05) noted between corticosterone concentrations reported in dermal swabs and those in urine samples at all four of the euthanasia time points or between the corticosterone concentrations reported in either urine or dermal swabs and the weight of the toads. Dermal swab concentrations (ng/mL) were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) on the day of capture (0.64 ± 0.03) and the day of arrival (0.67 ± 0.03) than on day 15 (0.47 ± 0.03). The urine corticosterone concentrations decreased while the toads were in human care with a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) between days 9 (0.45 ± 0.07) and 32 (0.21 ± 0.06). This study demonstrated that dermal swabs can be used to collect marine toad corticosterone concentration samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Clarke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kimberly Ange-van Heugten
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, 120 W. Broughton Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Environment Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Troy N. Tollefson
- Mazuri® Exotic Animal Nutrition, PMI Nutrition, 4001 Lexington Ave. North, Arden Hills, MN 55126, USA
| | - Frank N. Ridgley
- The Conservation and Research Department, Zoo Miami, 12400 SW 152nd St., Miami, FL 33177, USA
| | - Dustin Smith
- North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Pkwy, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Heather Scott
- North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Pkwy, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA
| | - Larry J. Minter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Environment Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- North Carolina Zoo, 4401 Zoo Pkwy, Asheboro, NC 27205, USA
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Kendall MW, Wright AD, Adamovicz LA, Durante K, Andersson KE, Frederickson K, Vivirito K, Ospina EA, Delaney MA, Allender MC. Environmental temperature influences ophidiomycosis progression and survival in experimentally challenged prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289641. [PMID: 37535551 PMCID: PMC10399908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophidiomycosis is a prevalent and intermittently pervasive disease of snakes globally caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen, Ophidiomyces ophidiicola. Host response has yet to be fully explored, including the role of temperature in disease progression and hematologic changes. This study enrolled twelve adult prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in an experimental challenge with O. ophidiicola at two temperatures, 26°C (n = 6) and 20°C (n = 6). Each temperature cohort included four inoculated and two control snakes. Assessments involving physical exams, lesion swabbing, and hematology were performed weekly. Differences were observed between inoculated and control snakes in survival, behavior, clinical signs, ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence, hematologic response, and histologic lesions. All inoculated snakes held at 20°C were euthanized prior to study end date due to severity of clinical signs while only one inoculated animal in the 26°C trial met this outcome. In both groups, qPCR positive detection preceded clinical signs with regards to days post inoculation (dpi). However, the earliest appearance of gross lesions occurred later in the 20°C snakes (20 dpi) than the 26°C snakes (13 dpi). Relative leukocytosis was observed in all inoculated snakes and driven by heterophilia in the 20°C snakes, and azurophilia in the 26°C group. Histologically, 20°C snakes had more severe lesions, a lack of appropriate inflammatory response, and unencumbered fungal proliferation and invasion. In contrast, 26°C snakes had marked granulomatous inflammation with encapsulation of fungi and less invasion and dissemination. The results of this study identified that O. ophidiicola-infected rattlesnakes exposed to lower temperatures have decreased survival and more robust hematologic change, though minimal and ineffective inflammatory response at site of infection. Ophidiomycosis is a complex disease with host, pathogen, and environmental factors influencing disease presentation, progression, and ultimately, survival. This study highlighted the importance of temperature as an element impacting the host response to O. ophidiicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Waligora Kendall
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Allison D Wright
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura A Adamovicz
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kennymac Durante
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kirsten E Andersson
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kelcie Frederickson
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Katie Vivirito
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Emilie A Ospina
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew C Allender
- Wildlife Epidemiology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Brookfield Zoo, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois, United States of America
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5
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Lau Q, Igawa T, Kosch TA, Dharmayanthi AB, Berger L, Skerratt LF, Satta Y. Conserved Evolution of MHC Supertypes among Japanese Frogs Suggests Selection for Bd Resistance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2121. [PMID: 37443920 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a major threat to amphibians, yet there are no reports of major disease impacts in East Asian frogs. Genetic variation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been associated with resistance to Bd in frogs from East Asia and worldwide. Using transcriptomic data collated from 11 Japanese frog species (one individual per species), we isolated MHC class I and IIb sequences and validated using molecular cloning. We then compared MHC from Japanese frogs and other species worldwide, with varying Bd susceptibility. Supertyping analysis, which groups MHC alleles based on physicochemical properties of peptide binding sites, identified that all examined East Asian frogs contained at least one MHC-IIb allele belonging to supertype ST-1. This indicates that, despite the large divergence times between some Japanese frogs (up to 145 million years), particular functional properties in the peptide binding sites of MHC-II are conserved among East Asian frogs. Furthermore, preliminary analysis using NetMHCIIpan-4.0, which predicts potential Bd-peptide binding ability, suggests that MHC-IIb ST-1 and ST-2 have higher overall peptide binding ability than other supertypes, irrespective of whether the peptides are derived from Bd, other fungi, or bacteria. Our findings suggest that MHC-IIb among East Asian frogs may have co-evolved under the same selective pressure. Given that Bd originated in this region, it may be a major driver of MHC evolution in East Asian frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Lau
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0115, Japan
| | - Takeshi Igawa
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tiffany A Kosch
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Anik B Dharmayanthi
- Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Yoko Satta
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, Sokendai (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0115, Japan
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Mônico AT, Ferrão M, Moravec J, Fouquet A, Lima AP. A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15399. [PMID: 37304878 PMCID: PMC10252896 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The white-sand ecosystems in the Solimões-Negro Interfluve are among the less studied in Amazonia. Recent herpetological surveys conducted west of Manaus, Brazil (central Amazonia) indicate that white-sand forests host a unique anuran fauna comprising habitat specialized and endemic species. In the present study we describe a new species of rain frog belonging to the Pristimantis unistrigatus species group from the white-sand forest locally called "campinarana" (thin-trunked forests with canopy height below 20 m). The new species is phylogenetically close to rain frogs from western Amazonian lowlands (P. delius, P. librarius, P. matidiktyo and P. ockendeni). It differs from its closest relatives mainly by its size (male SVL of 17.3-20.1 mm, n = 16; female SVL of 23.2-26.5 mm, n = 6), presence of tympanum, tarsal tubercles and dentigerous processes of vomers, its translucent groin without bright colored blotches or marks, and by its advertisement call (composed of 5-10 notes, call duration of 550-1,061 ms, dominant frequency of 3,295-3,919 Hz). Like other anuran species recently discovered in the white-sand forests west of Manaus, the new species seems to be restricted to this peculiar ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tamanini Mônico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Ecologia), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Miquéias Ferrão
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jiří Moravec
- Department of Zoology, National Museum, Cirkusová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antoine Fouquet
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Albertina P. Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia (Ecologia), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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7
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Gozlan RE, Combe M. Emergence of the Fungal Rosette Agent in the World: Current Risk to Fish Biodiversity and Aquaculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040426. [PMID: 37108882 PMCID: PMC10145687 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic fungi is a major and rapidly growing problem (7% increase) that affects human and animal health, ecosystems, food security, and the economy worldwide. The Dermocystida group in particular has emerged relatively recently and includes species that affect both humans and animals. Within this group, one species in particular, Sphareothecum destruens, also known as the rosette agent, represents a major risk to global aquatic biodiversity and aquaculture, and has caused severe declines in wild fish populations in Europe and large losses in salmon farms in the USA. It is a species that has been associated with a healthy carrier for millions of years, but in recent decades, the host has managed to invade parts of Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and North Africa. In order to better understand the emergence of this new disease, for the first time, we have synthesized current knowledge on the distribution, detection, and prevalence of S. destruens, as well as the associated mortality curves, and the potential economic impact in countries where the healthy carrier has been introduced. Finally, we propose solutions and perspectives to manage and mitigate the emergence of this fungus in countries where it has been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
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8
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Neves MO, Campos Lima LM, Koroiva R, Nali RC, Santana DJ. A New Species of Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada 1871 (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from Mantiqueira Mountain Range, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. HERPETOLOGICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-22-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Oliveira Neves
- Pro rama de Pós-Graduaca͂o em Zoolo ia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Cuiabá Mato Grosso 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Lucio Moreira Campos Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduaça͂o em Biodiversidade e Conservaça͂o da Natureza, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Koroiva
- Laboratório Multiusuário do Programa de Pós-Graduaça͂o em Ciências Biológicas-Zoologia, Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Joa͂o Pessoa, Paraíba, 58051-090, Brazil
| | - Renato Christensen Nali
- Programa de Pós-Graduaça͂o em Biodiversidade e Conservaça͂o da Natureza, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Diego José Santana
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79002-970, Brazil
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Koroiva R, Santana DJ. Evaluation of partial 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, COI and Cytb gene sequence datasets for potential single DNA barcode for hylids (Anura: Hylidae). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200825. [PMID: 36477987 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the extent of intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances and the effectiveness of predefined threshold values using the main genes for estimates of biodiversity and specimens' identification in anurans. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes for small (12S) and large (16S) ribosomal subunits, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and Cytochrome b (Cytb) of the family Hylidae were downloaded from GenBank and curated for length, coverage, and potential contaminations. We performed analyses for all sequences of each gene and the same species present in these datasets by distance and tree (monophyly)-based evaluations. We also evaluated the ability to identify specimens using these datasets applying "nearest neighbor" (NN), "best close match" (BCM) and "BOLD ID" tests. Genetic distance thresholds were generated by the function 'threshVal' and "localMinima" from SPIDER package and traditional threshold values (1%, 3%, 6% and 10%) were also evaluated. Coding genes, especially COI, had a better identification capacity than non-coding genes on barcoding gap and monophyly analysis and NN, BCM, BOLD ID tests. Considering the multiple factors involved in global DNA barcoding evaluations, we present a critical assessment of the use of these genes for biodiversity estimation and specimens' identification in anurans (e.g. hylids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Koroiva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Departamento de Sistemática e Tecnologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Laboratório Multiusuário do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/Zoologia, Castelo Branco, Campus Universitário, s/n, 58051900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório Mapinguari, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/n, 79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Diego José Santana
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Laboratório Mapinguari, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/n, 79070900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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10
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Mônico AT, Ferrão M, Chaparro JC, Fouquet A, Lima AP. A new species of rain frog (Anura: Strabomantidae: Pristimantis) from the Guiana Shield and amended diagnosis of P. ockendeni (Boulenger, 1912). VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e90435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pristimantis is already the most speciose genus among vertebrates, yet the current number of species remains largely underestimated. A member of the P. unistrigatus species group from the Guiana Shield has been historically misidentified as P. ockendeni, a species described from southern Peru. We combined mitochondrial (16S and COI) and nuclear (RAG1) loci, external morphology, skull osteology (μ-CT scan), vocalization (advertisement and courtship calls), geographic distribution and natural history data to differentiate the Guiana Shield populations from P. ockendeni, and describe them as a new species. The new species is crepuscular and nocturnal and inhabits the understory of unflooded (terra firme) forests in Brazil, Guyana and Suriname. It is phylogenetically related to P. ardalonychus, P. martiae and undescribed species from Brazilian Amazonia. The new species notably differs from P. ockendeni and its congeners in the P. unistrigatus species group occurring in the Guiana Shield by the combination of the following characters: absence of dentigerous processes of vomers, presence of vocal slits in males, body size (SVL 16.2–20.7 mm in males and 21.4–25.7 mm in females), advertisement call (call with 4–6 notes, call duration of 158–371 ms and dominant frequency of 3,466–4,521 Hz) and translucent groin coloration in life. To facilitate the recognition and description of cryptic species previously hidden under the name P. ockendeni, we provide an amended diagnosis of this taxon based on external morphology and advertisement call of specimens recently collected nearby the type locality and additional localities in southwestern Amazonia.
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11
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Oliver PM, Bower DS, McDonald PJ, Kraus F, Luedtke J, Neam K, Hobin L, Chauvenet ALM, Allison A, Arida E, Clulow S, Günther R, Nagombi E, Tjaturadi B, Travers SL, Richards SJ. Melanesia holds the world's most diverse and intact insular amphibian fauna. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1182. [PMID: 36333588 PMCID: PMC9636264 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying hotspots of biological diversity is a key step in conservation prioritisation. Melanesia-centred on the vast island of New Guinea-is increasingly recognised for its exceptionally species-rich and endemic biota. Here we show that Melanesia has the world's most diverse insular amphibian fauna, with over 7% of recognised global frog species in less than 0.7% of the world's land area, and over 97% of species endemic. We further estimate that nearly 200 additional candidate species have been discovered but remain unnamed, pointing to a total fauna in excess of 700 species. Nearly 60% of the Melanesian frog fauna is in a lineage of direct-developing microhylids characterised by smaller distributions than co-occurring frog families, suggesting lineage-specific high beta diversity is a key driver of Melanesian anuran megadiversity. A comprehensive conservation status assessment further highlights geographic concentrations of recently described range-restricted threatened taxa that warrant urgent conservation actions. Nonetheless, by world standards, the Melanesian frog fauna is relatively intact, with 6% of assessed species listed as threatened and no documented extinctions; and thus it provides an unparalleled opportunity to understand and conserve a megadiverse and relatively intact insular biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Oliver
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, Australia.
- Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.
| | - Deborah S Bower
- Zoology Discipline, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Peter J McDonald
- Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Environment, Parks and Water Security, Alice Springs, NT, 0870, Australia
| | - Fred Kraus
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer Luedtke
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
- Re:wild, P.O. Box 129, Austin, Texas, 78767, USA
| | - Kelsey Neam
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
- Re:wild, P.O. Box 129, Austin, Texas, 78767, USA
| | - Louise Hobin
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
| | - Alienor L M Chauvenet
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4121, Australia
| | - Allen Allison
- Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Evy Arida
- Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | | | - Elizah Nagombi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Burhan Tjaturadi
- Center for Environmental Studies, Sanata Dharma University (CESSDU), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Scott L Travers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Stephen J Richards
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, 3701 Lake Shore Blvd W, P.O. Box 48586, Toronto, Ontario, M8W 1P5, Canada
- Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, Adelaide, S.A., 5000, Australia
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12
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Ortega JA, Brito J, Ron SR. Six new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from Llanganates National Park and Sangay National Park in Amazonian cloud forests of Ecuador. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13761. [PMID: 36275471 PMCID: PMC9583859 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe six new species of rainfrogs of the genus Pristimantis (Strabomantidae) from Amazonian cloud forests in Ecuador. We also present a phylogeny showing the relationships of the new species. The phylogeny is based on mitochondrial genes 16S rRNA (16S), 12 rRNA (12S), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (ND1) and the nuclear gene recombination-activating 1 (RAG1). We also describe the osteology of two of the new species using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography. The new species belong to two clades. The first clade is sister to the subgenus Huicundomantis and includes P. tamia sp. nov., P. miktos, and P. mallii. Pristimantis tamia sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. miktos, P. mallii, P. martiae, and P. incomptus, but differs from them by lacking vocal slits and tympanic membrane and by having light greenish blue iris. Based in our results we expand the subgenus Huicundomantis to include the P. miktos species group. The second clade is remarkable by being highly divergent and consisting exclusively of new species: P. anaiae sp. nov., P. glendae sp. nov., P. kunam sp. nov., P. resistencia sp. nov., and P. venegasi sp. nov. The new species resemble P. roni, P. yanezi, P. llanganati, P. katoptroides, P. verecundus, and P. mutabilis but can be distinguished from them by lacking vocal slits and tympanic membrane and by having large dark round areas with thin clear borders in the sacral region. All six new species occur in the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes and are known from a single locality in Llanganates or Sangay National Park. We recommend assigning all of them to the Data Deficient (DD) Red List category. Based in our high-resolution x-ray tomographies, we report the presence of structures that appear to be intercalary elements. This would be the first report of such structures in Terrarana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhael A. Ortega
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Brito
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Santiago R. Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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13
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Zumbado-Ulate H, Neam K, García-Rodríguez A, Ochoa-Ochoa L, Chaves G, Kolby JE, Granados-Martínez S, Hertz A, Bolaños F, Ariano-Sánchez D, Puschendorf R, Searle CL. Ecological correlates of extinction risk and persistence of direct-developing stream-dwelling frogs in Mesoamerica. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14
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Assis VR, Titon SCM, Voyles J. Ecoimmunology: What Unconventional Organisms Tell Us after Two Decades. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac148. [PMID: 36250609 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vania R Assis
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Stefanny C M Titon
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 05508-090, Brasil
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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15
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Novaes-e-Fagundes G, Lyra ML, Loredam VSA, Carvalho TR, Haddad CFB, Rodrigues MT, Baldo D, Barrasso DA, Loebmann D, Ávila RW, Brusquetti F, Prudente ALC, Wheeler WC, Goyannes Dill Orrico V, Peloso P. A tale of two bellies: systematics of the oval frogs (Anura: Microhylidae: Elachistocleis Parker, 1927). Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oval frogs (Elachistocleis) have a broad geographic distribution covering nearly all of South America and parts of Central America. They also have a large inter- and intraspecific variation of the few morphological characters commonly used as diagnostic traits among species of the genus. Based on molecular data, we provide the most complete phylogeny of Elachistocleis to date, and explore its genetic diversity using distance-based and tree-based methods for putative species delimitation. Our results show that at least two of the most relevant traditional characters used in the taxonomy of this group (belly pattern and dorsal median white line) carry less phylogenetic information than previously thought. Based on our results, we propose some synonymizations and some candidate new species. This study is a first major step in disentangling the current systematics of Elachistocleis. Yet, a comprehensive review of morphological data is needed before any new species descriptions can be properly made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Novaes-e-Fagundes
- Tropical Herpetology Laboratory, PPG Zoologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz , Ilhéus, Bahia , Brazil
| | - Mariana L Lyra
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius S A Loredam
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Thiago R Carvalho
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista , Rio Claro, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Miguel T Rodrigues
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Diego Baldo
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical `Claudio Juan Bidau’ (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones , Posadas, Misiones , Argentina
| | - Diego A Barrasso
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus-CONICET) , Puerto Madryn, Chubut , Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia `San Juan Bosco’ , Puerto Madryn, Chubut , Argentina
| | - Daniel Loebmann
- Laboratório de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande , Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil
| | - Robson W Ávila
- Departamento de Biologia, Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia da UFC, Universidade Federal do Ceará , Fortaleza, Ceará , Brazil
| | - Francisco Brusquetti
- Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay , Del Escudo, Asunción , Paraguay
| | - Ana L C Prudente
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi , Belém, Pará , Brazil
| | - Ward C Wheeler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History , New York, NY , USA
| | - Victor Goyannes Dill Orrico
- Tropical Herpetology Laboratory, PPG Zoologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz , Ilhéus, Bahia , Brazil
| | - Pedro Peloso
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi , Belém, Pará , Brazil
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16
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Zipkin EF, DiRenzo GV. Biodiversity is decimated by the cascading effects of the amphibian-killing chytrid fungus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010624. [PMID: 35862362 PMCID: PMC9302726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elise F. Zipkin
- Department of Integrative Biology; Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Graziella V. DiRenzo
- U.S. Geological Survey, Massachusetts Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
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17
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Rosa GM, Perez R, Richards LA, Richards‐Zawacki CL, Smilanich AM, Reinert LK, Rollins‐Smith LA, Wetzel DP, Voyles J. Seasonality of host immunity in a tropical disease system. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo M. Rosa
- Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
- Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London UK
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Rachel Perez
- Department of Biology New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - Lora A. Richards
- Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | | | | | - Laura K. Reinert
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Louise A. Rollins‐Smith
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville Tennessee USA
| | - Daniel P. Wetzel
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
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18
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Duarte-Marín S, Rada M, Rivera-Correa M, Caorsi V, Barona E, González-Durán G, Vargas-Salinas F. Tic, Tii and Trii calls: advertisement call descriptions for eight glass frogs from Colombia and analysis of the structure of auditory signals in Centrolenidae. BIOACOUSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2022.2077833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Duarte-Marín
- Conservación (EECO), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío Grupo Evolución, Ecología y, Armenia, Colombia
- Entropía Co, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Marco Rada
- Laboratório de Anfibios, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rivera-Correa
- Laboratorio de Anfibios, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Valentina Caorsi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFGRS), Porto Alegre, Brasil
| | - Eliana Barona
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Colombia
| | | | - Fernando Vargas-Salinas
- Conservación (EECO), Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío Grupo Evolución, Ecología y, Armenia, Colombia
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19
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Gass J, Voyles J. When Defenses Fail: Atelopus zeteki Skin Secretions Increase Growth of the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1595-1605. [PMID: 35640912 PMCID: PMC9801971 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat the threat of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, ecoimmunologists seek to understand the complex interactions among pathogens, their hosts, and their shared environments. The cutaneous fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has led to the decline of innumerable amphibian species, including the Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). Given that Bd can evade or dampen the acquired immune responses of some amphibians, nonspecific immune defenses are thought to be especially important for amphibian defenses against Bd. In particular, skin secretions constitute a vital component of amphibian innate immunity against skin infections, but their role in protecting A. zeteki from Bd is unknown. We investigated the importance of this innate immune component by reducing the skin secretions from A. zeteki and evaluating their effectiveness against Bd in vitro and in vivo. Following exposure to Bd in a controlled inoculation experiment, we compared key disease characteristics (e.g., changes in body condition, prevalence, pathogen loads, and survival) among groups of frogs that had their skin secretions reduced and control frogs that maintained their skin secretions. Surprisingly, we found that the skin secretions collected from A. zeteki increased Bd growth in vitro. This finding was further supported by infection and survival patterns in the in vivo experiment where frogs with reduced skin secretions tended to have lower pathogen loads and survive longer compared to frogs that maintained their secretions. These results suggest that the skin secretions of A. zeteki are not only ineffective at inhibiting Bd but may enhance Bd growth, possibly leading to greater severity of disease and higher mortality in this highly vulnerable species. These results differ from those of previous studies in other amphibian host species that suggest that skin secretions are a key defense in protecting amphibians from developing severe chytridiomycosis. Therefore, we suggest that the importance of immune components cannot be generalized across all amphibian species or over time. Moreover, the finding that skin secretions may be enhancing Bd growth emphasizes the importance of investigating these immune components in detail, especially for species that are a conservation priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Gass
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada at Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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20
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Hughey MC, Rebollar EA, Harris RN, Ibáñez R, Loftus SC, House LL, Minbiole KPC, Bletz MC, Medina D, Shoemaker WR, Swartwout MC, Belden LK. An experimental test of disease resistance function in the skin-associated bacterial communities of three tropical amphibian species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6536914. [PMID: 35212765 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in the structure of host-associated microbial communities has been correlated with the occurrence and severity of disease in diverse host taxa, suggesting a key role of the microbiome in pathogen defense. However, whether these correlations are typically a cause or consequence of pathogen exposure remains an open question, and requires experimental approaches to disentangle. In amphibians, infection by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) alters the skin microbial community in some host species, whereas in other species, the skin microbial community appears to mediate infection dynamics. In this study, we completed experimental Bd exposures in three species of tropical frogs (Agalychnis callidryas, Dendropsophus ebraccatus, Craugastor fitzingeri) that were sympatric with Bd at the time of the study. For all three species, we identified key taxa within the skin bacterial communities that were linked to Bd infection dynamics. We also measured higher Bd infection intensities in D. ebraccatus and C. fitzingeri that were associated with higher mortality in C. fitzingeri. Our findings indicate that microbially-mediated pathogen resistance is a complex trait that can vary within and across host species, and suggest that symbiont communities that have experienced prior selection for defensive microbes may be less likely to be disturbed by pathogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra C Hughey
- Biology Department; Vassar College; 124 Raymond Avenue; Poughkeepsie, NY 12604; USA
| | - Eria A Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Reid N Harris
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, Republic of Panama. Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | | | - Molly C Bletz
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - William R Shoemaker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Lisa K Belden
- Department of Biological Sciences, VA Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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21
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Santymire RM, Sacerdote-Velat AB, Gygli A, Keinath DA, Poo S, Hinkson KM, McKeag EM. Using dermal glucocorticoids to determine the effects of disease and environment on the critically endangered Wyoming toad. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab093. [PMID: 35186296 PMCID: PMC8849142 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian populations are declining worldwide, and increased exposure to environmental stressors, including global climate change and pathogens like Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), may be contributing to this decline. Our goal was to use a novel dermal swabbing method to measure glucocorticoid (GC) hormones and investigate the relationship among disease and environmental conditions in the critically endangered Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri). Our objectives were to (i) validate the use of dermal swabs to measure GCs using an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge on eight captive toads (4 ACTH: 2 M, 2F and 4 saline as a control: 2 M, 2F), (ii) investigate stress physiology and disease status of toads across six reintroduction sites and (iii) compare dermal cortisol between reintroduced and captive toads. Dermal cortisol peaked immediately after the ACTH and saline injections. Faecal GC metabolites (FGMs) were significantly higher one week after the ACTH injection compared with the week before. Saline-injected toads had no change in FGM over time. Toads were only found in three reintroduction sites and dermal cortisol was similar across sites; however, reintroduced toads had higher dermal cortisol in August compared with June and compared with captive individuals. Bd status did not influence dermal cortisol concentrations. Dermal and faecal hormonal metabolite analyses can be used to study amphibian stress physiology and learn how environmental conditions are impacting population success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Santymire
- Davee Center for Epidemiology and Endocrinology, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue SE, Fourth floor, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | - Andrew Gygli
- US Fish & Wildlife Service, Wyoming Ecological Services Field Office, 334 Parsley Boulevard, Cheyenne, WY, 82007, USA
| | - Douglas A Keinath
- US Fish & Wildlife Service, Wyoming Ecological Services Field Office, 334 Parsley Boulevard, Cheyenne, WY, 82007, USA
| | - Sinlan Poo
- Department of Conservation & Research, Memphis Zoo, 2000 Prentiss Place, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 599, State University, Jonesboro, AR 72467, USA
| | - Kristin M Hinkson
- Department of Conservation & Research, Memphis Zoo, 2000 Prentiss Place, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Elizabeth M McKeag
- USDA Forest Service, Nez Perce-Clearwater National Forests, 104 Airport Drive, Grangeville, ID 83530, USA
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22
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Palomar G, Jakóbik J, Bosch J, Kolenda K, Kaczmarski M, Jośko P, Roces-Díaz JV, Stachyra P, Thumsová B, Zieliński P, Pabijan M. Emerging infectious diseases of amphibians in Poland: distribution and environmental drivers. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 147:1-12. [PMID: 34734569 DOI: 10.3354/dao03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a threat to biodiversity and have taken a large toll on amphibian populations worldwide. The chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal), and the iridovirus Ranavirus (Rv), are of concern as all have contributed to amphibian declines. In central and eastern Europe, their geographical and host distributions and main environmental drivers determining prevalence are poorly known. We screened over 1000 amphibians from natural and captive populations in Poland for the presence of Bd, Bsal and Rv. In wild amphibian populations, we found that Bd is widespread, present in 46 out of 115 sampled localities as well as 2 captive colonies, and relatively common with overall prevalence at 14.4% in 9 species. We found lower prevalence of Rv at 2.4%, present in 11 out of 92 sampling sites, with a taxonomic breadth of 8 different amphibian species. Bsal infection was not detected in any individuals. In natural populations, Pelophylax esculentus and Bombina variegata accounted for 75% of all Bd infections, suggesting a major role for these 2 species as pathogen reservoirs in Central European freshwater habitats. General linear models showed that climatic as well as landscape features are associated with Bd infection in Poland. We found that higher average annual temperature constrains Bd infection, while landscapes with numerous water bodies or artificial elements (a surrogate for urbanization) increase the chances of infection. Our results show that a combination of climatic and landscape variables may drive regional and local pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Palomar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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23
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Lapp S, Wu T, Richards‐Zawacki C, Voyles J, Rodriguez KM, Shamon H, Kitzes J. Automated detection of frog calls and choruses by pulse repetition rate. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:1659-1668. [PMID: 33586273 PMCID: PMC8518090 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anurans (frogs and toads) are among the most globally threatened taxonomic groups. Successful conservation of anurans will rely on improved data on the status and changes in local populations, particularly for rare and threatened species. Automated sensors, such as acoustic recorders, have the potential to provide such data by massively increasing the spatial and temporal scale of population sampling efforts. Analyzing such data sets will require robust and efficient tools that can automatically identify the presence of a species in audio recordings. Like bats and birds, many anuran species produce distinct vocalizations that can be captured by autonomous acoustic recorders and represent excellent candidates for automated recognition. However, in contrast to birds and bats, effective automated acoustic recognition tools for anurans are not yet widely available. An effective automated call-recognition method for anurans must be robust to the challenges of real-world field data and should not require extensive labeled data sets. We devised a vocalization identification tool that classifies anuran vocalizations in audio recordings based on their periodic structure: the repeat interval-based bioacoustic identification tool (RIBBIT). We applied RIBBIT to field recordings to study the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata) of temperate North American grasslands and the critically endangered variable harlequin frog (Atelopus varius) of tropical Central American rainforests. The tool accurately identified boreal chorus frogs, even when they vocalized in heavily overlapping choruses and identified variable harlequin frog vocalizations at a field site where it had been very rarely encountered in visual surveys. Using a few simple parameters, RIBBIT can detect any vocalization with a periodic structure, including those of many anurans, insects, birds, and mammals. We provide open-source implementations of RIBBIT in Python and R to support its use for other taxa and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lapp
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | | | - Hila Shamon
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Justin Kitzes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Villamizar-Gomez A, Wang HH, Peterson MR, Grant WE, Forstner MRJ. Environmental determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and the likelihood of further dispersion in the face of climate change in Texas, USA. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 146:29-39. [PMID: 34498608 DOI: 10.3354/dao03613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major drivers of amphibian population declines is Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). We sought to identify the major environmental drivers of Bd prevalence in Texas, USA, by drawing results from museum specimens. We sampled one of the largest museum collections in Texas, the Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections at Texas A&M University. Our sampling focused on the 9 amphibian species with the widest geographical distribution within the state, where we sub-sampled 30% of each species per decade from 1930 to present via skin swabs, totaling 1501 independent sampling events, and used quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect pathogen presence. We analyzed several geo-referenced variables describing climatic conditions to identify potential factors influencing the likelihood of presence of Bd using boosted regression trees. Our final model suggests the most influential variables are mean temperature of driest quarter, annual mean temperature, temperature annual range, and mean diurnal range. The most likely suitable range for Bd is currently found in the Blackland Prairie and Cross Timbers ecoregions. Results of our future (to the year 2040) projections suggest that Bd could expand its current distribution. Our model could play an important role when developing an integrated conservation plan through (1) focusing future field work on locations with a high likelihood of presence, (2) assisting in the choice of locations for restoration, and (3) developing future research plans including those necessary for projecting reactions to climate change. Our model also could integrate new presence data of Bd when they become available to enhance prediction precision.
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Alvarado-Rybak M, Lepe-Lopez M, Peñafiel-Ricaurte A, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Valdivia C, Mardones FO, Bacigalupe LD, Puschendorf R, Cunningham AA, Azat C. Bioclimatic and anthropogenic variables shape the occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis over a large latitudinal gradient. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17383. [PMID: 34462470 PMCID: PMC8405646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has caused the greatest known loss of biodiversity due to an infectious disease. We used Bd infection data from quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays of amphibian skin swabs collected across Chile during 2008-2018 to model Bd occurrence with the aim to determine bioclimatic and anthropogenic variables associated with Bd infection. Also, we used Bd presence/absence records to identify geographical Bd high-risk areas and compare Bd prevalence and infection loads between amphibian families, ecoregions, and host ecology. Data comprised 4155 Bd-specific qPCR assays from 162 locations across a latitudinal gradient of 3700 km (18º to 51ºS). Results showed a significant clustering of Bd associated with urban centres and anthropogenically highly disturbed ecosystems in central-south Chile. Both Bd prevalence and Bd infection loads were higher in aquatic than terrestrial amphibian species. Our model indicated positive associations of Bd prevalence with altitude, temperature, precipitation and human-modified landscapes. Also, we found that macroscale drivers, such as land use change and climate, shape the occurrence of Bd at the landscape level. Our study provides with new evidence that can improve the effectiveness of strategies to mitigate biodiversity loss due to amphibian chytridiomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
- Núcleo de Ciencias Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Echaurren 140, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Lepe-Lopez
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Peñafiel-Ricaurte
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
- ONG Ranita de Darwin, Nataniel Cox 152, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Catalina Valdivia
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando O Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo D Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Robert Puschendorf
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Centre & PhD Programme in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Republica 252, Santiago, Chile.
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26
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Yánez-Muñoz MH, Reyes-Puig JP, Batallas-Revelo D, Broaddus C, Urgilés-Merchán M, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Guayasamin JM. A new Andean treefrog (Amphibia: Hyloscirtus bogotensis group) from Ecuador: an example of community involvement for conservation. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11914. [PMID: 34434655 PMCID: PMC8351578 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide several lines of evidence to delimit a new species of Hyloscirtus and define its phylogenetic position inside the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group. The new species is the sister taxon to Hyloscirtus mashpi and is related to a clade formed by H. alytolylax and a putative new species from the province of El Oro in, southwestern Ecuador. Hyloscirtus conscientia sp. nov. is described from the montane forests of the Mira River basin in the extreme northwestern Ecuador. The new species is characterized as follows: tympanic annulus conspicuous, tip of snout in dorsal view subacuminate, middorsal stripe formed by melanophores larger and less dense, dorsal skin with individual iridophores forming dots, scarcely distributed across dorsum. Our study also highlights the importance of the Mira River Valley as a biogeographic barrier; suggesting research efforts north and south of the valley are likely to reveal additional endemic cryptic diversity. Finally, our partnership with Reserva: The Youth Land Trust, Rainforest Trust and EcoMinga Foundation has produced a novel and meaningful way to connect young people with biodiversity discovery and habitat conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Yánez-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Juan Pablo Reyes-Puig
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Dirección de Reservas de Fundación Ecominga, Fundación Ecominga, Baños, Tungurahua, Ecuador
| | - Diego Batallas-Revelo
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Departamento de Biodiversidad Ecología y Evolución de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Urgilés-Merchán
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Diego F Cisneros-Heredia
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Museo de Zoología, Instituto iBIOTROP & Instituto Biósfera, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Juan M Guayasamin
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto Biósfera-USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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27
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Fisher MC, Pasmans F, Martel A. Virulence and Pathogenicity of Chytrid Fungi Causing Amphibian Extinctions. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:673-693. [PMID: 34351790 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-052621-124212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ancient enzootic associations between wildlife and their infections allow evolution to innovate mechanisms of pathogenicity that are counterbalanced by host responses. However, erosion of barriers to pathogen dispersal by globalization leads to the infection of hosts that have not evolved effective resistance and the emergence of highly virulent infections. Global amphibian declines driven by the rise of chytrid fungi and chytridiomycosis are emblematic of emerging infections. Here, we review how modern biological methods have been used to understand the adaptations and counteradaptations that these fungi and their amphibian hosts have evolved. We explore the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that modify the virulence of these infections and dissect the complexity of this disease system. We highlight progress that has led to insights into how we might in the future lessen the impact of these emerging infections. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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28
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McCaffery R, Russell RE, Hossack BR. Enigmatic Near‐Extirpation in a Boreal Toad Metapopulation in Northwestern Montana. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McCaffery
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center 600 East Park Ave Port Angeles WA 98362 USA
| | - Robin E. Russell
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center Madison WI 53711 USA
| | - Blake R. Hossack
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Missoula, MT 59801, USA and Wildlife Biology Program, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana Missoula MT 59801 USA
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29
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Rothstein AP, Byrne AQ, Knapp RA, Briggs CJ, Voyles J, Richards-Zawacki CL, Rosenblum EB. Divergent regional evolutionary histories of a devastating global amphibian pathogen. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210782. [PMID: 34157877 PMCID: PMC8220259 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a pressing threat to global biological diversity. Increased incidence and severity of novel pathogens underscores the need for methodological advances to understand pathogen emergence and spread. Here, we use genetic epidemiology to test, and challenge, key hypotheses about a devastating zoonotic disease impacting amphibians globally. Using an amplicon-based sequencing method and non-invasive samples we retrospectively explore the history of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in two emblematic amphibian systems: the Sierra Nevada of California and Central Panama. The hypothesis in both regions is the hypervirulent Global Panzootic Lineage of Bd (BdGPL) was recently introduced and spread rapidly in a wave-like pattern. Our data challenge this hypothesis by demonstrating similar epizootic signatures can have radically different underlying evolutionary histories. In Central Panama, our genetic data confirm a recent and rapid pathogen spread. However, BdGPL in the Sierra Nevada has remarkable spatial structuring, high genetic diversity and a relatively older history inferred from time-dated phylogenies. Thus, this deadly pathogen lineage may have a longer history in some regions than assumed, providing insights into its origin and spread. Overall, our results highlight the importance of integrating observed wildlife die-offs with genetic data to more accurately reconstruct pathogen outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Rothstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allison Q Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Roland A Knapp
- Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory, University of California, Mammoth Lakes, CA, USA.,Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl J Briggs
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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30
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Bronson E, Guy EL, Murphy KJ, Barrett K, Kouba AJ, Poole V, Kouba CK. Influence of oviposition-inducing hormone on spawning and mortality in the endangered Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:17. [PMID: 37170365 PMCID: PMC10127361 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
With Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki; PGFs) likely extirpated from the wild, ensuring long-term sustainability of captive populations is crucial in order to conserve this critically endangered species. Unfortunately, PGFs display a unique reproductive behavior involving a prolonged period of amplexus leading to challenges in their successful captive propagation. The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore has observed high levels of mortality during the breeding season and suboptimal reproductive success leading to the use of hormone stimulation to aid in reproduction and health management.
Methods
This project aimed to develop induced ovulation and health management protocols by (1) evaluating different doses of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa), (2) comparing the efficacy of GnRHa and GnRHa + metoclopramide, (3) determining latency periods and the effects of pulsed hormone sequences; and (4) establish if mortality is impacted by hormone therapy. Female PGFs (n = 174) were given GnRHa either in various concentrations (Experiment 1) or combined with metoclopramide (Experiment 2), and oviposition success, latency, and mortality were measured as binary response variables.
Results
Overall, the use of exogenous hormones significantly decreased mortality when compared to the control data of natural egg-laying females. GnRHa doses of 0.05 μg/g body weight produced similar ovulation rates compared to higher doses, and the addition of metoclopramide did not increase oviposition success compared to GnRHa alone. Lastly, results indicate the majority of female PGFs will release eggs within 48 h following the initial pulse of hormones with a small percentage ovipositing after a second pulse.
Conclusion
Findings from this study will benefit captive management of PGFs by documenting the increased survival of females when given hormone stimulation and defining appropriate GnRHa doses and expected latency to spawning.
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Abstract
A new species of the genus Atelopus, Atelopus fronterizo sp. nov., from eastern Panama is described herein based on molecular, morphological, and bioacoustic evidence. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners occurring in the region by a combination of the following characters: (1) phalangeal reduction in thumb; (2) SVL (females only) (35.1-50.1; n=13), HW/SVL (0.23-0.34; n=59), EYND/HW (0.27-0.39; n=60), TIBL/SVL (0.41-0.56; n=58), and HAL/SVL (0.22-0.28; n=49); (3) dorsal color pattern with green or yellow background and extensive dark olive blotches forming transversal bands or mottling; (4) advertisement call duration 176-235 ms with 19-34 pulses, average pulse rate 131.69 pulses/s, and dominant frequency 2 422.50-2 606.50 Hz. The new species is nested within the Central American clade of Atelopus. The minimum Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) genetic divergence between Atelopus fronterizo sp. nov. and its most phylogenetically similar congeners ( A. certus and A. glyphus) is >2.6% for 16S and >4.9% for COI (Table 1). The phylogenetic relationship is strongly supported by ultrafast bootstrap values for the maximum-likelihood trees of both genetic markers (16S, 96; COI, 100, Figure 1A). Bayesian analysis of the concatenated sequences resulted in a tree with similar topology and high posterior probability support (0.99; Supplementary Figure S1). In addition, haplotype networks inferred from COI and 16S (Supplementary Figure S2) showed a well-separated clade containing the new species (two for COI, four for 16S). The number of mutational steps between haplotypes for the new species samples is very low (1-4 in 16S; one in COI), and the minimum number of mutational steps from the nearest species is nine for 16S (distance to A. certus) and 28 for COI (distance to A. glyphus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Veselý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Abel Batista
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, Ciudad Universitaria El Cabrero David, Chiriquí 427, Panamá.,Asociación ADOPTA el Bosque Panamá, Gamboa 119x, Panamá.,Fundación Los Naturalistas, David, Chiriquí 426-01459, Panamá. E-mail:
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Pereyra MO, Blotto BL, Baldo D, Chaparro JC, Ron SR, Elias-Costa AJ, Iglesias PP, Venegas PJ, C. Thomé MT, Ospina-Sarria JJ, Maciel NM, Rada M, Kolenc F, Borteiro C, Rivera-Correa M, Rojas-Runjaic FJ, Moravec J, De La Riva I, Wheeler WC, Castroviejo-Fisher S, Grant T, Haddad CF, Faivovich J. Evolution in the Genus Rhinella: A Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis of Neotropical True Toads (Anura: Bufonidae). BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2021. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.447.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martín O. Pereyra
- Martín O. Pereyra: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires; and Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Naci
| | - Boris L. Blotto
- Boris L. Blotto: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUN
| | - Diego Baldo
- Diego Baldo: Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan C. Chaparro
- Juan C. Chaparro: Museo de Biodiversidad del Perú, Cusco, Perú; and Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Paraninfo Universitario, Cusco
| | - Santiago R. Ron
- Santiago R. Ron: Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito
| | - Agustín J. Elias-Costa
- Agustín J. Elias-Costa: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires
| | - Patricia P. Iglesias
- Patricia P. Iglesias: Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau”, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Pablo J. Venegas
- Pablo J. Venegas: División de Herpetología-Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI), Surco, Lima
| | - Maria Tereza C. Thomé
- Maria Tereza C. Thomé: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo
| | - Jhon Jairo Ospina-Sarria
- Jhon Jairo Ospina-Sarria: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and Calima, Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico, Cali
| | - Natan M. Maciel
- Natan M. Maciel: Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Marco Rada
- Marco Rada: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - Francisco Kolenc
- Francisco Kolenc: Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo
| | - Claudio Borteiro
- Claudio Borteiro: Sección Herpetología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo
| | - Mauricio Rivera-Correa
- Mauricio Rivera-Correa: Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín
| | - Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic
- Fernando J.M. Rojas-Runjaic: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle (MHNLS), Venezuela; and Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jiří Moravec
- Jiří Moravec: Department of Zoology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ignacio De La Riva
- Ignacio de la Riva: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid
| | - Ward C. Wheeler
- Ward C. Wheeler: Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher
- Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; and Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Taran Grant
- Taran Grant: Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo; and Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York
| | - Célio F.B. Haddad
- Célio F.B. Haddad: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo
| | - Julián Faivovich
- Julián Faivovich: División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires,
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Jiménez-Vargas GM, Atehortua-Vallejo MA, Arcila-Pérez LF, Carvajal-Castro JD, Vargas-Salinas F. Does abiotic noise promote segregation of functional diversity in Neotropical anuran assemblages? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The abiotic noise of streams can mask the acoustic signals of anurans with a large body size calling at low frequencies, but not the signals emitted by anurans with a small body size calling at high frequencies. As a consequence, the body size of species in assemblages alongside streams is, on average, lower and less variable than that of assemblages away from streams. Given that the body size in anurans is frequently related to life-history traits, it is expected that functional diversity (FD) will be lower in anuran assemblages alongside streams than in assemblages away from streams. We calculated and compared FD, based on six functional traits, for anuran species in seven localities in different biogeographical regions in the Neotropics. In five lowland localities, FD was lower in assemblages alongside streams than in assemblages away from streams. However, the reverse trend was found in two Andean localities. Noise from streams, acting as an environmental filter, could promote low FD because taxa whose phenotype differs from an optimal type (high call frequency, small body size and associated traits) are excluded from riparian places. However, such habitat filtering could be stronger and affect more anurans in lowland assemblages than in those at medium elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Marcela Jiménez-Vargas
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Michelle Andrea Atehortua-Vallejo
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Arcila-Pérez
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Juan D Carvajal-Castro
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Fernando Vargas-Salinas
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
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The amphibian microbiome exhibits poor resilience following pathogen-induced disturbance. ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1628-1640. [PMID: 33564111 PMCID: PMC8163836 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pathogens can disrupt the microbiome in addition to directly affecting the host. Impacts of disease may be dependent on the ability of the microbiome to recover from such disturbance, yet remarkably little is known about microbiome recovery after disease, particularly in nonhuman animals. We assessed the resilience of the amphibian skin microbial community after disturbance by the pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Skin microbial communities of laboratory-reared mountain yellow-legged frogs were tracked through three experimental phases: prior to Bd infection, after Bd infection (disturbance), and after clearing Bd infection (recovery period). Bd infection disturbed microbiome composition and altered the relative abundances of several dominant bacterial taxa. After Bd infection, frogs were treated with an antifungal drug that cleared Bd infection, but this did not lead to recovery of microbiome composition (measured as Unifrac distance) or relative abundances of dominant bacterial groups. These results indicate that Bd infection can lead to an alternate stable state in the microbiome of sensitive amphibians, or that microbiome recovery is extremely slow—in either case resilience is low. Furthermore, antifungal treatment and clearance of Bd infection had the additional effect of reducing microbial community variability, which we hypothesize results from similarity across frogs in the taxa that colonize community vacancies resulting from the removal of Bd. Our results indicate that the skin microbiota of mountain yellow-legged frogs has low resilience following Bd-induced disturbance and is further altered by the process of clearing Bd infection, which may have implications for the conservation of this endangered amphibian.
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35
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Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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36
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García-Rodríguez A, Guarnizo CE, Crawford AJ, Garda AA, Costa GC. Idiosyncratic responses to drivers of genetic differentiation in the complex landscapes of Isthmian Central America. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:251-265. [PMID: 33051599 PMCID: PMC8027409 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Isthmian Central America (ICA) is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world, hosting an exceptionally high number of species per unit area. ICA was formed <25 million years ago and, consequently, its biotic assemblage is relatively young and derived from both colonization and in situ diversification. Despite intensive taxonomic work on the local fauna, the potential forces driving genetic divergences and ultimately speciation in ICA remain poorly studied. Here, we used a landscape genetics approach to test whether isolation by distance, topography, habitat suitability, or environment drive the genetic diversity of the regional frog assemblage. To this end, we combined data on landscape features and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation for nine codistributed amphibian species with disparate life histories. In five species, we found that at least one of the factors tested explained patterns of genetic divergence. However, rather than finding a general pattern, our results revealed idiosyncratic responses to historical and ecological processes, indicating that intrinsic life-history characteristics may determine the effect of different drivers of isolation on genetic divergence in ICA. Our work also suggests that the convergence of several factors promoting isolation among populations over a heterogeneous landscape might maximize genetic differentiation, despite short geographical distances. In conclusion, abiotic factors and geographical features have differentially affected the genetic diversity across the regional frog assemblage. Much more complex models (i.e., considering multiple drivers), beyond simple vicariance of Caribbean and Pacific lineages, are needed to better understand the evolutionary history of ICA's diverse biotas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-153, Ciudad Universitaria, CP, 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-900, RN, Brazil.
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Carlos E Guarnizo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Andrew J Crawford
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - Adrian A Garda
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59078-900, RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL, 36124, USA
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37
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Sagatova AA. Strategies to Better Target Fungal Squalene Monooxygenase. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:49. [PMID: 33450973 PMCID: PMC7828399 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens present a challenge in medicine and agriculture. They also harm ecosystems and threaten biodiversity. The allylamine class of antimycotics targets the enzyme squalene monooxygenase. This enzyme occupies a key position in the sterol biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotes, catalyzing the rate-limiting reaction by introducing an oxygen atom to the squalene substrate converting it to 2,3-oxidosqualene. Currently, terbinafine-the most widely used allylamine-is mostly used for treating superficial fungal infections. The ability to better target this enzyme will have significant implications for human health in the treatment of fungal infections. The human orthologue can also be targeted for cholesterol-lowering therapeutics and in cancer therapies. This review will focus on the structural basis for improving the current therapeutics for fungal squalene monooxygenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia A Sagatova
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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38
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Byrne AQ, Richards-Zawacki CL, Voyles J, Bi K, Ibáñez R, Rosenblum EB. Whole exome sequencing identifies the potential for genetic rescue in iconic and critically endangered Panamanian harlequin frogs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:50-70. [PMID: 33150627 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Avoiding extinction in a rapidly changing environment often relies on a species' ability to quickly adapt in the face of extreme selective pressures. In Panamá, two closely related harlequin frog species (Atelopus varius and Atelopus zeteki) are threatened with extinction due to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Once thought to be nearly extirpated from Panamá, A. varius have recently been rediscovered in multiple localities across their historical range; however, A. zeteki are possibly extinct in the wild. By leveraging a unique collection of 186 Atelopus tissue samples collected before and after the Bd outbreak in Panama, we describe the genetics of persistence for these species on the brink of extinction. We sequenced the transcriptome and developed an exome-capture assay to sequence the coding regions of the Atelopus genome. Using these genetic data, we evaluate the population genetic structure of historical A. varius and A. zeteki populations, describe changes in genetic diversity over time, assess the relationship between contemporary and historical individuals, and test the hypothesis that some A. varius populations have rapidly evolved to resist or tolerate Bd infection. We found a significant decrease in genetic diversity in contemporary (compared to historical) A. varius populations. We did not find strong evidence of directional allele frequency change or selection for Bd resistance genes, but we uncovered a set of candidate genes that warrant further study. Additionally, we found preliminary evidence of recent migration and gene flow in one of the largest persisting A. varius populations in Panamá, suggesting the potential for genetic rescue in this system. Finally, we propose that previous conservation units should be modified, as clear genetic breaks do not exist beyond the local population level. Our data lay the groundwork for genetically informed conservation and advance our understanding of how imperiled species might be rescued from extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Q Byrne
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Ke Bi
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, SENACYT, Clayton, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Erica Bree Rosenblum
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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39
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Koroiva R, Rodrigues LRR, Santana DJ. DNA barcoding for identification of anuran species in the central region of South America. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10189. [PMID: 33150083 PMCID: PMC7585382 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of COI barcodes for specimen identification and species discovery has been a useful molecular approach for the study of Anura. Here, we establish a comprehensive amphibian barcode reference database in a central area of South America, in particular for specimens collected in Mato Grosso do Sul state (Brazil), and to evaluate the applicability of the COI gene for species-level identification. Both distance- and tree-based methods were applied for assessing species boundaries and the accuracy of specimen identification was evaluated. A total of 204 mitochondrial COI barcode sequences were evaluated from 22 genera and 59 species (19 newly barcoded species). Our results indicate that morphological and molecular identifications converge for most species, however, some species may present cryptic species due to high intraspecific variation, and there is a high efficiency of specimen identification. Thus, we show that COI sequencing can be used to identify anuran species present in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Koroiva
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Diego José Santana
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
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40
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Martin H. C, Ibáñez R, Nothias LF, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Dorrestein PC, Gutiérrez M. Metabolites from Microbes Isolated from the Skin of the Panamanian Rocket Frog Colostethus panamansis (Anura: Dendrobatidae). Metabolites 2020; 10:E406. [PMID: 33065987 PMCID: PMC7601193 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Panamanian rocket frog Colostethus panamansis (family Dendrobatidae) has been affected by chytridiomycosis, a deadly disease caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While there are still uninfected frogs, we set out to isolate microbes from anatomically distinct regions in an effort to create a cultivable resource within Panama for potential drug/agricultural/ecological applications that perhaps could also be used as part of a strategy to protect frogs from infections. To understand if there are specific anatomies that should be explored in future applications of this resource, we mapped skin-associated bacteria of C. panamansis and their metabolite production potential by mass spectrometry on a 3D model. Our results indicate that five bacterial families (Enterobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae and Pseudomonadaceae) dominate the cultivable microbes from the skin of C. panamansis. The combination of microbial classification and molecular analysis in relation to the anti-Bd inhibitory databases reveals the resource has future potential for amphibian conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Martin H.
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, Panama 0843-01103, Panama;
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama 0843-03092, Panama;
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (L.-F.N.); (A.M.C.-R.); (P.C.D.)
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Clayton, Panama 0843-01103, Panama;
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41
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Reyes-Puig C, Wake DB, Kotharambath R, Streicher JW, Koch C, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Ron S. Two extremely rare new species of fossorial salamanders of the genus Oedipina (Plethodontidae) from northwestern Ecuador. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9934. [PMID: 33062424 PMCID: PMC7534686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two new species of salamanders of the genus Oedipina, subgenus Oedopinola, from two localities on the northwestern foothills of Ecuador, at elevations between 921 and 1,067 m. These are the southernmost members of the genus. We examined different museum collections and we found just three specimens of Oedipina from Ecuador, obtained throughout the history of herpetological collections in the country. We identify two of the three specimens as new species, but refrain from assigning a specific identity to the third, pending further study. Oedipina villamizariorum sp. n. is a medium-sized member of the genus, with a narrow, relatively pointed head and blunt snout; dorsolaterally oriented eyes, moderate in size; and digits that are moderately long and having pointed tips. Oedipina ecuatoriana sp. n., somewhat larger, has a narrow head and broadly rounded snout; this new species differs from all known Oedipina by the distinctive presence of paired prefrontal bones and a reduced phalangeal formula: 0-0-1-0; 0-1-2-1-1. We provide detailed descriptions of the osteology of both new species. Finally, we present a phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus, including one of the two new species, based on partial sequences of mitochondrial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Reyes-Puig
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.,Museo de Zoología & Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Instituto de Diversidad Biológica Tropical iBIOTROP, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.,Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.,Fundación EcoMinga, Baños, Ecuador
| | - David B Wake
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey W Streicher
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Koch
- Leibniz-Institut für Biodiversität der Tiere, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diego F Cisneros-Heredia
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.,Museo de Zoología & Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre, Instituto de Diversidad Biológica Tropical iBIOTROP, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Geography, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mario H Yánez-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.,Fundación EcoMinga, Baños, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Ron
- Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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42
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Meurling S, Kärvemo S, Chondrelli N, Cortazar Chinarro M, Åhlen D, Brookes L, Nyström P, Stenberg M, Garner TWJ, Höglund J, Laurila A. Occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Sweden: higher infection prevalence in southern species. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 140:209-218. [PMID: 32880378 DOI: 10.3354/dao03502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has caused worldwide declines in amphibian populations. While Bd is widespread in southern and central Europe, its occurrence and distribution in northernmost Europe is mostly unknown. We surveyed for Bd in breeding anurans in Sweden by sampling 1917 amphibians from 101 localities and 3 regions in Sweden (southern, northern and central). We found that Bd was widespread in southern and central Sweden, occurring in all 9 investigated species and in 45.5% of the 101 localities with an overall prevalence of 13.8%. No infected individuals were found in the 4 northern sites sampled. The records from central Sweden represent the northernmost records of Bd in Europe. While the proportion of sites positive for Bd was similar between the southern and central regions, prevalence was much higher in the southern region. This was because southern species with a distribution mainly restricted to southernmost Sweden had a higher prevalence than widespread generalist species. The nationally red-listed green toad Bufotes variabilis and the fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina had the highest prevalence (61.4 and 48.9%, respectively). Across species, Bd prevalence was strongly positively, correlated with water temperature at the start of egg laying. However, no individuals showing visual signs of chytridiomycosis were found in the field. These results indicate that Bd is widespread and common in southern and central Sweden with southern species, breeding in higher temperatures and with longer breeding periods, having higher prevalence. However, the impact of Bd on amphibian populations in northernmost Europe remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meurling
- Animal Ecology/ Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Mendoza-Henao AM, Arias E, Townsend JH, Parra-Olea G. Phylogeny-based species delimitation and integrative taxonomic revision of the Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni species complex, with resurrection of H. viridissimum (Taylor, 1942). SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1776781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Mendoza-Henao
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-153 Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, PO 70-153, C.P. 04510, México
- Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Conservación Neotropical, Cali, C.P. 760046, Colombia
| | - Erick Arias
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-153 Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, PO 70-153, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Josiah H. Townsend
- Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA
- Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ambiente y Desarrollo, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Municipalidad de San Antonio de Oriente, Honduras
| | - Gabriela Parra-Olea
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-153 Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, CP 04510, México
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44
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Zipkin EF, DiRenzo GV, Ray JM, Rossman S, Lips KR. Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss. Science 2020; 367:814-816. [PMID: 32054766 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is declining at unprecedented rates worldwide. Yet cascading effects of biodiversity loss on other taxa are largely unknown because baseline data are often unavailable. We document the collapse of a Neotropical snake community after the invasive fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis caused a chytridiomycosis epizootic leading to the catastrophic loss of amphibians, a food source for snakes. After mass mortality of amphibians, the snake community contained fewer species and was more homogeneous across the study site, with several species in poorer body condition, despite no other systematic changes in the environment. The demise of the snake community after amphibian loss demonstrates the repercussive and often unnoticed consequences of the biodiversity crisis and calls attention to the invisible declines of rare and data-deficient species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F Zipkin
- Department of Integrative Biology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Graziella V DiRenzo
- Department of Integrative Biology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA
| | - Julie M Ray
- La MICA Biological Station, El Copé de La Pintada, Coclé, Republic of Panama
| | - Sam Rossman
- Department of Integrative Biology; Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951, USA
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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45
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Scheele BC, Pasmans F, Skerratt LF, Berger L, Martel A, Beukema W, Acevedo AA, Burrowes PA, Carvalho T, Catenazzi A, De la Riva I, Fisher MC, Flechas SV, Foster CN, Frías-Álvarez P, Garner TWJ, Gratwicke B, Guayasamin JM, Hirschfeld M, Kolby JE, Kosch TA, La Marca E, Lindenmayer DB, Lips KR, Longo AV, Maneyro R, McDonald CA, Mendelson J, Palacios-Rodriguez P, Parra-Olea G, Richards-Zawacki CL, Rödel MO, Rovito SM, Soto-Azat C, Toledo LF, Voyles J, Weldon C, Whitfield SM, Wilkinson M, Zamudio KR, Canessa S. Response to Comment on "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity". Science 2020; 367:367/6484/eaay2905. [PMID: 32193294 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay2905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lambert et al question our retrospective and holistic epidemiological assessment of the role of chytridiomycosis in amphibian declines. Their alternative assessment is narrow and provides an incomplete evaluation of evidence. Adopting this approach limits understanding of infectious disease impacts and hampers conservation efforts. We reaffirm that our study provides unambiguous evidence that chytridiomycosis has affected at least 501 amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,National Environmental Science Programme, Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - An Martel
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wouter Beukema
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aldemar A Acevedo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía, Universidad de Pamplona, Barrio El Buque, Pamplona, Colombia
| | | | - Tamilie Carvalho
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Catenazzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Sandra V Flechas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Sede Venado de Oro, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claire N Foster
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia Frías-Álvarez
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Juan M Guayasamin
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Ambientales BIOSFERA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Calle Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mareike Hirschfeld
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Jonathan E Kolby
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.,Honduras Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Center, Lancetilla Botanical Garden and Research Center, Tela, Honduras.,The Conservation Agency, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Tiffany A Kosch
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.,AL Rae Centre for Genetics and Breeding, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Enrique La Marca
- School of Geography, Faculty of Forestry Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,National Environmental Science Programme, Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ana V Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Raúl Maneyro
- Laboratorio de Sistemática e Historia Natural de Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cait A McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Mendelson
- Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Parra-Olea
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Sean M Rovito
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Guanajuato CP36824, México
| | - Claudio Soto-Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ché Weldon
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Steven M Whitfield
- Conservation and Research Department, Zoo Miami, Miami, FL 33177, USA.,School of Earth, Environment, and Society, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stefano Canessa
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gordon MR, Simandle ET, Sandmeier FC, Tracy CR. Two New Cryptic Endemic Toads of Bufo Discovered in Central Nevada, Western United States (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo [Anaxyrus]). COPEIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1643/ch-18-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Gordon
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557; (CRT) . Send reprint requests to CRT
| | - Eric T. Simandle
- Department of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | | | - C. Richard Tracy
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557; (CRT) . Send reprint requests to CRT
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47
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Acosta-Galvis AR, Torres M, Pulido-Santacruz P. A new species of Caecilia (Gymnophiona, Caeciliidae) from the Magdalena valley region of Colombia. Zookeys 2019; 884:135-157. [PMID: 31723330 PMCID: PMC6834723 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.884.35776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of the genus Caecilia (Caeciliidae) from the western foothills of the Serranía de los Yariguíes in Colombia is described. Caeciliapulchraserranasp. nov. is similar to C.degenerata and C.corpulenta but differs from these species in having fewer primary annular grooves and a shorter body length. With this new species, the currently recognized species in the genus are increased to 35. Mitochondrial DNA sequences, including newly sequenced terminals representing two additional, previously unanalyzed species, corroborate the phylogenetic position of the new species within Caecilia and the monophyly of the genus. This analysis also included newly sequenced terminals of Epicrionopsaff.parkeri (Rhinatrematidae) and trans-Andean Microcaecilianicefori (Siphonopidae). Evidence was found for the non-monophyly of the family Siphonopidae and the siphonopid genera Microcaecilia and Siphonops. The implications of these results for caecilian systematics are discussed and the status of the trans-Andean populations of Caeciliadegenerata is commented upon.
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48
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Smith KG, Almeida RJ. When are extinctions simply bad luck? Rarefaction as a framework for disentangling selective and stochastic extinctions. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G. Smith
- Department of Biology Davidson College Davidson NC USA
- Department of Environmental Studies Davidson College Davidson NC USA
| | - Ryan J. Almeida
- Department of Biology Davidson College Davidson NC USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
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49
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Keiser CN, Wantman T, Rebollar EA, Harris RN. Tadpole body size and behaviour alter the social acquisition of a defensive bacterial symbiont. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191080. [PMID: 31598324 PMCID: PMC6774948 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in host phenotypes can generate heterogeneity in the acquisition and transmission of microbes. Although this has become a prominent factor of disease epidemiology, host phenotypic variation might similarly underlie the transmission of microbial symbionts that defend against pathogen infection. Here, we test whether host body size and behaviour influence the social acquisition of a skin bacterium, Janthinobacterium lividum, which in some hosts can confer protection against infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the causative agent of the amphibian skin disease chytridiomycosis. We measured body size and boldness (time spent in an open field) of green frog tadpoles and haphazardly constructed groups of six individuals. In some groups, we exposed one individual in each group to J. lividum and, in other groups, we inoculated a patch of aquarium pebbles to J. lividum. After 24 h, we swabbed each individual to estimate the presence of J. lividum on their skin. On average, tadpoles acquired nearly four times more bacteria when housed with an exposed individual compared to those housed with a patch of inoculated substrate. When tadpoles were housed with an exposed group-mate, larger and 'bolder' individuals acquired more bacteria. These data suggest that phenotypically biased acquisition of defensive symbionts might generate biased patterns of mortality from the pathogens against which they protect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl N. Keiser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Trina Wantman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Eria A. Rebollar
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Reid N. Harris
- Amphibian Survival Alliance, London SW7 2HQ, UK
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA
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50
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Scheele BC, Pasmans F, Skerratt LF, Berger L, Martel A, Beukema W, Acevedo AA, Burrowes PA, Carvalho T, Catenazzi A, De la Riva I, Fisher MC, Flechas SV, Foster CN, Frías-Álvarez P, Garner TWJ, Gratwicke B, Guayasamin JM, Hirschfeld M, Kolby JE, Kosch TA, La Marca E, Lindenmayer DB, Lips KR, Longo AV, Maneyro R, McDonald CA, Mendelson J, Palacios-Rodriguez P, Parra-Olea G, Richards-Zawacki CL, Rödel MO, Rovito SM, Soto-Azat C, Toledo LF, Voyles J, Weldon C, Whitfield SM, Wilkinson M, Zamudio KR, Canessa S. Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. Science 2019; 363:1459-1463. [PMID: 30923224 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic trade and development have broken down dispersal barriers, facilitating the spread of diseases that threaten Earth's biodiversity. We present a global, quantitative assessment of the amphibian chytridiomycosis panzootic, one of the most impactful examples of disease spread, and demonstrate its role in the decline of at least 501 amphibian species over the past half-century, including 90 presumed extinctions. The effects of chytridiomycosis have been greatest in large-bodied, range-restricted anurans in wet climates in the Americas and Australia. Declines peaked in the 1980s, and only 12% of declined species show signs of recovery, whereas 39% are experiencing ongoing decline. There is risk of further chytridiomycosis outbreaks in new areas. The chytridiomycosis panzootic represents the greatest recorded loss of biodiversity attributable to a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben C Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. .,National Environmental Science Programme, Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - An Martel
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Wouter Beukema
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aldemar A Acevedo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Grupo de Investigación en Ecología y Biogeografía, Universidad de Pamplona, Barrio El Buque, Km 1, Vía a Bucaramanga, Pamplona, Colombia
| | - Patricia A Burrowes
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Tamilie Carvalho
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Catenazzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ignacio De la Riva
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Matthew C Fisher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Sandra V Flechas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Sede Venado de Oro, Paseo Bolívar 16-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claire N Foster
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia Frías-Álvarez
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Trenton W J Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Brian Gratwicke
- Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Juan M Guayasamin
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Ambientales BIOSFERA, Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.,Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Calle Machala y Sabanilla, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mareike Hirschfeld
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Jonathan E Kolby
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.,Honduras Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Center, Lancetilla Botanical Garden and Research Center, Tela, Honduras.,The Conservation Agency, Jamestown, RI 02835, USA
| | - Tiffany A Kosch
- One Health Research Group, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.,AL Rae Centre for Genetics and Breeding, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Enrique La Marca
- School of Geography, Faculty of Forestry Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,National Environmental Science Programme, Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ana V Longo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Raúl Maneyro
- Laboratorio de Sistemática e Historia Natural de Vertebrados. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República. Igua 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cait A McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Mendelson
- Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Gabriela Parra-Olea
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Mark-Oliver Rödel
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Sean M Rovito
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, Guanajuato CP36824, México
| | - Claudio Soto-Azat
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370251, Chile
| | - Luís Felipe Toledo
- Laboratório de História Natural de Anfíbios Brasileiros (LaHNAB), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jamie Voyles
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ché Weldon
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Steven M Whitfield
- Zoo Miami, Conservation and Research Department, Miami, FL 33177, USA.,Florida International University School of Earth, Environment, and Society, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Kelly R Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stefano Canessa
- Wildlife Health Ghent, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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