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Klimovič Š, Beckerová D, Věžník J, Kabanov D, Lacina K, Jelinkova S, Gumulec J, Rotrekl V, Přibyl J. Hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels with tunable mechanics improved structural and contractile properties of cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 159:213819. [PMID: 38430724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates cellular responses through mechanotransduction. The standard approach of in vitro culturing on plastic surfaces overlooks this phenomenon, so there is a need for biocompatible materials that exhibit adjustable mechanical and structural properties, promote cell adhesion and proliferation at low cost and for use in 2D or 3D cell cultures. This study presents a new tunable hydrogel system prepared from high-molecular hyaluronic acid (HA), Bovine serum albumin (BSA), and gelatin cross-linked using EDC/NHS. Hydrogels with Young's moduli (E) ranging from subunit to units of kilopascals were prepared by gradually increasing HA and BSA concentrations. Concentrated high-molecular HA network led to stiffer hydrogel with lower cluster size and swelling capacity. Medium and oxygen diffusion capability of all hydrogels showed they are suitable for 3D cell cultures. Mechanical and structural changes of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) on hydrogels were compared with cells on standard cultivation surfaces. Experiments showed that hydrogels have suitable mechanical and cell adhesion capabilities, resulting in structural changes of actin filaments. Lastly, applying hydrogel for a more complex HL-1 cell line revealed improved mechanical and electrophysiological contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Klimovič
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah Beckerová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Věžník
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniil Kabanov
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lacina
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Jelinkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Gumulec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Rotrekl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; ICRC, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Přibyl
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Aguilar J, Malacrida L, Gunther G, Torrado B, Torres V, Urbano BF, Sánchez SA. Cells immersed in collagen matrices show a decrease in plasma membrane fluidity as the matrix stiffness increases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184176. [PMID: 37328024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cells are constantly adapting to maintain their identity in response to the surrounding media's temporal and spatial heterogeneity. The plasma membrane, which participates in the transduction of external signals, plays a crucial role in this adaptation. Studies suggest that nano and micrometer areas with different fluidities at the plasma membrane change their distribution in response to external mechanical signals. However, investigations linking fluidity domains with mechanical stimuli, specifically matrix stiffness, are still in progress. This report tests the hypothesis that the stiffness of the extracellular matrix can modify the equilibrium of areas with different order in the plasma membrane, resulting in changes in overall membrane fluidity distribution. We studied the effect of matrix stiffness on the distribution of membrane lipid domains in NIH-3 T3 cells immersed in matrices of varying concentrations of collagen type I, for 24 or 72 h. The stiffness and viscoelastic properties of the collagen matrices were characterized by rheometry, fiber sizes were measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the volume occupied by the fibers by second harmonic generation imaging (SHG). Membrane fluidity was measured using the fluorescent dye LAURDAN and spectral phasor analysis. The results demonstrate that an increase in collagen stiffness alters the distribution of membrane fluidity, leading to an increasing amount of the LAURDAN fraction with a high degree of packing. These findings suggest that changes in the equilibrium of fluidity domains could represent a versatile and refined component of the signal transduction mechanism for cells to respond to the highly heterogeneous matrix structural composition. Overall, this study sheds light on the importance of the plasma membrane's role in adapting to the extracellular matrix's mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Macromoleculares (LIMM), Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - German Gunther
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Torrado
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California at Irvine, California, USA
| | - Viviana Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Bruno F Urbano
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Macromoleculares (LIMM), Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Susana A Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Macromoleculares (LIMM), Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
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3
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Erlich A, Étienne J, Fouchard J, Wyatt T. How dynamic prestress governs the shape of living systems, from the subcellular to tissue scale. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220038. [PMID: 36330322 PMCID: PMC9560792 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues change shape both to carry out their function and during pathology. In most cases, these deformations are driven from within the systems themselves. This is permitted by a range of molecular actors, such as active crosslinkers and ion pumps, whose activity is biologically controlled in space and time. The resulting stresses are propagated within complex and dynamical architectures like networks or cell aggregates. From a mechanical point of view, these effects can be seen as the generation of prestress or prestrain, resulting from either a contractile or growth activity. In this review, we present this concept of prestress and the theoretical tools available to conceptualize the statics and dynamics of living systems. We then describe a range of phenomena where prestress controls shape changes in biopolymer networks (especially the actomyosin cytoskeleton and fibrous tissues) and cellularized tissues. Despite the diversity of scale and organization, we demonstrate that these phenomena stem from a limited number of spatial distributions of prestress, which can be categorized as heterogeneous, anisotropic or differential. We suggest that in addition to growth and contraction, a third type of prestress-topological prestress-can result from active processes altering the microstructure of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7622), INSERM (URL 1156), 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Pinon L, Ruyssen N, Pineau J, Mesdjian O, Cuvelier D, Chipont A, Allena R, Guerin CL, Asnacios S, Asnacios A, Pierobon P, Fattaccioli J. Phenotyping polarization dynamics of immune cells using a lipid droplet-cell pairing microfluidic platform. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100335. [PMID: 36452873 PMCID: PMC9701611 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The immune synapse is the tight contact zone between a lymphocyte and a cell presenting its cognate antigen. This structure serves as a signaling platform and entails a polarization of intracellular components necessary to the immunological function of the cell. While the surface properties of the presenting cell are known to control the formation of the synapse, their impact on polarization has not yet been studied. Using functional lipid droplets as tunable artificial presenting cells combined with a microfluidic pairing device, we simultaneously observe synchronized synapses and dynamically quantify polarization patterns of individual B cells. By assessing how ligand concentration, surface fluidity, and substrate rigidity impact lysosome polarization, we show that its onset and kinetics depend on the local antigen concentration at the synapse and on substrate rigidity. Our experimental system enables a fine phenotyping of monoclonal cell populations based on their synaptic readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Pinon
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ruyssen
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBHGC, HESAM Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Mesdjian
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, UMR 144, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 926 Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Chipont
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rachele Allena
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IBHGC, HESAM Université, 75013 Paris, France
- LJAD, UMR 7351, Université Côte d’Azur, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Coralie L. Guerin
- Institut Curie, Cytometry Platform, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Asnacios
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 925 Physics, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, U932, Immunology and Cancer, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Fattaccioli
- École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8640, Laboratoire PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Petracchini S, Hamaoui D, Doye A, Asnacios A, Fage F, Vitiello E, Balland M, Janel S, Lafont F, Gupta M, Ladoux B, Gilleron J, Maia TM, Impens F, Gagnoux-Palacios L, Daugaard M, Sorensen PH, Lemichez E, Mettouchi A. Optineurin links Hace1-dependent Rac ubiquitylation to integrin-mediated mechanotransduction to control bacterial invasion and cell division. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6059. [PMID: 36229487 PMCID: PMC9561704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) elasticity is perceived by cells via focal adhesion structures, which transduce mechanical cues into chemical signalling to conform cell behavior. Although the contribution of ECM compliance to the control of cell migration or division is extensively studied, little is reported regarding infectious processes. We study this phenomenon with the extraintestinal Escherichia coli pathogen UTI89. We show that UTI89 takes advantage, via its CNF1 toxin, of integrin mechanoactivation to trigger its invasion into cells. We identify the HACE1 E3 ligase-interacting protein Optineurin (OPTN) as a protein regulated by ECM stiffness. Functional analysis establishes a role of OPTN in bacterial invasion and integrin mechanical coupling and for stimulation of HACE1 E3 ligase activity towards the Rac1 GTPase. Consistent with a role of OPTN in cell mechanics, OPTN knockdown cells display defective integrin-mediated traction force buildup, associated with limited cellular invasion by UTI89. Nevertheless, OPTN knockdown cells display strong mechanochemical adhesion signalling, enhanced Rac1 activation and increased cyclin D1 translation, together with enhanced cell proliferation independent of ECM stiffness. Together, our data ascribe a new function to OPTN in mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Petracchini
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Hamaoui
- grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Anne Doye
- grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- grid.463714.3Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR7057, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Florian Fage
- grid.463714.3Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR7057, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Elisa Vitiello
- grid.462689.70000 0000 9272 9931Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Balland
- grid.462689.70000 0000 9272 9931Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LiPhy, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sebastien Janel
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- grid.410463.40000 0004 0471 8845Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL—Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mukund Gupta
- grid.461913.80000 0001 0676 2143Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- grid.461913.80000 0001 0676 2143Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jerôme Gilleron
- grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France
| | - Teresa M. Maia
- grid.511525.7VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- grid.511525.7VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.11486.3a0000000104788040VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gagnoux-Palacios
- grid.461605.0Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), 06108 Nice, France
| | - Mads Daugaard
- grid.412541.70000 0001 0684 7796Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6 Canada ,grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Poul H. Sorensen
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3 Canada
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, F-75015 Paris, France ,grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, INSERM U1306, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, F-75015 Paris, France ,grid.462370.40000 0004 0620 5402Université Côte d’Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Microbial Toxins in Host-Pathogen Interactions, Nice, France ,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Nice, France
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6
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Bernal R, Van Hemelryck M, Gurchenkov B, Cuvelier D. Actin Stress Fibers Response and Adaptation under Stretch. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095095. [PMID: 35563485 PMCID: PMC9101353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the many effects of soft tissues under mechanical solicitation in the cellular damage produced by highly localized strain. Here, we study the response of peripheral stress fibers (SFs) to external stretch in mammalian cells, plated onto deformable micropatterned substrates. A local fluorescence analysis reveals that an adaptation response is observed at the vicinity of the focal adhesion sites (FAs) due to its mechanosensor function. The response depends on the type of mechanical stress, from a Maxwell-type material in compression to a complex scenario in extension, where a mechanotransduction and a self-healing process takes place in order to prevent the induced severing of the SF. A model is proposed to take into account the effect of the applied stretch on the mechanics of the SF, from which relevant parameters of the healing process are obtained. In contrast, the repair of the actin bundle occurs at the weak point of the SF and depends on the amount of applied strain. As a result, the SFs display strain-softening features due to the incorporation of new actin material into the bundle. In contrast, the response under compression shows a reorganization with a constant actin material suggesting a gliding process of the SFs by the myosin II motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bernal
- Cellular Mechanics Laboratory, Physics Department, SMAT-C, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile;
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (D.C.)
| | - Milenka Van Hemelryck
- Cellular Mechanics Laboratory, Physics Department, SMAT-C, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170124, Chile;
| | - Basile Gurchenkov
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Damien Cuvelier
- Sorbonne Université, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, UFR 926 Chemistry, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 144, 75248 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (D.C.)
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7
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Souchaud A, Boutillon A, Charron G, Asnacios A, Noûs C, David NB, Graner F, Gallet F. Live 3D imaging and mapping of shear stresses within tissues using incompressible elastic beads. Development 2022; 149:274481. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
To investigate the role of mechanical constraints in morphogenesis and development, we have developed a pipeline of techniques based on incompressible elastic sensors. These techniques combine the advantages of incompressible liquid droplets, which have been used as precise in situ shear stress sensors, and of elastic compressible beads, which are easier to tune and to use. Droplets of a polydimethylsiloxane mix, made fluorescent through specific covalent binding to a rhodamin dye, are produced by a microfluidics device. The elastomer rigidity after polymerization is adjusted to the tissue rigidity. Its mechanical properties are carefully calibrated in situ, for a sensor embedded in a cell aggregate submitted to uniaxial compression. The local shear stress tensor is retrieved from the sensor shape, accurately reconstructed through an active contour method. In vitro, within cell aggregates, and in vivo, in the prechordal plate of the zebrafish embryo during gastrulation, our pipeline of techniques demonstrates its efficiency to directly measure the three dimensional shear stress repartition within a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Souchaud
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaëlle Charron
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Camille Noûs
- Laboratory Cogitamus, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas B. David
- Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - François Graner
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
| | - François Gallet
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 associée au CNRS et à l'Université de Paris, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
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8
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Mierke CT. Viscoelasticity, Like Forces, Plays a Role in Mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:789841. [PMID: 35223831 PMCID: PMC8864183 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.789841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity and its alteration in time and space has turned out to act as a key element in fundamental biological processes in living systems, such as morphogenesis and motility. Based on experimental and theoretical findings it can be proposed that viscoelasticity of cells, spheroids and tissues seems to be a collective characteristic that demands macromolecular, intracellular component and intercellular interactions. A major challenge is to couple the alterations in the macroscopic structural or material characteristics of cells, spheroids and tissues, such as cell and tissue phase transitions, to the microscopic interferences of their elements. Therefore, the biophysical technologies need to be improved, advanced and connected to classical biological assays. In this review, the viscoelastic nature of cytoskeletal, extracellular and cellular networks is presented and discussed. Viscoelasticity is conceptualized as a major contributor to cell migration and invasion and it is discussed whether it can serve as a biomarker for the cells' migratory capacity in several biological contexts. It can be hypothesized that the statistical mechanics of intra- and extracellular networks may be applied in the future as a powerful tool to explore quantitatively the biomechanical foundation of viscoelasticity over a broad range of time and length scales. Finally, the importance of the cellular viscoelasticity is illustrated in identifying and characterizing multiple disorders, such as cancer, tissue injuries, acute or chronic inflammations or fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel with tunable stiffness for probing cellular responses to matrix stiffening. Acta Biomater 2022; 138:112-123. [PMID: 34749001 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As cells have the capacity to respond to their mechanical environment, cellular biological behaviors can be regulated by the stiffness of extracellular matrix. Moreover, biological processes are dynamic and accompanied by matrix stiffening. Herein, we developed a stiffening cell culture platform based on polyacrylamide-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite hydrogel with tunable stiffness under the application of magnetic field. This platform provided a wide range of tunable stiffness (∼0.3-20 kPa) covering most of human tissue elasticity with a high biocompatibility. Overall, the increased magnetic interactions between magnetic nanoparticles reduced the pore size of the hydrogel and enhanced the hydrogel stiffness, thereby facilitating the adhesion and spreading of stem cells, which was attributed to the F-actin assembly and vinculin recruitment. Such stiffening cell culture platform provides dynamic mechanical environments for probing the cellular response to matrix stiffening, and benefits studies of dynamic biological processes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cellular biological behaviors can be regulated by the stiffness of extracellular matrix. Moreover, biological processes are dynamic and accompanied by matrix stiffening. Herein, we developed a stiffening cell culture platform based on polyacrylamide/Fe3O4 magnetic nanocomposite hydrogels with a wide tunable range of stiffness under the application of magnetic field, without adversely affecting cellular behaviors. Such matrix stiffening caused by enhanced magnetic interaction between magnetic nanoparticles under the application of the magnetic field could induce the morphological variations of stem cells cultured on the hydrogels. Overall, our stiffening cell culture platform can be used not only to probe the cellular response to matrix stiffening but also to benefit various biomedical studies.
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10
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Puech PH, Bongrand P. Mechanotransduction as a major driver of cell behaviour: mechanisms, and relevance to cell organization and future research. Open Biol 2021; 11:210256. [PMID: 34753321 PMCID: PMC8586914 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
How do cells process environmental cues to make decisions? This simple question is still generating much experimental and theoretical work, at the border of physics, chemistry and biology, with strong implications in medicine. The purpose of mechanobiology is to understand how biochemical and physical cues are turned into signals through mechanotransduction. Here, we review recent evidence showing that (i) mechanotransduction plays a major role in triggering signalling cascades following cell-neighbourhood interaction; (ii) the cell capacity to continually generate forces, and biomolecule properties to undergo conformational changes in response to piconewton forces, provide a molecular basis for understanding mechanotransduction; and (iii) mechanotransduction shapes the guidance cues retrieved by living cells and the information flow they generate. This includes the temporal and spatial properties of intracellular signalling cascades. In conclusion, it is suggested that the described concepts may provide guidelines to define experimentally accessible parameters to describe cell structure and dynamics, as a prerequisite to take advantage of recent progress in high-throughput data gathering, computer simulation and artificial intelligence, in order to build a workable, hopefully predictive, account of cell signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri Puech
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Bongrand
- Lab Adhesion and Inflammation (LAI), Inserm UMR 1067, CNRS UMR 7333, Aix-Marseille Université UM61, Marseille, France
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11
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Abstract
Mechanical forces have emerged as essential regulators of cell organization, proliferation, migration, and polarity to regulate cellular and tissue homeostasis. Changes in forces or loss of the cellular response to them can result in abnormal embryonic development and diseases. Over the past two decades, many efforts have been put in deciphering the molecular mechanisms that convert forces into biochemical signals, allowing for the identification of many mechanotransducer proteins. Here we discuss how PDZ proteins are emerging as new mechanotransducer proteins by altering their conformations or localizations upon force loads, leading to the formation of macromolecular modules tethering the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton.
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12
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Espina JA, Marchant CL, Barriga EH. Durotaxis: the mechanical control of directed cell migration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2736-2754. [PMID: 33811732 PMCID: PMC9292038 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is essential for cells to efficiently migrate in physiological and pathological processes. While migrating in their native environment, cells interact with multiple types of cues, such as mechanical and chemical signals. The role of chemical guidance via chemotaxis has been studied in the past, the understanding of mechanical guidance of cell migration via durotaxis remained unclear until very recently. Nonetheless, durotaxis has become a topic of intensive research and several advances have been made in the study of mechanically guided cell migration across multiple fields. Thus, in this article we provide a state of the art about durotaxis by discussing in silico, in vitro and in vivo data. We also present insights on the general mechanisms by which cells sense, transduce and respond to environmental mechanics, to then contextualize these mechanisms in the process of durotaxis and explain how cells bias their migration in anisotropic substrates. Furthermore, we discuss what is known about durotaxis in vivo and we comment on how haptotaxis could arise from integrating durotaxis and chemotaxis in native environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espina
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristian L Marchant
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elias H Barriga
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
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13
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Development of Conductive Gelatine-Methacrylate Inks for Two-Photon Polymerisation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071038. [PMID: 33810431 PMCID: PMC8037899 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogel-based materials are attracting considerable interest for bioelectronic applications due to their ability to act as more compatible soft interfaces between biological and electrical systems. Despite significant advances that are being achieved in the manufacture of hydrogels, precise control over the topographies and architectures remains challenging. In this work, we present for the first time a strategy to manufacture structures with resolutions in the micro-/nanoscale based on hydrogels with enhanced electrical properties. Gelatine methacrylate (GelMa)-based inks were formulated for two-photon polymerisation (2PP). The electrical properties of this material were improved, compared to pristine GelMa, by dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) acting as conductive nanofillers, which was confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. This material was also confirmed to support human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hPSC-CMs) viability and growth. Ultra-thin film structures of 10 µm thickness and scaffolds were manufactured by 2PP, demonstrating the potential of this method in areas spanning tissue engineering and bioelectronics. Though further developments in the instrumentation are required to manufacture more complex structures, this work presents an innovative approach to the manufacture of conductive hydrogels in extremely low resolution.
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14
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Cell geometry and the cytoskeleton impact the nucleo-cytoplasmic localisation of the SMYD3 methyltransferase. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20598. [PMID: 33244033 PMCID: PMC7691988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues from the cellular microenvironment are converted into biochemical signals controlling diverse cell behaviours, including growth and differentiation. But it is still unclear how mechanotransduction ultimately affects nuclear readouts, genome function and transcriptional programs. Key signaling pathways and transcription factors can be activated, and can relocalize to the nucleus, upon mechanosensing. Here, we tested the hypothesis that epigenetic regulators, such as methyltransferase enzymes, might also contribute to mechanotransduction. We found that the SMYD3 lysine methyltransferase is spatially redistributed dependent on cell geometry (cell shape and aspect ratio) in murine myoblasts. Specifically, elongated rectangles were less permissive than square shapes to SMYD3 nuclear accumulation, via reduced nuclear import. Notably, SMYD3 has both nuclear and cytoplasmic substrates. The distribution of SMYD3 in response to cell geometry correlated with cytoplasmic and nuclear lysine tri-methylation (Kme3) levels, but not Kme2. Moreover, drugs targeting cytoskeletal acto-myosin induced nuclear accumulation of Smyd3. We also observed that square vs rectangular geometry impacted the nuclear-cytoplasmic relocalisation of several mechano-sensitive proteins, notably YAP/TAZ proteins and the SETDB1 methyltransferase. Thus, mechanical cues from cellular geometric shapes are transduced by a combination of transcription factors and epigenetic regulators shuttling between the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. A mechanosensitive epigenetic machinery could potentially affect differentiation programs and cellular memory.
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15
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Mierke CT. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583226. [PMID: 33043017 PMCID: PMC7527720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell's microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Balcioglu HE, Balasubramaniam L, Stirbat TV, Doss BL, Fardin MA, Mège RM, Ladoux B. A subtle relationship between substrate stiffness and collective migration of cell clusters. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1825-1839. [PMID: 31970382 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01893j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The physical cues from the extracellular environment mediates cell signaling spatially and temporally. Cells respond to physical cues from their environment in a non-monotonic fashion. Despite our understanding of the role of substrate rigidity on single cell migration, how cells respond collectively to increasing extracellular matrix stiffness is not well established. Here we patterned multicellular epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) islands on polyacrylamide gels of varying stiffness and studied their expansion. Our findings show that the MDCK islands expanded faster with increasing stiffness only up to an optimum stiffness, over which the expansion plateaued. We then focused on the expansion of the front of the assemblies and the formation of leader cells. We observed cell front destabilization only above substrate stiffness of a few kPa. The extension of multicellular finger-like structures at the edges of the colonies for intermediate and high stiffnesses from 6 to 60 kPa responded to higher substrate stiffness by increasing focal adhesion areas and actin cable assembly. Additionally, the number of leader cells at the finger-like protrusions increased with stiffness in correlation with an increase of the area of these multicellular protrusions. Consequently, the force profile along the epithelial fingers in the parallel and transverse directions of migration showed an unexpected relationship leading to a global force decrease with the increase of stiffness. Taken together, our findings show that epithelial cell colonies respond to substrate stiffness but in a non-trivial manner that may be of importance to understand morphogenesis and collective cell invasion during tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayri E Balcioglu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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17
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Barriga EH, Mayor R. Adjustable viscoelasticity allows for efficient collective cell migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:55-68. [PMID: 29859995 PMCID: PMC6854469 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for a wide range of biological processes such as embryo morphogenesis, wound healing, regeneration, and also in pathological conditions, such as cancer. In such contexts, cells are required to migrate as individual entities or as highly coordinated collectives, both of which requiring cells to respond to molecular and mechanical cues from their environment. However, whilst the function of chemical cues in cell migration is comparatively well understood, the role of tissue mechanics on cell migration is just starting to be studied. Recent studies suggest that the dynamic tuning of the viscoelasticity within a migratory cluster of cells, and the adequate elastic properties of its surrounding tissues, are essential to allow efficient collective cell migration in vivo. In this review we focus on the role of viscoelasticity in the control of collective cell migration in various cellular systems, mentioning briefly some aspects of single cell migration. We aim to provide details on how viscoelasticity of collectively migrating groups of cells and their surroundings is adjusted to ensure correct morphogenesis, wound healing, and metastasis. Finally, we attempt to show that environmental viscoelasticity triggers molecular changes within migrating clusters and that these new molecular setups modify clusters' viscoelasticity, ultimately allowing them to migrate across the challenging geometries of their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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18
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Fleury V, Murukutla AV. Electrical stimulation of developmental forces reveals the mechanism of limb formation in vertebrate embryos. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:104. [PMID: 31418095 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge on limbs development lacks a physical description of the forces leading to formation of the limbs precursors or "buds". Earlier stages of development are driven by large scale morphogenetic movements, such as dipolar vortical flows and mechanical buckling, pulled by rings of cells. It is a natural hypothesis that similar phenomena occur during limb formation. However it is difficult to experiment on the developmental forces, in such a complex dynamic system. Here, we report a physical study of hindlimb bud formation in the chicken embryo. We use electrical stimulation to enhance the physical forces present in the tissue, prior to limb bud formation. By triggering the physical forces in a rapid and amplified pattern, we reveal the mechanism of formation of the hindlimbs: the early presumptive embryonic territory is composed of a set of rings encased like Russian dolls. Each ring constricts in an excitable pattern of force, and the limb buds are generated by folding at a pre-existing boundary between two rings, forming the dorsal and ventral ectoderms. The amniotic sac buckles at another boundary. Physiologically, the actuator of the excitable force is the tail bud pushing posteriorly along the median axis. The developmental dynamics suggests how animals may evolve by modification of the magnitude of these forces, within a common broken symmetry. On a practical level, localized electrical stimulation of morphogenetic forces opens the way to in vivo electrical engineering of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fleury
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/UMR7057 CNRS, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Ameya Vaishnavi Murukutla
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot/UMR7057 CNRS, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France
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19
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Mohammed D, Versaevel M, Bruyère C, Alaimo L, Luciano M, Vercruysse E, Procès A, Gabriele S. Innovative Tools for Mechanobiology: Unraveling Outside-In and Inside-Out Mechanotransduction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:162. [PMID: 31380357 PMCID: PMC6646473 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues can sense and react to the modifications of the physico-chemical properties of the extracellular environment (ECM) through integrin-based adhesion sites and adapt their physiological response in a process called mechanotransduction. Due to their critical localization at the cell-ECM interface, transmembrane integrins are mediators of bidirectional signaling, playing a key role in “outside-in” and “inside-out” signal transduction. After presenting the basic conceptual fundamentals related to cell mechanobiology, we review the current state-of-the-art technologies that facilitate the understanding of mechanotransduction signaling pathways. Finally, we highlight innovative technological developments that can help to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nuclear mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danahe Mohammed
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Versaevel
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Céline Bruyère
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laura Alaimo
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marine Luciano
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Eléonore Vercruysse
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Anthony Procès
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Interfaces and Complex Fluids Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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20
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Micropipette force sensors for in vivo force measurements on single cells and multicellular microorganisms. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:594-615. [PMID: 30697007 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Measuring forces from the piconewton to millinewton range is of great importance for the study of living systems from a biophysical perspective. The use of flexible micropipettes as highly sensitive force probes has become established in the biophysical community, advancing our understanding of cellular processes and microbial behavior. The micropipette force sensor (MFS) technique relies on measurement of the forces acting on a force-calibrated, hollow glass micropipette by optically detecting its deflections. The MFS technique covers a wide micro- and mesoscopic regime of detectable forces (tens of piconewtons to millinewtons) and sample sizes (micrometers to millimeters), does not require gluing of the sample to the cantilever, and allows simultaneous optical imaging of the sample throughout the experiment. Here, we provide a detailed protocol describing how to manufacture and calibrate the micropipettes, as well as how to successfully design, perform, and troubleshoot MFS experiments. We exemplify our approach using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, but by following this protocol, a wide variety of living samples, ranging from single cells to multicellular aggregates and millimeter-sized organisms, can be studied in vivo, with a force resolution as low as 10 pN. A skilled (under)graduate student can master the technique in ~1-2 months. The whole protocol takes ~1-2 d to finish.
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21
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Strain- or Stress-Sensing in Mechanochemical Patterning by the Phytohormone Auxin. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:3342-3361. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Oberoi G, Janjić K, Müller AS, Schädl B, Andrukhov O, Moritz A, Agis H. Contraction Dynamics of Rod Microtissues of Gingiva-Derived and Periodontal Ligament-Derived Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1683. [PMID: 30622473 PMCID: PMC6308197 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies using microtissues as "building blocks" have high potential in regenerative medicine. Cognition of contraction dynamics involved in the in vitro self-assembly of these microtissues can be conceived as the bedrock of an effective periodontal tissue regenerative therapy. Our study was directed at evaluating the shrinkage in the rod-shaped structure of a directed self-assembly of human gingiva-derived cells (GC) and periodontal ligament-derived cells (PDLC) and developing insights into the potential mechanisms responsible for the shrinkage. GC and PDLC were seeded in non-adherent agarose molds to form rod microtissues. Cells used for the experiments were characterized using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). To assess the viability, resazurin-based cytotoxicity assays, trypan blue dye exclusion assay, MTT and live/dead staining, and histological evaluation of rods based on hematoxylin and eosin staining were performed. Rod contraction was evaluated and measured at 0, 2, 6, and 24 h and compared to L-929 cells. The role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was analyzed. Our results show that the rod microtissues were vital after 24 h. A reduction in the length of rods was seen in the 24 h period. While the recombinant TGF-β slightly reduced contraction, inhibition of TGF-β signaling did not interfere with the contraction of the rods. Interestingly, inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by LY294002 significantly delayed contraction in GC and PDLC rods. Overall, GC and PDLC have the ability to form rod microtissues which contract over time. Thus, approaches for application of these structures as "building blocks" for periodontal tissue regeneration should consider that rods have the capacity to contract substantially. Further investigation will be needed to unravel the mechanisms behind the dynamics of contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunpreet Oberoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Sonja Müller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schädl
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleh Andrukhov
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Matellan C, Del Río Hernández AE. Where No Hand Has Gone Before: Probing Mechanobiology at the Cellular Level. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:3703-3719. [PMID: 33405886 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical forces and other mechanical stimuli are fundamental regulators of cell behavior and function. Cells are also biomechanically competent: they generate forces to migrate, contract, remodel, and sense their environment. As the knowledge of the mechanisms of mechanobiology increases, the need to resolve and probe increasingly small scales calls for novel technologies to mechanically manipulate cells, examine forces exerted by cells, and characterize cellular biomechanics. Here, we review novel methods to quantify cellular force generation, measure cell mechanical properties, and exert localized piconewton and nanonewton forces on cells, receptors, and proteins. The combination of these technologies will provide further insight on the effect of mechanical stimuli on cells and the mechanisms that convert these stimuli into biochemical and biomechanical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Matellan
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E Del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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24
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Wu PH, Aroush DRB, Asnacios A, Chen WC, Dokukin ME, Doss BL, Durand-Smet P, Ekpenyong A, Guck J, Guz NV, Janmey PA, Lee JSH, Moore NM, Ott A, Poh YC, Ros R, Sander M, Sokolov I, Staunton JR, Wang N, Whyte G, Wirtz D. A comparison of methods to assess cell mechanical properties. Nat Methods 2018; 15:491-498. [PMID: 29915189 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells influence their cellular and subcellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, polarization, and differentiation, as well as organelle organization and trafficking inside the cytoplasm. Yet reported values of cell stiffness and viscosity vary substantially, which suggests differences in how the results of different methods are obtained or analyzed by different groups. To address this issue and illustrate the complementarity of certain approaches, here we present, analyze, and critically compare measurements obtained by means of some of the most widely used methods for cell mechanics: atomic force microscopy, magnetic twisting cytometry, particle-tracking microrheology, parallel-plate rheometry, cell monolayer rheology, and optical stretching. These measurements highlight how elastic and viscous moduli of MCF-7 breast cancer cells can vary 1,000-fold and 100-fold, respectively. We discuss the sources of these variations, including the level of applied mechanical stress, the rate of deformation, the geometry of the probe, the location probed in the cell, and the extracellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Dikla Raz-Ben Aroush
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7057, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Wei-Chiang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maxim E Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bryant L Doss
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Pauline Durand-Smet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7057, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Ekpenyong
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nataliia V Guz
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jerry S H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole M Moore
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Albrecht Ott
- Biological Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Yeh-Chuin Poh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert Ros
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Mathias Sander
- Biological Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Jack R Staunton
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Giarra S, Ierano C, Biondi M, Napolitano M, Campani V, Pacelli R, Scala S, De Rosa G, Mayol L. Engineering of thermoresponsive gels as a fake metastatic niche. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 191:112-118. [PMID: 29661298 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattraction through the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis has been shown to be an important mechanism to direct circulating tumor cells toward distant sites. The objective of this work was to prepare a fake metastatic niche made up of a gel loaded with CXCL12. The gel is designed to create a steep concentration gradient of the chemokine in the proximity of the site of administration/injection, aimed to divert and capture circulating CXCR4+ tumor cells. To this aim, different thermoresponsive gels based on methylcellulose (MC) or poloxamers, loaded with CXCL12, with or without hyaluronic acid (HA) were designed and their mechanical properties correlated with the ability to attract and capture in vitro CXCR4+ cells. Results of in vitro cell studies showed that all prepared gels induced CEM tumor cell migration whereas only gels based on MC embedded with CXCL12 are able to capture them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Giarra
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Caterina Ierano
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale" - IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Marco Biondi
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale" - IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Virginia Campani
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Scala
- Molecular Immunology and Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "G. Pascale" - IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Mayol
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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26
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Serrano JC, Cora-Cruz J, Diffoot-Carlo N, Sundaram PA. Adaptive responses of murine osteoblasts subjected to coupled mechanical stimuli. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 77:250-257. [PMID: 28957700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Restitution of the natural organization and orientation of cells is imperative for the construction of functional tissue scaffolds. While numerous studies have exploited mechanical methods to engineer tissues with the desired cellular architecture, fundamental knowledge is still lacking in understanding the manner in which morphological features can be modulated through coupled mechanical cues. To address this knowledge gap, the adhesion and alignment response of murine osteoblast cells under the synergistic effects of matrix rigidity and cyclic mechanical loading was investigated. This was accomplished by applying cyclic mechanical strain (1% at 0.05Hz) to MC3T3-E1 cells seeded on PDMS substrates of different elastic moduli (1.22, 1.70 and 2.04MPa). Results demonstrate that the overall cell density and expression of inactive vinculin increased on substrates subjected to cyclic stimulus in comparison to substrates under static loading. Conversely, in terms of the adhesion response, osteoblasts exhibited an increased growth of focal adhesion complexes under static substrates. Interestingly, results also elucidate that substrates of a stiffer matrix exposed to cyclic stimulus, had a significantly higher percentage of osteoblasts aligned parallel to the direction of the applied strain, as well as a higher degree of internal order with respect to the strain axis, in comparison to both cells seeded on substrates of lower stiffness under cyclic loading or under static conditions. These findings suggest the role of cyclic mechanical strain coupled with matrix rigidity in eliciting mechanosensitive adaptations in cell functions that allow for the reconstitution of the spatial and orientational assembly of cells in vivo for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Serrano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA
| | - Jose Cora-Cruz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA
| | | | - Paul A Sundaram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA.
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27
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Sawicka A, Babataheri A, Dogniaux S, Barakat AI, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Hivroz C, Husson J. Micropipette force probe to quantify single-cell force generation: application to T-cell activation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3229-3239. [PMID: 28931600 PMCID: PMC5687025 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the micropipette force probe, a novel technique that uses a micropipette as a flexible cantilever that aspirates a coated microbead and brings it into contact with a cell. We apply the technique to quantify mechanical and morphological events occurring during T-cell activation. In response to engagement of surface molecules, cells generate active forces that regulate many cellular processes. Developing tools that permit gathering mechanical and morphological information on these forces is of the utmost importance. Here we describe a new technique, the micropipette force probe, that uses a micropipette as a flexible cantilever that can aspirate at its tip a bead that is coated with molecules of interest and is brought in contact with the cell. This technique simultaneously allows tracking the resulting changes in cell morphology and mechanics as well as measuring the forces generated by the cell. To illustrate the power of this technique, we applied it to the study of human primary T lymphocytes (T-cells). It allowed the fine monitoring of pushing and pulling forces generated by T-cells in response to various activating antibodies and bending stiffness of the micropipette. We further dissected the sequence of mechanical and morphological events occurring during T-cell activation to model force generation and to reveal heterogeneity in the cell population studied. We also report the first measurement of the changes in Young’s modulus of T-cells during their activation, showing that T-cells stiffen within the first minutes of the activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sawicka
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France.,Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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28
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De Pascalis C, Etienne-Manneville S. Single and collective cell migration: the mechanics of adhesions. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1833-1846. [PMID: 28684609 PMCID: PMC5541834 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical and physical properties of the environment control cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis in the long term. However, to be able to move and migrate through a complex three-dimensional environment, cells must quickly adapt in the short term to the physical properties of their surroundings. Interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM) occur through focal adhesions or hemidesmosomes via the engagement of integrins with fibrillar ECM proteins. Cells also interact with their neighbors, and this involves various types of intercellular adhesive structures such as tight junctions, cadherin-based adherens junctions, and desmosomes. Mechanobiology studies have shown that cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesions participate in mechanosensing to transduce mechanical cues into biochemical signals and conversely are responsible for the transmission of intracellular forces to the extracellular environment. As they migrate, cells use these adhesive structures to probe their surroundings, adapt their mechanical properties, and exert the appropriate forces required for their movements. The focus of this review is to give an overview of recent developments showing the bidirectional relationship between the physical properties of the environment and the cell mechanical responses during single and collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Pascalis
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR3691, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, Sorbonne Universités, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur Paris, CNRS UMR3691, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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29
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Sheets K, Wang J, Zhao W, Kapania R, Nain AS. Nanonet Force Microscopy for Measuring Cell Forces. Biophys J 2017; 111:197-207. [PMID: 27410747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of physical forces exerted by or felt by cells on cell shape, migration, and cytoskeleton arrangement is now widely acknowledged and hypothesized to occur due to modulation of cellular inside-out forces in response to changes in the external fibrous environment (outside-in). Our previous work using the non-electrospinning Spinneret-based Tunable Engineered Parameters' suspended fibers has revealed that cells are able to sense and respond to changes in fiber curvature and structural stiffness as evidenced by alterations to focal adhesion cluster lengths. Here, we present the development and application of a suspended nanonet platform for measuring C2C12 mouse myoblast forces attached to fibers of three diameters (250, 400, and 800 nm) representing a wide range of structural stiffness (3-50 nN/μm). The nanonet force microscopy platform measures cell adhesion forces in response to symmetric and asymmetric external perturbation in single and cyclic modes. We find that contractility-based, inside-out forces are evenly distributed at the edges of the cell, and that forces are dependent on fiber structural stiffness. Additionally, external perturbation in symmetric and asymmetric modes biases cell-fiber failure location without affecting the outside-in forces of cell-fiber adhesion. We then extend the platform to measure forces of (1) cell-cell junctions, (2) single cells undergoing cyclic perturbation in the presence of drugs, and (3) cancerous single-cells transitioning from a blebbing to a pseudopodial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sheets
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ji Wang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Wei Zhao
- Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Rakesh Kapania
- Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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30
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Könnig D, Herrera A, Duda GN, Petersen A. Mechanosensation across borders: fibroblasts inside a macroporous scaffold sense and respond to the mechanical environment beyond the scaffold walls. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:265-275. [PMID: 28084698 DOI: 10.1002/term.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In tissue defects, cells face distinct mechanical boundary conditions, but how this influences early stages of tissue regeneration remains largely unknown. Biomaterials are used to fill defects but also to provide specific mechanical or geometrical signals. However, they might at the same time shield mechanical information from surrounding tissues that is relevant for tissue functionalisation. This study investigated how fibroblasts in a soft macroporous biomaterial scaffold respond to distinct mechanical environments while they form microtissues. Different boundary stiffnesses counteracting scaffold contraction were provided via a newly developed in vitro setup. Online monitoring over 14 days revealed 3.0 times lower microtissue contraction but 1.6 times higher contraction force for high vs. low stiffness. This difference was significant already after 48 h, a very early stage of microtissue growth. The microtissue's mechanical and geometrical adaptation indicated a collective cellular behaviour and mechanical communication across scaffold pore walls. Surprisingly, the stiffness of the environment influenced cell behaviour even inside macroporous scaffolds where direct cell-cell contacts are hindered. Mechanical communication between cells via traction forces is essential for tissue adaptation to the environment and should not be blocked by rigid biomaterials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Könnig
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Herrera
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Petersen
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Yang Y, Jiang H. Shape and Dynamics of Adhesive Cells: Mechanical Response of Open Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:208102. [PMID: 28581769 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.208102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is an essential biological process. However, previous theoretical and experimental studies ignore a key variable, the changes of cellular volume and pressure, during the dynamic adhesion process. Here, we treat cells as open systems and propose a theoretical framework to investigate how the exchange of water and ions with the environment affects the shape and dynamics of cells adhered between two adhesive surfaces. We show that adherent cells can be either stable (convex or concave) or unstable (spontaneous rupture or collapse) depending on the adhesion energy density, the cell size, the separation of two adhesive surfaces, and the stiffness of the flexible surface. Strikingly, we find that the unstable states vanish when cellular volume and pressure are constant. We further show that the detachments of convex and concave cells are very different. The mechanical response of adherent cells is mainly determined by the competition between the loading rate and the regulation of the cellular volume and pressure. Finally, we show that as an open system the detachment of adherent cells is also significantly influenced by the loading history. Thus, our findings reveal a major difference between living cells and nonliving materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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32
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Jagla K, Kalman B, Boudou T, Hénon S, Batonnet-Pichon S. Beyond mice: Emerging and transdisciplinary models for the study of early-onset myopathies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 64:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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33
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Cóndor M, García-Aznar JM. A phenomenological cohesive model for the macroscopic simulation of cell-matrix adhesions. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1207-1224. [PMID: 28213831 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion is crucial for cells to not only physically interact with each other but also sense their microenvironment and respond accordingly. In fact, adherent cells can generate physical forces that are transmitted to the surrounding matrix, regulating the formation of cell-matrix adhesions. The main purpose of this work is to develop a computational model to simulate the dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions through a cohesive formulation within the framework of the finite element method and based on the principles of continuum damage mechanics. This model enables the simulation of the mechanical adhesion between cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) as regulated by local multidirectional forces and thus predicts the onset and growth of the adhesion. In addition, this numerical approach allows the simulation of the cell as a whole, as it models the complete mechanical interaction between cell and ECM. As a result, we can investigate and quantify how different mechanical conditions in the cell (e.g., contractile forces, actin cytoskeletal properties) or in the ECM (e.g., stiffness, external forces) can regulate the dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cóndor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J M García-Aznar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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34
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Sarangi BR, Gupta M, Doss BL, Tissot N, Lam F, Mège RM, Borghi N, Ladoux B. Coordination between Intra- and Extracellular Forces Regulates Focal Adhesion Dynamics. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:399-406. [PMID: 27990827 PMCID: PMC5423523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) are important mediators of cell-substrate interactions. One of their key functions is the transmission of forces between the intracellular acto-myosin network and the substrate. However, the relationships between cell traction forces, FA architecture, and molecular forces within FAs are poorly understood. Here, by combining Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular force biosensors with micropillar-based traction force sensors and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we simultaneously map molecular tension across vinculin, a key protein in FAs, and traction forces at FAs. Our results reveal strong spatiotemporal correlations between vinculin tension and cell traction forces at FAs throughout a wide range of substrate stiffnesses. Furthermore, we find that molecular tension within individual FAs follows a biphasic distribution from the proximal (toward the cell nucleus) to distal end (toward the cell edge). Using super-resolution imaging, we show that such a distribution relates to that of FA proteins. On the basis of our experimental data, we propose a model in which FA dynamics results from tension changes along the FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhu Ranjan Sarangi
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Physics & Nanotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Mukund Gupta
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bryant L. Doss
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicolas Tissot
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - France Lam
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Borghi
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Corresponding Author
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35
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Charrier EE, Asnacios A, Milloud R, De Mets R, Balland M, Delort F, Cardoso O, Vicart P, Batonnet-Pichon S, Hénon S. Desmin Mutation in the C-Terminal Domain Impairs Traction Force Generation in Myoblasts. Biophys J 2016; 110:470-480. [PMID: 26789769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.3518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays a key role in the ability of cells to both resist mechanical stress and generate force, but the precise involvement of intermediate filaments in these processes remains unclear. We focus here on desmin, a type III intermediate filament, which is specifically expressed in muscle cells and serves as a skeletal muscle differentiation marker. By using several complementary experimental techniques, we have investigated the impact of overexpressing desmin and expressing a mutant desmin on the passive and active mechanical properties of C2C12 myoblasts. We first show that the overexpression of wild-type-desmin increases the overall rigidity of the cells, whereas the expression of a mutated E413K desmin does not. This mutation in the desmin gene is one of those leading to desminopathies, a subgroup of myopathies associated with progressive muscular weakness that are characterized by the presence of desmin aggregates and a disorganization of sarcomeres. We show that the expression of this mutant desmin in C2C12 myoblasts induces desmin network disorganization, desmin aggregate formation, and a small decrease in the number and total length of stress fibers. We finally demonstrate that expression of the E413K mutant desmin also alters the traction forces generation of single myoblasts lacking organized sarcomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E Charrier
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France; Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Milloud
- LIPhy Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5588, Grenoble, France
| | - Richard De Mets
- LIPhy Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5588, Grenoble, France
| | - Martial Balland
- LIPhy Université Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR 5588, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Delort
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cardoso
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Vicart
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Batonnet-Pichon
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Hénon
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7057, Paris, France.
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36
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Roberts SA, DiVito KA, Ligler FS, Adams AA, Daniele MA. Microvessel manifold for perfusion and media exchange in three-dimensional cell cultures. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:054109. [PMID: 27703595 PMCID: PMC5035297 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrating a perfusable microvasculature system in vitro is a substantial challenge for "on-chip" tissue models. We have developed an inclusive on-chip platform that is capable of maintaining laminar flow through porous biosynthetic microvessels. The biomimetic microfluidic device is able to deliver and generate a steady perfusion of media containing small-molecule nutrients, drugs, and gases in three-dimensional cell cultures, while replicating flow-induced mechanical stimuli. Here, we characterize the diffusion of small molecules from the perfusate, across the microvessel wall, and into the matrix of a 3D cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Roberts
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Kyle A DiVito
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Frances S Ligler
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - André A Adams
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering , U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
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37
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Kuo PL, Charng CC, Wu PC, Li PC. Shear-wave elasticity measurements of three-dimensional cell cultures for mechanobiology. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:292-302. [PMID: 27505887 PMCID: PMC5394775 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying mechanobiology in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures better recapitulates cell behaviors in response to various types of mechanical stimuli in vivo. Stiffening of the extracellular matrix resulting from cell remodeling potentiates many pathological conditions, including advanced cancers. However, an effective tool for measuring the spatiotemporal changes in elastic properties of such 3D cell cultures without directly contacting the samples has not been reported previously. We describe an ultrasonic shear-wave-based platform for quantitatively evaluating the spatiotemporal dynamics of the elasticity of a matrix remodeled by cells cultured in 3D environments. We used this approach to measure the elasticity changes of 3D matrices grown with highly invasive lung cancer cells and cardiac myoblasts, and to delineate the principal mechanism underlying the stiffening of matrices remodeled by these cells. The described approach can be a useful tool in fields investigating and manipulating the mechanotransduction of cells in 3D contexts, and also has potential as a drug-screening platform. Summary: Use of a non-direct-contact platform for measurement of the spatiotemporal dynamics of matrix elasticity when remodeled by cells cultured in three-dimensional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Che Charng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Chi Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan .,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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38
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Huang J, Wang L, Xiong C, Yuan F. Elastic hydrogel as a sensor for detection of mechanical stress generated by single cells grown in three-dimensional environment. Biomaterials 2016; 98:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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39
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Ulasevich SA, Brezhneva N, Zhukova Y, Möhwald H, Fratzl P, Schacher FH, Sviridov DV, Andreeva DV, Skorb EV. Switching the Stiffness of Polyelectrolyte Assembly by Light to Control Behavior of Supported Cells. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1422-1431. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadzeya Brezhneva
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Yulia Zhukova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Helmuth Möhwald
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Dmitry V. Sviridov
- Chemistry Department; Belarusian State University; Leningradskaya str. 14 220030 Minsk Belarus
| | - Daria V. Andreeva
- Physical Chemistry II; Bayreuth University; Universitätsstr. 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Ekaterina V. Skorb
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces; Am Mühlenberg 1 14424 Potsdam Germany
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40
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Gupta M, Doss B, Lim CT, Voituriez R, Ladoux B. Single cell rigidity sensing: A complex relationship between focal adhesion dynamics and large-scale actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:554-567. [PMID: 27050660 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1173800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many physiological and pathological processes involve tissue cells sensing the rigidity of their environment. In general, tissue cells have been shown to react to the stiffness of their environment by regulating their level of contractility, and in turn applying traction forces on their environment to probe it. This mechanosensitive process can direct early cell adhesion, cell migration and even cell differentiation. These processes require the integration of signals over time and multiple length scales. Multiple strategies have been developed to understand force- and rigidity-sensing mechanisms and much effort has been concentrated on the study of cell adhesion complexes, such as focal adhesions, and cell cytoskeletons. Here, we review the major biophysical methods used for measuring cell-traction forces as well as the mechanosensitive processes that drive cellular responses to matrix rigidity on 2-dimensional substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Gupta
- a Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Bryant Doss
- a Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- a Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | | | - Benoit Ladoux
- a Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,d Institut Jacques Monod (IJM) , CNRS UMR 7592 & University Paris Diderot , Paris , France
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41
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Zhou X, Zhao S, Zhai X, Zhang K, Chen H, Zhang S. Phase diagram of a tubular vesicle adhering between two parallel rigid planes. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:042801. [PMID: 27176368 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.042801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a two-dimensional (2D) theoretical model to explore the adhesion behavior of a tubular vesicle adhering between two rigid planes, which are constrained by a couple of forces. Based upon the free-energy functional of the system, the equations for the equilibrium shape are derived. The general solution for the system with zero pressure is obtained analytically and the stability of the corresponding equilibrium shapes is tested by numerical simulation. With the volume constraint, three kinds of typical stable shapes are obtained through scanning the parameter space numerically. The phase diagram is obtained and it is occupied mostly by nonsymmetrical shapes. The force-displacement curves obtained for our model are in agreement with experimental results. The catastrophe of force is found at a critical state, which reveals a huge expanding force will act on the two planes by the vesicle. It also implies that vesicles can spontaneously squeeze into a slit only due to adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiation Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Zhai
- College of Science, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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42
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Ladoux B, Mège RM, Trepat X. Front-Rear Polarization by Mechanical Cues: From Single Cells to Tissues. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:420-433. [PMID: 26920934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is a complex process that involves front-rear polarization, characterized by cell adhesion and cytoskeleton-based protrusion, retraction, and contraction of either a single cell or a cell collective. Single cell polarization depends on a variety of mechanochemical signals including external adhesive cues, substrate stiffness, and confinement. In cell ensembles, coordinated polarization of migrating tissues results not only from the application of traction forces on the extracellular matrix but also from the transmission of mechanical stress through intercellular junctions. We focus here on the impact of mechanical cues on the establishment and maintenance of front-rear polarization from single cell to collective cell behaviors through local or large-scale mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 et Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Trepat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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43
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Berret JF. Local viscoelasticity of living cells measured by rotational magnetic spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10134. [PMID: 26729062 PMCID: PMC4728338 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
When submitted to a magnetic field, micron-size wires with superparamagnetic properties behave as embedded rheometers and represent interesting sensors for microrheology. Here we use rotational magnetic spectroscopy to measure the shear viscosity of the cytoplasm of living cells. We address the question of whether the cytoplasm is a viscoelastic liquid or an elastic gel. The main result of the study is the observation of a rotational instability between a synchronous and an asynchronous regime of rotation, found for murine fibroblasts and human cancer cells. For wires of susceptibility 3.6, the transition occurs in the range 0.01–1 rad s−1. The determination of the shear viscosity (10–100 Pa s) and elastic modulus (5–20 Pa) confirms the viscoelastic character of the cytoplasm. In contrast to earlier studies, it is concluded that the interior of living cells can be described as a viscoelastic liquid, and not as an elastic gel. Cells are recognized as having viscoelastic properties, but whether the cytoplasm resembles a viscoelastic liquid or an elastic gel is still debated. Here the authors use micron-sized wires rotating at variable speeds to show that the cytoplasm has properties of a viscoelastic liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-F Berret
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS Université Denis Diderot Paris-VII, Bâtiment Condorcet, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris, France
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44
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Cancer Cell Mechanics. PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING ADVANCES IN LIFE SCIENCES AND ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17930-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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45
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Malissen B, Bongrand P. Early T cell activation: integrating biochemical, structural, and biophysical cues. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:539-61. [PMID: 25861978 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells carry out the formidable task of identifying small numbers of foreign antigenic peptides rapidly and specifically against a very noisy environmental background of endogenous self-peptides. Early steps in T cell activation have thus fascinated biologists and are among the best-studied models of cell stimulation. This remarkable process, critical in adaptive immune responses, approaches and even seems to exceed the limitations set by the physical laws ruling molecular behavior. Despite the enormous amount of information concerning the nature of molecules involved in the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction network, and the description of the nanoscale organization and real-time analysis of T cell responses, the general principles of information gathering and processing remain incompletely understood. Here we review currently accepted key data on TCR function, discuss the limitations of current research strategies, and suggest a novel model of TCR triggering and a few promising ways of going further into the integration of available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy and Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM U1104 and US012, CNRS UMR7280 and UMS3367, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France;
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46
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Machado PF, Duque J, Étienne J, Martinez-Arias A, Blanchard GB, Gorfinkiel N. Emergent material properties of developing epithelial tissues. BMC Biol 2015; 13:98. [PMID: 26596771 PMCID: PMC4656187 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Force generation and the material properties of cells and tissues are central to morphogenesis but remain difficult to measure in vivo. Insight is often limited to the ratios of mechanical properties obtained through disruptive manipulation, and the appropriate models relating stress and strain are unknown. The Drosophila amnioserosa epithelium progressively contracts over 3 hours of dorsal closure, during which cell apices exhibit area fluctuations driven by medial myosin pulses with periods of 1.5-6 min. Linking these two timescales and understanding how pulsatile contractions drive morphogenetic movements is an urgent challenge. RESULTS We present a novel framework to measure in a continuous manner the mechanical properties of epithelial cells in the natural context of a tissue undergoing morphogenesis. We show that the relationship between apicomedial myosin fluorescence intensity and strain during fluctuations is consistent with a linear behaviour, although with a lag. We thus used myosin fluorescence intensity as a proxy for active force generation and treated cells as natural experiments of mechanical response under cyclic loading, revealing unambiguous mechanical properties from the hysteresis loop relating stress to strain. Amnioserosa cells can be described as a contractile viscoelastic fluid. We show that their emergent mechanical behaviour can be described by a linear viscoelastic rheology at timescales relevant for tissue morphogenesis. For the first time, we establish relative changes in separate effective mechanical properties in vivo. Over the course of dorsal closure, the tissue solidifies and effective stiffness doubles as net contraction of the tissue commences. Combining our findings with those from previous laser ablation experiments, we show that both apicomedial and junctional stress also increase over time, with the relative increase in apicomedial stress approximately twice that of other obtained measures. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in an epithelial tissue undergoing net contraction, stiffness and stress are coupled. Dorsal closure cell apical contraction is driven by the medial region where the relative increase in stress is greater than that of stiffness. At junctions, by contrast, the relative increase in the mechanical properties is the same, so the junctional contribution to tissue deformation is constant over time. An increase in myosin activity is likely to underlie, at least in part, the change in medioapical properties and we suggest that its greater effect on stress relative to stiffness is fundamental to actomyosin systems and confers on tissues the ability to regulate contraction rates in response to changes in external mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F Machado
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Julia Duque
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, BP 53, Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38041, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, BP 53, Cedex 9, Grenoble, 38041, France
| | | | - Guy B Blanchard
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK.
| | - Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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47
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Cazaux S, Sadoun A, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Martinez M, Obeid S, Bongrand P, Limozin L, Puech PH. Synchronizing atomic force microscopy force mode and fluorescence microscopy in real time for immune cell stimulation and activation studies. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 160:168-181. [PMID: 26521163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) force mode and fluorescence microscopy in order to (a) mechanically stimulate immune cells while recording the subsequent activation under the form of calcium pulses, and (b) observe the mechanical response of a cell upon photoactivation of a small G protein, namely Rac. Using commercial set-ups and a robust signal coupling the fluorescence excitation light and the cantilever bending, the applied force and activation signals were very easily synchronized. This approach allows to control the entire mechanical history of a single cell up to its activation and response down to a few hundreds of milliseconds, and can be extended with very minimal adaptations to other cellular systems where mechanotransduction is studied, using either purely mechanical stimuli or via a surface bound specific ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Cazaux
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France
| | - Anaïs Sadoun
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France
| | - Martine Biarnes-Pelicot
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France
| | - Sameh Obeid
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France
| | - Pierre Bongrand
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France; APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Marseille F-13385, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Aix Marseille Université, LAI UM 61, Marseille F-13288, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille F-13288, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille F-13288, France.
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48
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Webster KD, Ng WP, Fletcher DA. Tensional homeostasis in single fibroblasts. Biophys J 2015; 107:146-55. [PMID: 24988349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent cells generate forces through acto-myosin contraction to move, change shape, and sense the mechanical properties of their environment. They are thought to maintain defined levels of tension with their surroundings despite mechanical perturbations that could change tension, a concept known as tensional homeostasis. Misregulation of tensional homeostasis has been proposed to drive disorganization of tissues and promote progression of diseases such as cancer. However, whether tensional homeostasis operates at the single cell level is unclear. Here, we directly test the ability of single fibroblast cells to regulate tension when subjected to mechanical displacements in the absence of changes to spread area or substrate elasticity. We use a feedback-controlled atomic force microscope to measure and modulate forces and displacements of individual contracting cells as they spread on a fibronectin-patterned atomic-force microscope cantilever and coverslip. We find that the cells reach a steady-state contraction force and height that is insensitive to stiffness changes as they fill the micropatterned areas. Rather than maintaining a constant tension, the fibroblasts altered their contraction force in response to mechanical displacement in a strain-rate-dependent manner, leading to a new and stable steady-state force and height. This response is influenced by overexpression of the actin crosslinker α-actinin, and rheology measurements reveal that changes in cell elasticity are also strain- rate-dependent. Our finding of tensional buffering, rather than homeostasis, allows cells to transition between different tensional states depending on how they are displaced, permitting distinct responses to slow deformations during tissue growth and rapid deformations associated with injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Webster
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Win Pin Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California; University of California Berkeley/University of California San Francisco Graduate Group in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California; University of California Berkeley/University of California San Francisco Graduate Group in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California; Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California.
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49
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Rabets Y, Backholm M, Dalnoki-Veress K, Ryu WS. Direct measurements of drag forces in C. elegans crawling locomotion. Biophys J 2015; 107:1980-1987. [PMID: 25418179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With a simple and versatile microcantilever-based force measurement technique, we have probed the drag forces involved in Caenorhabditis elegans locomotion. As a worm crawls on an agar surface, we found that substrate viscoelasticity introduces nonlinearities in the force-velocity relationships, yielding nonconstant drag coefficients that are not captured by original resistive force theory. A major contributing factor to these nonlinearities is the formation of a shallow groove on the agar surface. We measured both the adhesion forces that cause the worm's body to settle into the agar and the resulting dynamics of groove formation. Furthermore, we quantified the locomotive forces produced by C. elegans undulatory motions on a wet viscoelastic agar surface. We show that an extension of resistive force theory is able to use the dynamics of a nematode's body shape along with the measured drag coefficients to predict the forces generated by a crawling nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yegor Rabets
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matilda Backholm
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kari Dalnoki-Veress
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and the Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Théorique, UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7083 GULLIVER, ESPCI, Paris, France
| | - William S Ryu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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50
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Paluch EK, Nelson CM, Biais N, Fabry B, Moeller J, Pruitt BL, Wollnik C, Kudryasheva G, Rehfeldt F, Federle W. Mechanotransduction: use the force(s). BMC Biol 2015; 13:47. [PMID: 26141078 PMCID: PMC4491211 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction - how cells sense physical forces and translate them into biochemical and biological responses - is a vibrant and rapidly-progressing field, and is important for a broad range of biological phenomena. This forum explores the role of mechanotransduction in a variety of cellular activities and highlights intriguing questions that deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, 303 Hoyt Laboratory, William Street, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Moeller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Microsystems Laboratory, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Durand Building Rm 102, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Microsystems Laboratory, Stanford University, by courtesy, 496 Lomita Mall, Durand Building Rm 213, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Carina Wollnik
- Georg-August-University, 3rd Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Galina Kudryasheva
- Georg-August-University, 3rd Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Rehfeldt
- Georg-August-University, 3rd Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Federle
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
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