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Simmons ZR, Sharma S, Wayne J, Li S, Vander Kooi CW, Gentry MS. Generation and characterization of a laforin nanobody inhibitor. Clin Biochem 2021; 93:80-89. [PMID: 33831386 PMCID: PMC8217207 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutations in the gene encoding the glycogen phosphatase laforin result in the fatal childhood dementia Lafora disease (LD). A cellular hallmark of LD is cytoplasmic, hyper-phosphorylated, glycogen-like aggregates called Lafora bodies (LBs) that form in nearly all tissues and drive disease progression. Additional tools are needed to define the cellular function of laforin, understand the pathological role of laforin in LD, and determine the role of glycogen phosphate in glycogen metabolism. In this work, we present the generation and characterization of laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor. DESIGN AND METHODS We identify multiple classes of specific laforin-binding nanobodies and determine their binding epitopes using hydrogen deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry. Using para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and a malachite gold-based assay specific for glucan phosphatase activity, we assess the inhibitory effect of one nanobody on laforin's catalytic activity. RESULTS Six families of laforin nanobodies are characterized and their epitopes mapped. One nanobody is identified and characterized that serves as an inhibitor of laforin's phosphatase activity. CONCLUSIONS The six generated and characterized laforin nanobodies, with one being a laforin inhibitor, are an important set of tools that open new avenues to define unresolved glycogen metabolism questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Simmons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Savita Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jeremiah Wayne
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Tappiban P, Ying Y, Xu F, Bao J. Proteomics and Post-Translational Modifications of Starch Biosynthesis-Related Proteins in Developing Seeds of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5901. [PMID: 34072759 PMCID: PMC8199009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a foremost staple food for approximately half the world's population. The components of rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin are synthesized by a series of enzymes, which are responsible for rice starch properties and functionality, and then affect rice cooking and eating quality. Recently, proteomics technology has been applied to the establishment of the differentially expressed starch biosynthesis-related proteins and the identification of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) target starch biosynthesis proteins as well. It is necessary to summarize the recent studies in proteomics and PTMs in rice endosperm to deepen our understanding of starch biosynthesis protein expression and regulation, which will provide useful information to rice breeding programs and industrial starch applications. The review provides a comprehensive summary of proteins and PTMs involved in starch biosynthesis based on proteomic studies of rice developing seeds. Starch biosynthesis proteins in rice seeds were differentially expressed in the developing seeds at different developmental stages. All the proteins involving in starch biosynthesis were identified using proteomics methods. Most starch biosynthesis-related proteins are basically increased at 6-20 days after flowering (DAF) and decreased upon the high-temperature conditions. A total of 10, 14, 2, 17, and 7 starch biosynthesis related proteins were identified to be targeted by phosphorylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation, and malonylation, respectively. The phosphoglucomutase is commonly targeted by five PTMs types. Research on the function of phosphorylation in multiple enzyme complex formation in endosperm starch biosynthesis is underway, while the functions of other PTMs in starch biosynthesis are necessary to be conducted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piengtawan Tappiban
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Yining Ying
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Feifei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; (P.T.); (Y.Y.); (F.X.)
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
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Orhan Akman H, Emmanuele V, Kurt YG, Kurt B, Sheiko T, DiMauro S, Craigen WJ. A novel mouse model that recapitulates adult-onset glycogenosis type 4. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6801-10. [PMID: 26385640 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE). The diagnostic hallmark of the disease is the accumulation of a poorly branched form of glycogen known as polyglucosan (PG). The disease is clinically heterogeneous, with variable tissue involvement and age at onset. Complete loss of enzyme activity is lethal in utero or in infancy and affects primarily the muscle and the liver. However, residual enzyme activity as low as 5-20% leads to juvenile or adult onset of a disorder that primarily affects the central and peripheral nervous system and muscles and in the latter is termed adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD). Here, we describe a mouse model of GSD IV that reflects this spectrum of disease. Homologous recombination was used to knock in the most common GBE1 mutation p.Y329S c.986A > C found in APBD patients of Ashkenazi Jewish decent. Mice homozygous for this allele (Gbe1(ys/ys)) exhibit a phenotype similar to APBD, with widespread accumulation of PG. Adult mice exhibit progressive neuromuscular dysfunction and die prematurely. While the onset of symptoms is limited to adult mice, PG accumulates in tissues of newborn mice but is initially absent from the cerebral cortex and heart muscle. Thus, PG is well tolerated in most tissues, but the eventual accumulation in neurons and their axons causes neuropathy that leads to hind limb spasticity and premature death. This mouse model mimics the pathology and pathophysiologic features of human adult-onset branching enzyme deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orhan Akman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bülent Kurt
- Department of Pathology, Gülhane Medical Military Academy, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William J Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Martins MCM, Hejazi M, Fettke J, Steup M, Feil R, Krause U, Arrivault S, Vosloh D, Figueroa CM, Ivakov A, Yadav UP, Piques M, Metzner D, Stitt M, Lunn JE. Feedback inhibition of starch degradation in Arabidopsis leaves mediated by trehalose 6-phosphate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1142-63. [PMID: 24043444 PMCID: PMC3813640 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.226787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plants accumulate substantial starch reserves in their leaves during the day and remobilize them at night to provide carbon and energy for maintenance and growth. In this paper, we explore the role of a sugar-signaling metabolite, trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P), in regulating the accumulation and turnover of transitory starch in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Ethanol-induced overexpression of trehalose-phosphate synthase during the day increased Tre6P levels up to 11-fold. There was a transient increase in the rate of starch accumulation in the middle of the day, but this was not linked to reductive activation of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. A 2- to 3-fold increase in Tre6P during the night led to significant inhibition of starch degradation. Maltose and maltotriose did not accumulate, suggesting that Tre6P affects an early step in the pathway of starch degradation in the chloroplasts. Starch granules isolated from induced plants had a higher orthophosphate content than granules from noninduced control plants, consistent either with disruption of the phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle that is essential for efficient starch breakdown or with inhibition of starch hydrolysis by β-amylase. Nonaqueous fractionation of leaves showed that Tre6P is predominantly located in the cytosol, with estimated in vivo Tre6P concentrations of 4 to 7 µm in the cytosol, 0.2 to 0.5 µm in the chloroplasts, and 0.05 µm in the vacuole. It is proposed that Tre6P is a component in a signaling pathway that mediates the feedback regulation of starch breakdown by sucrose, potentially linking starch turnover to demand for sucrose by growing sink organs at night.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahdi Hejazi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Martin Steup
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Regina Feil
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Ursula Krause
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | | | - Carlos María Figueroa
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | | | - Maria Piques
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Daniela Metzner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.C.M.M., R.F., U.K., S.A., D.V., C.M.F., A.I., U.P.Y., M.P., D.M., M.Sti., J.E.L.); and
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (M.H., J.F., M.Ste.)
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