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De Leon-Oliva D, Barrena-Blázquez S, Jiménez-Álvarez L, Fraile-Martinez O, García-Montero C, López-González L, Torres-Carranza D, García-Puente LM, Carranza ST, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, Álvarez-Mon M, Diaz R, Ortega MA. The RANK-RANKL-OPG System: A Multifaceted Regulator of Homeostasis, Immunity, and Cancer. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1752. [PMID: 37893470 PMCID: PMC10608105 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The RANK-RANKL-OPG system is a complex signaling pathway that plays a critical role in bone metabolism, mammary epithelial cell development, immune function, and cancer. RANKL is a ligand that binds to RANK, a receptor expressed on osteoclasts, dendritic cells, T cells, and other cells. RANKL signaling promotes osteoclast differentiation and activation, which leads to bone resorption. OPG is a decoy receptor that binds to RANKL and inhibits its signaling. In cancer cells, RANKL expression is often increased, which can lead to increased bone resorption and the development of bone metastases. RANKL-neutralizing antibodies, such as denosumab, have been shown to be effective in the treatment of skeletal-related events, including osteoporosis or bone metastases, and cancer. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of the RANK-RANKL-OPG system in bone metabolism, mammary epithelial cells, immune function, and cancer, together with the potential therapeutic implications of the RANK-RANKL pathway for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego De Leon-Oliva
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvestra Barrena-Blázquez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Álvarez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Surgery Service, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura López-González
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain;
| | - Diego Torres-Carranza
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
| | - Luis M. García-Puente
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara T. Carranza
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain;
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Raul Diaz
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Service, University Hospital Principe de Asturias, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcala de Henares, Spain; (D.D.L.-O.); (S.B.-B.); (L.J.-Á.); (O.F.-M.); (C.G.-M.); (D.T.-C.); (L.M.G.-P.); (S.T.C.); (M.Á.Á.-M.); (M.Á.-M.)
- Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Ma J, Song R, Liu C, Cao G, Zhang G, Wu Z, Zhang H, Sun R, Chen A, Wang Y, Yin S. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of diabetic wound macrophages in STZ-induced mice. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:103-120. [PMID: 36445632 PMCID: PMC10030741 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00707-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of macrophages in the healing of chronic diabetic wounds is widely known, but previous in vitro classification and marker genes of macrophages may not be fully applicable to cells in the microenvironment of chronic wounds. The heterogeneity of macrophages was studied and classified at the single-cell level in a chronic wound model. We performed single-cell sequencing of CD45 + immune cells within the wound edge and obtained 17 clusters of cells, including 4 clusters of macrophages. One of these clusters is a previously undescribed population of macrophages possessing osteoclast gene expression, for which analysis of differential genes revealed possible functions. We also analysed the differences in gene expression between groups of macrophages in the control and diabetic wound groups at different sampling times. We described the differentiation profile of mononuclear macrophages, which has provided an important reference for the study of immune-related mechanisms in diabetic chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxu Ma
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ru Song
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 250014, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Guoqi Cao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Aoyu Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 250014, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 250014, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China.
| | - Siyuan Yin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 250014, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Tissue Engineering Skin Regeneration and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, P. R. China
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Seervai RNH, Friske SK, Chu EY, Phillips R, Nelson KC, Huen A, Cho WC, Aung PP, Torres-Cabala CA, Prieto VG, Curry JL. The diverse landscape of dermatologic toxicities of non-immune checkpoint inhibitor monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapy. J Cutan Pathol 2023; 50:72-95. [PMID: 36069496 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since their first approval 25 years ago, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become important targeted cancer therapeutics. However, dermatologic toxicities associated with non-immune checkpoint inhibitor (non-ICI) mAbs may complicate the course of cancer treatment. Data on the incidence and types of these reactions are limited. METHODS A comprehensive review was conducted on dermatologic toxicities associated with different classes of non-ICI mAbs approved for treatment of solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. The review included prospective Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials; retrospective literature reviews; systematic reviews/meta-analyses; and case series/reports. RESULTS Dermatologic toxicities were associated with several types of non-ICI mAbs. Inflammatory reactions were the most common dermatologic toxicities, manifesting as maculopapular, urticarial, papulopustular/acneiform, and lichenoid/interface cutaneous adverse events (cAEs) with non-ICI mAbs. Immunobullous reactions were rare and a subset of non-ICI mAbs were associated with the development of vitiligo cAEs. CONCLUSION Dermatologic toxicities of non-ICI mAbs are diverse and mostly limited to inflammatory reactions. Awareness of the spectrum of the histopathologic patterns of cAE from non-ICI mAbs therapy is critical in the era of oncodermatology and oncodermatopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyad N H Seervai
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah K Friske
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rhea Phillips
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Auris Huen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Li KN, Tumbar T. Hair follicle stem cells as a skin-organizing signaling center during adult homeostasis. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107135. [PMID: 33880808 PMCID: PMC8167365 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are the essential source of building blocks for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Their behavior is dictated by both cell-intrinsic cues and extrinsic cues from the microenvironment, known as the stem cell niche. Interestingly, recent work began to demonstrate that hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) are not only passive recipients of signals from the surroundings, but also actively send out signals to modulate the organization and function of their own niches. Here, we discuss recent findings, and briefly refer to the old, on the interaction of HFSCs and their niches with the emphasis on the outwards signals from HFSCs toward their niches. We also highlight recent technology advancements that further promote our understanding of HFSC niches. Taken together, the HFSCs emerge as a skin-organizing center rich in signaling output for niche remodeling during various stages of adult skin homeostasis. The intricate crosstalk between HFSCs and their niches adds important insight to skin biology that will inform clinical and bioengineering fields aiming to build complete and functional 3D organotypic cultures for skin replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefei Nina Li
- Molecular Biology and GeneticsCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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Horikoshi K, Sakai N, Yamamoto N, Ogura H, Sato K, Miyagawa T, Kitajima S, Toyama T, Hara A, Iwata Y, Shimizu M, Furuichi K, Wada T. A case of minimal change disease after the administration of anti receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) monoclonal antibody: a case report. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:416. [PMID: 32993539 PMCID: PMC7526102 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-02066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimal change disease (MCD) is one of the causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in adults. The pathogenesis of proteinuria in MCD has not been fully understood. Recently, it has been reported that the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) may contribute to the podocyte biology in kidney diseases. Denosumab is a human anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody used to treat osteoporosis. Here we report a case of MCD after denosumab administration. CASE PRESENTATION A 59-year-old male without any episodes of proteinuria was given denosumab to treat osteoporosis. Two weeks after its administration, he noticed a foamy urine and bilateral pretibial edema. Laboratory tests revealed that he had severe proteinuria (15g/g Cr), hypoproteinemia (4.0g/dL), and hypoalbuminemia (1.5g/dL). Based on the results, he was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome. The proteinuria selectivity index was 0.05, indicating selective proteinuria. Renal biopsy showed minor glomerular abnormality with less tubulointerstitial damage, and electron microscopy showed extensive foot process effacement, indicating MCD. With all these results, glucocorticoid therapy of 50mg/day prednisolone was started. After 4weeks of treatment, the urinary protein level remains high (3.1g/g Cr). Prednisolone therapy was continued, and the levels of proteinuria decreased gradually to the range of partial remission (1.2g/g Cr) with another 7weeks of prednisolone treatment, but complete remission was not achieved. CONCLUSIONS This might be a case wherein RANKL inhibition is associated with the pathogenesis of MCD. Further studies will be needed to elucidate the causal relationship of RANK-RANKL signaling to the pathogenesis of MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Horikoshi
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Norihiko Sakai
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan. .,Division of Blood Purification, Kanazawa University Hospital, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Ogura
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Taro Miyagawa
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitajima
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tadashi Toyama
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Akinori Hara
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasunori Iwata
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Miho Shimizu
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kengo Furuichi
- Department of Nephrology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takashi Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
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Gama A, Vargas-Franco JW, Sánchez Mesa DC, Restrepo Bedoya E, Amiaud J, Babajko S, Berdal A, Acevedo AC, Heymann D, Lézot F, Castaneda B. Origins of Alterations to Rankl Null Mutant Mouse Dental Root Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062201. [PMID: 32209985 PMCID: PMC7139335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the early stages of development of mouse first molar roots in the osteopetrotic context of RANKL invalidation in order to demonstrate that the radicular phenotype observed resulted not only from defective osteoclasts, but also from loss of cell-to-cell communication among dental, periodontium and alveolar bone cells involving RANKL signaling. Two experimental models were used in this study: Rankl mutants with permanent RANKL invalidation, and C57BL/6J mice injected during the first postnatal week with a RANKL neutralizing antibody corresponding to a transient RANKL invalidation. The dento-alveolar complex was systematically analyzed using micro-CT, and histological and immunohistochemical approaches. These experiments showed that the root elongation alterations observed in the Rankl-/- mice were associated with reduced proliferation of the RANK-expressing HERS cells with a significant decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and a significant increase in P21 expression. The phenotypic comparison of the adult first molar root at 35 days between permanent and transitory invalidations of RANKL made it possible to demonstrate that alterations in dental root development have at least two origins, one intrinsic and linked to proliferation/differentiation perturbations in dental-root-forming cells, the other extrinsic and corresponding to disturbances of bone cell differentiation/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gama
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (D.C.S.M.); (E.R.B.); (S.B.); (A.B.)
- Odontologic Center of District Federal Military Police, Brasília 70297-400, Brazil
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Jorge William Vargas-Franco
- INSERM, UMR-1238, Equipe 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France; (J.W.V.-F.); (J.A.); (F.L.)
- Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin A.A1226, Colombia
| | - Diana Carolina Sánchez Mesa
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (D.C.S.M.); (E.R.B.); (S.B.); (A.B.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin A.A1226, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth Restrepo Bedoya
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (D.C.S.M.); (E.R.B.); (S.B.); (A.B.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin A.A1226, Colombia
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR-1238, Equipe 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France; (J.W.V.-F.); (J.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (D.C.S.M.); (E.R.B.); (S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR-1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (D.C.S.M.); (E.R.B.); (S.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Ana Carolina Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
- Oral Center for Inherited Diseases, Hospital of University of Brasilia, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
- INSERM, UMR-1232, LabCT, CRCNA, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-1238, Equipe 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France; (J.W.V.-F.); (J.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- Service d’Odontologie-Stomatologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-142-178-416
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New Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators and Their Impact on the RANK/RANKL Complex Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061321. [PMID: 32183159 PMCID: PMC7144723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer depends on women’s age. Its chemotherapy and hormone therapy lead to the loss of bone density and disruption of the skeleton. The proteins RANK and RANKL play a pivotal role in the formation of osteoclasts. It is also well established that the same proteins (RANK and RANKL) are the main molecules that play an important role in mammary stem cell biology. Mammary stem cells guarantee differentiation of the epithelial mammary cells, the growth of which is regulated by the progesterone-induced RANKL signaling pathway. The crosstalk between progesterone receptor, stimulated by progesterone and its analogues results in RANKL to RANK binding and activation of cell proliferation and subsequently unlimited expansion of the breast cancer cells. Therefore downstream regulation of this signaling pathway is desirable. To meet this need, a new class of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SPRMs) with anti- and mesoprogestin function were tested as potential anti-RANK agents. To establish the new feature of SPRMs, the impact of tested SPRMs on RANK-RANKL proteins interaction was tested. Furthermore, the cells proliferation upon RANKL stimulation, as well as NFkB and cyclin D1 expression, induced by tested SPRMs were analyzed. Conducted experiments proved NFkB expression inhibition as well as cyclin D1 expression limitation under asoprisnil and ulipristal treatment. The established paracrine anti-proliferative activity of antiprogestins together with competitive interaction with RANK make this class of compounds attractive for further study in order to deliver more evidence of their anti-RANK activity and potential application in the breast cancer therapy together with its accompanied osteoporosis.
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8
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Ono T, Hayashi M, Sasaki F, Nakashima T. RANKL biology: bone metabolism, the immune system, and beyond. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:2. [PMID: 32047573 PMCID: PMC7006158 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-019-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) induces the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage-lineage cells into the bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. Because abnormalities in RANKL, its signaling receptor RANK, or decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) lead to bone diseases such as osteopetrosis, the RANKL/RANK/OPG system is essential for bone resorption. RANKL was first discovered as a T cell-derived activator of dendritic cells (DCs) and has many functions in the immune system, including organogenesis, cellular development. The essentiality of RANKL in the bone and the immune systems lies at the root of the field of "osteoimmunology." Furthermore, this cytokine functions beyond the domains of bone metabolism and the immune system, e.g., mammary gland and hair follicle formation, body temperature regulation, muscle metabolism, and tumor development. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the functions of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehito Ono
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Mikihito Hayashi
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Sasaki
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakashima
- Department of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
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9
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Vargas-Franco JW, Castaneda B, Gama A, Mueller CG, Heymann D, Rédini F, Lézot F. Genetically-achieved disturbances to the expression levels of TNFSF11 receptors modulate the effects of zoledronic acid on growing mouse skeletons. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:133-148. [PMID: 31260659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Zoledronic acid (ZOL), a nitrogen bisphosphonate (N-BP), is currently used to treat and control pediatric osteolytic diseases. Variations in the intensity of the effects and side effects of N-BPs have been reported with no clear explanations regarding their origins. We wonder if such variations could be associated with different levels of RANKL signaling activity in growing bone during and after the treatment with N-BPs. To answer this question, ZOL was injected into neonate C57BL/6J mice with different genetically-determined RANKL signaling activity levels (Opg+/+\RankTg-, Opg+/+\RankTg+, Opg+/-\RankTg-, Opg+/-\RankTg+, Opg-/-\RankTg- and Opg-/-\RankTg+ mice) following a protocol (4 injections from post-natal day 1 to 7 at the dose of 50 μg/kg) that mimics those used in onco-pediatric patients. At the end of pediatric growth (1 and half months) and at an adult age (10 months), the bone morphometric and mineral parameters were measured using μCT in the tibia and skull for the different mice. A histologic analysis of the dental and periodontal tissues was also performed. At the end of pediatric growth, a delay in long bone and skull bone growth, a blockage of tooth eruption, some molar root alterations and a neoplasia-like structure associated with incisor development were found. Interestingly, the magnitude of these side effects was reduced by Opg deficiency (Opg-/-) but increased by Rank overexpression (RankTg). Analysis of the skeletal phenotype at ten months confirmed respectively the beneficial and harmful effects of Opg deficiency and Rank overexpression. These results validated the hypothesis that the RANKL signaling activity level in the bone microenvironment is implicated in the modulation of the response to ZOL. Further studies will be necessary to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, which will help decipher the variability in the effects of N-BPs reported in the human population. SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTS: The present study establishes that in mice the RANKL signaling activity level is a major modulator of the effects and side-effects of bisphosphonates on the individual skeleton during growth. However, the modulatory actions are dependent on the ways in which this level of activity is increased. A decrease in OPG expression is beneficial to the skeletal phenotype observed at the end of growth, while RANK overexpression deteriorates it. Far removed from pediatric treatment, in adults, the skeletal phenotypes initially observed at the end of growth for the different levels of RANKL signaling activity were maintained, although significant improvement was associated only with reductions in OPG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge William Vargas-Franco
- INSERM, UMR-1238, Equipe 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44035, France; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- Service d'Odontologie-Stomatologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Andrea Gama
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris F-75006, France; Odontology Center of District Federal Military Police, Brasília, Brazil; Oral Histopathology Laboratory, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67084, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, University of Sheffield, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain F-44805, France
| | - Françoise Rédini
- INSERM, UMR-1238, Equipe 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-1238, Equipe 1, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes F-44035, France.
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10
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Osteoimmunology: evolving concepts in bone-immune interactions in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:626-642. [PMID: 31186549 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the 'osteoimmune' system, which functions as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where haematopoietic stem cells are maintained. Bone and mineral metabolism is maintained by the balanced action of bone cells such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, yet subverted by aberrant and/or prolonged immune responses under pathological conditions. However, osteoimmune interactions are not restricted to the unidirectional effect of the immune system on bone metabolism. In recent years, we have witnessed the discovery of effects of bone cells on immune regulation, including the function of osteoprogenitor cells in haematopoietic stem cell regulation and osteoblast-mediated suppression of haematopoietic malignancies. Moreover, the dynamic reciprocal interactions between bone and malignancies in remote organs have attracted attention, extending the horizon of osteoimmunology. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in the osteoimmune dialogue in health and disease.
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11
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Camara A, Cordeiro OG, Alloush F, Sponsel J, Chypre M, Onder L, Asano K, Tanaka M, Yagita H, Ludewig B, Flacher V, Mueller CG. Lymph Node Mesenchymal and Endothelial Stromal Cells Cooperate via the RANK-RANKL Cytokine Axis to Shape the Sinusoidal Macrophage Niche. Immunity 2019; 50:1467-1481.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Navet B, Vargas-Franco JW, Gama A, Amiaud J, Choi Y, Yagita H, Mueller CG, Rédini F, Heymann D, Castaneda B, Lézot F. Maternal RANKL Reduces the Osteopetrotic Phenotype of Null Mutant Mouse Pups. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7110426. [PMID: 30413057 PMCID: PMC6262436 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RANKL signalization is implicated in the morphogenesis of various organs, including the skeleton. Mice invalidated for Rankl present an osteopetrotic phenotype that was less severe than anticipated, depending on RANKL’s implication in morphogenesis. The hypothesis of an attenuated phenotype, as a result of compensation during gestation by RANKL of maternal origin, was thus brought into question. In order to answer this question, Rankl null mutant pups from null mutant parents were generated, and the phenotype analyzed. The results validated the presence of a more severe osteopetrotic phenotype in the second-generation null mutant with perinatal lethality. The experiments also confirmed that RANKL signalization plays a part in the morphogenesis of skeletal elements through its involvement in cell-to-cell communication, such as in control of osteoclast differentiation. To conclude, we have demonstrated that the phenotype associated with Rankl invalidation is attenuated through compensation by RANKL of maternal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Navet
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Jorge William Vargas-Franco
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia.
| | - Andrea Gama
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR-9021, Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Françoise Rédini
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
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13
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Navet B, Ando K, Vargas-Franco JW, Brion R, Amiaud J, Mori K, Yagita H, Mueller CG, Verrecchia F, Dumars C, Heymann MF, Heymann D, Lézot F. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Implications of RANKL/RANK Signaling in Osteosarcoma: From Tumor Initiation to Lung Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110398. [PMID: 30355966 PMCID: PMC6265790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is the most frequent form of malignant pediatric bone tumor. Despite the current therapeutic arsenal, patient life-expectancy remains low if metastases are detected at the time of diagnosis, justifying research into better knowledge at all stages of osteosarcoma ontogenesis and identification of new therapeutic targets. Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB (RANK)expression has been reported in osteosarcoma cells, raising the question of Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB Ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling implications in these tumor cells (intrinsic), in addition to previously reported implications through osteoclast activation in the tumor microenvironment (extrinsic). Methods: Based on in vitro and in vivo experimentations using human and mouse osteosarcoma cell lines, the consequences on the main cellular processes of RANK expression in osteosarcoma cells were analyzed. Results: The results revealed that RANK expression had no impact on cell proliferation and tumor growth, but stimulated cellular differentiation and, in an immune-compromised environment, increased the number of lung metastases. The analysis of RANKL, RANK and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions in biopsies of a cohort of patients revealed that while RANK expression in osteosarcoma cells was not significantly different between patients with or without metastases at the time of diagnosis, the OPG/RANK ratio decreased significantly. Conclusion: Altogether, these results are in favor of RANKL-RANK signaling inhibition as an adjuvant for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Navet
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Kosei Ando
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Jorge William Vargas-Franco
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia.
| | - Régis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôtel Dieu, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Kanji Mori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Clotilde Dumars
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôtel Dieu, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
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14
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Lopes N, Vachon H, Marie J, Irla M. Administration of RANKL boosts thymic regeneration upon bone marrow transplantation. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:835-851. [PMID: 28455312 PMCID: PMC5452038 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoablative treatments lead to severe damages on thymic epithelial cells (TECs), which result in delayed de novo thymopoiesis and a prolonged period of T‐cell immunodeficiency. Understanding the mechanisms that govern thymic regeneration is of paramount interest for the recovery of a functional immune system notably after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Here, we show that RANK ligand (RANKL) is upregulated in CD4+ thymocytes and lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells during the early phase of thymic regeneration. Importantly, whereas RANKL neutralization alters TEC recovery after irradiation, ex vivo RANKL administration during BMT boosts the regeneration of TEC subsets including thymic epithelial progenitor‐enriched cells, thymus homing of lymphoid progenitors, and de novo thymopoiesis. RANKL increases specifically in LTi cells, lymphotoxin α, which is critical for thymic regeneration. RANKL treatment, dependent on lymphotoxin α, is beneficial upon BMT in young and aged individuals. This study thus indicates that RANKL may be clinically useful to improve T‐cell function recovery after BMT by controlling multiple facets of thymic regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noella Lopes
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Hortense Vachon
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Julien Marie
- Department of Immunology Virology and Inflammation, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL) UMR INSERM1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France.,TGF-b and Immune Evasion, Tumor Immunology Program, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille Cedex 09, France
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15
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Sigl V, Jones LP, Penninger JM. RANKL/RANK: from bone loss to the prevention of breast cancer. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160230. [PMID: 27881737 PMCID: PMC5133443 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RANK and RANKL, a receptor ligand pair belonging to the tumour necrosis factor family, are the critical regulators of osteoclast development and bone metabolism. Besides their essential function in bone, RANK and RANKL have also been identified as the key factors for the formation of a lactating mammary gland in pregnancy. Mechanistically, RANK and RANKL link the sex hormone progesterone with stem cell expansion and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Based on their normal physiology, RANKL/RANK control the onset of hormone-induced breast cancer through the expansion of mammary progenitor cells. Recently, we and others were able to show that RANK and RANKL are also critical regulators of BRCA1-mutation-driven breast cancer. Currently, the preventive strategy for BRCA1-mutation carriers includes preventive mastectomy, associated with wide-ranging risks and psychosocial effects. The search for an alternative non-invasive prevention strategy is therefore of paramount importance. As our work strongly implicates RANK and RANKL as key molecules involved in the initiation of BRCA1-associated breast cancer, we propose that anti-RANKL therapy could be a feasible preventive strategy for women carrying BRCA1 mutations, and by extension to other women with high risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sigl
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laundette P Jones
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Chypre M, Madel MB, Chaloin O, Blin-Wakkach C, Morice C, Mueller CG. Porphyrin Derivatives Inhibit the Interaction between Receptor Activator of NF-κB and Its Ligand. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1697-1702. [PMID: 28885764 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily, plays an important role in bone resorption and stimulates immune and epithelial cell activation. Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody that blocks the RANK ligand (RANKL), is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis and bone metastasis. However, a small molecule that inhibits the RANK-RANKL interaction would be beneficial to decrease cost and to facilitate treatments with orally available therapeutic agents. Herein we report the discovery of the first nonpeptidic inhibitors of RANK-RANKL interactions. In screening a chemical library by competitive ELISA, the porphyrin verteporfin was identified as a hit. Derivatives were screened, and the chlorin-macrocycle-containing pheophorbide A and purpurin 18 were found to bind recombinant RANKL, to inhibit RANK-RANKL interactions in the ELISA, and to suppress the RANKL-dependent activation of model cells and the differentiation of RANK-expressing precursors into osteoclasts. This discovery of a family of small molecules that inhibit RANK activation presents an initial basis for further development of nonpeptidic therapeutic agents targeting the interaction between RANK and RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chypre
- Prestwick Chemical, PC SAS, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR 3572, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria-Bernadette Madel
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Olivier Chaloin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR 3572, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Christopher G Mueller
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR 3572, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Okamatsu N, Sakai N, Karakawa A, Kouyama N, Sato Y, Inagaki K, Kiuchi Y, Oguchi K, Negishi-Koga T, Takami M. Biological effects of anti-RANKL antibody administration in pregnant mice and their newborns. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:614-621. [PMID: 28760341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and blocks osteoclast differentiation, has received approval in Japan for use as an anti-resorptive drug for osteoporosis and skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with solid cancer. Denosumab is contraindicated during pregnancy, though the effects of blocking RANKL activity on pregnant mothers and their newborns are unclear. We used mice to investigate the effects of an anti-RANKL antibody on maternal and newborn health. Mothers injected with the anti-RANKL antibody had increased bone mass as compared with the controls, while osteoclast number and the level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in serum were increased at the end of pregnancy. Newborn mice exposed to the antibody in utero were normally born, but showed increased bone mass and died within 48 h after birth. None of the newborns were found to have milk in their stomachs, suggesting that they died due to a maternal defect in lactation. Consistent with this, anti-RANKL antibody-injected mothers displayed impaired mammary gland development. However, fostering by healthy surrogate mothers rescued only 33% of the antibody-exposed newborns, suggesting that neonatal mortality was due, at least in part, to an intrinsic defect in the newborns. Our findings show that anti-RANKL antibody administration during pregnancy results in not only an undesirable increase in bone mass, but also has harmful effects on newborn survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Okamatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Karakawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Naoka Kouyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yurie Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Katsunori Inagaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuji Oguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takako Negishi-Koga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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Sojod B, Chateau D, Mueller CG, Babajko S, Berdal A, Lézot F, Castaneda B. RANK/RANKL/OPG Signalization Implication in Periodontitis: New Evidence from a RANK Transgenic Mouse Model. Front Physiol 2017; 8:338. [PMID: 28596739 PMCID: PMC5442248 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is based on a complex inflammatory over-response combined with possible genetic predisposition factors. The RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway is implicated in bone resorption through its key function in osteoclast differentiation and activation, as well as in the inflammatory response. This central element of osteo-immunology has been suggested to be perturbed in several diseases, including periodontitis, as it is a predisposing factor for this disease. The aim of the present study was to validate this hypothesis using a transgenic mouse line, which over-expresses RANK (RTg) and develops a periodontitis-like phenotype at 5 months of age. RTg mice exhibited severe alveolar bone loss, an increased number of TRAP positive cells, and disorganization of periodontal ligaments. This phenotype was more pronounced in females. We also observed dental root resorption lacunas. Hyperplasia of the gingival epithelium, including Malassez epithelial rests, was visible as early as 25 days, preceding any other symptoms. These results demonstrate that perturbations of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system constitute a core element of periodontitis, and more globally, osteo-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Sojod
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Danielle Chateau
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Intestine: Nutrition, Barrier, and Diseases Group, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR-9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Babajko
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-957, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche des CordeliersParis, France.,Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of AntioquiaMedellin, Colombia
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19
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Mueller CG, Voisin B. Of skin and bone: did Langerhans cells and osteoclasts evolve from a common ancestor? J Anat 2016; 235:412-417. [PMID: 27620531 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin Langerhans cells are antigen-presenting cells of the interfollicular epidermis and the upper part of the hair follicle, whereas osteoclasts are specialized bone-resorbing macrophages. Although at first view these two cell types appear to have little in common, a closer analysis reveals shared features, and when taking into account their surrounding environment, a hypothesis can be developed that Langerhans cells and osteoclasts have evolved from a common ancestral cell type. In this mini-review, we have compared the ontogenetic features of Langerhans cells and osteoclasts from a genetic and a functional point of view, an issue that so far has been overlooked. The gene programs that control cell differentiation, and the body parts where they reside, present surprising similarities. Whereas the function of osteoclasts in bone degradation has been established since the first vertebrates, Langerhans cells may have undergone a stepwise adaptation from aquatic to terrestrial life. Their cell function co-evolved with the imperatives of the skin to protect against physical impact, heat, water loss and pathogens, which implied the capacity of Langerhans cells to associate with skin appendages and to develop immunostimulatory functions. For the highly versatile and efficient immune system of modern vertebrates, Langerhans cells may be a memory of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Voisin
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/Laboratory of Excellence MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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20
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Lyakhovitsky A, Oshinsky S, Gilboa S, Barzilai A. Alopecia areata after denosumab treatment for osteoporosis. JAAD Case Rep 2016; 2:298-300. [PMID: 27512722 PMCID: PMC4972896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lyakhovitsky
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shlomit Oshinsky
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarit Gilboa
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Aviv Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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21
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Abstract
In mammalian cells, DNA methylation critically regulates gene expression and thus has pivotal roles in myriad of physiological and pathological processes. Here we report a novel method for targeted DNA demethylation using the widely used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas system. Initially, modified single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) (sgRNA2.0) were constructed by inserting two copies of bacteriophage MS2 RNA elements into the conventional sgRNAs, which would facilitate the tethering of the Tet1 catalytic domain (Tet-CD), in fusion with dCas9 or MS2 coat proteins, to the targeted gene loci. Subsequently, such system was shown to significantly upregulate transcription of the target genes, including RANKL, MAGEB2 or MMP2, which was in close correlation to DNA demethylation of their neighboring CpGs in the promoters. In addition, the dCas9/sgRNA2.0-directed demethylation system appeared to afford efficient demethylation of the target genes with tenuous off-target effects. Applications of this system would not only help us understand mechanistically how DNA methylation might regulate gene expression in specific contexts, but also enable control of gene expression and functionality with potential clinical benefits.
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22
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Chen CC, Plikus MV, Tang PC, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM. The Modulatable Stem Cell Niche: Tissue Interactions during Hair and Feather Follicle Regeneration. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1423-40. [PMID: 26196442 PMCID: PMC4716892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hair and feathers are unique because (1) their stem cells are contained within a follicle structure, (2) they undergo cyclic regeneration repetitively throughout life, (3) regeneration occurs physiologically in healthy individuals and (4) regeneration is also induced in response to injury. Precise control of this cyclic regeneration process is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of living organisms. While stem cells are regulated by the intra-follicle-adjacent micro-environmental niche, this niche is also modulated dynamically by extra-follicular macro-environmental signals, allowing stem cells to adapt to a larger changing environment and physiological needs. Here we review several examples of macro-environments that communicate with the follicles: intradermal adipose tissue, innate immune system, sex hormones, aging, circadian rhythm and seasonal rhythms. Related diseases are also discussed. Unveiling the mechanisms of how stem cell niches are modulated provides clues for regenerative medicine. Given that stem cells are hard to manipulate, focusing translational therapeutic applications at the environments appears to be a more practical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 112; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Animal Science and Center for the Integrative and Evolutionary, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; International Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration, Graduated Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan 701; Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 404.
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23
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Cordeiro OG, Chypre M, Brouard N, Rauber S, Alloush F, Romera-Hernandez M, Bénézech C, Li Z, Eckly A, Coles MC, Rot A, Yagita H, Léon C, Ludewig B, Cupedo T, Lanza F, Mueller CG. Integrin-Alpha IIb Identifies Murine Lymph Node Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Responsive to RANKL. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151848. [PMID: 27010197 PMCID: PMC4806919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment and activation signals likely imprint heterogeneity in the lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) population. Particularly LECs of secondary lymphoid organs are exposed to different cell types and immune stimuli. However, our understanding of the nature of LEC activation signals and their cell source within the secondary lymphoid organ in the steady state remains incomplete. Here we show that integrin alpha 2b (ITGA2b), known to be carried by platelets, megakaryocytes and hematopoietic progenitors, is expressed by a lymph node subset of LECs, residing in medullary, cortical and subcapsular sinuses. In the subcapsular sinus, the floor but not the ceiling layer expresses the integrin, being excluded from ACKR4+ LECs but overlapping with MAdCAM-1 expression. ITGA2b expression increases in response to immunization, raising the possibility that heterogeneous ITGA2b levels reflect variation in exposure to activation signals. We show that alterations of the level of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), by overexpression, neutralization or deletion from stromal marginal reticular cells, affected the proportion of ITGA2b+ LECs. Lymph node LECs but not peripheral LECs express RANK. In addition, we found that lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling likewise regulated the proportion of ITGA2b+ LECs. These findings demonstrate that stromal reticular cells activate LECs via RANKL and support the action of hematopoietic cell-derived lymphotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G. Cordeiro
- CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/ MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélanie Chypre
- CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/ MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
- Prestwick Chemical, Blvd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d’innovation, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Nathalie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Simon Rauber
- CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/ MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Farouk Alloush
- CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/ MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Cécile Bénézech
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Eckly
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mark C. Coles
- Center for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Antal Rot
- Center for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113–8421, Japan
| | - Catherine Léon
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonspital St. Gallen, 9007, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tom Cupedo
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - François Lanza
- INSERM, UMR_S949, Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christopher G. Mueller
- CNRS UPR 3572, University of Strasbourg, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry/ MEDALIS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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González-Suárez E, Sanz-Moreno A. RANK as a therapeutic target in cancer. FEBS J 2016; 283:2018-33. [PMID: 26749530 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The RANK signaling pathway has emerged as a new target in breast cancer as receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK mediate the pro-tumorigenic role of progesterone in the mammary gland. Thousands of cancer patients worldwide are already taking RANKL inhibitors for the management of bone metastasis, given the relevance of this pathway in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. RANK signaling also has multiple divergent effects in immunity and inflammation, both in the generation of active immune responses and in the induction of tolerance: it is required for lymph node organogenesis, thymic medullary epithelial development and self-tolerance, and regulates activation of several immune cells and inflammatory processes. The RANK pathway interferes with mammary epithelial differentiation and mediates the major proliferative response of mammary epithelium to progesterone and progesterone-driven expansion of mammary stem cells; it also controls hair follicle and epidermal stem cell homeostasis, pointing to RANK as a key regulator of epithelial stemness. Here we revisit the main functions of RANK signaling in bone remodeling, immune cells and epithelial differentiation. We also discuss the mechanistic evidence that supports its pleiotropic effects on cancer: from bone metastasis to immune and cancer-cell-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Chypre M, Seaman J, Cordeiro OG, Willen L, Knoop KA, Buchanan A, Sainson RCA, Williams IR, Yagita H, Schneider P, Mueller CG. Characterization and application of two RANK-specific antibodies with different biological activities. Immunol Lett 2016; 171:5-14. [PMID: 26773232 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in therapy and investigative biomedical research. The TNF-family member Receptor Activator of NF-κB (RANK) is known for its role in bone homeostasis and is increasingly recognized as a central player in immune regulation and epithelial cell activation. However, the study of RANK biology has been hampered by missing or insufficient characterization of high affinity tools that recognize RANK. Here, we present a careful description and comparison of two antibodies, RANK-02 obtained by phage display (Newa, 2014 [1]) and R12-31 generated by immunization (Kamijo, 2006 [2]). We found that both antibodies recognized mouse RANK with high affinity, while RANK-02 and R12-31 recognized human RANK with high and lower affinities, respectively. Using a cell apoptosis assay based on stimulation of a RANK:Fas fusion protein, and a cellular NF-κB signaling assay, we showed that R12-31 was agonist for both species. R12-31 interfered little or not at all with the binding of RANKL to RANK, in contrast to RANK-02 that efficiently prevented this interaction. Depending on the assay and species, RANK-02 was either a weak agonist or a partial antagonist of RANK. Both antibodies recognized human Langerhans cells, previously shown to express RANK, while dermal dendritic cells were poorly labeled. In vivo R12-31 agonist activity was demonstrated by its ability to induce the formation of intestinal villous microfold cells in mice. This characterization of two monoclonal antibodies should now allow better evaluation of their application as therapeutic reagents and investigative tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chypre
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France; Prestwick Chemical, Blvd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'innovation, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | | | - Olga G Cordeiro
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn A Knoop
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France.
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26
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Gama A, Navet B, Vargas JW, Castaneda B, Lézot F. Bone resorption: an actor of dental and periodontal development? Front Physiol 2015; 6:319. [PMID: 26594180 PMCID: PMC4633481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental and periodontal tissue development is a complex process involving various cell-types. A finely orchestrated network of communications between these cells is implicated. During early development, communications between cells from the oral epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme govern the dental morphogenesis with successive bud, cap and bell stages. Later, interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells occur during dental root elongation. Root elongation and tooth eruption require resorption of surrounding alveolar bone to occur. For years, it was postulated that signaling molecules secreted by dental and periodontal cells control bone resorbing osteoclast precursor recruitment and differentiation. Reverse signaling originating from bone cells (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) toward dental cells was not suspected. Dental defects reported in osteopetrosis were associated with mechanical stress secondary to defective bone resorption. In the last decade, consequences of bone resorption over-activation on dental and periodontal tissue formation have been analyzed with transgenic animals (RANKTg and Opg−∕− mice). Results suggest the existence of signals originating from osteoclasts toward dental and periodontal cells. Meanwhile, experiments consisting in transitory inhibition of bone resorption during root elongation, achieved with bone resorption inhibitors having different mechanisms of action (bisphosphonates and RANKL blocking antibodies), have evidenced dental and periodontal defects that support the presence of signals originating bone cells toward dental cells. The aim of the present manuscript is to present the data we have collected in the last years that support the hypothesis of a role of bone resorption in dental and periodontal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gama
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris, France ; Odontologic Center of District Federal Military Police Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Navet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Nantes, France ; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Jorge William Vargas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Nantes, France ; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes Nantes, France ; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers Paris, France ; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Nantes, France ; Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes Nantes, France
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27
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Li Q, Li Q, Nuccio J, Liu C, Duan P, Wang R, Jones LW, Chung LWK, Zhau HE. Metastasis initiating cells in primary prostate cancer tissues from transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) predicts castration-resistant progression and survival of prostate cancer patients. Prostate 2015; 75:1312-21. [PMID: 25990623 PMCID: PMC4736544 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the activation of RANK and c-Met signaling components in both experimental mouse models and human prostate cancer (PC) specimens predicts bone metastatic potential and PC patient survival. This study addresses whether a population of metastasis-initiating cells (MICs) known to express a stronger RANKL, phosphorylated c-Met (p-c-Met), and neuropilin-1 (NRP1) signaling network than bystander or dormant cells (BDCs) can be detected in PC tissues from patients subjected to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for urinary obstruction prior to the diagnosis of PC with or without prior hormonal manipulation, and whether the relative abundance of MICs over BDCs could predict castration-resistant progression and PC patient survival. METHODS We employed a multiplexed quantum-dot labeling (mQDL) protocol to detect and quantify MICs and BDCs at the single cell level in TURP tissues obtained from 44 PC patients with documented overall survival and castration resistance status. RESULTS PC tissues with a higher number of MICs and an activated RANK signaling network, including increased expression of RANKL, p-c-Met, and NRP1 compared to BDCs, were found to correlate with the development of castration resistance and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of PC cells with MIC and BDC phenotypes in primary PC tissues from hormone-naïve patients can predict the progression to castration resistance and the overall survival of PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Li
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Quanlin Li
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill Nuccio
- Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, California
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peng Duan
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lawrence W. Jones
- Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, Pasadena, California
- Correspondence to: Lawrence W. Jones, MD, Urological Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Huntington Memorial Hospital, 99 North El Molino Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91101.
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence to: Haiyen E. Zhau, PhD, and Leland W. K. Chung, PhD, Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 103, Los Angeles, CA 90048. (HEZ); (LWKC)
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Research Program, Los Angeles, California
- Correspondence to: Haiyen E. Zhau, PhD, and Leland W. K. Chung, PhD, Department of Medicine, Uro-Oncology Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 103, Los Angeles, CA 90048. (HEZ); (LWKC)
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28
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Veselá B, Matalová E. Expression of apoptosis-related genes in the mouse skin during the first postnatal catagen stage, focused on localization of Bnip3L and caspase-12. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:326-35. [PMID: 25943459 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles undergo repetitive stages of cell proliferation and programmed cell death. The catagen stage of physiological apoptosis is connected with dynamic changes in morphology and alterations in gene expression. However, hair follicle apoptosis must be in balance with events in surrounding tissues, such as keratinocyte cornification, to maintain complex skin homeostasis. Several pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules in the skin have been reported but mainly in pathological states. In this investigation, apoptosis-related gene expression was examined during the first catagen stage of mouse hair follicle development by PCR arrays under physiological conditions. Postnatal stages P15 and P17, representing early and late catagen stages, were evaluated relatively to stage P6, representing the hair follicle growing phase, to demonstrate dynamics of gene activation during the catagen. Several statistically significant alterations were observed at P15 and particularly at P17. Bnip3L and caspase-12 identified by the PCR arrays at both catagen stages were additionally localized using immunofluorescence and were reported in physiological hair development for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Veselá
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics AS CR , Brno , Czech Republic
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Chen CC, Wang L, Plikus MV, Jiang TX, Murray PJ, Ramos R, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Hughes MW, Lee OK, Shi S, Widelitz RB, Lander AD, Chuong CM. Organ-level quorum sensing directs regeneration in hair stem cell populations. Cell 2015; 161:277-90. [PMID: 25860610 PMCID: PMC4393531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated organ behavior is crucial for an effective response to environmental stimuli. By studying regeneration of hair follicles in response to patterned hair plucking, we demonstrate that organ-level quorum sensing allows coordinated responses to skin injury. Plucking hair at different densities leads to a regeneration of up to five times more neighboring, unplucked resting hairs, indicating activation of a collective decision-making process. Through data modeling, the range of the quorum signal was estimated to be on the order of 1 mm, greater than expected for a diffusible molecular cue. Molecular and genetic analysis uncovered a two-step mechanism, where release of CCL2 from injured hairs leads to recruitment of TNF-α-secreting macrophages, which accumulate and signal to both plucked and unplucked follicles. By coupling immune response with regeneration, this mechanism allows skin to respond predictively to distress, disregarding mild injury, while meeting stronger injury with full-scale cooperative activation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, ROC
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ting Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Philip J Murray
- Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael W Hughes
- International Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regeneration and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei and Center for Stem Cell Research, National Yang-Ming University and Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 112, ROC; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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30
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Lézot F, Chesneau J, Navet B, Gobin B, Amiaud J, Choi Y, Yagita H, Castaneda B, Berdal A, Mueller CG, Rédini F, Heymann D. Skeletal consequences of RANKL-blocking antibody (IK22-5) injections during growth: mouse strain disparities and synergic effect with zoledronic acid. Bone 2015; 73:51-9. [PMID: 25532478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
High doses of bone resorption inhibitors are currently under evaluation in pediatric oncology. Previous works have evidenced transient arrest in long bone and skull bone growth and tooth eruption blockage when mice were treated with zoledronic acid (ZOL). The question of potential similar effects with a RANKL-blocking antibody (IK22.5) was raised. Sensitivity disparities in these inhibitors between mouse strains and synergic effects of zoledronic acid and a RANKL-blocking antibody were subsidiary questions. In order to answer these questions, newborn C57BL/6J and CD1 mice were injected every two or three days (4 injections in total so 7 or 10 days of treatment length) with high doses of a RANKL-blocking antibody. The consequences on the tibia, craniofacial bones and teeth were analyzed by μCT and histology at the end of the treatment and one, two and three months later. The results obtained showed that RANKL-blocking antibody injections induced a transient arrest of tibia and skull bone growth and an irreversible blockage of tooth eruption in C57BL/6J mice. In CD1 mice, tooth eruption defects were also present but only at much higher doses. Similar mouse strain differences were obtained with zoledronic acid. Finally, a synergic effect of the two inhibitors was evidenced. In conclusion as previously observed for bisphosphonates (ZOL), a RANKL-blocking antibody induced a transient arrest in long bone and skull bone growth and a blockage of tooth eruption with however disparities between mouse strains with regard to this last effect. A synergic effect of both bone resorption inhibitors was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France.
| | - Julie Chesneau
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Benjamin Navet
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bérengère Gobin
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - YongWon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris F-75006 France; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia
| | - Ariane Berdal
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris F-75006 France
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR-9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67084, France
| | - Françoise Rédini
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
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Pabst AM, Krüger M, Ziebart T, Jacobs C, Sagheb K, Walter C. The influence of geranylgeraniol on human oral keratinocytes after bisphosphonate treatment: An in vitro study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:688-95. [PMID: 25913629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study analyzed the influence of geranylgeraniol (GGOH) on human oral keratinocytes (HOK) after exposure to bisphosphonates. HOK were incubated with four different bisphosphonates (clodronate, ibandronate, pamidronate, zoledronate) in two experimental set-ups: with and without GGOH. MTT and PrestoBlue assays were used to analyze HOK cell viability. HOK migration ability was examined with Boyden and Scratch assays, and Tunel and ToxiLight assays were used to detect the HOK apoptosis rate. No significant differences between the experimental set-ups, with and without GGOH, could be found for clodronate (p each >0.3). For the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, negative effects could be shown in the experimental set-ups without GGOH in all assays. In the GGOH experimental set-ups, the levels of HOK cell viability were significantly increased (MTT: p each ≤0.001; PrestoBlue: p each ≤0.012). The HOK migration ability was also greater (Boyden: p each <0.001; Scratch: p each ≤0.015). Regarding the apoptosis rate, reduced numbers of apoptotic HOK in the Tunel assay (p each <0.001) and decreased adenylate kinase release in the ToxiLight assay (p each ≤0.002) were observed. GGOH reversed the negative effects of bisphosphonates on HOK. These findings provide evidence that GGOH could be a promising treatment option for BP-ONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Max Pabst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Krüger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Ziebart
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Collin Jacobs
- Department of Orthodontics (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. H. Wehrbein), University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Keyvan Sagheb
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Walter
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Head: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Wagner), University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Walsh MC, Choi Y. Biology of the RANKL-RANK-OPG System in Immunity, Bone, and Beyond. Front Immunol 2014; 5:511. [PMID: 25368616 PMCID: PMC4202272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery and characterization of the cytokine receptor-cytokine-decoy receptor triad formed by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)–receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK)–osteoprotegerin (OPG) have led not only to immense advances in understanding the biology of bone homeostasis, but have also crystalized appreciation of the critical regulatory relationship that exists between bone and immunity, resulting in the emergence of the burgeoning field of osteoimmunology. RANKL–RANK–OPG are members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor superfamilies, and share signaling characteristics common to many members of each. Developmentally regulated and cell-type specific expression patterns of each of these factors have revealed key regulatory functions for RANKL–RANK–OPG in bone homeostasis, organogenesis, immune tolerance, and cancer. Successful efforts at designing and developing therapeutic agents targeting RANKL–RANK–OPG have been undertaken for osteoporosis, and additional efforts are underway for other conditions. In this review, we will summarize the basic biology of the RANKL–RANK–OPG system, relate its cell-type specific functions to system-wide mechanisms of development and homeostasis, and highlight emerging areas of interest for this cytokine group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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33
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Téletchéa S, Stresing V, Hervouet S, Baud'huin M, Heymann MF, Bertho G, Charrier C, Ando K, Heymann D. Novel RANK antagonists for the treatment of bone-resorptive disease: theoretical predictions and experimental validation. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1466-77. [PMID: 24390798 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) play a pivotal role in bone metabolism, and selective targeting of RANK signaling has become a promising therapeutic strategy in the management of resorptive bone diseases. Existing antibody-based therapies and novel inhibitors currently in development were designed to target the ligand, rather than the membrane receptor expressed on osteoclast precursors. We describe here an alternative approach to designing small peptides able to specifically bind to the hinge region of membrane RANK responsible for the conformational change upon RANKL association. A nonapeptide generated by this method was validated for its biological activity in vitro and in vivo and served as a lead compound for the generation of a series of peptide RANK antagonists derived from the original sequence. Our study presents a structure- and knowledge-based strategy for the design of novel effective and affordable small peptide inhibitors specifically targeting the receptor RANK and opens a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of resorptive bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Téletchéa
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe labellisée LIGUE 2012, Université de Nantes, Laboratory of the Physiopathology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumors (LPRO), Nantes, France
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34
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Sigl V, Penninger JM. RANKL/RANK - from bone physiology to breast cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:205-14. [PMID: 24486161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RANK and its ligand RANKL are key molecules in bone metabolism and are critically involved in pathologic bone disorders. Deregulation of the RANK/RANKL system is for example a main reason for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, which affects millions of women worldwide. Another essential function of RANK and RANKL is the development of a functional lactating mammary gland during pregnancy. Sex hormones, in particular progesterone, induce RANKL expression resulting in proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, RANK and RANKL have been shown to regulate mammary epithelial stem cells. RANK and RANKL were also identified as critical mechanism in the development of hormone-induced breast cancer and metastatic spread to bone. In this review, we will focus on the various RANK/RANKL functions ranging from bone physiology, immune regulation, and initiation of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sigl
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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35
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Gostyński A, Llames S, García M, Escamez MJ, Martinez-Santamaria L, Nijenhuis M, Meana A, Pas HH, Larcher F, Pasmooij AMG, Jonkman MF, Del Rio M. Long-term survival of type XVII collagen revertant cells in an animal model of revertant cell therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:571-574. [PMID: 23884316 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Gostyński
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sara Llames
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, CCST-PA and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta García
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, CIEMAT and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Escamez
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, CIEMAT and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Martinez-Santamaria
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, CIEMAT and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miranda Nijenhuis
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alvaro Meana
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, CCST-PA and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Hendri H Pas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, CIEMAT and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna M G Pasmooij
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel F Jonkman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcela Del Rio
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, CIEMAT and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U714), Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Castaneda B, Simon Y, Ferbus D, Robert B, Chesneau J, Mueller C, Berdal A, Lézot F. Role of RANKL (TNFSF11)-dependent osteopetrosis in the dental phenotype of Msx2 null mutant mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80054. [PMID: 24278237 PMCID: PMC3836916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The MSX2 homeoprotein is implicated in all aspects of craniofacial skeletal development. During postnatal growth, MSX2 is expressed in all cells involved in mineralized tissue formation and plays a role in their differentiation and function. Msx2 null (Msx2 (-/-)) mice display complex craniofacial skeleton abnormalities with bone and tooth defects. A moderate form osteopetrotic phenotype is observed, along with decreased expression of RANKL (TNFSF11), the main osteoclast-differentiating factor. In order to elucidate the role of such an osteopetrosis in the Msx2 (-/-) mouse dental phenotype, a bone resorption rescue was performed by mating Msx2 (-/-) mice with a transgenic mouse line overexpressing Rank (Tnfrsf11a). Msx2 (-/-) Rank(Tg) mice had significant improvement in the molar phenotype, while incisor epithelium defects were exacerbated in the enamel area, with formation of massive osteolytic tumors. Although compensation for RANKL loss of function could have potential as a therapy for osteopetrosis, but in Msx2 (-/-) mice, this approach via RANK overexpression in monocyte-derived lineages, amplified latent epithelial tumor development in the peculiar continuously growing incisor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Orale Moléculaire, Equipe 5, Paris, F-75006 France; Université Paris-5, Paris, F-75006; Université Paris-6, Paris, F-75006 France; Université Paris-7, Paris, F-75006 France ; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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Kukita A, Kukita T. Multifunctional properties of RANKL/RANK in cell differentiation, proliferation and metastasis. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1609-22. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that there are close relationships between bone destruction and tumor growth in bone metastasis. RANKL is a central factor in bone metastasis, inducing osteoclastogenesis mediated by its receptor RANK. Recent reports demonstrate that RANKL has important roles in organogenesis stimulating proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and stroma cells. RANKL is induced not only by cytokines and hormones but also by UV-irradiation, inflammation and carcinogens. Expression of RANK and RANKL is found in several human cancer cell lines, and RANK signaling stimulates proliferation, migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, which may be involved in metastasis via an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. RANKL regulates the number of Tregs that produce RANKL, which may affect cancer metastasis. In this review we discuss the multifunctional roles of RANKL/RANK in osteoclastogenesis, organogenesis, and the metastasis and tumorigenesis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kukita
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Kukita
- Molecular Cell Biology & Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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38
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Hasegawa T, Shimada S, Ishida H, Nakashima M. Chafuroside B, an Oolong tea polyphenol, ameliorates UVB-induced DNA damage and generation of photo-immunosuppression related mediators in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77308. [PMID: 24116222 PMCID: PMC3792907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chafuroside B was recently isolated as a new polyphenolic constituent of oolong tea leaves. However, the effects of chafuroside B on skin function have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of chafuroside B against UVB-induced DNA damage, apoptosis and generation of photo-immunosuppression related mediators in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Chafuroside B at 1 µM attenuated both UVB-induced apoptosis, evaluated in terms of caspase-3/7 activity, and UVB-induced DNA damage, evaluated in terms of formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), in NHEK exposed to UVB (20 mJ/cm2). In addition, chafuroside B at 0.3 or 1 µM suppressed the UVB-induced production of interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as determined by ELISA, and conversely enhanced IL-12 mRNA expression and production, as measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Further, chafuroside B at 1 µM also suppressed UVB-induced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) mRNA. These results indicate that chafuroside B promotes repair of UVB-induced DNA damage and ameliorates the generation of IL-10, TNF-α, PGE2, and RANKL, all of which are UVB-induced immunosuppression related mediators. These effects of chafuroside B may be mediated at least in part through induction of IL-12 synthesis in human keratinocytes. Because chafuroside B might have practical value as a photoprotective agent, a further study of the in vivo effects of chafuroside B seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shoichiro Shimada
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakashima
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Shiseido Research Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Desanti GE, Cowan J, Baik S, Parnell SM, White AJ, Penninger JM, Lane PJL, Jenkinson EJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Developmentally regulated availability of RANKL and CD40 ligand reveals distinct mechanisms of fetal and adult cross-talk in the thymus medulla. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:5519-26. [PMID: 23152561 PMCID: PMC3605790 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell tolerance in the thymus is a key step in shaping the developing T cell repertoire. Thymic medullary epithelial cells play multiple roles in this process, including negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes, influencing thymic dendritic cell positioning, and the generation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Previous studies show that medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) development involves hemopoietic cross-talk, and numerous TNFR superfamily members have been implicated in this process. Whereas CD40 and RANK represent key examples, interplay between these receptors, and the individual cell types providing their ligands at both fetal and adult stages of thymus development, remain unclear. In this study, by analysis of the cellular sources of receptor activator for NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and CD40L during fetal and adult cross-talk in the mouse, we show that the innate immune cell system drives initial fetal mTEC development via expression of RANKL, but not CD40L. In contrast, cross-talk involving the adaptive immune system involves both RANKL and CD40L, with analysis of distinct subsets of intrathymic CD4(+) T cells revealing a differential contribution of CD40L by conventional, but not Foxp3(+) regulatory, T cells. We also provide evidence for a stepwise involvement of TNFRs in mTEC development, with CD40 upregulation induced by initial RANK signaling subsequently controlling proliferation within the mTEC compartment. Collectively, our findings show how multiple hemopoietic cell types regulate mTEC development through differential provision of RANKL/CD40L during ontogeny, revealing molecular differences in fetal and adult hemopoietic cross-talk. They also suggest a stepwise process of mTEC development, in which RANK is a master player in controlling the availability of other TNFR family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume E. Desanti
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer Cowan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Song Baik
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrea J. White
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Science, Austria
| | - Peter J. L. Lane
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eric J. Jenkinson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - William E. Jenkinson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Akiyama T, Shinzawa M, Akiyama N. TNF receptor family signaling in the development and functions of medullary thymic epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:278. [PMID: 22969770 PMCID: PMC3432834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide the microenvironment required for the development of T cells in the thymus. A unique property of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is their expression of a wide range of tissue-restricted self-antigens, critically regulated by the nuclear protein AIRE, which contributes to the selection of the self-tolerant T cell repertoire, thereby suppressing the onset of autoimmune diseases. The TNF receptor family (TNFRF) protein receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), CD40 and lymphotoxin β receptor (LtβR) regulate the development and functions of mTECs. The engagement of these receptors with their specific ligands results in the activation of the NF-κB family of transcription factors. Two NF-κB activation pathways, the classical and non-classical pathways, promote the development of mature mTECs induced by these receptors. Consistently, TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF6), the signal transducer of the classical pathway, and NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK), the signal transducer of the non-classical pathway, are essential for the development of mature mTECs. This review summarizes the current understanding of how the signaling by the TNF receptor family controls the development and functions of mTEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishin Akiyama
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Mueller CG, Hess E. Emerging Functions of RANKL in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2012; 3:261. [PMID: 22969763 PMCID: PMC3432452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) members play pivotal roles in embryonic development of lymphoid tissue and their homeostasis. RANKL (Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, also called TRANCE, TNFSF11) is recognized as an important player in bone homeostasis and lymphoid tissue formation. In its absence bone mass control is deregulated and lymph nodes fail to develop. While its function in bone is well described, there is still little functional insight into the action of RANKL in lymphoid tissue development and homeostasis. Here we provide an overview of the known functions of RANKL, its signaling receptor RANK and its decoy receptor OPG from the perspective of lymphoid tissue development and immune activation in the mouse. Expressed by the hematopoietic lymphoid tissue inducing (LTi) cells and the mesenchymal lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells, RANKL was shown to stimulate Lymphotoxin (LT) expression and to be implicated in LTi cell accumulation. Our recent finding that RANKL also triggers proliferation of adult lymph node stroma suggests that RANKL may furthermore directly activate LTo cells. Beyond bone, the RANKL-RANK-OPG triad plays important roles in immunobiology that are waiting to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, Laboratory of Therapeutic Immunology and Chemistry, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, University of Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
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Liu S, Shi W, Xiao H, Liang X, Deng C, Ye Z, Mei P, Wang S, Liu X, Shan Z, Liang Y, Zhang B, Wang W, Liu Y, Xu L, Xia Y, Ma J, Li Z. Receptor activator of NF-kappaB and podocytes: towards a function of a novel receptor-ligand pair in the survival response of podocyte injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41331. [PMID: 22848465 PMCID: PMC3405116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glomerulosclerosis correlates with reduction in podocyte number that occurs through mechanisms which include apoptosis. Podocyte injury or podocyte loss in the renal glomerulus has been proposed as the crucial mechanism in the development of glomerulosclerosis. However, the mechanism by which podocytes respond to injury is poorly understood. TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies are important in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and apoptosis. The ligand of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANKL) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) are members of the TNF and receptor superfamilies. We investigated whether RANK-RANKL is a receptor-ligand complex for podocytes responding to injury. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, RANKL and RANK were examined in human podocyte diseases and a rat model of puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis (PAN). Compared with controls, RANK and RANKL were increased in both human podocyte diseases and the rat PAN model; double immunofluorescence staining revealed that RANK protein expression was mainly attributed to podocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that RANK was localized predominantly at the top of the foot process membrane and the cytoplasm of rat podocyte. In addition, RANK was upregulated in mouse podocytes in vitro after injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside (PA). Knockdown of RANK expression by small interference RNA (siRNA) exacerbated podocyte apoptosis induced by PA. However, RANKL inhibited significantly the apoptosis of podocytes induced by PA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest the increase in RANK-RANKL expression is a response to podocyte injury, and RANK-RANKL may be a novel receptor-ligand complex for the survival response during podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Houqin Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinling Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyu Deng
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Mei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Suxia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhixin Shan
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzheng Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixia Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunfeng Xia
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhilian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Papanastasiou AD, Sirinian C, Kalofonos HP. Identification of novel human receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB isoforms generated through alternative splicing: implications in breast cancer cell survival and migration. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R112. [PMID: 22824341 PMCID: PMC3680950 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) (RANK)/receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) axis emerges as a key regulator of breast cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. RANK receptor is a tumor necrosis superfamily member, which upon ligand binding transduces a variety of survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration signals. The majority of these intracellular cues merge through the NF-kB transcription machinery. Methods TNFRSF11A (RANK) variants were identified and cloned in mammalian expression vectors. Their expression was analyzed using real time PCR on RNA from normal tissue, cell lines and breast cancer specimens. Western blot analysis and immunofluoresence stainings were used to study expression and localization of protein isoforms in a panel of breast cancer cell lines and in transfected 293T cells. Luciferase assays were employed to assess the contribution of each isoform alone or in combinations on NF-kB activation. Isoform effect on cell survival after doxorubicin treatment was analyzed through MTT assay. Wound healing and transwell assays were employed to evaluate the effect of TNFRSF11A isoforms on migration of MDA-MB-231 and 293T cells. Results We report the identification of three novel TNFRSF11A (RANK) variants, named TNFRSF11A_Δ9, TNFRSF11A_Δ8,9 and TNFRSF11A_Δ7,8,9 which result from the alternative splicing of exons 7 to 9. Interestingly, variant TNFRSF11A_Δ7,8,9 was found to be upregulated in breast cancer cells lines and its expression inversely correlated with tumor grade and proliferation index. TNFRSF11A_Δ7,8,9 encodes a 40-45 kDa protein, we named RANK-c, which lacks the transmembrane domain and most of the intracellular part of the wild type receptor. Furthermore, we showed that RANK-c could act as a dominant negative regulator of RANK-dependent NF-kB activation, affecting cell survival after apoptosis induction. In addition, RANK-c suppresses cell migration and represses the tumorigenic properties of invasive breast carcinoma cells. Conclusions In this study, we provide evidence of a complex regulatory network of RANK receptor splice variants with a role in breast cancer. We identify that the RANK-c isoform is expressed in breast cancer samples and its expression reversely correlates with histological grade. Finally, isoform RANK-c seems to have the capacity to regulate signaling through wild type RANK and moreover to inhibit cell motility and migration of breast cancer cells.
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Bench to bedside: elucidation of the OPG-RANK-RANKL pathway and the development of denosumab. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:401-19. [PMID: 22543469 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue that provides mechanical support for muscles and joints, protection for vital organs, a mineral reservoir that is essential for calcium homeostasis, and the environment and niches required for haematopoiesis. The regulation of bone mass in mammals is governed by a complex interplay between bone-forming cells termed osteoblasts and bone-resorbing cells termed osteoclasts, and is guided physiologically by a diverse set of hormones, cytokines and growth factors. The balance between these processes changes over time, causing an elevated risk of fractures with age. Osteoclasts may also be activated in the cancer setting, leading to bone pain, fracture, spinal cord compression and other significant morbidities. This Review chronicles the events that led to an increased understanding of bone resorption, the elucidation of the signalling pathway mediated by osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL) and its role in osteoclast biology, as well as the evolution of recombinant RANKL antagonists, which culminated in the development of the therapeutic RANKL-targeted antibody denosumab.
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45
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Joshi PA, Di Grappa MA, Khokha R. Active allies: hormones, stem cells and the niche in adult mammopoiesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:299-309. [PMID: 22613704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are recruited in response to specific physiological demands to regenerate, repair or maintain essential cellular components of tissues, while preserving self-renewal capacity. Signals that activate adult stem cells are not simply cell autonomous and stem cells are part of a larger dynamic framework, the stem cell 'niche', which integrates systemic and local cues to sustain stem cell functionality. The mammary stem cell niche responds readily to hormonal stimuli, generating pertinent signals that activate stem cells, culminating in stem cell expansion and tissue growth. We review here current knowledge of the mammary stem cell niche with attention to the potent stimulation rendered by ovarian hormones, relevant cellular and molecular players, and the implication of a deregulated niche, for breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purna A Joshi
- Ontario Cancer Insitute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
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46
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Palafox M, Ferrer I, Pellegrini P, Vila S, Hernandez-Ortega S, Urruticoechea A, Climent F, Soler MT, Muñoz P, Viñals F, Tometsko M, Branstetter D, Dougall WC, González-Suárez E. RANK induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in human mammary epithelial cells and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2879-88. [PMID: 22496457 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine signaling through receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) pathway mediates the expansion of mammary epithelia that occurs during pregnancy, and activation of RANK pathway promotes mammary tumorigenesis in mice. In this study we extend these previous data to human cells and show that the RANK pathway promotes the development of mammary stem cells and breast cancer. Overexpression of RANK (FL-RANK) in a panel of tumoral and normal human mammary cells induces the expression of breast cancer stem and basal/stem cell markers. High levels of RANK in untransformed MCF10A cells induce changes associated with both stemness and transformation, including mammary gland reconstitution, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increased migration, and anchorage-independent growth. In addition, spheroids of RANK overexpressing MCF10A cells display disrupted acinar formation, impair growth arrest and polarization, and luminal filling. RANK overexpression in tumor cells with nonfunctional BRCA1 enhances invasiveness in acinar cultures and increases tumorigenesis and metastasis in immunodeficient mice. High levels of RANK were found in human primary breast adenocarcinomas that lack expression of the hormone receptors, estrogen and progesterone, and in tumors with high pathologic grade and proliferation index; high RANK/RANKL expression was significantly associated with metastatic tumors. Together, our findings show that RANK promotes tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis in human mammary epithelial cells by increasing the population of CD44(+)CD24(-) cells, inducing stemness and EMT. These results suggest that RANK expression in primary breast cancer associates with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Palafox
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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Chen CC, Chuong CM. Multi-layered environmental regulation on the homeostasis of stem cells: the saga of hair growth and alopecia. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:3-11. [PMID: 22391240 PMCID: PMC3684257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are fascinating because of their potential in regenerative medicine. Stem cell homeostasis has been thought to be mainly regulated by signals from their adjacent micro-environment named the "stem cell niche". However, recent studies reveal that there can be multiple layers of environmental controls. Here we review these environmental controls using the paradigm of hair stem cells, because to observe and analyze the growth of hair is easier due to their characteristic cyclic regeneration pattern. The length of hair fibers is regulated by the duration of the growth period. In the hair follicles, hair stem cells located in the follicle bulge interact with signals from the dermal papilla. Outside of the follicle, activation of hair stem cells has been shown to be modulated by molecules released from the intra-dermal adipose tissue as well as body hormone status, immune function, neural activities, and aging. The general physiological status of an individual is further influenced by circadian rhythms and changing seasons. The interactive networks of these environmental factors provide new understanding on how stem cell homeostasis is regulated, inspiring new insights for regenerative medicine. Therapies do not necessarily have to be achieved by using stem cells themselves which may constitute a higher risk but by modulating stem cell activity through targeting one or multiple layers of their micro- and macro-environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University and Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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Beristain AG, Narala SR, Di Grappa MA, Khokha R. Homotypic RANK signaling differentially regulates proliferation, motility and cell survival in osteosarcoma and mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:943-55. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) is a crucial cytokine for regulating diverse biological systems such as innate immunity, bone homeostasis and mammary gland differentiation, operating through activation of its cognate receptor RANK. In these normal physiological processes, RANKL signals through paracrine and/or heterotypic mechanisms where its expression and function is tightly controlled. Numerous pathologies involve RANKL deregulation, such as bone loss, inflammatory diseases and cancer, and aberrant RANK expression has been reported in bone cancer. Here, we investigated the significance of RANK in tumor cells with a particular emphasis on homotypic signaling. We selected RANK-positive mouse osteosarcoma and RANK-negative preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and subjected them to loss- and gain-of-RANK function analyses. By examining a spectrum of tumorigenic properties, we demonstrate that RANK homotypic signaling has a negligible effect on cell proliferation, but promotes cell motility and anchorage-independent growth of osteosarcoma cells and preosteoblasts. By contrast, establishment of RANK signaling in non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial NMuMG cells promotes their proliferation and anchorage-independent growth, but not motility. Furthermore, RANK activation initiates multiple signaling pathways beyond its canonical target, NF-κB. Among these, biochemical inhibition reveals that Erk1/2 is dominant and crucial for the promotion of anchorage-independent survival and invasion of osteoblastic cells, as well as the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Thus, RANK signaling functionally contributes to key tumorigenic properties through a cell-autonomous homotypic mechanism. These data also identify the likely inherent differences between epithelial and mesenchymal cell responsiveness to RANK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Beristain
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Swami R. Narala
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marco A. Di Grappa
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
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Hess E, Duheron V, Decossas M, Lézot F, Berdal A, Chea S, Golub R, Bosisio MR, Bridal SL, Choi Y, Yagita H, Mueller CG. RANKL induces organized lymph node growth by stromal cell proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:1245-54. [PMID: 22210913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RANK and its ligand RANKL play important roles in the development and regulation of the immune system. We show that mice transgenic for Rank in hair follicles display massive postnatal growth of skin-draining lymph nodes. The proportions of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic stromal cells and their organization are maintained, with the exception of an increase in B cell follicles. The hematopoietic cells are not activated and respond to immunization by foreign Ag and adjuvant. We demonstrate that soluble RANKL is overproduced from the transgenic hair follicles and that its neutralization normalizes lymph node size, inclusive area, and numbers of B cell follicles. Reticular fibroblastic and vascular stromal cells, important for secondary lymphoid organ formation and organization, express RANK and undergo hyperproliferation, which is abrogated by RANKL neutralization. In addition, they express higher levels of CXCL13 and CCL19 chemokines, as well as MAdCAM-1 and VCAM-1 cell-adhesion molecules. These findings highlight the importance of tissue-derived cues for secondary lymphoid organ homeostasis and identify RANKL as a key molecule for controlling the plasticity of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Hess
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Unité Propre de Recherche 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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