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Yang W, Wen D, Yang Y, Li H, Yang C, Yu J, Xiang H. Metabolomics and transcriptomics combined with physiology reveal key metabolic pathway responses in tobacco roots exposed to NaHS. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:680. [PMID: 39020266 PMCID: PMC11256483 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a novel endogenous gas signaling molecule, joining the ranks of nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Recent research has highlighted its involvement in various physiological processes, such as promoting root organogenesis, regulating stomatal movement and photosynthesis, and enhancing plant growth, development, and stress resistance. Tobacco, a significant cash crop crucial for farmers' economic income, relies heavily on root development to affect leaf growth, disease resistance, chemical composition, and yield. Despite its importance, there remains a scarcity of studies investigating the role of H2S in promoting tobacco growth. This study exposed tobacco seedlings to different concentrations of NaHS (an exogenous H2S donor) - 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/L. Results indicated a positive correlation between NaHS concentration and root length, wet weight, root activity, and antioxidant enzymatic activities (CAT, SOD, and POD) in tobacco roots. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that treatment with 600 mg/L NaHS significantly effected 162 key genes, 44 key enzymes, and two metabolic pathways (brassinosteroid synthesis and aspartate biosynthesis) in tobacco seedlings. The addition of exogenous NaHS not only promoted tobacco root development but also potentially reduced pesticide usage, contributing to a more sustainable ecological environment. Overall, this study sheds light on the primary metabolic pathways involved in tobacco root response to NaHS, offering new genetic insights for future investigations into plant root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dingxin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hao Li
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Tobacco Research Institute of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Haibo Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Zhu S, Li Y, Chen W, Yao J, Fang S, Pan J, Wan W, Tabusam J, Lv Y, Zhang Y. Comprehensive identification and systematical characterization of BRX gene family and the functional of GhBRXL5A in response to salt stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:528. [PMID: 38862893 PMCID: PMC11165835 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRVIS RADIX (BRX) family is a small gene family with the highly conserved plant-specific BRX domains, which plays important roles in plant development and response to abiotic stress. Although BRX protein has been studied in other plants, the biological function of cotton BRX-like (BRXL) gene family is still elusive. RESULT In this study, a total of 36 BRXL genes were identified in four cotton species. Whole genome or segmental duplications played the main role in the expansion of GhBRXL gene family during evolutionary process in cotton. These BRXL genes were clustered into 2 groups, α and β, in which structural and functional conservation within same groups but divergence among different groups were found. Promoter analysis indicated that cis-elements were associated with the phytohormone regulatory networks and the response to abiotic stress. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that GhBRXL2A/2D and GhBRXL5A/5D were up/down-regulated in response to the different stress. Silencing of GhBRXL5A gene via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) improved salt tolerance in cotton plants. Furthermore, yeast two hybrid analysis suggested homotypic and heterotypic interactions between GhBRXL1A and GhBRXL5D. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results provide useful and valuable information for understanding the evolution of cotton GhBRXL genes and their functions in salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Shengtao Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Jingwen Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Wenting Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Javaria Tabusam
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Youjun Lv
- Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, 455000, China.
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Liu L, Yahaya BS, Li J, Wu F. Enigmatic role of auxin response factors in plant growth and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1398818. [PMID: 38903418 PMCID: PMC11188990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1398818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses globally constrain plant growth and impede the optimization of crop productivity. The phytohormone auxin is involved in nearly every aspect of plant development. Auxin acts as a chemical messenger that influences gene expression through a short nuclear pathway, mediated by a family of specific DNA-binding transcription factors known as Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). ARFs thus act as effectors of auxin response and translate chemical signals into the regulation of auxin responsive genes. Since the initial discovery of the first ARF in Arabidopsis, advancements in genetics, biochemistry, genomics, and structural biology have facilitated the development of models elucidating ARF action and their contributions to generating specific auxin responses. Yet, significant gaps persist in our understanding of ARF transcription factors despite these endeavors. Unraveling the functional roles of ARFs in regulating stress response, alongside elucidating their genetic and molecular mechanisms, is still in its nascent phase. Here, we review recent research outcomes on ARFs, detailing their involvement in regulating leaf, flower, and root organogenesis and development, as well as stress responses and their corresponding regulatory mechanisms: including gene expression patterns, functional characterization, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post- translational regulation across diverse stress conditions. Furthermore, we delineate unresolved questions and forthcoming challenges in ARF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Baba Salifu Yahaya
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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Chen M, Dai Y, Liao J, Wu H, Lv Q, Huang Y, Liu L, Feng Y, Lv H, Zhou B, Peng D. TARGET OF MONOPTEROS: key transcription factors orchestrating plant development and environmental response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2214-2234. [PMID: 38195092 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Plants have an incredible ability to sustain root and vascular growth after initiation of the embryonic root and the specification of vascular tissue in early embryos. Microarray assays have revealed that a group of transcription factors, TARGET OF MONOPTEROS (TMO), are important for embryonic root initiation in Arabidopsis. Despite the discovery of their auxin responsiveness early on, their function and mode of action remained unknown for many years. The advent of genome editing has accelerated the study of TMO transcription factors, revealing novel functions for biological processes such as vascular development, root system architecture, and response to environmental cues. This review covers recent achievements in understanding the developmental function and the genetic mode of action of TMO transcription factors in Arabidopsis and other plant species. We highlight the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of TMO transcription factors in relation to their function, mainly in Arabidopsis. Finally, we provide suggestions for further research and potential applications in plant genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yani Dai
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiamin Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lichang Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxuan Lv
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, 438107, Huaihua, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Applied Technology for Forestry and Ecology in Southern China, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Forestry Biotechnology Hunan Key Laboratories, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, 438107, Huaihua, Hunan, China
- Forestry Biotechnology Hunan Key Laboratories, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhang H, Mu Y, Zhang H, Yu C. Maintenance of stem cell activity in plant development and stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1302046. [PMID: 38155857 PMCID: PMC10754534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells residing in plant apical meristems play an important role during postembryonic development. These stem cells are the wellspring from which tissues and organs of the plant emerge. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) governs the aboveground portions of a plant, while the root apical meristem (RAM) orchestrates the subterranean root system. In their sessile existence, plants are inextricably bound to their environment and must adapt to various abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, drought, temperature fluctuations, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to heavy metal ions. These environmental challenges exert profound effects on stem cells, potentially causing severe DNA damage and disrupting the equilibrium of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signaling in these vital cells, jeopardizing their integrity and survival. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved mechanisms to ensure the preservation, restoration, and adaptation of the meristematic stem cell niche. This enduring response allows plants to thrive in their habitats over extended periods. Here, we presented a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular intricacies surrounding the initiation and maintenance of the meristematic stem cell niche. We also delved into the mechanisms employed by stem cells to withstand and respond to abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huankai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yangwei Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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Sun Y, Yang B, De Rybel B. Hormonal control of the molecular networks guiding vascular tissue development in the primary root meristem of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6964-6974. [PMID: 37343122 PMCID: PMC7615341 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissues serve a dual function in plants, both providing physical support and controlling the transport of nutrients, water, hormones, and other small signaling molecules. Xylem tissues transport water from root to shoot; phloem tissues transfer photosynthates from shoot to root; while divisions of the (pro)cambium increase the number of xylem and phloem cells. Although vascular development constitutes a continuous process from primary growth in the early embryo and meristem regions to secondary growth in the mature plant organs, it can be artificially separated into distinct processes including cell type specification, proliferation, patterning, and differentiation. In this review, we focus on how hormonal signals orchestrate the molecular regulation of vascular development in the Arabidopsis primary root meristem. Although auxin and cytokinin have taken center stage in this aspect since their discovery, other hormones including brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid also take leading roles during vascular development. All these hormonal cues synergistically or antagonistically participate in the development of vascular tissues, forming a complex hormonal control network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Sun
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baojun Yang
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Kułak K, Wojciechowska N, Samelak-Czajka A, Jackowiak P, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. How to explore what is hidden? A review of techniques for vascular tissue expression profile analysis. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:129. [PMID: 37981669 PMCID: PMC10659056 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of plants to efficiently transport water and assimilates over long distances is a major evolutionary success that facilitated their growth and colonization of land. Vascular tissues, namely xylem and phloem, are characterized by high specialization, cell heterogeneity, and diverse cell components. During differentiation and maturation, these tissues undergo an irreversible sequence of events, leading to complete protoplast degradation in xylem or partial degradation in phloem, enabling their undisturbed conductive function. Due to the unique nature of vascular tissue, and the poorly understood processes involved in xylem and phloem development, studying the molecular basis of tissue differentiation is challenging. In this review, we focus on methods crucial for gene expression research in conductive tissues, emphasizing the importance of initial anatomical analysis and appropriate material selection. We trace the expansion of molecular techniques in vascular gene expression studies and discuss the application of single-cell RNA sequencing, a high-throughput technique that has revolutionized transcriptomic analysis. We explore how single-cell RNA sequencing will enhance our knowledge of gene expression in conductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kułak
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Samelak-Czajka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Jackowiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 6, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
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8
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Tao L, Xiao X, Huang Q, Zhu H, Feng Y, Li Y, Li X, Guo Z, Liu J, Wu F, Pirayesh N, Mahmud S, Shen RF, Shabala S, Baluška F, Shi L, Yu M. Boron supply restores aluminum-blocked auxin transport by the modulation of PIN2 trafficking in the root apical transition zone. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:176-192. [PMID: 36721978 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The supply of boron (B) alleviates the toxic effects of aluminum (Al) on root growth; however, the mechanistic basis of this process remains elusive. This study filled this knowledge gap, demonstrating that boron modifies auxin distribution and transport in Al-exposed Arabidopsis roots. In B-deprived roots, treatment with Al induced an increase in auxin content in the root apical meristem zone (MZ) and transition zone (TZ), whereas in the elongation zone (EZ) the auxin content was decreased beyond the level required for adequate growth. These distribution patterns are explained by the fact that basipetal auxin transport from the TZ to the EZ was disrupted by Al-inhibited PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) endocytosis. Experiments involving the modulation of protein biosynthesis by cycloheximide (CHX) and transcriptional regulation by cordycepin (COR) demonstrated that the Al-induced increase of PIN2 membrane proteins was dependent upon the inhibition of PIN2 endocytosis, rather than on the transcriptional regulation of the PIN2 gene. Experiments reporting on the profiling of Al3+ and PIN2 proteins revealed that the inhibition of endocytosis of PIN2 proteins was the result of Al-induced limitation of the fluidity of the plasma membrane. The supply of B mediated the turnover of PIN2 endosomes conjugated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and thus restored the Al-induced inhibition of IAA transport through the TZ to the EZ. Overall, the reported results demonstrate that boron supply mediates PIN2 endosome-based auxin transport to alleviate Al toxicity in plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xiao
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Qiuyu Huang
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Yingming Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yalin Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xuewen Li
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Zhishan Guo
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Jiayou Liu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Feihua Wu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Niloufar Pirayesh
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sakil Mahmud
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Tasmanian Institute for Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology and Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
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Tiwari S, Muthusamy SK, Roy P, Dalal M. Genome wide analysis of BREVIS RADIX gene family from wheat (Triticum aestivum): A conserved gene family differentially regulated by hormones and abiotic stresses. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123081. [PMID: 36592856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BREVIS RADIX is a plant specific gene family with unique protein-protein interaction domain. It regulates developmental processes viz. root elongation and tiller angle which are pertinent for crop improvement. In the present study, five BRX family genes were identified in wheat genome and clustered into five sub-groups. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses revealed evolutionary conservation among BRX proteins from monocot species. Expression analyses showed abundance of TaBRXL1 transcripts in vegetative and reproductive tissues except flag leaf. TaBRXL2, TaBRXL3 and TaBRXL4 showed differential, tissue specific and lower level expression as compared to TaBRXL1. TaBRXL5-A expressed exclusively in stamens. TaBRXL1 was upregulated under biotic stresses while TaBRXL2 expression was enhanced under abiotic stresses. TaBRXL2 and TaBRXL3 were upregulated by ABA and IAA in roots. In shoot, TaBRXL2 was upregulated by ABA while TaBRXL3 and TaBRXL4 were upregulated by IAA. Expression levels, tissue specificity and response time under different conditions suggest distinct as well as overlapping functions of TaBRX genes. This was also evident from global co-expression network of these genes. Further, TaBRX proteins exhibited homotypic and heterotypic interactions which corroborated with the role of BRX domain in protein-protein interaction. This study provides leads for functional characterization of TaBRX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Tiwari
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | | | - Pranita Roy
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Monika Dalal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India.
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Li L, Zhang T, Lin J, Lian X, Zou X, Ma X, Wu P. Longitudinal section cell morphology of Chinese fir roots and the relationship between root structure and function. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1122860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe longitudinal section cell morphology of Chinese fir roots was studied to better understand the relationship between root structure and root function.MaterialsIn this study, the adjusted microwave paraffin section method and the selected two sample transparency methods were used to process the Chinese fir roots and combined with the laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) technique, the morphology of Chinese fir roots longitudinal section can be clearly observed in a short time. At the same time, the observation effect of the longitudinal section cell morphology of the LSCM image of the thick section of the Chinese fir roots and the ordinary optical imaging of the thin section was analyzed and compared.Results and DiscussionThe results showed that: (1) There were apparent differences in the observation effect of cell morphology in longitudinal sections of Chinese fir roots obtained using various treatment methods. Under LSCM, the section with a thickness of 20 μm generated by the microwave paraffin section technique displayed complete cell morphology and clear structure in the root cap, meristem zone, and elongation zone. The overall imaging effect was good; the thickness was 0.42–1.01, 0.64–1.57, and 0.95–2.71 mm, respectively. The cell arrangement in maturation zone cells was more regular. (2) Compared to the ordinary optical imaging of thin sections, the thick sections of roots made by the microwave paraffin section method shortened the time to obtain high-quality sections to ensure the observation effect. Therefore, adopting the microwave paraffin cutting approach to produce thicker root sections under LSCM allows for rapid observation of the cell morphology in longitudinal sections of Chinese fir roots. The current study provides the efficient operation procedure for the microscopic observation technology of the longitudinal section of Chinese fir roots, which is not only beneficial to reveal the relationship between the root structure and function from the microscopic point of view but also provides a technical reference for the anatomical study of other organs and the observation of the longitudinal section cell morphology of plant roots with similar structural characteristics.
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11
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Jinu J, Visarada KBRS, Kanti M, Malathi VM. Dehydration stress influences the expression of brevis radix gene family members in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Otero S, Gildea I, Roszak P, Lu Y, Di Vittori V, Bourdon M, Kalmbach L, Blob B, Heo JO, Peruzzo F, Laux T, Fernie AR, Tavares H, Helariutta Y. A root phloem pole cell atlas reveals common transcriptional states in protophloem-adjacent cells. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:954-970. [PMID: 35927456 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell sequencing has recently allowed the generation of exhaustive root cell atlases. However, some cell types are elusive and remain underrepresented. Here we use a second-generation single-cell approach, where we zoom in on the root transcriptome sorting with specific markers to profile the phloem poles at an unprecedented resolution. Our data highlight the similarities among the developmental trajectories and gene regulatory networks common to protophloem sieve element (PSE)-adjacent lineages in relation to PSE enucleation, a key event in phloem biology. As a signature for early PSE-adjacent lineages, we have identified a set of DNA-binding with one finger (DOF) transcription factors, the PINEAPPLEs (PAPL), that act downstream of PHLOEM EARLY DOF (PEAR) genes and are important to guarantee a proper root nutrition in the transition to autotrophy. Our data provide a holistic view of the phloem poles that act as a functional unit in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Otero
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Iris Gildea
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Pawel Roszak
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yipeng Lu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerio Di Vittori
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lothar Kalmbach
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernhard Blob
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jung-Ok Heo
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Thomas Laux
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hugo Tavares
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Yka Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE/Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Janes G, Bishopp A. Phloem research in full flow. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:733-734. [PMID: 35817821 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Janes
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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14
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Qian P, Song W, Zaizen-Iida M, Kume S, Wang G, Zhang Y, Kinoshita-Tsujimura K, Chai J, Kakimoto T. A Dof-CLE circuit controls phloem organization. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:817-827. [PMID: 35817820 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phloem consists of sieve elements (SEs) and companion cells (CCs). Here we show that Dof-class transcription factors preferentially expressed in the phloem (phloem-Dofs) are not only necessary and sufficient for SE and CC differentiation, but also induce negative regulators of phloem development, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED25 (CLE25), CLE26 and CLE45 secretory peptides. CLEs were perceived by BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM)-class receptors and CLAVATA3 INSENSITIVE RECEPTOR KINASE (CIK) co-receptors, and post-transcriptionally decreased phloem-Dof proteins and repressed SE and CC formation. Multiple mutations in CLE-, BAM- or CIK-class genes caused ectopic formation of SEs and CCs, producing an SE/CC cluster at each phloem region. We propose that while phloem-Dofs induce phloem cell formation, they inhibit excess phloem cell formation by inducing CLEs. Normal-positioned SE and CC precursor cells appear to overcome the effect of CLEs by reinforcing the production of phloem-Dofs through a positive feedback transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Qian
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Wen Song
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miki Zaizen-Iida
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sawa Kume
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Guodong Wang
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | | | - Jijie Chai
- Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
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15
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Wang W, Hu C, Li X, Zhu Y, Tao L, Cui Y, Deng D, Fan X, Zhang H, Li J, Gou X, Yi J. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases PBL34/35/36 are required for CLE peptide-mediated signaling to maintain shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1289-1307. [PMID: 34935965 PMCID: PMC8972268 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) homeostasis is tightly regulated by CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptide signaling. However, the intracellular signaling components after CLV3 is perceived by the CLV1-CLV3-INSENSITIVE KINASE (CIK) receptor complex and CLE25/26/45 are sensed by the BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM)-CIK receptor complex are unknown. Here, we report that PBS1-LIKE34/35/36 (PBL34/35/36), a clade of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, are required for both CLV3-mediated signaling in the SAM and CLE25/26/45-mediated signaling in the RAM. Physiological assays showed that the SAM and RAM of pbl34 pbl35 pbl36 were resistant to CLV3 and CLE25/26/45 treatment, respectively. Genetic analyses indicated that pbl34 pbl35 pbl36 greatly enhanced the SAM defects of clv2 and rpk2 but not clv1, and did not show additive effects with bam3 and cik2 in the RAM. Further biochemical assays revealed that PBL34/35/36 interacted with CLV1, BAM1/3, and CIKs, and were phosphorylated by CLV1 and BAM1. All these results suggest that PBL34/35/36 act downstream of CLV1 and BAM1/3 to mediate the CLV3 and CLE25/26/45 signals in maintaining SAM and RAM homeostasis, respectively. Our findings shed light on how CLE signals are transmitted intracellularly after being perceived by cell surface receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dingqian Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Jing Yi
- Author for correspondence: (X.G.) or (J.Y.)
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16
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Sun C, Li D, Gao Z, Gao L, Shang L, Wang M, Qiao J, Ding S, Li C, Geisler M, Jiang D, Qi Y, Qian Q. OsRLR4 binds to the OsAUX1 promoter to negatively regulate primary root development in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:118-134. [PMID: 34726825 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Root architecture is one of the most important agronomic traits that determines rice crop yield. The primary root (PR) absorbs mineral nutrients and provides mechanical support; however, the molecular mechanisms of PR elongation remain unclear in rice. Here, the two loss-of-function T-DNA insertion mutants of root length regulator 4 (OsRLR4), osrlr4-1 and osrlr4-2 with longer PR, and three OsRLR4 overexpression lines, OE-OsRLR4-1/-2/-3 with shorter PR compared to the wild type/Hwayoung (WT/HY), were identified. OsRLR4 is one of five members of the PRAF subfamily of the regulator chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) family. Phylogenetic analysis of OsRLR4 from wild and cultivated rice indicated that it is under selective sweeps, suggesting its potential role in domestication. OsRLR4 controls PR development by regulating auxin accumulation in the PR tip and thus the root apical meristem activity. A series of biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrated that OsRLR4 functions directly upstream of the auxin transporter OsAUX1. Moreover, OsRLR4 interacts with the TRITHORAX-like protein OsTrx1 to promote H3K4me3 deposition at the OsAUX1 promoter, thus altering its transcription level. This work provides insight into the cooperation of auxin and epigenetic modifications in regulating root architecture and provides a genetic resource for plant architecture breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chendong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianguang Shang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiyue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shilin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Herbage & Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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17
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Hu C, Zhu Y, Cui Y, Zeng L, Li S, Meng F, Huang S, Wang W, Kui H, Yi J, Li J, Wan D, Gou X. A CLE-BAM-CIK signalling module controls root protophloem differentiation in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:282-296. [PMID: 34651321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptides suppresses protophloem differentiation and leads to the consumption of the proximal root meristem. However, the exact CLE peptides and the corresponding receptor complex regulating protophloem differentiation have not yet been clarified. Through expression pattern and phylogenetic analyses, CLE25/26/45 were identified as candidate peptides. Further genetic analyses, physiological assays and specific protophloem marker observations indicated that CLE25/26/45, BARELY ANY MERISTEM1/3 (BAM1/3) and CLV3 INSENSITIVE KINASEs (CIKs) are involved in regulating protophloem differentiation. The cle25 26 45 and cik2 3 4 5 6 mutation can greatly rescue the root defects of brevis radix (brx) and octopus (ops) mutants. The protophloem differentiation and proximal root meristem consumption of clv1 bam1 3 and cik2 3 4 5 6 were insensitive to CLE25/26/45 treatments. cle25 26 45, clv1 bam1 3 and cik2 3 4 5 6 displayed similar premature protophloem. In addition, CLE25/26/45 induced the interactions between BAMs and CIKs in vivo. Furthermore, CLE25/26/45 enhanced the phosphorylation levels of CIKs, which were greatly impaired in clv1 bam1 3 mutant. Our work clarifies that the CLE25/26/45-BAM1/3-CIK2/3/4/5/6 signalling module genetically acts downstream of BRX and OPS to suppress protophloem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sunjingnan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fanhui Meng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong Kui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongshi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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18
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Barrera-Rojas CH, Otoni WC, Nogueira FTS. Shaping the root system: the interplay between miRNA regulatory hubs and phytohormones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6822-6835. [PMID: 34259838 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The root system commonly lies underground, where it provides anchorage for the aerial organs, as well as nutrients and water. Both endogenous and environmental cues contribute to the establishment of the root system. Among the endogenous cues, microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors, and phytohormones modulate root architecture. miRNAs belong to a subset of endogenous hairpin-derived small RNAs that post-transcriptionally control target gene expression, mostly transcription factors, comprising the miRNA regulatory hubs. Phytohormones are signaling molecules involved in most developmental processes. Some miRNAs and targets participate in more than one hormonal pathway, thereby providing new bridges in plant hormonal crosstalk. Unraveling the intricate network of molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of root systems is a central aspect in the development of novel strategies for plant breeding to increase yield and optimize agricultural land use. In this review, we summarize recent findings describing the molecular mechanisms associated with the interplay between miRNA regulatory hubs and phytohormones to ensure the establishment of a proper root system. We focus on post-embryonic growth and development of primary, lateral, and adventitious roots. In addition, we discuss novel insights for future research on the interaction between miRNAs and phytohormones in root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernán Barrera-Rojas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabio Tebaldi Silveira Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Yamoune A, Cuyacot AR, Zdarska M, Hejatko J. Hormonal orchestration of root apical meristem formation and maintenance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6768-6788. [PMID: 34343283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are key regulators of a number of developmental and adaptive responses in plants, integrating the control of intrinsic developmental regulatory circuits with environmental inputs. Here we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation of root development. We focus on key events during both embryonic and post-embryonic development, including specification of the hypophysis as a future organizer of the root apical meristem (RAM), hypophysis asymmetric division, specification of the quiescent centre (QC) and the stem cell niche (SCN), RAM maturation and maintenance of QC/SCN activity, and RAM size. We address both well-established and newly proposed concepts, highlight potential ambiguities in recent terminology and classification criteria of longitudinal root zonation, and point to contrasting results and alternative scenarios for recent models. In the concluding remarks, we summarize the common principles of hormonal control during root development and the mechanisms potentially explaining often antagonistic outputs of hormone action, and propose possible future research directions on hormones in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Yamoune
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abigail Rubiato Cuyacot
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Zdarska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Mazzoni-Putman SM, Brumos J, Zhao C, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. Auxin Interactions with Other Hormones in Plant Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a039990. [PMID: 33903155 PMCID: PMC8485746 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is a crucial growth regulator that governs plant development and responses to environmental perturbations. It functions at the heart of many developmental processes, from embryogenesis to organ senescence, and is key to plant interactions with the environment, including responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. As remarkable as auxin is, it does not act alone, but rather solicits the help of, or is solicited by, other endogenous signals, including the plant hormones abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones. The interactions between auxin and other hormones occur at multiple levels: hormones regulate one another's synthesis, transport, and/or response; hormone-specific transcriptional regulators for different pathways physically interact and/or converge on common target genes; etc. However, our understanding of this crosstalk is still fragmentary, with only a few pieces of the gigantic puzzle firmly established. In this review, we provide a glimpse into the complexity of hormone interactions that involve auxin, underscoring how patchy our current understanding is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina M Mazzoni-Putman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Javier Brumos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Anna N Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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21
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Koh SWH, Marhava P, Rana S, Graf A, Moret B, Bassukas AEL, Zourelidou M, Kolb M, Hammes UZ, Schwechheimer C, Hardtke CS. Mapping and engineering of auxin-induced plasma membrane dissociation in BRX family proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1945-1960. [PMID: 33751121 PMCID: PMC8290284 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms have evolved the phloem for the long-distance transport of metabolites. The complex process of phloem development involves genes that only occur in vascular plant lineages. For example, in Arabidopsis thaliana, the BREVIS RADIX (BRX) gene is required for continuous root protophloem differentiation, together with PROTEIN KINASE ASSOCIATED WITH BRX (PAX). BRX and its BRX-LIKE (BRXL) homologs are composed of four highly conserved domains including the signature tandem BRX domains that are separated by variable spacers. Nevertheless, BRX family proteins have functionally diverged. For instance, BRXL2 can only partially replace BRX in the root protophloem. This divergence is reflected in physiologically relevant differences in protein behavior, such as auxin-induced plasma membrane dissociation of BRX, which is not observed for BRXL2. Here we dissected the differential functions of BRX family proteins using a set of amino acid substitutions and domain swaps. Our data suggest that the plasma membrane-associated tandem BRX domains are both necessary and sufficient to convey the biological outputs of BRX function and therefore constitute an important regulatory entity. Moreover, PAX target phosphosites in the linker between the two BRX domains mediate the auxin-induced plasma membrane dissociation. Engineering these sites into BRXL2 renders this modified protein auxin-responsive and thereby increases its biological activity in the root protophloem context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W H Koh
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Petra Marhava
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Surbhi Rana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alina Graf
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Bernard Moret
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Melina Zourelidou
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Martina Kolb
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence:
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22
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Lavania D, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Of Cells, Strands, and Networks: Auxin and the Patterned Formation of the Vascular System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039958. [PMID: 33431582 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Throughout plant development, vascular cells continually form from within a population of seemingly equivalent cells. Vascular cells connect end to end to form continuous strands, and vascular strands connect at both or either end to form networks of exquisite complexity and mesmerizing beauty. Here we argue that experimental evidence gained over the past few decades implicates the plant hormone auxin-its production, transport, perception, and response-in all the steps that lead to the patterned formation of the plant vascular system, from the formation of vascular cells to their connection into vascular networks. We emphasize the organizing principles of the cell- and tissue-patterning process, rather than its molecular subtleties. In the picture that emerges, cells compete for an auxin-dependent, cell-polarizing signal; positive feedback between cell polarization and cell-to-cell movement of the polarizing signal leads to gradual selection of cell files; and selected cell files differentiate into vascular strands that drain the polarizing signal from the neighboring cells. Although the logic of the patterning process has become increasingly clear, the molecular details remain blurry; the future challenge will be to bring them into razor-sharp focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Lavania
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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23
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Zhang Y, Liang J, Cai X, Chen H, Wu J, Lin R, Cheng F, Wang X. Divergence of three BRX homoeologs in Brassica rapa and its effect on leaf morphology. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:68. [PMID: 33790228 PMCID: PMC8012600 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The leafy head characteristic is a special phenotype of Chinese cabbage resulting from artificial selection during domestication and breeding. BREVIS RADIX (BRX) has been suggested to control root elongation, shoot growth, and tiller angle in Arabidopsis and rice. In Brassica rapa, three BrBRX homoeologs have been identified, but only BrBRX.1 and BrBRX.2 were found to be under selection in leaf-heading accessions, indicating their functional diversification in leafy head formation. Here, we show that these three BrBRX genes belong to a plant-specific BRX gene family but that they have significantly diverged from other BRX-like members on the basis of different phylogenetic classifications, motif compositions and expression patterns. Moreover, although the expression of these three BrBRX genes differed, compared with BrBRX.3, BrBRX.1, and BrBRX.2 displayed similar expression patterns. Arabidopsis mutant complementation studies showed that only BrBRX.1 could rescue the brx root phenotype, whereas BrBRX.2 and BrBRX.3 could not. However, overexpression of each of the three BrBRX genes in Arabidopsis resulted in similar pleiotropic leaf phenotypes, including epinastic leaf morphology, with an increase in leaf number and leaf petiole length and a reduction in leaf angle. These leaf traits are associated with leafy head formation. Further testing of a SNP (T/C) in BrBRX.2 confirmed that this allele in the heading accessions was strongly associated with the leaf-heading trait of B. rapa. Our results revealed that all three BrBRX genes may be involved in the leaf-heading trait, but they may have functionally diverged on the basis of their differential expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Liang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cai
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Haixu Chen
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China.
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24
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Genome-Wide Association Study of Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Exposed to Acid Mine Drainage Toxicity and Validation of Associated Genes with Reverse Genetics. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020191. [PMID: 33498421 PMCID: PMC7909446 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a huge environmental problem in mountain-top mining regions worldwide, including the Appalachian Mountains in the United States. This study applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to uncover genomic loci in Arabidopsis associated with tolerance to AMD toxicity. We characterized five major root phenotypes—cumulative root length, average root diameter, root surface area, root volume, and primary root length—in 180 Arabidopsis accessions in response to AMD-supplemented growth medium. GWAS of natural variation in the panel revealed genes associated with tolerance to an acidic environment. Most of these genes were transcription factors, anion/cation transporters, metal transporters, and unknown proteins. Two T-DNA insertion mutants, At1g63005 (miR399b) and At2g05635 (DEAD helicase RAD3), showed enhanced acidity tolerance. Our GWAS and the reverse genetic approach revealed genes involved in conferring tolerance to coal AMD. Our results indicated that proton resistance in hydroponic conditions could be an important index to improve plant growth in acidic soil, at least in acid-sensitive plant species.
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25
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Wallner ES. The value of asymmetry: how polarity proteins determine plant growth and morphology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5733-5739. [PMID: 32687194 PMCID: PMC7888286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity is indispensable for forming complex multicellular organisms. Proteins that polarize at specific plasma membrane domains can either serve as scaffolds for effectors or coordinate intercellular communication and transport. Here, I give an overview of polarity protein complexes and their fundamental importance for plant development, and summarize novel mechanistic insights into their molecular networks. Examples are presented for proteins that polarize at specific plasma membrane domains to orient cell division planes, alter cell fate progression, control transport, direct cell growth, read global polarity axes, or integrate external stimuli into plant growth. The recent advances in characterizing protein polarity during plant development enable a better understanding of coordinated plant growth and open up intriguing paths that could provide a means to modulate plant morphology and adaptability in the future.
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26
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García-Gómez ML, Castillo-Jiménez A, Martínez-García JC, Álvarez-Buylla ER. Multi-level gene regulatory network models to understand complex mechanisms underlying plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:171-179. [PMID: 33171396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Patterning in plant development is the emergent outcome of the feedback-based interplay between tissue-coupled intracellular regulatory networks and physicochemical fields. This interplay gives rise to dynamics that evolve on a wide spectrum of spatiotemporal scales. This imposes important challenges for computational approaches to model the dynamics of plant development. These challenges are being tackled in recent times by computational and mathematical advances that have made progress in the modelling of regulatory networks, as well as in approaches to couple the latter to physicochemical fields. Efforts in this direction are fundamental to identify the dynamical constraints that emerge from non-cellular autonomous activity in cell-fate decisions and patterning, and requires an understanding of how multi-level and multi-scale processes are coupled. Here, we discuss the use of multi-level modeling and simulation tools for the study of multicellular systems, with emphasis on plants. As illustrative examples, we discuss recent works elucidating the mechanisms that underlie patterning in the root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana, and in plant responses to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica L García-Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Aaron Castillo-Jiménez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico; PhD Program on Biomedical Science, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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27
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Wallner ES, Tonn N, Shi D, Jouannet V, Greb T. SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE 5 promotes secondary phloem formation during radial stem growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:903-915. [PMID: 31910293 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As a pre-requisite for constant growth, plants produce vascular tissues at different sites within their post-embryonic body. Interestingly, the formation of vascular tissues during longitudinal and radial expansion of shoot and root axes differs fundamentally with respect to its anatomical configuration. This raises the question to which level regulatory mechanisms of vascular tissue formation are shared throughout plant development. Here, we show that, similar to primary phloem formation during longitudinal growth, the cambium-based formation of secondary phloem depends on the function of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE (SMXL) genes. In particular, local SMXL5 deficiency results in the absence of secondary phloem. Moreover, the additional disruption of SMXL4 activity increases tissue production in the cambium region without secondary phloem being formed. Using promoter-reporter lines, we observed that SMXL4 and SMXL5 activities are associated with different stages of secondary phloem formation in the Arabidopsis stem. Based on genome-wide transcriptional profiling and expression analyses of phloem-related markers, we concluded that early steps of phloem formation are impaired in smxl4;smxl5 double mutants and that the additional cambium-derived cells fail to establish phloem-related features. Our results showed that molecular mechanisms determining primary and secondary phloem formation share important properties, but differ slightly with SMXL5 playing a more dominant role in the formation of secondary phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Nina Tonn
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Virginie Jouannet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Salvi E, Rutten JP, Di Mambro R, Polverari L, Licursi V, Negri R, Dello Ioio R, Sabatini S, Ten Tusscher K. A Self-Organized PLT/Auxin/ARR-B Network Controls the Dynamics of Root Zonation Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dev Cell 2020; 53:431-443.e23. [PMID: 32386600 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During organogenesis, coherent organ growth arises from spatiotemporally coordinated decisions of individual cells. In the root of Arabidopsis thaliana, this coordination results in the establishment of a division and a differentiation zone. Cells continuously move through these zones; thus, a major question is how the boundary between these domains, the transition zone, is formed and maintained. By combining molecular genetics with computational modeling, we reveal how an auxin/PLETHORA/ARR-B network controls these dynamic patterning processes. We show that after germination, cell division causes a drop in distal PLT2 levels that enables transition zone formation and ARR12 activation. The resulting PLT2-ARR12 antagonism controls expansion of the division zone (the meristem). The successive ARR1 activation antagonizes PLT2 through inducing the cell-cycle repressor KRP2, thus setting final meristem size. Our work indicates a key role for the interplay between cell division dynamics and regulatory networks in root zonation and transition zone patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Salvi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacob Pieter Rutten
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Di Mambro
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa - via L. Ghini, 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Polverari
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "C. Darwin," Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome "Sapienza", via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Kirsten Ten Tusscher
- Computational Developmental Biology Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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29
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Gujas B, Kastanaki E, Sturchler A, Cruz TMD, Ruiz-Sola MA, Dreos R, Eicke S, Truernit E, Rodriguez-Villalon A. A Reservoir of Pluripotent Phloem Cells Safeguards the Linear Developmental Trajectory of Protophloem Sieve Elements. Curr Biol 2020; 30:755-766.e4. [PMID: 32037095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells can change their identity based on positional information, a mechanism that confers developmental plasticity to plants. This ability, common to distinct multicellular organisms, is particularly relevant for plant phloem cells. Protophloem sieve elements (PSEs), one type of phloem conductive cells, act as the main organizers of the phloem pole, which comprises four distinct cell files organized in a conserved pattern. Here, we report how Arabidopsis roots generate a reservoir of meristematic phloem cells competent to swap their cell identities. Although PSE misspecification induces cell identity hybridism, the activity of RECEPTOR LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2 (RPK2) by perceiving CLE45 peptide contributes to restrict PSE identity to the PSE position. By maintaining a spatiotemporal window when PSE and PSE-adjacent cells' identities are interchangeable, CLE45 signaling endows phloem cells with the competence to re-pattern a functional phloem pole when protophloem fails to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Gujas
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Sturchler
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M D Cruz
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Aguila Ruiz-Sola
- Group of Phloem Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rene Dreos
- Group of NCCR RNA and Disease, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Group of Phloem Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Truernit
- Group of Phloem Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Powers SK, Strader LC. Regulation of auxin transcriptional responses. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:483-495. [PMID: 31774605 PMCID: PMC7187202 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts as a signaling molecule to regulate a vast number of developmental responses throughout all stages of plant growth. Tight control and coordination of auxin signaling is required for the generation of specific auxin‐response outputs. The nuclear auxin signaling pathway controls auxin‐responsive gene transcription through the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F‐BOX pathway. Recent work has uncovered important details into how regulation of auxin signaling components can generate unique and specific responses to determine auxin outputs. In this review, we discuss what is known about the core auxin signaling components and explore mechanisms important for regulating auxin response specificity. A review of recent updates to our understanding of auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Powers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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31
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Verna C, Ravichandran SJ, Sawchuk MG, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Coordination of tissue cell polarity by auxin transport and signaling. eLife 2019; 8:51061. [PMID: 31793881 PMCID: PMC6890459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants coordinate the polarity of hundreds of cells during vein formation, but how they do so is unclear. The prevailing hypothesis proposes that GNOM, a regulator of membrane trafficking, positions PIN-FORMED auxin transporters to the correct side of the plasma membrane; the resulting cell-to-cell, polar transport of auxin would coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Contrary to predictions of the hypothesis, we find that vein formation occurs in the absence of PIN-FORMED or any other intercellular auxin-transporter; that the residual auxin-transport-independent vein-patterning activity relies on auxin signaling; and that a GNOM-dependent signal acts upstream of both auxin transport and signaling to coordinate tissue cell polarity and induce vein formation. Our results reveal synergism between auxin transport and signaling, and their unsuspected control by GNOM in the coordination of tissue cell polarity during vein patterning, one of the most informative expressions of tissue cell polarization in plants. Plants, animals and other living things grow and develop over their lifetimes: for example, oak trees come from acorns and chickens begin their lives as eggs. To achieve these transformations, the cells in those living things must grow, divide and change their shape and other features. Plants and animals specify the directions in which their cells will grow and develop by gathering specific proteins to one side of the cells. This makes one side different from all the other sides, which the cells use as an internal compass that points in one direction. To align their internal compasses, animal cells touch one another and often move around inside the body. Plant cells, on the other hand, are surrounded by a wall that keeps them apart and prevents them from moving around. So how do plant cells align their internal compasses? Scientists have long thought that a protein called GNOM aligns the internal compasses of plant cells. The hypothesis proposes that GNOM gathers another protein, called PIN1, to one side of a cell. PIN1 would then pump a plant hormone known as auxin out of this first cell and, in doing so, would also drain auxin away from the cell on the opposite side. In this second cell, GNOM would then gather PIN1 to the side facing the first cell, and this process would repeat until all the cells' compasses were aligned. To test this hypothesis, Verna et al. combined microscopy with genetic approaches to study how cells' compasses are aligned in the leaves of a plant called Arabidopsis thaliana. The experiments revealed that auxin needs to move from cell-to-cell to align the cells’ compasses. However, contrary to the above hypothesis, this movement of auxin was not sufficient: the cells also needed to be able to detect and respond to the auxin that entered them. Along with controlling how auxin moved between the cells, GNOM also regulated how the cells responded to the auxin. These findings reveal how plants specify which directions their cells grow and develop. In the future, this knowledge may eventually aid efforts to improve crop yields by controlling the growth and development of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Verna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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32
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Dempster-Shafer Theory for the Prediction of Auxin-Response Elements (AuxREs) in Plant Genomes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3837060. [PMID: 30515394 PMCID: PMC6236769 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3837060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Auxin is a major regulator of plant growth and development; its action involves transcriptional activation. The identification of Auxin-response element (AuxRE) is one of the most important issues to understand the Auxin regulation of gene expression. Over the past few years, a large number of motif identification tools have been developed. Despite these considerable efforts provided by computational biologists, building reliable models to predict regulatory elements has still been a difficult challenge. In this context, we propose in this work a data fusion approach for the prediction of AuxRE. Our method is based on the combined use of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory and fuzzy theory. To evaluate our model, we have scanning the DORNRÖSCHEN promoter by our model. All proven AuxRE present in the promoter has been detected. At the 0.9 threshold we have no false positive. The comparison of the results of our model and some previous motifs finding tools shows that our model can predict AuxRE more successfully than the other tools and produce less false positive. The comparison of the results before and after combination shows the importance of Dempster-Shafer combination in the decrease of false positive and to improve the reliability of prediction. For an overall evaluation we have chosen to present the performance of our approach in comparison with other methods. In fact, the results indicated that the data fusion method has the highest degree of sensitivity (Sn) and Positive Predictive Value (PPV).
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33
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Walerowski P, Gündel A, Yahaya N, Truman W, Sobczak M, Olszak M, Rolfe S, Borisjuk L, Malinowski R. Clubroot Disease Stimulates Early Steps of Phloem Differentiation and Recruits SWEET Sucrose Transporters within Developing Galls. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:3058-3073. [PMID: 30413655 PMCID: PMC6354258 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Successful biotrophic plant pathogens can divert host nutrition toward infection sites. Here we describe how the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae establishes a long-term feeding relationship with its host by stimulating phloem differentiation and phloem-specific expression of sugar transporters within developing galls. Development of galls in infected Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants is accompanied by stimulation of host BREVIS RADIX, COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN, and OCTOPUS gene expression leading to an increase in phloem complexity. We characterized how the arrest of this developmental reprogramming influences both the host and the invading pathogen. Furthermore, we found that infection leads to phloem-specific accumulation of SUGARS WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTERS11 and 12 facilitating local distribution of sugars toward the pathogen. Utilizing Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy to monitor spatial distribution of carbohydrates, we found that infection leads to the formation of a strong physiological sink at the site of infection. High resolution metabolic and structural imaging of sucrose distributions revealed that sweet11 sweet12 double mutants are impaired in sugar transport toward the pathogen, delaying disease progression. This work highlights the importance of precise regulation of sugar partitioning for plant-pathogen interactions and the dependence of P brassicae's performance on its capacity to induce a phloem sink at the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Walerowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - André Gündel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Nazariyah Yahaya
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Stephen Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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34
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Mora N, Oliva C, Fiers M, Ejsmont R, Soldano A, Zhang TT, Yan J, Claeys A, De Geest N, Hassan BA. A Temporal Transcriptional Switch Governs Stem Cell Division, Neuronal Numbers, and Maintenance of Differentiation. Dev Cell 2018; 45:53-66.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Nanda AK, Melnyk CW. The role of plant hormones during grafting. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:49-58. [PMID: 29181647 PMCID: PMC5762790 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, people have cut and joined different plant tissues together through a process known as grafting. By creating a chimeric organism, desirable properties from two plants combine to enhance disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, vigour or facilitate the asexual propagation of plants. In addition, grafting has been extremely informative in science for studying and identifying the long-distance movement of molecules. Despite its increasing use in horticulture and science, how plants undertake the process of grafting remains elusive. Here, we discuss specifically the role of eight major plant hormones during the wound healing and vascular formation process, two phenomena involved in grafting. We furthermore present the roles of these hormones during graft formation and highlight knowledge gaps and future areas of interest for the field of grafting biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51, Uppsala, Sweden.
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36
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Blob B, Heo JO, Helariutta Y. Phloem differentiation: an integrative model for cell specification. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:31-36. [PMID: 29204753 PMCID: PMC5762813 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant vasculature consists of two major conductive cell types, xylem tracheary elements and phloem sieve elements (SEs). Both cell types undergo a highly specialized differentiation process. The root meristem of Arabidopsis displays a stereotypical anatomy in which the central vasculature is surrounded by concentric layers of outer tissues. Each cell file is derived from stem cells located in the root tip. A series of formative and proliferative divisions take place in the meristem; these are followed by cell expansion and differentiation. Protophloem differentiation is unique in being complete only 20-25 cells away from the first stem cell, and during the differentiation process the cells lose several organelles, including the nucleus, while the remaining organelles are rearranged. Defects in SE development have been shown to result in impaired auxin transport and response and therefore systemically affect root growth. Although a few genes have been demonstrated to function in phloem development, detailed analyses and a comprehensive understanding of sieve element development (i.e. how often the stem cells divide, how frequently enucleation takes place, and how SE development is coordinated between cell division and differentiation on a molecular level) are still lacking. Advanced live-imaging techniques which enable prolonged time-lapse captures of root tip growth as well as single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the 20-25 cells in the SE file could help resolve these questions. In addition, understanding the interplay between the PLETHORA (PLT) gradient, which is known to govern the root zonation, and phloem development within the root meristem could shed light on the rapidity of SE differentiation and its importance to the meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blob
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jung-Ok Heo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yka Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Lavrekha VV, Pasternak T, Ivanov VB, Palme K, Mironova VV. 3D analysis of mitosis distribution highlights the longitudinal zonation and diarch symmetry in proliferation activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:834-845. [PMID: 28921702 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To date CYCB1;1 marker and cortex cell lengths have been conventionally used to determine the proliferation activity of the Arabidopsis root meristem. By creating a 3D map of mitosis distribution we showed that these markers overlooked that stele and endodermis save their potency to divide longer than the cortex and epidermis. Cessation of cell divisions is not a random process, so that mitotic activity within the endodermis and stele shows a diarch pattern. Mitotic activity of all root tissues peaked at the same distance from the quiescent center (QC); however, different tissues stopped dividing at different distances, with cells of the protophloem exiting the cell cycle first and the procambial cells being the last. The robust profile of mitotic activity in the root tip defines the longitudinal zonation in the meristem with the proliferation domain, where all cells are able to divide; and the transition domain, where the cell files cease to divide. 3D analysis of cytokinin deficient and cytokinin signaling mutants showed that their proliferation domain is similar to that of the wild type, but the transition domain is much longer. Our data suggest a strong inhibitory effect of cytokinin on anticlinal cell divisions in the stele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya V Lavrekha
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10 Lavrentyev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- LCTEB, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Victor B Ivanov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Str. 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Victoria V Mironova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10 Lavrentyev Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- LCTEB, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Kang YH, Breda A, Hardtke CS. Brassinosteroid signaling directs formative cell divisions and protophloem differentiation in Arabidopsis root meristems. Development 2017; 144:272-280. [PMID: 28096215 PMCID: PMC5394764 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) trigger an intracellular signaling cascade through its receptors BR INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), BRI1-LIKE 1 (BRL1) and BRL3. Recent studies suggest that BR-independent inputs related to vascular differentiation, for instance root protophloem development, modulate downstream BR signaling components. Here, we report that protophloem sieve element differentiation is indeed impaired in bri1 brl1 brl3 mutants, although this effect might not be mediated by canonical downstream BR signaling components. We also found that their small meristem size is entirely explained by reduced cell elongation, which is, however, accompanied by supernumerary formative cell divisions in the radial dimension. Thus, reduced cell expansion in conjunction with growth retardation, because of the need to accommodate supernumerary formative divisions, can account for the overall short root phenotype of BR signaling mutants. Tissue-specific re-addition of BRI1 activity partially rescued subsets of these defects through partly cell-autonomous, partly non-cell-autonomous effects. However, protophloem-specific BRI1 expression essentially rescued all major bri1 brl1 brl3 root meristem phenotypes. Our data suggest that BR perception in the protophloem is sufficient to systemically convey BR action in the root meristem context. Highlighted article: In addition to controlling cell expansion, brassinosteroid signaling acts cell-autonomously and non-cell-autonomously to promote protophloem differentiation and restrict formative divisions in root meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Kang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alice Breda
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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Cattaneo P, Hardtke CS. BIG BROTHER Uncouples Cell Proliferation from Elongation in the Arabidopsis Primary Root. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1519-1527. [PMID: 28922745 PMCID: PMC5914324 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ size is sensitive to environmental conditions, but is also limited by hardwired genetic constraints. In Arabidopsis, a few organ size regulators have been identified. Among them, the BIG BROTHER (BB) gene has a prominent role in the determination of flower organ and leaf size. BB loss-of-function mutations result in a prolonged proliferation phase during leaf(-like) organ formation, and consequently larger leaves, petals and sepals. Whether BB has a similar role in root growth is unknown. Here we describe a novel bb allele which carries a P235L point mutation in the BB RING finger domain. This allele behaves similarly to described bb loss-of-function alleles and displays increased root meristem size due to a higher number of dividing, meristematic cells. In contrast, mature cell length is unaffected. The increased meristematic activity does not, however, translate into overall enhanced root elongation, possibly because bb mutation also results in an increased number of cell files in the vascular cylinder. These extra formative divisions might offset any growth acceleration by extra meristematic divisions. Thus, although BB dampens root cell proliferation, the consequences on macroscopic root growth are minor. However, bb mutation accelerates overall root growth when introduced into sensitized backgrounds. For example, it partially rescues the short root phenotypes of the brevis radix and octopus mutants, but does not complement their phloem differentiation or transport defects. In summary, we provide evidence that BB acts conceptually similarly in leaf(-like) organs and the primary root, and uncouples cell proliferation from elongation in the root meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S. Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +41-21-692-4150
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40
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Gujas B, Cruz TMD, Kastanaki E, Vermeer JEM, Munnik T, Rodriguez-Villalon A. Perturbing phosphoinositide homeostasis oppositely affects vascular differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Development 2017; 144:3578-3589. [PMID: 28851711 PMCID: PMC5665488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant vascular network consists of specialized phloem and xylem elements that undergo two distinct morphogenetic developmental programs to become transport-functional units. Whereas vacuolar rupture is a determinant step in protoxylem differentiation, protophloem elements never form a big central vacuole. Here, we show that a genetic disturbance of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bis-phosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] homeostasis rewires cell trafficking towards the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Consequently, an enhanced phosphoinositide-mediated vacuolar biogenesis correlates with premature programmed cell death (PCD) and secondary cell wall elaboration in xylem cells. By contrast, vacuolar fusion events in protophloem cells trigger the abnormal formation of big vacuoles, preventing cell clearance and tissue functionality. Removal of the inositol 5' phosphatase COTYLEDON VASCULAR PATTERN 2 from the plasma membrane (PM) by brefeldin A (BFA) treatment increases PtdIns(4,5)P2 content at the PM and disrupts protophloem continuity. Conversely, BFA application abolishes vacuolar fusion events in xylem tissue without preventing PCD, suggesting the existence of additional PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent cell death mechanisms. Overall, our data indicate that tight PM phosphoinositide homeostasis is required to modulate intracellular trafficking contributing to oppositely regulate vascular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Gujas
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiago M D Cruz
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Kastanaki
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E M Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teun Munnik
- Section Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antia Rodriguez-Villalon
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Scarpella E. The logic of plant vascular patterning. Polarity, continuity and plasticity in the formation of the veins and of their networks. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Sundell D, Street NR, Kumar M, Mellerowicz EJ, Kucukoglu M, Johnsson C, Kumar V, Mannapperuma C, Delhomme N, Nilsson O, Tuominen H, Pesquet E, Fischer U, Niittylä T, Sundberg B, Hvidsten TR. AspWood: High-Spatial-Resolution Transcriptome Profiles Reveal Uncharacterized Modularity of Wood Formation in Populus tremula. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1585-1604. [PMID: 28655750 PMCID: PMC5559752 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Trees represent the largest terrestrial carbon sink and a renewable source of ligno-cellulose. There is significant scope for yield and quality improvement in these largely undomesticated species, and efforts to engineer elite varieties will benefit from improved understanding of the transcriptional network underlying cambial growth and wood formation. We generated high-spatial-resolution RNA sequencing data spanning the secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and wood-forming tissues of Populus tremula The transcriptome comprised 28,294 expressed, annotated genes, 78 novel protein-coding genes, and 567 putative long intergenic noncoding RNAs. Most paralogs originating from the Salicaceae whole-genome duplication had diverged expression, with the exception of those highly expressed during secondary cell wall deposition. Coexpression network analyses revealed that regulation of the transcriptome underlying cambial growth and wood formation comprises numerous modules forming a continuum of active processes across the tissues. A comparative analysis revealed that a majority of these modules are conserved in Picea abies The high spatial resolution of our data enabled identification of novel roles for characterized genes involved in xylan and cellulose biosynthesis, regulators of xylem vessel and fiber differentiation and lignification. An associated web resource (AspWood, http://aspwood.popgenie.org) provides interactive tools for exploring the expression profiles and coexpression network.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sundell
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R Street
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ewa J Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melis Kucukoglu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Johnsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chanaka Mannapperuma
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Sundberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway
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Phosphosite charge rather than shootward localization determines OCTOPUS activity in root protophloem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5721-E5730. [PMID: 28652362 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703258114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar cellular localization of proteins is often associated with their function and activity. In plants, relatively few polar-localized factors have been described. Among them, the plasma membrane-associated Arabidopsis proteins OCTOPUS (OPS) and BREVIS RADIX (BRX) display shootward and rootward polar localization, respectively, in developing root protophloem cells. Both ops and brx null mutants exhibit defects in protophloem differentiation. Here we show that OPS and BRX act genetically in parallel in this process, although OPS dosage increase mends defects caused by brx loss-of-function. OPS protein function is ancient and conserved in the most basal angiosperms; however, many highly conserved structural OPS features are not strictly required for OPS function. They include a BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) interaction domain, which supposedly mediates gain-of-function effects obtained through ectopic OPS overexpression. However, engineering an increasingly positive charge in a critical phosphorylation site, S318, progressively amplifies OPS activity. Such hyperactive OPS versions can even complement the severe phenotype of brx ops double mutants, and the most active variants eventually trigger gain-of-function phenotypes. Finally, BRX-OPS as well as OPS-BRX fusion proteins localize to the rootward end of developing protophloem cells, but complement ops mutants as efficiently as shootward localized OPS. Thus, our results suggest that S318 phosphorylation status, rather than a predominantly shootward polar localization, is a primary determinant of OPS activity.
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Hazak O, Brandt B, Cattaneo P, Santiago J, Rodriguez-Villalon A, Hothorn M, Hardtke CS. Perception of root-active CLE peptides requires CORYNE function in the phloem vasculature. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1367-1381. [PMID: 28607033 PMCID: PMC5538625 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis root development is orchestrated by signaling pathways that consist of different CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide ligands and their cognate CLAVATA (CLV) and BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM) receptors. How and where different CLE peptides trigger specific morphological or physiological changes in the root is poorly understood. Here, we report that the receptor‐like protein CLAVATA 2 (CLV2) and the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN) are necessary to fully sense root‐active CLE peptides. We uncover BAM3 as the CLE45 receptor in the root and biochemically map its peptide binding surface. In contrast to other plant peptide receptors, we found no evidence that SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK) proteins act as co‐receptor kinases in CLE45 perception. CRN stabilizes BAM3 expression and thus is required for BAM3‐mediated CLE45 signaling. Moreover, protophloem‐specific CRN expression complements resistance of the crn mutant to root‐active CLE peptides, suggesting that protophloem is their principal site of action. Our work defines a genetic framework for dissecting CLE peptide signaling and CLV/BAM receptor activation in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Brandt
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Cattaneo
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Santiago
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Strigolactone- and Karrikin-Independent SMXL Proteins Are Central Regulators of Phloem Formation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1241-1247. [PMID: 28392107 PMCID: PMC5405109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant stem cell niches, the meristems, require long-distance transport of energy metabolites and signaling molecules along the phloem tissue. However, currently it is unclear how specification of phloem cells is controlled. Here we show that the genes SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE3 (SMXL3), SMXL4, and SMXL5 act as cell-autonomous key regulators of phloem formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. The three genes form an uncharacterized subclade of the SMXL gene family that mediates hormonal strigolactone and karrikin signaling. Strigolactones are endogenous signaling molecules regulating shoot and root branching [1] whereas exogenous karrikin molecules induce germination after wildfires [2]. Both activities depend on the F-box protein and SCF (Skp, Cullin, F-box) complex component MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) [3, 4, 5]. Strigolactone and karrikin perception leads to MAX2-dependent degradation of distinct SMXL protein family members, which is key for mediating hormonal effects [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. However, the nature of events immediately downstream of SMXL protein degradation and whether all SMXL proteins mediate strigolactone or karrikin signaling is unknown. In this study we demonstrate that, within the SMXL gene family, specifically SMXL3/4/5 deficiency results in strong defects in phloem formation, altered sugar accumulation, and seedling lethality. By comparing protein stabilities, we show that SMXL3/4/5 proteins function differently to canonical strigolactone and karrikin signaling mediators, although being functionally interchangeable with those under low strigolactone/karrikin signaling conditions. Our observations reveal a fundamental mechanism of phloem formation and indicate that diversity of SMXL protein functions is essential for a steady fuelling of plant meristems. SMXL3/4/5 genes act as general promoters of phloem formation SMXL3/4/5 proteins are expressed and function very early during phloem development SMXL3/4/5 proteins do not mediate strigolactone or karrikin signaling Strigolactone/karrkin-dependent SMXL proteins are able to replace SMXL5
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García-Gómez ML, Azpeitia E, Álvarez-Buylla ER. A dynamic genetic-hormonal regulatory network model explains multiple cellular behaviors of the root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005488. [PMID: 28426669 PMCID: PMC5417714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the concerted action of hormones and transcription factors is fundamental to understand cell differentiation and pattern formation during organ development. The root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana is a useful model to address this. It has a stem cell niche near its tip conformed of a quiescent organizer and stem or initial cells around it, then a proliferation domain followed by a transition domain, where cells diminish division rate before transiting to the elongation zone; here, cells grow anisotropically prior to their final differentiation towards the plant base. A minimal model of the gene regulatory network that underlies cell-fate specification and patterning at the root stem cell niche was proposed before. In this study, we update and couple such network with both the auxin and cytokinin hormone signaling pathways to address how they collectively give rise to attractors that correspond to the genetic and hormonal activity profiles that are characteristic of different cell types along A. thaliana root apical meristem. We used a Boolean model of the genetic-hormonal regulatory network to integrate known and predicted regulatory interactions into alternative models. Our analyses show that, after adding some putative missing interactions, the model includes the necessary and sufficient components and regulatory interactions to recover attractors characteristic of the root cell types, including the auxin and cytokinin activity profiles that correlate with different cellular behaviors along the root apical meristem. Furthermore, the model predicts the existence of activity configurations that could correspond to the transition domain. The model also provides a possible explanation for apparently paradoxical cellular behaviors in the root meristem. For example, how auxin may induce and at the same time inhibit WOX5 expression. According to the model proposed here the hormonal regulation of WOX5 might depend on the cell type. Our results illustrate how non-linear multi-stable qualitative network models can aid at understanding how transcriptional regulators and hormonal signaling pathways are dynamically coupled and may underlie both the acquisition of cell fate and the emergence of hormonal activity profiles that arise during complex organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eugenio Azpeitia
- INRIA project-team Virtual Plants, joint with CIRAD and INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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47
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Heo JO, Blob B, Helariutta Y. Differentiation of conductive cells: a matter of life and death. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:23-29. [PMID: 27794261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two major conducting tissues in plants, phloem and xylem, are composed of highly specialized cell types adapted to long distance transport. Sieve elements (SEs) in the phloem display a thick cell wall, callose-rich sieve plates and low cytoplasmic density. SE differentiation is driven by selective autolysis combined with enucleation, after which the plasma membrane and some organelles are retained. By contrast, differentiation of xylem tracheary elements (TEs) involves complete clearance of the cellular components by programmed cell death followed by autolysis of the protoplast; this is accompanied by extensive deposition of lignin and cellulose in the cell wall. Emerging molecular data on TE and SE differentiation indicate a central role for NAC and MYB type transcription factors in both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ok Heo
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bernhard Blob
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Choe G, Lee JY. Push-pull strategy in the regulation of postembryonic root development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:158-164. [PMID: 28063383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, plants continue to grow throughout their lives. The stem cell niche, protected in meristems of shoots and roots, enables this process. In the root, stem cells produce precursors for highly organized cell types via asymmetric cell divisions. These precursors, which are "transit-amplifying cells," actively divide for several rounds before entering into differentiation programs. In this review, we highlight positive feedback regulation between shoot- and root-ward signals during the postembryonic root growth, which is reminiscent of a "push-pull strategy" in business parlance. This property of molecular networks underlies the regulation of stem cells and their organizer, the "quiescent center," as well as of the signaling between stem cell niche, transit-amplifying cells, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Kang YH, Hardtke CS. Arabidopsis MAKR5 is a positive effector of BAM3-dependent CLE45 signaling. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1145-54. [PMID: 27354416 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor kinases convey diverse environmental and developmental inputs by sensing extracellular ligands. In plants, one group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which interact with various ligands that include the plant hormone brassinosteroid and peptides of the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) type. For instance, the CLE45 peptide requires the LRR-RLK BARELY ANY MERISTEM 3 (BAM3) to prevent protophloem formation in Arabidopsis root meristems. Here, we show that other proposed CLE45 receptors, the two redundantly acting LRR-RLKs STERILITY-REGULATING KINASE MEMBER 1 (SKM1) and SKM2 (which perceive CLE45 in the context of pollen tube elongation), cannot substitute for BAM3 in the root. Moreover, we identify MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED KINASE REGULATOR 5 (MAKR5) as a post-transcriptionally regulated amplifier of the CLE45 signal that acts downstream of BAM3. MAKR5 belongs to a small protein family whose prototypical member, BRI1 KINASE INHIBITOR 1, is an essentially negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling. By contrast, MAKR5 is a positive effector of CLE45 signaling, revealing an unexpected diversity in the conceptual roles of MAKR genes in different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Kang
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Muraro D, Larrieu A, Lucas M, Chopard J, Byrne H, Godin C, King J. A multi-scale model of the interplay between cell signalling and hormone transport in specifying the root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Theor Biol 2016; 404:182-205. [PMID: 27157127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth of the root of Arabidopsis thaliana is sustained by the meristem, a region of cell proliferation and differentiation which is located in the root apex and generates cells which move shootwards, expanding rapidly to cause root growth. The balance between cell division and differentiation is maintained via a signalling network, primarily coordinated by the hormones auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin. Since these hormones interact at different levels of spatial organisation, we develop a multi-scale computational model which enables us to study the interplay between these signalling networks and cell-cell communication during the specification of the root meristem. We investigate the responses of our model to hormonal perturbations, validating the results of our simulations against experimental data. Our simulations suggest that one or more additional components are needed to explain the observed expression patterns of a regulator of cytokinin signalling, ARR1, in roots not producing gibberellin. By searching for novel network components, we identify two mutant lines that affect significantly both root length and meristem size, one of which also differentially expresses a central component of the interaction network (SHY2). More generally, our study demonstrates how a multi-scale investigation can provide valuable insight into the spatio-temporal dynamics of signalling networks in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Muraro
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - A Larrieu
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - M Lucas
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Equipe CERES, UMR DIADE, IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - J Chopard
- Virtual Plants Project-Team, UMR AGAP, INRIA/CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - H Byrne
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK; School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - C Godin
- Virtual Plants Project-Team, UMR AGAP, INRIA/CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - J King
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK; School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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