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Scanavachi G, Kinoshita K, Tsubone TM, Itri R. Dynamic photodamage of red blood cell induced by CisDiMPyP porphyrin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 245:112754. [PMID: 37451154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that oxidative damage in red blood cell (RBC) usually causes morphological changes and increased membrane rigidity. Although many studies have focused on investigating how RBC responds to a photodynamic stimulus, the intermediate steps between membrane damage and hemolysis are not reported. To give a comprehensive insight into changes of RBC membrane property under different oxidative damage levels, we employed the photoactivation of CisDiMPyP porphyrin that primarily generates singlet oxygen 1O2 as oxidant species. We found that there were distinguishable characteristic damages depending on the 1O2 flux over the membrane, in a way that each impact of photooxidative damage was categorized under three damage levels: mild (maintaining the membrane morphology and elasticity), moderate (membrane elongation and increased membrane elasticity) and severe (wrinkle-like deformation and hemolysis). When sodium azide (NaN3) was used as a singlet oxygen quencher, delayed cell membrane alterations and hemolysis were detected. The delay times showed that 1O2 indeed plays a key role that causes RBC photooxidation by CisDiMPyP. We suggest that the sequence of morphological changes (RBC discoid area expansion, wrinkle-like patterns, and hemolysis) under photooxidative damage occurs due to damage to the lipid membrane and cytoskeletal network proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Scanavachi
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (PCMM), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Koji Kinoshita
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (BCMP), Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (PCMM), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Tayana M Tsubone
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Lorenzo DN, Edwards RJ, Slavutsky AL. Spectrins: molecular organizers and targets of neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:195-212. [PMID: 36697767 PMCID: PMC10598481 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectrins are cytoskeletal proteins that are expressed ubiquitously in the mammalian nervous system. Pathogenic variants in SPTAN1, SPTBN1, SPTBN2 and SPTBN4, four of the six genes encoding neuronal spectrins, cause neurological disorders. Despite their structural similarity and shared role as molecular organizers at the cell membrane, spectrins vary in expression, subcellular localization and specialization in neurons, and this variation partly underlies non-overlapping disease presentations across spectrinopathies. Here, we summarize recent progress in discerning the local and long-range organization and diverse functions of neuronal spectrins. We provide an overview of functional studies using mouse models, which, together with growing human genetic and clinical data, are helping to illuminate the aetiology of neurological spectrinopathies. These approaches are all critical on the path to plausible therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Reginald J Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anastasia L Slavutsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Beedle AEM, Garcia-Manyes S. The role of single protein elasticity in mechanobiology. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2023; 8:10-24. [PMID: 37469679 PMCID: PMC7614781 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In addition to biochemical signals and genetic considerations, mechanical forces are rapidly emerging as a master regulator of human physiology. Yet the molecular mechanisms that regulate force-induced functionalities across a wide range of scales, encompassing the cell, tissue or organ levels, are comparatively not so well understood. With the advent, development and refining of single molecule nanomechanical techniques, enabling to exquisitely probe the conformational dynamics of individual proteins under the effect of a calibrated force, we have begun to acquire a comprehensive knowledge on the rich plethora of physicochemical principles that regulate the elasticity of single proteins. Here we review the major advances underpinning our current understanding of how the elasticity of single proteins regulates mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. We discuss the present limitations and future challenges of such a prolific and burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy EM Beedle
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), the Barcelona Institute of Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
- Single Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, London, UK
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4
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Dupuy A, Ju LA, Chiu J, Passam FH. Mechano-Redox Control of Integrins in Thromboinflammation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:1072-1093. [PMID: 35044225 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: How mechanical forces and biochemical cues are coupled remains a miracle for many biological processes. Integrins, well-known adhesion receptors, sense changes in mechanical forces and reduction-oxidation reactions (redox) in their environment to mediate their adhesive function. The coupling of mechanical and redox function is a new area of investigation. Disturbance of normal mechanical forces and the redox balance occurs in thromboinflammatory conditions; atherosclerotic plaques create changes to the mechanical forces in the circulation. Diabetes induces redox changes in the circulation by the production of reactive oxygen species and vascular inflammation. Recent Advances: Integrins sense changes in the blood flow shear stress at the level of focal adhesions and respond to flow and traction forces by increased signaling. Talin, the integrin-actin linker, is a traction force sensor and adaptor. Oxidation and reduction of integrin disulfide bonds regulate their adhesion. A conserved disulfide bond in integrin αlpha IIb beta 3 (αIIbβ3) is directly reduced by the thiol oxidoreductase endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 (ERp5) under shear stress. Critical Issues: The coordination of mechano-redox events between the extracellular and intracellular compartments is an active area of investigation. Another fundamental issue is to determine the spatiotemporal arrangement of key regulators of integrins' mechanical and redox interactions. How thromboinflammatory conditions lead to mechanoredox uncoupling is relatively unexplored. Future Directions: Integrated approaches, involving disulfide bond biochemistry, microfluidic assays, and dynamic force spectroscopy, will aid in showing that cell adhesion constitutes a crossroad of mechano- and redox biology, within the same molecule, the integrin. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1072-1093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, Australia
| | - Joyce Chiu
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,ACRF Centenary Cancer Research Centre, The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Freda H Passam
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Australia
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5
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Shireen T, Sachs F, Hua SZ. Physical memory of astrocytes. Brain Res 2022; 1796:148076. [PMID: 36084692 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disorders later in life. Short, repetitive, mechanical impacts can lead to pathology that appears days or months later. The cells have a physical "memory" of mechanical events. The origin of this memory is not known. To examine the properties of this memory, we used a microfluidic chip to apply programmed fluid shear pulses to adherent adult rat astrocytes. These caused a transient rise in intracellular Ca2+. In response to repeated stimuli, 6 to 24 hrs apart, the Ca2+ response increased. This effect lasted longer than 24 hrs. The Ca2+ responses were more sensitive to the number of repetitions than to the rest time between stimuli. We found that inhibiting the Ca2+ influx during conditioning stimulus did not eliminate the stress potentiation, suggesting that mechanical deformation during the primary injury is accountable for the later response. The mechanical mechanism that triggers this long term "memory" may act by plastic deformation of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Shireen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Frederick Sachs
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Susan Z Hua
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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6
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Leterrier C, Pullarkat PA. Mechanical role of the submembrane spectrin scaffold in red blood cells and neurons. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276327. [PMID: 35972759 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectrins are large, evolutionarily well-conserved proteins that form highly organized scaffolds on the inner surface of eukaryotic cells. Their organization in different cell types or cellular compartments helps cells withstand mechanical challenges with unique strategies depending on the cell type. This Review discusses our understanding of the mechanical properties of spectrins, their very distinct organization in red blood cells and neurons as two examples, and the contribution of the scaffolds they form to the mechanical properties of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Leterrier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR 7051, NeuroCyto, Marseille 13005, France
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7
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Barbarino F, Wäschenbach L, Cavalho-Lemos V, Dillenberger M, Becker K, Gohlke H, Cortese-Krott MM. Targeting spectrin redox switches to regulate the mechanoproperties of red blood cells. Biol Chem 2020; 402:317-331. [PMID: 33544503 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of red blood cells (RBCs) are fundamental for their physiological role as gas transporters. RBC flexibility and elasticity allow them to survive the hemodynamic changes in the different regions of the vascular tree, to dynamically contribute to the flow thereby decreasing vascular resistance, and to deform during the passage through narrower vessels. RBC mechanoproperties are conferred mainly by the structural characteristics of their cytoskeleton, which consists predominantly of a spectrin scaffold connected to the membrane via nodes of actin, ankyrin and adducin. Changes in redox state and treatment with thiol-targeting molecules decrease the deformability of RBCs and affect the structure and stability of the spectrin cytoskeleton, indicating that the spectrin cytoskeleton may contain redox switches. In this perspective review, we revise current knowledge about the structural and functional characterization of spectrin cysteine redox switches and discuss the current lines of research aiming to understand the role of redox regulation on RBC mechanical properties. These studies may provide novel functional targets to modulate RBC function, blood viscosity and flow, and tissue perfusion in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Barbarino
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucas Wäschenbach
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Virginia Cavalho-Lemos
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melissa Dillenberger
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Myocardial Infarction Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Postfach 128, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Knoff DS, Szczublewski H, Altamirano D, Cortes KAF, Kim M. Cytoskeleton-inspired artificial protein design to enhance polymer network elasticity. Macromolecules 2020; 53:3464-3471. [PMID: 32601508 PMCID: PMC7323958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reducing topological network defects to enhance elasticity in polymeric materials remains a grand challenge. Efforts to control network topology, primarily focused on crosslinking junctions, continue to underperform compared to theoretical estimations from idealized networks using affine and phantom network theories. Here, artificial protein technology was adapted for the design of polymer-network hydrogels with precisely defined coil-like and rod-like strands to observe the impact of strand rigidity on the mechanical properties of polymeric materials. Cytoskeleton-inspired polymer-network hydrogels incorporated with rod-like protein strands nearly tripled the gel shear elastic modulus and relaxation time compared to coil-like protein strands, indicating an enhanced effective crosslinking density. Furthermore, asymmetric rod-coil protein designs in network strands with an optimal rod:coil ratio improved the hydrogel relaxation time, enhancing the stability of physical macromolecular associations by modulating crosslinker mobility. The careful design of strand rigidity presents a new direction to reduce topological defects for optimizing polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Knoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Haley Szczublewski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Dallas Altamirano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | | | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
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9
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10
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Dubey S, Bhembre N, Bodas S, Veer S, Ghose A, Callan-Jones A, Pullarkat P. The axonal actin-spectrin lattice acts as a tension buffering shock absorber. eLife 2020; 9:51772. [PMID: 32267230 PMCID: PMC7190353 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axons span extreme distances and are subject to significant stretch deformations during limb movements or sudden head movements, especially during impacts. Yet, axon biomechanics, and its relation to the ultrastructure that allows axons to withstand mechanical stress, is poorly understood. Using a custom developed force apparatus, we demonstrate that chick dorsal root ganglion axons exhibit a tension buffering or strain-softening response, where its steady state elastic modulus decreases with increasing strain. We then explore the contributions from the various cytoskeletal components of the axon to show that the recently discovered membrane-associated actin-spectrin scaffold plays a prominent mechanical role. Finally, using a theoretical model, we argue that the actin-spectrin skeleton acts as an axonal tension buffer by reversibly unfolding repeat domains of the spectrin tetramers to release excess mechanical stress. Our results revise the current viewpoint that microtubules and their associated proteins are the only significant load-bearing elements in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shivani Bodas
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Sukh Veer
- Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Andrew Callan-Jones
- Laboratory of Complex Materials Systems, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
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11
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Lorenzo DN. Cargo hold and delivery: Ankyrins, spectrins, and their functional patterning of neurons. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:129-148. [PMID: 32034889 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The highly polarized, typically very long, and nonmitotic nature of neurons present them with unique challenges in the maintenance of their homeostasis. This architectural complexity serves a rich and tightly controlled set of functions that enables their fast communication with neighboring cells and endows them with exquisite plasticity. The submembrane neuronal cytoskeleton occupies a pivotal position in orchestrating the structural patterning that determines local and long-range subcellular specialization, membrane dynamics, and a wide range of signaling events. At its center is the partnership between ankyrins and spectrins, which self-assemble with both remarkable long-range regularity and micro- and nanoscale specificity to precisely position and stabilize cell adhesion molecules, membrane transporters, ion channels, and other cytoskeletal proteins. To accomplish these generally conserved, but often functionally divergent and spatially diverse, roles these partners use a combinatorial program of a couple of dozens interacting family members, whose code is not fully unraveled. In a departure from their scaffolding roles, ankyrins and spectrins also enable the delivery of material to the plasma membrane by facilitating intracellular transport. Thus, it is unsurprising that deficits in ankyrins and spectrins underlie several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Here, I summarize key aspects of the biology of spectrins and ankyrins in the mammalian neuron and provide a snapshot of the latest advances in decoding their roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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12
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Duan R, Kim JH, Shilagardi K, Schiffhauer ES, Lee DM, Son S, Li S, Thomas C, Luo T, Fletcher DA, Robinson DN, Chen EH. Spectrin is a mechanoresponsive protein shaping fusogenic synapse architecture during myoblast fusion. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:688-698. [PMID: 29802406 PMCID: PMC6397639 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein best known for its structural role in maintaining cell shape and protecting cells from mechanical damage. Here, we report that α/βH-spectrin (βH is also called karst) dynamically accumulates and dissolves at the fusogenic synapse between fusing Drosophila muscle cells, where an attacking fusion partner invades its receiving partner with actin-propelled protrusions to promote cell fusion. Using genetics, cell biology, biophysics and mathematical modelling, we demonstrate that spectrin exhibits a mechanosensitive accumulation in response to shear deformation, which is highly elevated at the fusogenic synapse. The transiently accumulated spectrin network functions as a cellular fence to restrict the diffusion of cell-adhesion molecules and a cellular sieve to constrict the invasive protrusions, thereby increasing the mechanical tension of the fusogenic synapse to promote cell membrane fusion. Our study reveals a function of spectrin as a mechanoresponsive protein and has general implications for understanding spectrin function in dynamic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Khurts Shilagardi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric S Schiffhauer
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donghoon M Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sungmin Son
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claire Thomas
- Departments of Biology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tianzhi Luo
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Daniel A Fletcher
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Douglas N Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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14
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Kuhn V, Diederich L, Keller TCS, Kramer CM, Lückstädt W, Panknin C, Suvorava T, Isakson BE, Kelm M, Cortese-Krott MM. Red Blood Cell Function and Dysfunction: Redox Regulation, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, Anemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:718-742. [PMID: 27889956 PMCID: PMC5421513 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Recent clinical evidence identified anemia to be correlated with severe complications of cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as bleeding, thromboembolic events, stroke, hypertension, arrhythmias, and inflammation, particularly in elderly patients. The underlying mechanisms of these complications are largely unidentified. Recent Advances: Previously, red blood cells (RBCs) were considered exclusively as transporters of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. More recent experimental evidence indicates that RBCs are important interorgan communication systems with additional functions, including participation in control of systemic nitric oxide metabolism, redox regulation, blood rheology, and viscosity. In this article, we aim to revise and discuss the potential impact of these noncanonical functions of RBCs and their dysfunction in the cardiovascular system and in anemia. CRITICAL ISSUES The mechanistic links between changes of RBC functional properties and cardiovascular complications related to anemia have not been untangled so far. FUTURE DIRECTIONS To allow a better understanding of the complications associated with anemia in CVD, basic and translational science studies should be focused on identifying the role of noncanonical functions of RBCs in the cardiovascular system and on defining intrinsic and/or systemic dysfunction of RBCs in anemia and its relationship to CVD both in animal models and clinical settings. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 718-742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Kuhn
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas Diederich
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T C Stevenson Keller
- 2 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christian M Kramer
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Lückstädt
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Panknin
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Suvorava
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brant E Isakson
- 2 Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Malte Kelm
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- 1 Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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He C, Li H. Staphylokinase Displays Surprisingly Low Mechanical Stability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:1077-1083. [PMID: 28040904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have revealed that shear topology is an important structural feature for mechanically stable proteins. Proteins containing a β-grasp fold display the typical shear topology and are generally of significant mechanical stability. In an effort to experimentally identify mechanically strong proteins using single-molecule atomic force microscopy, we found that staphylokinase (SAK), which has a typical β-grasp fold and was predicted to be mechanically stable in coarse-grained MD simulations, displays surprisingly low mechanical stability. At a pulling speed of 400 nm/s, SAK unfolds at ∼60 pN, making it the mechanically weakest protein among the β-grasp fold proteins that have been characterized experimentally. In contrast, its structural homologous protein streptokinase β domain displays significant mechanical stability under the same experimental condition. Our results showed that the large malleability of native-state SAK is largely responsible for its low mechanical stability. The molecular origin of this large malleability of SAK remains unknown. Our results reveal a hidden complexity in protein mechanics and call for a detailed investigation into the molecular determinants of the protein mechanical malleability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Holle AW, McIntyre AJ, Kehe J, Wijesekara P, Young JL, Vincent LG, Engler AJ. High content image analysis of focal adhesion-dependent mechanosensitive stem cell differentiation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:1049-1058. [PMID: 27723854 PMCID: PMC5079280 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00076b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) receive differentiation cues from a number of stimuli, including extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. The pathways used to sense stiffness and other physical cues are just now being understood and include proteins within focal adhesions. To rapidly advance the pace of discovery for novel mechanosensitive proteins, we employed a combination of in silico and high throughput in vitro methods to analyze 47 different focal adhesion proteins for cryptic kinase binding sites. High content imaging of hMSCs treated with small interfering RNAs for the top 6 candidate proteins showed novel effects on both osteogenic and myogenic differentiation; Vinculin and SORBS1 were necessary for stiffness-mediated myogenic and osteogenic differentiation, respectively. Both of these proteins bound to MAPK1 (also known as ERK2), suggesting that it plays a context-specific role in mechanosensing for each lineage; validation for these sites was performed. This high throughput system, while specifically built to analyze stiffness-mediated stem cell differentiation, can be expanded to other physical cues to more broadly assess mechanical signaling and increase the pace of sensor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Holle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Alistair J McIntyre
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jared Kehe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Piyumi Wijesekara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Young
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ludovic G Vincent
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Adam J Engler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA. and Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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17
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An Adaptable Spectrin/Ankyrin-Based Mechanism for Long-Range Organization of Plasma Membranes in Vertebrate Tissues. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 77:143-84. [PMID: 26781832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ankyrins are membrane-associated proteins that together with their spectrin partners are responsible for micron-scale organization of vertebrate plasma membranes, including those of erythrocytes, excitable membranes of neurons and heart, lateral membrane domains of columnar epithelial cells, and striated muscle. Ankyrins coordinate functionally related membrane transporters and cell adhesion proteins (15 protein families identified so far) within plasma membrane compartments through independently evolved interactions of intrinsically disordered sequences with a highly conserved peptide-binding groove formed by the ANK repeat solenoid. Ankyrins are coupled to spectrins, which are elongated organelle-sized proteins that form mechanically resilient arrays through cross-linking by specialized actin filaments. In addition to protein interactions, cellular targeting and assembly of spectrin/ankyrin domains also critically depend on palmitoylation of ankyrin-G by aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine 5/8 palmitoyltransferases, as well as interaction of beta-2 spectrin with phosphoinositide lipids. These lipid-dependent spectrin/ankyrin domains are not static but are locally dynamic and determine membrane identity through opposing endocytosis of bulk lipids as well as specific proteins. A partnership between spectrin, ankyrin, and cell adhesion molecules first emerged in bilaterians over 500 million years ago. Ankyrin and spectrin may have been recruited to plasma membranes from more ancient roles in organelle transport. The basic bilaterian spectrin-ankyrin toolkit markedly expanded in vertebrates through gene duplications combined with variation in unstructured intramolecular regulatory sequences as well as independent evolution of ankyrin-binding activity by ion transporters involved in action potentials and calcium homeostasis. In addition, giant vertebrate ankyrins with specialized roles in axons acquired new coding sequences by exon shuffling. We speculate that early axon initial segments and epithelial lateral membranes initially were based on spectrin-ankyrin-cell adhesion molecule assemblies and subsequently served as "incubators," where ion transporters independently acquired ankyrin-binding activity through positive selection.
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18
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Anatomy of the red cell membrane skeleton: unanswered questions. Blood 2015; 127:187-99. [PMID: 26537302 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-512772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The red cell membrane skeleton is a pseudohexagonal meshwork of spectrin, actin, protein 4.1R, ankyrin, and actin-associated proteins that laminates the inner membrane surface and attaches to the overlying lipid bilayer via band 3-containing multiprotein complexes at the ankyrin- and actin-binding ends of spectrin. The membrane skeleton strengthens the lipid bilayer and endows the membrane with the durability and flexibility to survive in the circulation. In the 36 years since the first primitive model of the red cell skeleton was proposed, many additional proteins have been discovered, and their structures and interactions have been defined. However, almost nothing is known of the skeleton's physiology, and myriad questions about its structure remain, including questions concerning the structure of spectrin in situ, the way spectrin and other proteins bind to actin, how the membrane is assembled, the dynamics of the skeleton when the membrane is deformed or perturbed by parasites, the role lipids play, and variations in membrane structure in unique regions like lipid rafts. This knowledge is important because the red cell membrane skeleton is the model for spectrin-based membrane skeletons in all cells, and because defects in the red cell membrane skeleton underlie multiple hemolytic anemias.
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Saito M, Watanabe-Nakayama T, Machida S, Osada T, Afrin R, Ikai A. Spectrin-ankyrin interaction mechanics: A key force balance factor in the red blood cell membrane skeleton. Biophys Chem 2015; 200-201:1-8. [PMID: 25866912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As major components of red blood cell (RBC) cytoskeleton, spectrin and F-actin form a network that covers the entire cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. The cross-linked two layered structure, called the membrane skeleton, keeps the structural integrity of RBC under drastically changing mechanical environment during circulation. We performed force spectroscopy experiments on the atomic force microscope (AFM) as a means to clarify the mechanical characteristics of spectrin-ankyrin interaction, a key factor in the force balance of the RBC cytoskeletal structure. An AFM tip was functionalized with ANK1-62k and used to probe spectrin crosslinked to mica surface. A force spectroscopy study gave a mean unbinding force of ~30 pN under our experimental conditions. Two energy barriers were identified in the unbinding process. The result was related to the well-known flexibility of spectrin tetramer and participation of ankyrin 1-spectrin interaction in the overall balance of membrane skeleton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saito
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Watanabe-Nakayama
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shinichi Machida
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiya Osada
- Depertment of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-2 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Rehana Afrin
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; Biofrontier Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ikai
- Innovation Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
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20
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Li G, Pei J, Yin Y, Huang G. Direct sequencing of a disulfide-linked peptide with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 140:2623-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced corona discharge was employed for in-spray dissociation of disulfide bonds, facilitating disulfide-containing peptide sequencing with ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Jiying Pei
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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21
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Fang J, Mehlich A, Koga N, Huang J, Koga R, Gao X, Hu C, Jin C, Rief M, Kast J, Baker D, Li H. Forced protein unfolding leads to highly elastic and tough protein hydrogels. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2974. [PMID: 24352111 PMCID: PMC3983047 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-based hydrogels usually do not exhibit high stretchability or toughness, significantly limiting the scope of their potential biomedical applications. Here we report the engineering of a chemically cross-linked, highly elastic and tough protein hydrogel using a mechanically extremely labile, de novo-designed protein that assumes the classical ferredoxin-like fold structure. Due to the low mechanical stability of the ferredoxin-like fold structure, swelling of hydrogels causes a significant fraction of the folded domains to unfold. Subsequent collapse and aggregation of unfolded ferredoxin-like domains leads to intertwining of physically and chemically cross-linked networks, entailing hydrogels with unusual physical and mechanical properties: a negative swelling ratio, high stretchability and toughness. These hydrogels can withstand an average strain of 450% before breaking and show massive energy dissipation. Upon relaxation, refolding of the ferredoxin-like domains enables the hydrogel to recover its massive hysteresis. This novel biomaterial may expand the scope of hydrogel applications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Alexander Mehlich
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Nobuyasu Koga
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Rie Koga
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Xiaoye Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Chunguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurements Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Chi Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Matthias Rief
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Juergen Kast
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Hongbin Li
- 1] Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1 [2] State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurements Technology and Instruments, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
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22
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Alegre-Cebollada J, Kosuri P, Giganti D, Eckels E, Rivas-Pardo JA, Hamdani N, Warren CM, Solaro RJ, Linke WA, Fernández JM. S-glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines enhances titin elasticity by blocking protein folding. Cell 2014; 156:1235-1246. [PMID: 24630725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The giant elastic protein titin is a determinant factor in how much blood fills the left ventricle during diastole and thus in the etiology of heart disease. Titin has been identified as a target of S-glutathionylation, an end product of the nitric-oxide-signaling cascade that increases cardiac muscle elasticity. However, it is unknown how S-glutathionylation may regulate the elasticity of titin and cardiac tissue. Here, we show that mechanical unfolding of titin immunoglobulin (Ig) domains exposes buried cysteine residues, which then can be S-glutathionylated. S-glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines greatly decreases the mechanical stability of the parent Ig domain as well as its ability to fold. Both effects favor a more extensible state of titin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that S-glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines in titin mediates mechanochemical modulation of the elasticity of human cardiomyocytes. We propose that posttranslational modification of cryptic residues is a general mechanism to regulate tissue elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallav Kosuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David Giganti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Edward Eckels
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Chad M Warren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julio M Fernández
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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23
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Alegre-Cebollada J, Kosuri P, Giganti D, Eckels E, Rivas-Pardo JA, Hamdani N, Warren CM, Solaro RJ, Linke WA, Fernández JM. S-glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines enhances titin elasticity by blocking protein folding. Cell 2014. [PMID: 24630725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.056.s-glutathionylation] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The giant elastic protein titin is a determinant factor in how much blood fills the left ventricle during diastole and thus in the etiology of heart disease. Titin has been identified as a target of S-glutathionylation, an end product of the nitric-oxide-signaling cascade that increases cardiac muscle elasticity. However, it is unknown how S-glutathionylation may regulate the elasticity of titin and cardiac tissue. Here, we show that mechanical unfolding of titin immunoglobulin (Ig) domains exposes buried cysteine residues, which then can be S-glutathionylated. S-glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines greatly decreases the mechanical stability of the parent Ig domain as well as its ability to fold. Both effects favor a more extensible state of titin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that S-glutathionylation of cryptic cysteines in titin mediates mechanochemical modulation of the elasticity of human cardiomyocytes. We propose that posttranslational modification of cryptic residues is a general mechanism to regulate tissue elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallav Kosuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David Giganti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Edward Eckels
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Chad M Warren
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Julio M Fernández
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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24
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Bennett V, Lorenzo DN. Spectrin- and Ankyrin-Based Membrane Domains and the Evolution of Vertebrates. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Roca-Cusachs P, Iskratsch T, Sheetz MP. Finding the weakest link: exploring integrin-mediated mechanical molecular pathways. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3025-38. [PMID: 22797926 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.095794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, a network of molecular links connects cells to their environment. Molecules in this network transmit and detect mechanical forces, which subsequently determine cell behavior and fate. Here, we reconstruct the mechanical pathway followed by these forces. From matrix proteins to actin through integrins and adaptor proteins, we review how forces affect the lifetime of bonds and stretch or alter the conformation of proteins, and how these mechanical changes are converted into biochemical signals in mechanotransduction events. We evaluate which of the proteins in the network can participate in mechanotransduction and which are simply responsible for transmitting forces in a dynamic network. Besides their individual properties, we also analyze how the mechanical responses of a protein are determined by their serial connections from the matrix to actin, their parallel connections in integrin clusters and by the rate at which force is applied to them. All these define mechanical molecular pathways in cells, which are emerging as key regulators of cell function alongside better studied biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Roca-Cusachs
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Lee W, Zeng X, Rotolo K, Yang M, Schofield CJ, Bennett V, Yang W, Marszalek PE. Mechanical anisotropy of ankyrin repeats. Biophys J 2012; 102:1118-26. [PMID: 22404934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells are frequently deformed and their cytoskeletal proteins such as spectrin and ankyrin-R are repeatedly subjected to mechanical forces. While the mechanics of spectrin was thoroughly investigated in vitro and in vivo, little is known about the mechanical behavior of ankyrin-R. In this study, we combine coarse-grained steered molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force spectroscopy to examine the mechanical response of ankyrin repeats (ARs) in a model synthetic AR protein NI6C, and in the D34 fragment of native ankyrin-R when these proteins are subjected to various stretching geometry conditions. Our steered molecular dynamics results, supported by AFM measurements, reveal an unusual mechanical anisotropy of ARs: their mechanical stability is greater when their unfolding is forced to propagate from the N-terminus toward the C-terminus (repeats unfold at ~60 pN), as compared to the unfolding in the opposite direction (unfolding force ∼ 30 pN). This anisotropy is also reflected in the complex refolding behavior of ARs. The origin of this unfolding and refolding anisotropy is in the various numbers of native contacts that are broken and formed at the interfaces between neighboring repeats depending on the unfolding/refolding propagation directions. Finally, we discuss how these complex mechanical properties of ARs in D34 may affect its behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whasil Lee
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Afrin R, Nakaji M, Sekiguchi H, Lee D, Kishimoto K, Ikai A. Forced extension of delipidated red blood cell cytoskeleton with little indication of spectrin unfolding. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:101-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Nans A, Mohandas N, Stokes DL. Native ultrastructure of the red cell cytoskeleton by cryo-electron tomography. Biophys J 2011; 101:2341-50. [PMID: 22098732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocytes possess a spectrin-based cytoskeleton that provides elasticity and mechanical stability necessary to survive the shear forces within the microvasculature. The architecture of this membrane skeleton and the nature of its intermolecular contacts determine the mechanical properties of the skeleton and confer the characteristic biconcave shape of red cells. We have used cryo-electron tomography to evaluate the three-dimensional topology in intact, unexpanded membrane skeletons from mouse erythrocytes frozen in physiological buffer. The tomograms reveal a complex network of spectrin filaments converging at actin-based nodes and a gradual decrease in both the density and the thickness of the network from the center to the edge of the cell. The average contour length of spectrin filaments connecting junctional complexes is 46 ± 15 nm, indicating that the spectrin heterotetramer in the native membrane skeleton is a fraction of its fully extended length (∼190 nm). Higher-order oligomers of spectrin were prevalent, with hexamers and octamers seen between virtually every junctional complex in the network. Based on comparisons with expanded skeletons, we propose that the oligomeric state of spectrin is in a dynamic equilibrium that facilitates remodeling of the network as the cell changes shape in response to shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nans
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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29
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Ehrlicher AJ, Nakamura F, Hartwig JH, Weitz DA, Stossel TP. Mechanical strain in actin networks regulates FilGAP and integrin binding to filamin A. Nature 2011; 478:260-3. [PMID: 21926999 PMCID: PMC3204864 DOI: 10.1038/nature10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Ehrlicher
- Translational Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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30
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Machnicka B, Grochowalska R, Bogusławska DM, Sikorski AF, Lecomte MC. Spectrin-based skeleton as an actor in cell signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:191-201. [PMID: 21877118 PMCID: PMC3249148 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent advances in functions of spectrins in non-erythroid cells. We discuss new data concerning the commonly known role of the spectrin-based skeleton in control of membrane organization, stability and shape, and tethering protein mosaics to the cellular motors and to all major filament systems. Particular effort has been undertaken to highlight recent advances linking spectrin to cell signaling phenomena and its participation in signal transduction pathways in many cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Machnicka
- University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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31
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News in brief. Nat Methods 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth0711-533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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