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Kumari K, Dey J, Mahapatra SR, Ma Y, Sharma PK, Misra N, Singh RP. Protein profiling and immunoinformatic analysis of the secretome of a metal-resistant environmental isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa S-8. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01152-5. [PMID: 38457114 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial secretome represents a comprehensive catalog of proteins released extracellularly that have multiple important roles in virulence and intercellular communication. This study aimed to characterize the secretome of an environmental isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa S-8 by analyzing trypsin-digested culture supernatant proteins using nano-LC-MS/MS tool. Using a combined approach of bioinformatics and mass spectrometry, 1088 proteins in the secretome were analyzed by PREDLIPO, SecretomeP 2.0, SignalP 4.1, and PSORTb tool for their subcellular localization and further categorization of secretome proteins according to signal peptides. Using the gene ontology tool, secretome proteins were categorized into different functional categories. KEGG pathway analysis identified the secreted proteins into different metabolic functional pathways. Moreover, our LC-MS/MS data revealed the secretion of various CAZymes into the extracellular milieu, which suggests its strong biotechnological applications to breakdown complex carbohydrate polymers. The identified immunodominant epitopes from the secretome of P. aeruginosa showed the characteristic of being non-allergenic, highly antigenic, nontoxic, and having a low risk of triggering autoimmune responses, which highlights their potential as successful vaccine targets. Overall, the identification of secreted proteins of P. aeruginosa could be important for both diagnostic purposes and the development of an effective candidate vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumari
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, 835215, India
| | - Jyotirmayee Dey
- School of Biotechnology, Deemed to Be University, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, Deemed to Be University, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Parva Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Namrata Misra
- School of Biotechnology, Deemed to Be University, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, 201309, India.
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2
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Modgil V, Kaur H, Mohan B, Taneja N. Association of Putative Virulence Genes with HEp-2 Cell Adherence and Biofilm Production in Enteroaggregative E. coli Strains Isolated from Acute Diarrheal and Healthy Children, India. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:186-197. [PMID: 38468739 PMCID: PMC10924848 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging enteric pathogen that causes acute and chronic diarrhea in developed and industrialized countries in children. EAEC colonizes the human intestine and this ability to form colonies and biofilm is an important step in pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the relationship between known or putative 22 EAEC virulence genes and biofilm formation in isolates derived from acute diarrhea and healthy children and their aggregative adherence (AA) pattern with Hep-2 cell lines. A total of 138 EAEC isolates were recovered from 1210 stool samples from children (age < 10 years) suffering from acute diarrhea and 33 EAEC strains isolated from 550 healthy children (control group) of different Anganwadi centers in Chandigarh region were included. Polymerase chain reaction using the primer pair pCVD432 identified E. coli isolates as EAEC. A total of 22 virulence-related genes have been identified using M-PCR chain reactions. The crystal violet method was used for the quantitative biofilm assay. Aggregative adherence assay was also studied using HEp-2 cell lines. Of 138 EAEC isolates from the acute diarrheal group, 121 (87.6%) EAEC isolates produced biofilm. In our findings, typical EAEC (62%) isolates were strong biofilm producers (37.5%) in the diarrheal group. Among adhesive variants, agg4A (39.6%) and aggA (21.6%) were the most common and were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively). We reported that the aggR gene along with the typical AA pattern was present in 71.4% of the EAEC strains in the diarrheal group, whereas it was present in 44% of the control group. Other aggR non-dependent genes like ORF3 and eilA may also lead to biofilm formation. In conclusion, there is significant heterogeneity in putative virulence genes of EAEC isolates from children and biofilm formation is associated with the combination of many genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Modgil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balvinder Mohan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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3
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Navarro-Garcia F. Serine proteases autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae: Structures, subdomains, motifs, functions, and targets. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:178-193. [PMID: 37392318 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) constitute a superfamily of virulence factors, resembling the trypsin-like superfamily of serine proteases. SPATEs accomplish multiple functions associated to disease development of their hosts, which could be the consequence of SPATE cleavage of host cell components. SPATEs have been divided into class-1 and class-2 based on structural differences and biological effects, including similar substrate specificity, cytotoxic effects on cultured cells, and enterotoxin activity on intestinal tissues for class-1 SPATEs, whereas most class-2 SPATEs exhibit a lectin-like activity with a predilection to degrade a variety of mucins, including leukocyte surface O-glycoproteins and soluble host proteins, resulting in mucosal colonization and immune modulation. In this review, the structure of class-1 and class-2 are analyzed, making emphasis on their putative functional subdomains as well as a description of their function is provided, including prototypical mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico, Mexico
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4
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Sadredinamin M, Yazdansetad S, Alebouyeh M, Yazdi MMK, Ghalavand Z. Shigella Flexneri Serotypes: O-antigen Structure, Serotype Conversion, and Serotyping Methods. Oman Med J 2023; 38:e522. [PMID: 37724320 PMCID: PMC10505279 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2023.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri is the most common cause of shigellosis in developing countries. Up to now, 23 serotypes of S. flexneri have been reported. Different serotypes result from the addition of acetyl, glucosyl, or phosphatidylethanolamine groups on the O-antigen backbone and horizontal transfer of mentioned groups can lead to serotype conversion among S. flexneri strains. Serotype conversion causes either a circulation of pre-existing serotypes or is responsible for the emergence of new serotypes. Serotype conversion plays a pivotal role in the protection and evasion of S. flexneri from the host immune response. Furthermore, spreading any new serotype can provide evolutionary advantages. Hence, information about S. flexneri O-antigen structure, serotype conversion, and serotyping methods can be helpful to understand the disease that attributes distinct serotypes in order to apply control or prevention methods in accordance with predominant serotypes over the course of time. Thus, the scope of this review is to give an overview of the serotype structures, factors involved in O-antigen modification, molecular analysis, and epidemiological evidence for the benefits of serotype conversion for S. flexneri serotypes. We are also providing a review of the typing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrzad Sadredinamin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Yazdansetad
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zohreh Ghalavand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Pokharel P, Dhakal S, Dozois CM. The Diversity of Escherichia coli Pathotypes and Vaccination Strategies against This Versatile Bacterial Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:344. [PMID: 36838308 PMCID: PMC9965155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacillus and resident of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, some E. coli strains can cause diseases in humans, other mammals and birds ranging from intestinal infections, for example, diarrhea and dysentery, to extraintestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, and sepsis. In terms of morbidity and mortality, pathogenic E. coli has a great impact on public health, with an economic cost of several billion dollars annually worldwide. Antibiotics are not usually used as first-line treatment for diarrheal illness caused by E. coli and in the case of bloody diarrhea, antibiotics are avoided due to the increased risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome. On the other hand, extraintestinal infections are treated with various antibiotics depending on the site of infection and susceptibility testing. Several alarming papers concerning the rising antibiotic resistance rates in E. coli strains have been published. The silent pandemic of multidrug-resistant bacteria including pathogenic E. coli that have become more difficult to treat favored prophylactic approaches such as E. coli vaccines. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of different pathotypes of E. coli, the virulence factors involved and updates on the major aspects of vaccine development against different E. coli pathotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravil Pokharel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M. Dozois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Pasteur Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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6
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Pan X, Chen R, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zhao J, Yao H, Ma J. Porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli delivers two serine protease autotransporters coordinately optimizing the bloodstream infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1138801. [PMID: 36875517 PMCID: PMC9978103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1138801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is one of the leading causes of bloodstream infections in a broad spectrum of birds and mammals, thus poses a great threat to public health, while its underlying mechanism causing sepsis is not fully understood. Here we reported a high virulent ExPEC strain PU-1, which has a robust ability to colonize within host bloodstream, while induced a low level of leukocytic activation. Two serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs), VatPU-1 and TshPU-1, were found to play critical roles for the urgent blood infection of strain PU-1. Although the Vat and Tsh homologues have been identified as virulence factors of ExPEC, their contributions to bloodstream infection are still unclear. In this study, VatPU-1 and TshPU-1 were verified to interact with the hemoglobin (a well-known mucin-like glycoprotein in red blood cell), degrade the mucins of host respiratory tract, and cleave the CD43 (a major cell surface component sharing similar O-glycosylated modifications with other glycoprotein expressed on leukocytes), suggesting that these two SPATEs have the common activity to cleave a broad array of mucin-like O-glycoproteins. These cleavages significantly impaired the chemotaxis and transmigration of leukocytes, and then inhibited the activation of diverse immune responses coordinately, especially downregulated the leukocytic and inflammatory activation during bloodstream infection, thus might mediate the evasion of ExPEC from immune clearance of blood leukocytes. Taken together, these two SPATEs play critical roles to cause a heavy bacterial load within bloodstream via immunomodulation of leukocytes, which provides a more comprehensive understanding how ExPEC colonize within host bloodstream and cause severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinming Pan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Office International Des (OIE) Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Office International Des (OIE) Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Office International Des (OIE) Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinchu Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Yuxi Agriculture Vocation-Technical College, Yuxi, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Office International Des (OIE) Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiale Ma
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Office International Des (OIE) Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiale Ma,
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7
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Alhammadi MM, Godfrey RE, Ingram JO, Singh G, Bathurst CL, Busby SJW, Browning DF. Novel organisation and regulation of the pic promoter from enteroaggregative and uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Virulence 2022; 13:1393-1406. [PMID: 35971774 PMCID: PMC9387333 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine protease autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) are a large family of virulence factors commonly found in enteric bacteria. These secreted virulence factors have diverse functions during bacterial infection, including adhesion, aggregation and cell toxicity. One such SPATE, the Pic mucinase (protein involved in colonisation) cleaves mucin, allowing enteric bacterial cells to utilise mucin as a carbon source and to penetrate the gut mucus lining, thereby increasing mucosal colonisation. The pic gene is widely distributed within the Enterobacteriaceae, being found in human pathogens, such as enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and Shigella flexneri 2a. As the pic promoter regions from EAEC strain 042 and UPEC strain CFT073 differ, we have investigated the regulation of each promoter. Here, using in vivo and in vitro techniques, we show that both promoters are activated by the global transcription factor, CRP (cyclic AMP receptor protein), but the architectures of the EAEC and the UPEC pic promoter differ. Expression from both pic promoters is repressed by the nucleoid-associated factor, Fis, and maximal promoter activity occurs when cells are grown in minimal medium. As CRP activates transcription in conditions of nutrient depletion, whilst Fis levels are maximal in nutrient-rich environments, the regulation of the EAEC and UPEC pic promoters is consistent with Pic’s nutritional role in scavenging mucin as a suitable carbon source during colonisation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah M Alhammadi
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Biology Department, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rita E Godfrey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joseph O Ingram
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gurdamanjit Singh
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Camilla L Bathurst
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen J W Busby
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Douglas F Browning
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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8
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Analysis of the Virulence and Inflammatory Markers Elicited by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical and Non-Clinical Sources in an Experimental Infection Model, India. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is highly heterogeneous in virulence; we wanted to understand the pathogenic potential of EAEC isolated from various clinical and non-clinical sources in an animal model. We infected male BALB/c mice in six mice/groups with 50 EAEC isolates isolated from clinical and non-clinical sources. We studied colonization, weight loss, stool shedding, and inflammatory markers and their relationship with 21 virulence genes and phylogroups, EAEC organ burden, and histopathological changes. We detected significantly more inflammatory changes and fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin levels in mice infected with EAEC isolated from symptomatic cases. In clinical EAEC isolates, the presence of chromosomal genes (aap (46%), aaiC (23.3%), SPATEs (pet (13.3%), sat (20%), sigA, and pic (6.6%)), the adhesive variantsof EAEC (agg4A (53.3%), aggA (53.3%), aafA (36.6%), andagg3A (40%)), and the master regulator gene aggR (66.6%) were associated with higher levels of lactoferrin and calprotectin. Additionally, 70% (9/13) of EAEC isolated from acute diarrheal cases bearing chuA (70%) in our study were assigned to groups B2 (4 isolates) and D (5 isolates). Real-time PCR analysis revealed that colonization by EAEC strains from different clinical and non-clinical sources occurs up to 10–15 days of life. Even from non-diarrheal stools and non-clinical sources, EAEC strainshad the potential to cause prolonged colonization, weight loss, and inflammation in the intestine, though the degree varied. Moreover, a better understanding of EAEC pathogenic pathways is desperately needed in different clinical scenarios.
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9
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Nasser A, Mosadegh M, Azimi T, Shariati A. Molecular mechanisms of Shigella effector proteins: a common pathogen among diarrheic pediatric population. Mol Cell Pediatr 2022; 9:12. [PMID: 35718793 PMCID: PMC9207015 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-022-00145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different gastrointestinal pathogens cause diarrhea which is a very common problem in children aged under 5 years. Among bacterial pathogens, Shigella is one of the main causes of diarrhea among children, and it accounts for approximately 11% of all deaths among children aged under 5 years. The case-fatality rates for Shigella among the infants and children aged 1 to 4 years are 13.9% and 9.4%, respectively. Shigella uses unique effector proteins to modulate intracellular pathways. Shigella cannot invade epithelial cells on the apical site; therefore, it needs to pass epithelium through other cells rather than the epithelial cell. After passing epithelium, macrophage swallows Shigella, and the latter should prepare itself to exhibit at least two types of responses: (I) escaping phagocyte and (II) mediating invasion of and injury to the recurrent PMN. The presence of PMN and invitation to a greater degree resulted in gut membrane injuries and greater bacterial penetration. Infiltration of Shigella to the basolateral space mediates (A) cell attachment, (B) cell entry, (C) evasion of autophagy recognition, (D) vacuole formation and and vacuole rapture, (E) intracellular life, (F) Shiga toxin, and (G) immune response. In this review, an attempt is made to explain the role of each factor in Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mosadegh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Bacteriology & Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and medicine research center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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10
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Figueiredo IFS, Araújo LG, Assunção RG, Dutra IL, Nascimento JR, Rego FS, Rolim CS, Alves LSR, Frazão MA, Cadete SF, da Silva LCN, de Sá JC, de Sousa EM, Elias WP, Nascimento FRF, Abreu AG. Cinnamaldehyde Increases the Survival of Mice Submitted to Sepsis Induced by Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030364. [PMID: 35326827 PMCID: PMC8944619 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several natural products have been investigated for their bactericidal potential, among these, cinnamaldehyde. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the activity of cinnamaldehyde in the treatment of animals with sepsis induced by extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Initially, the E. coli F5 was incubated with cinnamaldehyde to evaluate the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration. Animal survival was monitored for five days, and a subset of mice were euthanized after 10 h to evaluate histological, hematological, and immunological parameters, as well as the presence of bacteria in the organs. On the one hand, inoculation of bacterium caused the death of 100% of the animals within 24 h after infection. On the other hand, cinnamaldehyde (60 mg/kg) was able to keep 40% of mice alive after infection. The treatment significantly reduced the levels of cytokines in serum and peritoneum and increased the production of cells in both bone marrow and spleen, as well as lymphocytes at the infection site. Cinnamaldehyde was able to reduce tissue damage by decreasing the deleterious effects for the organism and contributed to the control of the sepsis and survival of animals; therefore, it is a promising candidate for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella F. S. Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
| | - Lorena G. Araújo
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Raissa G. Assunção
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
| | - Itaynara L. Dutra
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
| | - Johnny R. Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia S. Rego
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
| | - Carolina S. Rolim
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
| | - Leylane S. R. Alves
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
| | - Mariana A. Frazão
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
| | - Samilly F. Cadete
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
| | - Luís Cláudio N. da Silva
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Joicy C. de Sá
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Waldir P. Elias
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Flávia R. F. Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Afonso G. Abreu
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.F.S.F.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.); (I.L.D.); (F.S.R.); (C.S.R.); (L.S.R.A.); (M.A.F.); (S.F.C.); (L.C.N.d.S.); (J.C.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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11
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Phylogenicity and Virulence Profiles of Clinical Escherichia coli Isolates in the Ho Teaching Hospital of Ghana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1347033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background. Escherichia coli bacteria are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming aerobes or facultative anaerobic rods. Some strains are pathogenic in men while others are commensals in the gut. The pathogenic strains cause a wide array of diseases by virtue of virulence factors. The commensal strains are generally categorized into phylogenetic groups A and B1. The aim of this study was to determine the association between phylogeny of E. coli isolates and virulence and sociodemographic characteristics of the study subjects. Method. This study was a cross-sectional study carried out from July 2018 to June 2019. E. coli isolates obtained from different clinical specimens were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to determine their phylogenetic groupings and virulence. Results. The majority of the isolates belonged to phylogroup A 101 (74.8%), and the predominant virulent gene was fimA (88.9%). There was no significant correlation between phylogenicity and virulence, except for chuA which was found in all isolates that belonged to phylogroups clade I and D. None of the 101 isolates that belonged to group A had the chuA virulence gene. There was a significant association between patient age category and phylogenetic groups B1 and D. Conclusions. This study assessed the relationship between the phylogenetic distribution and the virulence profile of clinical isolates of E. coli. The virulence of isolates belonging to phylogroup A, which are generally considered as commensals, is alarming. Measures must therefore be put in place to control the spread of these virulent E. coli.
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12
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Sheikh A, Wangdi T, Vickers TJ, Aaron B, Palmer M, Miller MJ, Kim S, Herring C, Simoes R, Crainic JA, Gildersleeve JC, van der Post S, Hansson GC, Fleckenstein JM. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Degrades the Host MUC2 Mucin Barrier To Facilitate Critical Pathogen-Enterocyte Interactions in Human Small Intestine. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0057221. [PMID: 34807735 PMCID: PMC8853678 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00572-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates are genetically diverse pathological variants of E. coli defined by the production of heat-labile (LT) and/or heat-stable (ST) toxins. ETEC strains are estimated to cause hundreds of millions of cases of diarrheal illness annually. However, it is not clear that all strains are equally equipped to cause disease, and asymptomatic colonization with ETEC is common in low- to middle-income regions lacking basic sanitation and clean water where ETEC are ubiquitous. Recent molecular epidemiology studies have revealed a significant association between strains that produce EatA, a secreted autotransporter protein, and the development of symptomatic infection. Here, we demonstrate that LT stimulates production of MUC2 mucin by goblet cells in human small intestine, enhancing the protective barrier between pathogens and enterocytes. In contrast, using explants of human small intestine as well as small intestinal enteroids, we show that EatA counters this host defense by engaging and degrading the MUC2 mucin barrier to promote bacterial access to target enterocytes and ultimately toxin delivery, suggesting that EatA plays a crucial role in the molecular pathogenesis of ETEC. These findings may inform novel approaches to prevention of acute diarrheal illness as well as the sequelae associated with ETEC and other pathogens that rely on EatA and similar proteases for efficient interaction with their human hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaullah Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamding Wangdi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tim J. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bailey Aaron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Margot Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Seonyoung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cassandra Herring
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rita Simoes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Crainic
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Gildersleeve
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sjoerd van der Post
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar C. Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James M. Fleckenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Categorizing sequences of concern by function to better assess mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0033421. [PMID: 34780277 PMCID: PMC9119117 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00334-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify sequences with a role in microbial pathogenesis, we assessed the adequacy of their annotation by existing controlled vocabularies and sequence databases. Our goal was to regularize descriptions of microbial pathogenesis for improved integration with bioinformatic applications. Here, we review the challenges of annotating sequences for pathogenic activity. We relate the categorization of more than 2,750 sequences of pathogenic microbes through a controlled vocabulary called Functions of Sequences of Concern (FunSoCs). These allow for an ease of description by both humans and machines. We provide a subset of 220 fully annotated sequences in the supplemental material as examples. The use of this compact (∼30 terms), controlled vocabulary has potential benefits for research in microbial genomics, public health, biosecurity, biosurveillance, and the characterization of new and emerging pathogens.
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14
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Recent Progress in Shigella and Burkholderia pseudomallei Vaccines. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111353. [PMID: 34832508 PMCID: PMC8621228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant advancement has been made in the development of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. However, several roadblocks have been found during the evaluation of vaccines against intracellular bacterial pathogens. Therefore, new lessons could be learned from different vaccines developed against unrelated intracellular pathogens. Bacillary dysentery and melioidosis are important causes of morbidity and mortality in developing nations, which are caused by the intracellular bacteria Shigella and Burkholderia pseudomallei, respectively. Although the mechanisms of bacterial infection, dissemination, and route of infection do not provide clues about the commonalities of the pathogenic infectious processes of these bacteria, a wide variety of vaccine platforms recently evaluated suggest that in addition to the stimulation of antibodies, identifying protective antigens and inducing T cell responses are some additional required elements to induce effective protection. In this review, we perform a comparative evaluation of recent candidate vaccines used to combat these two infectious agents, emphasizing the common strategies that can help investigators advance effective and protective vaccines to clinical trials.
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15
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Sora VM, Meroni G, Martino PA, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Zecconi A. Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111355. [PMID: 34832511 PMCID: PMC8618662 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health approach emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major concern both in public health and in food animal production systems. As a general classification, E. coli can be distinguished based on the ability to cause infection of the gastrointestinal system (IPEC) or outside of it (ExPEC). Among the different pathogens, E. coli are becoming of great importance, and it has been suggested that ExPEC may harbor resistance genes that may be transferred to pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. ExPEC strains are versatile bacteria that can cause urinary tract, bloodstream, prostate, and other infections at non-intestinal sites. In this context of rapidly increasing multidrug-resistance worldwide and a diminishingly effective antimicrobial arsenal to tackle resistant strains. ExPEC infections are now a serious public health threat worldwide. However, the clinical and economic impact of these infections and their optimal management are challenging, and consequently, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of ExPECs amongst healthcare professionals and the general public alike. This review aims to describe pathotype characteristics of ExPEC to increase our knowledge of these bacteria and, consequently, to increase our chances to control them and reduce the risk for AMR, following a One Health approach.
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16
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Hammers D, Carothers K, Lee S. The Role of Bacterial Proteases in Microbe and Host-microbe Interactions. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:222-239. [PMID: 34370632 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809094100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secreted proteases are an important class of factors used by bacterial to modulate their extracellular environment through the cleavage of peptides and proteins. These proteases can range from broad, general proteolytic activity to high degrees of substrate specificity. They are often involved in interactions between bacteria and other species, even across kingdoms, allowing bacteria to survive and compete within their niche. As a result, many bacterial proteases are of clinical importance. The immune system is a common target for these enzymes, and bacteria have evolved ways to use these proteases to alter immune responses for their benefit. In addition to the wide variety of human proteins that can be targeted by bacterial proteases, bacteria also use these secreted factors to disrupt competing microbes, ranging from outright antimicrobial activity to disrupting processes like biofilm formation. OBJECTIVE In this review, we address how bacterial proteases modulate host mechanisms of protection from infection and injury, including immune factors and cell barriers. We also discuss the contributions of bacterial proteases to microbe-microbe interactions, including antimicrobial and anti-biofilm dynamics. CONCLUSION Bacterial secreted proteases represent an incredibly diverse group of factors that bacteria use to shape and thrive in their microenvironment. Due to the range of activities and targets of these proteases, some have been noted for having potential as therapeutics. The vast array of bacterial proteases and their targets remains an expanding field of research, and this field has many important implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hammers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katelyn Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Shaun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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17
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Chen X, Liu W, Li H, Yan S, Jiang F, Cai W, Li G. Whole genome sequencing analysis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from China. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109158. [PMID: 34214908 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) can cause localized or systemic infection in poultry herds, i.e., colibacillosis, which is an economically devastating bacterial disease of the poultry industry worldwide. Additionally, some APEC may have zoonotic potential. In this study, we sequenced 125 APEC isolates from chickens and ducks with obvious clinical symptoms in poultry farms in China and performed genomic epidemiological analysis along with 16 APEC reference genomes downloaded from NCBI. The phylogenetic analysis indicated a great diversity of APEC isolates, and a total of 35 different O types, 22 H types, and 29 ST types were identified. Several virulence-associated genes (VAGs), such as ompT (96.45 %), iss (97.87 %), and hlyF (90.78 %), as well as four complete siderophore gene clusters, including the Sit transport system (86.52 %), aerobactin (89.36 %), salmochelin (79.43 %), and yersiniabactin (54.61 %), were detected in APEC isolates with high prevalence, which could serve as virulence markers of APEC. Several virulence-associated gene clusters, including the two T6SS systems and the K1 capsule biosynthesis gene clusters, were significantly associated with APEC of phylogroups B2, D, and F but very rarely encoded by the APEC from phylogroups C and E. In addition, several virulence-associated genes, which have been reported in other E. coli pathotypes but have not been reported in APEC, were identified in this study. Our findings in this study have implications for a better understanding of APEC evolution and pathogenesis and may lead to the development of new diagnostic tools for APEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Wenxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Huoming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Shigan Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbiology Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 25053, China
| | - Fengwei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Wentong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China.
| | - Ganwu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150000, China; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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18
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Massinga AJ, Garrine M, Messa A, Nobela NA, Boisen N, Massora S, Cossa A, Varo R, Sitoe A, Hurtado JC, Ordi J, Mucavele H, Nhampossa T, Breiman RF, Whitney CG, Blau DM, Bassat Q, Mandomando I. Klebsiella spp. cause severe and fatal disease in Mozambican children: antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characterization. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:526. [PMID: 34090384 PMCID: PMC8178901 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella spp. are important pathogens associated with bacteremia among admitted children and is among the leading cause of death in children < 5 years in postmortem studies, supporting a larger role than previously considered in childhood mortality. Herein, we compared the antimicrobial susceptibility, mechanisms of resistance, and the virulence profile of Klebsiella spp. from admitted and postmortem children. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors of Klebsiella spp. recovered from blood samples collected upon admission to the hospital (n = 88) and postmortem blood (n = 23) from children < 5 years were assessed by disk diffusion and multiplex PCR. Results Klebsiella isolates from postmortem blood were likely to be ceftriaxone resistant (69.6%, 16/23 vs. 48.9%, 43/88, p = 0.045) or extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers (60.9%, 14/23 vs. 25%, 22/88, p = 0.001) compared to those from admitted children. blaCTX-M-15 was the most frequent ESBL gene: 65.3%, 9/14 in postmortem isolates and 22.7% (5/22) from admitted children. We found higher frequency of genes associated with hypermucoviscosity phenotype and invasin in postmortem isolates than those from admitted children: rmpA (30.4%; 7/23 vs. 9.1%, 8/88, p = 0.011), wzi-K1 (34.7%; 8/23 vs. 8%; 7/88, p = 0.002) and traT (60.8%; 14/23 vs. 10.2%; 9/88, p < 0.0001), respectively. Additionally, serine protease auto-transporters of Enterobacteriaceae were detected from 1.8% (pic) to 12.6% (pet) among all isolates. Klebsiella case fatality rate was 30.7% (23/75). Conclusion Multidrug resistant Klebsiella spp. harboring genes associated with hypermucoviscosity phenotype has emerged in Mozambique causing invasive fatal disease in children; highlighting the urgent need for prompt diagnosis, appropriate treatment and effective preventive measures for infection control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06245-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelino Garrine
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT, UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Augusto Messa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nélio A Nobela
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nadia Boisen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergio Massora
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Anélsio Cossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - António Sitoe
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Jaume Ordi
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hélio Mucavele
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Tacilta Nhampossa
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dianna M Blau
- Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Quique Bassat
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique.,ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.,Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inácio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique. .,Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique.
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Classification, structural biology, and applications of mucin domain-targeting proteases. Biochem J 2021; 478:1585-1603. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces throughout the body are coated by mucins, a class of proteins carrying domains characterized by a high density of O-glycosylated serine and threonine residues. The resulting mucosal layers form crucial host-microbe interfaces that prevent the translocation of microbes while also selecting for distinct bacteria via the presented glycan repertoire. The intricate interplay between mucus production and breakdown thus determines the composition of the microbiota maintained within these mucosal environments, which can have a large influence on the host during both homeostasis and disease. Most research to date on mucus breakdown has focused on glycosidases that trim glycan structures to release monosaccharides as a source of nutrients. More recent work has uncovered the existence of mucin-type O-glycosylation-dependent proteases that are secreted by pathogens, commensals, and mutualists to facilitate mucosal colonization and penetration. Additionally, immunoglobulin A (IgA) proteases promote bacterial colonization in the presence of neutralizing secretory IgA through selective cleavage of the heavily O-glycosylated hinge region. In this review, we summarize families of O-glycoproteases and IgA proteases, discuss known structural features, and review applications of these enzymes to glycobiology.
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20
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Flores-Sanchez F, Chavez-Dueñas L, Sanchez-Villamil J, Navarro-Garcia F. Pic Protein From Enteroaggregative E. coli Induces Different Mechanisms for Its Dual Activity as a Mucus Secretagogue and a Mucinase. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564953. [PMID: 33281812 PMCID: PMC7705071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) infection is the formation of an intestinal biofilm, which comprises a mucus layer with immersed bacteria. Pic is an autotransporter secreted by EAEC, and other E. coli pathotypes, and has been involved in two apparently contradictory phenotypes, as a mucus secretagogue and as a mucinase. Here, we investigated this Pic dual activity, mucus secretagogue capability and mucinolytic activity, in human goblet cells that secrete MUC2 and MUC5AC. Pic induced mucus hypersecretion directly in the goblet cells, without other intestinal cell types involved. At the same time, Pic exhibited strong proteolytic activity on the secreted mucins. These activities were independent since a mutation in the serine protease motif (PicS258I) abolished mucin degradation while maintaining the mucus secretagogue activity intact. Furthermore, deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced mucins were proteolytically degraded when goblet cells were co-incubated with DCA/Pic, while co-incubation with DCA/PicS258I induced a synergistic effect on mucus hypersecretion. Pic was more efficient degrading MUC5AC than MUC2, but no degradation was detected with Pic inactivated at the active site by mutation or pharmacological inhibition. Remarkably, Pic cleaved MUC2 and MUC5AC in the C-terminal domain, leaving N-terminal subproducts, impacting the feature of gel-forming mucins and allowing mucus layer penetration by EAEC. Astonishingly, Pic stimulated rapid mucin secretion in goblet-like cells by activating the intracellular calcium pathway resulting from the PLC signal transduction pathway, leading to the production of DAG and releasing IP3, a second messenger of calcium signaling. Therefore, the dual activity of Pic, as a mucus secretagogue and a mucinase, is relevant in the context of carbon source generation and mucus layer penetration, allowing EAEC to live within the layer of mucus but also access epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Flores-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| | - Lucia Chavez-Dueñas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| | - Javier Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, México
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Intranasal Immunization of Mice with Multiepitope Chimeric Vaccine Candidate Based on Conserved Autotransporters SigA, Pic and Sap, Confers Protection against Shigella flexneri. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040563. [PMID: 33019492 PMCID: PMC7712744 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease and the World Health Organization prompts the development of a vaccine against Shigella flexneri. The autotransporters SigA, Pic and Sap are conserved among Shigella spp. We previously designed an in silico vaccine with immunodominat epitopes from those autotransporters, and the GroEL protein of S. typhi as an adjuvant. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the chimeric multiepitope protein, named rMESF, in mice against lethal infection with S. flexneri. rMESF was administered to mice alone through the intranasal (i.n.) route or accompanied with Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) intradermically (i.d.), subcutaneously (s.c.), and intramuscular (i.m.), as well as with Imject alum (i.m.). All immunized mice increased IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgA and fecal IgA titers compared to PBS+CFA and PBS+alum control groups. Furthermore, i.n. immunization of mice with rMESF alone presented the highest titers of serum and fecal IgA. Cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-17) and lymphocyte proliferation increased in all experimental groups, with the highest lymphoproliferative response in i.n. mice immunized with rMESF alone, which presented 100% protection against S. flexneri. In summary, this vaccine vests protective immunity and highlights the importance of mucosal immunity activation for the elimination of S. flexneri.
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Desvaux M, Dalmasso G, Beyrouthy R, Barnich N, Delmas J, Bonnet R. Pathogenicity Factors of Genomic Islands in Intestinal and Extraintestinal Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2065. [PMID: 33101219 PMCID: PMC7545054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a versatile bacterial species that includes both harmless commensal strains and pathogenic strains found in the gastrointestinal tract in humans and warm-blooded animals. The growing amount of DNA sequence information generated in the era of "genomics" has helped to increase our understanding of the factors and mechanisms involved in the diversification of this bacterial species. The pathogenic side of E. coli that is afforded through horizontal transfers of genes encoding virulence factors enables this bacterium to become a highly diverse and adapted pathogen that is responsible for intestinal or extraintestinal diseases in humans and animals. Many of the accessory genes acquired by horizontal transfers form syntenic blocks and are recognized as genomic islands (GIs). These genomic regions contribute to the rapid evolution, diversification and adaptation of E. coli variants because they are frequently subject to rearrangements, excision and transfer, as well as to further acquisition of additional DNA. Here, we review a subgroup of GIs from E. coli termed pathogenicity islands (PAIs), a concept defined in the late 1980s by Jörg Hacker and colleagues in Werner Goebel's group at the University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. As with other GIs, the PAIs comprise large genomic regions that differ from the rest of the genome by their G + C content, by their typical insertion within transfer RNA genes, and by their harboring of direct repeats (at their ends), integrase determinants, or other mobility loci. The hallmark of PAIs is their contribution to the emergence of virulent bacteria and to the development of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure and functional features of PAIs, on PAI-encoded E. coli pathogenicity factors and on the role of PAIs in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Racha Beyrouthy
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- UMR Inserm 1071, USC-INRAE 2018, M2iSH, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Huang J, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhang T, Chen Z, Chen Z, Yang J, Wang Y, Min Z, Huang M, Min X. Neisseria gonorrhoeae NGO2105 Is an Autotransporter Protein Involved in Adhesion to Human Cervical Epithelial Cells and in vivo Colonization. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1395. [PMID: 32670242 PMCID: PMC7330057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are important virulence factors in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Although several autotransporters have been identified in Neisseria meningitidis, only IgA1 protease has been identified in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A sequence analysis showed a marked difference in the distribution of autotransporters between the two strains. It has been speculated that only two autotransporters, the IgA1 protease and the NGO2105 protein, might be encoded by N. gonorrhoeae. Here, we describe the identification of NGO2105, a new autotransporter in N. gonorrhoeae. A sequence alignment showed that NGO2105 is highly similar to the adhesion and penetration protein (App) in N. meningitidis. We found that NGO2105 is exported to the outer membrane, cleaved and released into the culture supernatant by endogenous serine protease activity in N. gonorrhoeae and E. coli. The site-directed mutagenesis of S267A in the predicted enzyme catalytic triad abolished autoproteolytic cleavage to allow secretion. The NGO2105 β-barrel shows the ability to translocate the heterologous Hbp passenger domain. NGO2105 is involved in gonococcal adherence to and invasion into human cervical epithelial cells. Furthermore, antibodies raised against NGO2105 are able to block gonococcal adherence to human cervical epithelial cells. The Δngo2105 mutant and anti-NGO2105 antiserum significantly attenuated the colonization of N. gonorrhoeae in mice. Collectively, our results suggest that the newly identified serine protease autotransporter NGO2105 represents a novel virulence factor of gonococcus and a potential vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zehui Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zuyi Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianru Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zongsu Min
- Zunyi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Meirong Huang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xun Min
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Mucus layer modeling of human colonoids during infection with enteroaggragative E. coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10533. [PMID: 32601325 PMCID: PMC7324601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EAEC is a common cause of diarrheal illness worldwide. Pathogenesis is believed to occur in the ileum and colon, where the bacteria adhere and form a robust aggregating biofilm. Among the multiple virulence factors produced by EAEC, the Pic serine protease has been implicated in bacterial colonization by virtue of its mucinolytic activity. Hence, a potential role of Pic in mucus barrier disruption during EAEC infection has been long postulated. In this study, we used human colonoids comprising goblet cells and a thick mucin barrier as an intestinal model to investigate Pic's roles during infection with EAEC. We demonstrated the ability of purified Pic, but not a protease defective Pic mutant to degrade MUC2. Western blot and confocal microscopy analysis revealed degradation of the MUC2 layer in colonoids infected with EAEC, but not with its isogenic EAECpic mutant. Wild-type and MUC2-knockdown colonoids infected with EAEC strains exposed a differential biofilm distribution, greater penetration of the mucus layer and increased colonization of the colonic epithelium by Wild-type EAEC than its isogenic Pic mutant. Higher secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was seen in colonoids infected with EAEC than EAECpic. Although commensal E. coli expressing Pic degraded MUC2, it did not show improved mucus layer penetration or colonization of the colonic epithelium. Our study demonstrates a role of Pic in MUC2 barrier disruption in the human intestine and shows that colonoids are a reliable system to study the interaction of pathogens with the mucus layer.
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León Y, Zapata L, Salas-Burgos A, Oñate A. In silico design of a vaccine candidate based on autotransporters and HSP against the causal agent of shigellosis, Shigella flexneri. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Badamchi A, Bahrami F, Tasbiti AH, Yari S, Shafiei M, Shahcheraghi F, Siadat SD. Immuno-proteomics analysis between OMV of vaccine and dominant wild type strains of Bordetella pertussis in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:77-88. [PMID: 32494341 PMCID: PMC7244817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Despite widespread vaccination programs against pertussis, there has been a worldwide resurgence of the disease in recent years. We aimed to investigate protein composition of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) of Bordetella pertussis (Bp) and to evaluate the immunogenicity of OMV antigens both in the vaccine and the dominant wild type strains in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS The OMV were purified from both vaccine and wild type strains. The immunoreactivity of the OMVs was investigated by exposing sera taken from the patients and the vaccinated infants. The protein profiles of OMVs were compared using two-dimensional electrophoresis. The LC-MS/MS was used to analyse and identify differentially expressed protein spots. RESULTS The two type strains showed differences in their 2D gel protein profile. Further analysis of selected proteins from the dominant Iranian strains using LC-MS/MS demonstrated that the identified proteins fell into different functional categories including (i) metabolism, (ii) membrane transport and secretion system, (iii) biosynthesis and degradation, (iv) adaption, adhesion, pathogenicity, conserved hypothetical and protection responses. Moreover, a number of immunogenic proteins were identified including Bp 2434 (serine protease) and Bp 1616 (putative DNA binding protein) from the vaccine and the wild type strains, respectively which could be considered as potential antigens for an OMV vaccine. CONCLUSION OMV Bp could be considered as an alternative vaccine against pertussis, containing the bacterium's protein antigens that can confer equal efficacy compared to a whole bacterial cell vaccine with advantages such as less side effects and lower costs than acellular pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Badamchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrami
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shamsi Yari
- Department of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Tuberculosis and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Dutra IL, Araújo LG, Assunção RG, Lima YA, Nascimento JR, Vale AAM, Alves PCS, Trovão LO, Santos ACM, Silva RM, Silva LA, Maciel MCG, de Sousa EM, Elias WP, Nascimento FRF, Abreu AG. Pic-Producing Escherichia coli Induces High Production of Proinflammatory Mediators by the Host Leading to Death by Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062068. [PMID: 32197297 PMCID: PMC7139334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is an important pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases. We have recently shown that Pic, a serine protease secreted by E. coli, mediates immune evasion by the direct cleavage of complement molecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the action of a Pic-producing bacteria in a murine model of sepsis. Mice were infected with Pic-producing E. coli (F5) or F5∆pic mutant. Animal survival was monitored for five days, and a subset of mice was euthanized after 12 h for sample acquisition. The inoculation of Pic-producing bacteria induced 100% death within 24 h. The colony forming units count in the organs was significantly higher in F5. Hematological analysis showed a decrease of total leukocytes. Nitric oxide and cytokines were detected in serum, as well as on peritoneal lavage of the F5 group in higher levels than those detected in the other groups. In addition, immunophenotyping showed a decrease of activated lymphocytes and macrophages in the F5 group. Therefore, Pic represents an important virulence factor, allowing the survival of the bacterium in the bloodstream and several organs, as well as inducing a high production of proinflammatory mediators by the host, and concomitantly a cellular immunosuppression, leading to sepsis and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaynara L. Dutra
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.L.D.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
| | - Lorena G. Araújo
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.L.D.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Raissa G. Assunção
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.L.D.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
| | - Yago A. Lima
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Johnny R. Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - André A. M. Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia C. S. Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Liana O. Trovão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Ana Carolina M. Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.M.S.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Rosa M. Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.M.S.); (R.M.S.)
| | - Lucilene A. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Márcia C. G. Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70878-040, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. de Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
| | - Waldir P. Elias
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Flávia R. F. Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Laboratório de Imunofisiologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil;
| | - Afonso G. Abreu
- Laboratório de Patogenicidade Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil; (I.L.D.); (L.G.A.); (R.G.A.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís 65080-805, Brazil; (J.R.N.); (A.A.M.V.); (P.C.S.A.); (L.O.T.); (L.A.S.); (M.C.G.M.); (E.M.d.S.); (F.R.F.N.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís 65075-120, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Habouria H, Pokharel P, Maris S, Garénaux A, Bessaiah H, Houle S, Veyrier FJ, Guyomard-Rabenirina S, Talarmin A, Dozois CM. Three new serine-protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) from extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli and combined role of SPATEs for cytotoxicity and colonization of the mouse kidney. Virulence 2020; 10:568-587. [PMID: 31198092 PMCID: PMC6592367 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1624102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) are secreted proteins that contribute to virulence and function as proteases, toxins, adhesins, and/or immunomodulators. An extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) O1:K1 strain, QT598, isolated from a turkey, was shown to contain vat, tsh, and three uncharacterized SPATE-encoding genes. Uncharacterized SPATEs: Sha (Serine-protease hemagglutinin autotransporter), TagB and TagC (tandem autotransporter genes B and C) were tested for activities including hemagglutination, autoaggregation, and cytotoxicity when expressed in E. coli K-12. Sha and TagB conferred autoaggregation and hemagglutination activities. TagB, TagC, and Sha all exhibited cytopathic effects on a bladder epithelial cell line. In QT598, tagB and tagC are tandemly encoded on a genomic island, and were present in 10% of UTI isolates and 4.7% of avian E. coli. Sha is encoded on a virulence plasmid and was present in 1% of UTI isolates and 20% of avian E. coli. To specifically examine the role of SPATEs for infection, the 5 SPATE genes were deleted from strain QT598 and tested for cytotoxicity. Loss of all five SPATEs abrogated the cytopathic effect on bladder epithelial cells, although derivatives producing any of the 5 SPATEs retained cytopathic activity. In mouse infections, sha gene-expression was up-regulated a mean of sixfold in the bladder compared to growth in vitro. Loss of either tagBC or sha did not reduce urinary tract colonization. Deletion of all 5 SPATEs, however, significantly reduced competitive colonization of the kidney supporting a cumulative role of SPATEs for QT598 in the mouse UTI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Habouria
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Pravil Pokharel
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Segolène Maris
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Amélie Garénaux
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Hicham Bessaiah
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Sébastien Houle
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA)
| | - Frédéric J Veyrier
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,c Institut Pasteur International Network
| | - Stéphanie Guyomard-Rabenirina
- c Institut Pasteur International Network.,d Unité Environnement Santé , Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe , Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , France
| | - Antoine Talarmin
- c Institut Pasteur International Network.,d Unité Environnement Santé , Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe , Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , France
| | - Charles M Dozois
- a Institut national de recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand Frappier , Laval , Quebec , Canada.,b Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA).,c Institut Pasteur International Network
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29
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Mikhalchik E, Balabushevich N, Vakhrusheva T, Sokolov A, Baykova J, Rakitina D, Scherbakov P, Gusev S, Gusev A, Kharaeva Z, Bukato O, Pobeguts O. Mucin adsorbed by E. coli can affect neutrophil activation in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 10:180-196. [PMID: 31785127 PMCID: PMC6996330 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria colonizing human intestine adhere to the gut mucosa and avoid the innate immune system. We previously demonstrated that Escherichia coli isolates can adsorb mucin from a diluted solution in vitro. Here, we evaluated the effect of mucin adsorption by E. coli cells on neutrophil activation in vitro. Activation was evaluated based on the detection of reactive oxygen species production by a chemiluminescent reaction (ChL), observation of morphological alterations in neutrophils and detection of exocytosis of myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin. We report that mucin adsorbed by cells of SharL1 isolate from Crohn's disease patient's inflamed ileum suppressed the potential for the activation of neutrophils in whole blood. Also, the binding of plasma complement proteins and immunoglobulins to the bacteria was reduced. Desialylated mucin, despite having the same adsorption efficiency to bacteria, had no effect on the blood ChL response. The effect of mucin suggests that it shields epitopes that interact with neutrophils and plasma proteins on the bacterial outer membrane. Potential candidates for these epitopes were identified among the proteins within the bacterial outer membrane fraction by 2D‐PAGE, fluorescent mucin binding on a blot and HPLC‐MS/MS. In vitro, the following proteins demonstrated mucin adsorption: outer membrane porins (OmpA, OmpC, OmpD and OmpF), adhesin OmpX, the membrane assembly factor OmpW, cobalamine transporter, ferrum uptake protein and the elongation factor Ef Tu‐1. In addition to their other functions, these proteins are known to be bacterial surface antigens. Therefore, the shielding of epitopes by mucin may affect the dynamics and intensity of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mikhalchik
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tatiana Vakhrusheva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Julia Baykova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria Rakitina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Scherbakov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Gusev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga Bukato
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Pobeguts
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Pokharel P, Habouria H, Bessaiah H, Dozois CM. Serine Protease Autotransporters of the Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs): Out and About and Chopping It Up. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E594. [PMID: 31766493 PMCID: PMC6956023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotransporters are secreted proteins with multiple functions produced by a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. In Enterobacteriaceae, a subgroup of these autotransporters are the SPATEs (serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae). SPATEs play a crucial role in survival and virulence of pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. and contribute to intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. These high molecular weight proteases are transported to the external milieu by the type Va secretion system and function as proteases with diverse substrate specificities and biological functions including adherence and cytotoxicity. Herein, we provide an overview of SPATEs and discuss recent findings on the biological roles of these secreted proteins, including proteolysis of substrates, adherence to cells, modulation of the immune response, and virulence in host models. In closing, we highlight recent insights into the regulation of expression of SPATEs that could be exploited to understand fundamental SPATE biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravil Pokharel
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (P.P.); (H.H.); (H.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Hajer Habouria
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (P.P.); (H.H.); (H.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Hicham Bessaiah
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (P.P.); (H.H.); (H.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M. Dozois
- Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada; (P.P.); (H.H.); (H.B.)
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Institut Pasteur International Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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Karched M, Bhardwaj RG, Tiss A, Asikainen S. Proteomic Analysis and Virulence Assessment of Granulicatella adiacens Secretome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:104. [PMID: 31069174 PMCID: PMC6491454 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite reports on the occurrence of Granulicatella adiacens in infective endocarditis, few mechanistic studies on its virulence characteristics or pathogenicity are available. Proteins secreted by this species may act as determinants of host-microbe interaction and play a role in virulence. Our aim in this study was to investigate and functionally characterize the secretome of G. adiacens. Proteins in the secretome preparation were digested by trypsin and applied to nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS. By using a combined mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approach, we identified 101 proteins. Bioinformatics tools predicting subcellular localization revealed that 18 of the secreted proteins possessed signal sequence. More than 20% of the secretome proteins were putative virulence proteins including serine protease, superoxide dismutase, aminopeptidase, molecular chaperone DnaK, and thioredoxin. Ribosomal proteins, molecular chaperones, and glycolytic enzymes, together known as "moonlighting proteins," comprised fifth of the secretome proteins. By Gene Ontology analysis, more than 60 proteins of the secretome were grouped in biological processes or molecular functions. KEGG pathway analysis disclosed that the secretome consisted of enzymes involved in biosynthesis of antibiotics. Cytokine profiling revealed that secreted proteins stimulated key cytokines, such as IL-1β, MCP-1, TNF-α, and RANTES from human PBMCs. In summary, the results from the current investigation of the G. adiacens secretome provide a basis for understanding possible pathogenic mechanisms of G. adiacens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Radhika G Bhardwaj
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ali Tiss
- Functional Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sirkka Asikainen
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Borgersen Q, Bolick DT, Kolling GL, Aijuka M, Ruiz-Perez F, Guerrant RL, Nataro JP, Santiago AE. Abundant production of exopolysaccharide by EAEC strains enhances the formation of bacterial biofilms in contaminated sprouts. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:264-278. [PMID: 29543544 PMCID: PMC6219584 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1429877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) is associated with food-borne outbreaks of diarrhea and growth faltering among children in developing countries. A Shiga toxin-producing EAEC strain of serotype O104:H4 strain caused one of the largest outbreaks of a food-borne infection in Europe in 2011. The outbreak was traced to contaminated fenugreek sprouts, yet the mechanisms whereby such persistent contamination of sprouts could have occurred are not clear. We found that under ambient conditions of temperature and in minimal media, pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing EAEC O104:H4 227-11 and non-Shiga toxin-producing 042 strains both produce high levels of exopolysaccharide structures (EPS) that are released to the external milieu. The exopolysaccharide was identified as colanic acid (CA). Unexpectedly, Shiga-toxin producing EAEC strain 227-11 produced 3-6-fold higher levels of CA than the 042 strain, suggesting differential regulation of the CA in the two strains. The presence of CA was accompanied by the formation of large biofilm structures on the surface of sprouts. The wcaF-wza chromosomal locus was required for the synthesis of CA in EAEC 042. Deletion in the glycosyltransferase wcaE gene abolished the production of CA in 042, and resulted in diminished adherence to sprouts when co-cultured at ambient temperature. In conclusion, this work suggests that copious production of CA may contribute to persistence of EAEC in the environment and suggests a potential explanation for the large Shiga toxin-producing EAEC outbreak in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Borgersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - David T. Bolick
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Glynis L. Kolling
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Matthew Aijuka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Fernando Ruiz-Perez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - James P. Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Araceli E. Santiago
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine and University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Lewis ML, Surewaard BGJ. Neutrophil evasion strategies by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:489-503. [PMID: 29204747 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans are well equipped to defend themselves against bacteria. The innate immune system employs diverse mechanisms to recognize, control and initiate a response that can destroy millions of different microbes. Microbes that evade the sophisticated innate immune system are able to escape detection and could become pathogens. The pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus are particularly successful due to the development of a wide variety of virulence strategies for bacterial pathogenesis and they invest significant efforts towards mechanisms that allow for neutrophil evasion. Neutrophils are a primary cellular defense and can rapidly kill invading microbes, which is an indispensable function for maintaining host health. This review compares the key features of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in epidemiology, with a specific focus on virulence mechanisms utilized to evade neutrophils in bacterial pathogenesis. It is important to understand the complex interactions between pathogenic bacteria and neutrophils so that we can disrupt the ability of pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Lewis
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bas G J Surewaard
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Abstract
Escherichia coli are a common cause of infectious disease outside of the gastrointestinal tract. Several independently evolved E. coli clades are common causes of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. There is ample epidemiological and in vitro evidence that several different protein toxins common to many, but not all, of these strains are likely to aid the colonization and immune-evasion ability of these bacteria. This review discusses our current knowledge and areas of ignorance concerning the contribution of the hemolysin; cytotoxic-necrotizing factor-1; and the autotransporters, Sat, Pic, and Vat, to extraintestinal human disease.
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Maldonado-Contreras A, Birtley JR, Boll E, Zhao Y, Mumy KL, Toscano J, Ayehunie S, Reinecker HC, Stern LJ, McCormick BA. Shigella depends on SepA to destabilize the intestinal epithelial integrity via cofilin activation. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:544-560. [PMID: 28598765 PMCID: PMC5730386 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1339006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Shigella is unique among enteric pathogens, as it invades colonic epithelia through the basolateral pole. Therefore, it has evolved the ability to breach the intestinal epithelial barrier to deploy an arsenal of effector proteins, which permits bacterial invasion and leads to a severe inflammatory response. However, the mechanisms used by Shigella to regulate epithelial barrier permeability remain unknown. To address this question, we used both an intestinal polarized model and a human ex-vivo model to further characterize the early events of host-bacteria interactions. Our results showed that secreted Serine Protease A (SepA), which belongs to the serine protease autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae family, is responsible for critically disrupting the intestinal epithelial barrier. Such disruption facilitates bacterial transit to the basolateral pole of the epithelium, ultimately fostering the hallmarks of the disease pathology. SepA was found to cause a decrease in active LIM Kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels, a negative inhibitor of actin-remodeling proteins, namely cofilin. Correspondingly, we observed increased activation of cofilin, a major actin-polymerization factor known to control opening of tight junctions at the epithelial barrier. Furthermore, we resolved the crystal structure of SepA to elucidate its role on actin-dynamics and barrier disruption. The serine protease activity of SepA was found to be required for the regulatory effects on LIMK1 and cofilin, resulting in the disruption of the epithelial barrier during infection. Altogether, we demonstrate that SepA is indispensable for barrier disruption, ultimately facilitating Shigella transit to the basolateral pole where it effectively invades the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maldonado-Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Beth A. McCormick ; Ana Maldonado-Contreras 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, MA, 01655
| | - James R. Birtley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erik Boll
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yun Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen L. Mumy
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Juan Toscano
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Beth A. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Beth A. McCormick ; Ana Maldonado-Contreras 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, MA, 01655
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Shen P, Fan J, Guo L, Li J, Li A, Zhang J, Ying C, Ji J, Xu H, Zheng B, Xiao Y. Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri strain SP1, a diarrheal isolate that encodes an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:37. [PMID: 28499446 PMCID: PMC5429569 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shigellosis is the most common cause of gastrointestinal infections in developing countries. In China, the species most frequently responsible for shigellosis is Shigella flexneri. S. flexneri remains largely unexplored from a genomic standpoint and is still described using a vocabulary based on biochemical and serological properties. Moreover, increasing numbers of ESBL-producing Shigella strains have been isolated from clinical samples. Despite this, only a few cases of ESBL-producing Shigella have been described in China. Therefore, a better understanding of ESBL-producing Shigella from a genomic standpoint is required. In this study, a S. flexneri type 1a isolate SP1 harboring blaCTX-M-14, which was recovered from the patient with diarrhea, was subjected to whole genome sequencing. RESULTS The draft genome assembly of S. flexneri strain SP1 consisted of 4,592,345 bp with a G+C content of 50.46%. RAST analysis revealed the genome contained 4798 coding sequences (CDSs) and 100 RNA-encoding genes. We detected one incomplete prophage and six candidate CRISPR loci in the genome. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that strain SP1 is resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefazolin, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim. In silico analysis detected genes mediating resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, phenicol, tetracycline, sulphonamides, and trimethoprim. The bla CTX-M-14 gene was located on an IncFII2 plasmid. A series of virulence factors were identified in the genome. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we report the whole genome sequence of a blaCTX-M-14-encoding S. flexneri strain SP1. Dozens of resistance determinants were detected in the genome and may be responsible for the multidrug-resistance of this strain, although further confirmation studies are warranted. Numerous virulence factors identified in the strain suggest that isolate SP1 is potential pathogenic. The availability of the genome sequence and comparative analysis with other S. flexneri strains provides the basis to further address the evolution of drug resistance mechanisms and pathogenicity in S. flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jiahua Li
- Department of Hospital Infection Control, Zhucheng People's Hospital, Zhucheng, 252300, China
| | - Ang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Chaoqun Ying
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jinru Ji
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Beiwen Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yonghong Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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Abreu AG, Barbosa AS. How Escherichia coli Circumvent Complement-Mediated Killing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:452. [PMID: 28473832 PMCID: PMC5397495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a crucial arm of the innate immune response against invading bacterial pathogens, and one of its main functions is to recognize and destroy target cells. Similar to other pathogens, Escherichia coli has evolved mechanisms to overcome complement activation. It is well known that capsular polysaccharide may confer resistance to complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis, being one of the strategies adopted by this bacterium to survive in serum. In addition, proteases produced by E. coli have been shown to downregulate the complement system. Pic, an autotransporter secreted by different pathogens in the Enterobacteriaceae family, is able to cleave C2, C3/C3b, and C4/C4b and works synergistically with human Factor I and Factor H (FH), thereby promoting inactivation of C3b. Extracellular serine protease P, a serine protease of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), downregulates complement activation by cleaving C3/C3b and C5. StcE, a metalloprotease secreted by EHEC, inhibits the classical complement-mediated cell lysis by potentiating the action of C1 inhibitor, and the periplasmic protease Prc contributes to E. coli complement evasion by interfering with the classical pathway activation and by preventing membrane attack complex deposition. Finally, it has been described that E. coli proteins interact with negative complement regulators to modulate complement activation. The functional consequences resulting from the interaction of outer membrane protein A, new lipoprotein I, outer membrane protein W, and Stx2 with proteins of the FH family and C4b-binding protein (C4BP) are discussed in detail. In brief, in this review, we focused on the different mechanisms used by pathogenic E. coli to circumvent complement attack, allowing these bacteria to promote a successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso G Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, CEUMA University, São Luís, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Angela S Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Molecular Characterization of the Vacuolating Autotransporter Toxin in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1487-98. [PMID: 26858103 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00791-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The vacuolating autotransporter toxin (Vat) contributes to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) fitness during systemic infection. Here, we characterized Vat and investigated its regulation in UPEC. We assessed the prevalence of vat in a collection of 45 UPEC urosepsis strains and showed that it was present in 31 (68%) of the isolates. The isolates containing the vat gene corresponded to three major E. coli sequence types (ST12, ST73, and ST95), and these strains secreted the Vat protein. Further analysis of the vat genomic locus identified a conserved gene located directly downstream of vat that encodes a putative MarR-like transcriptional regulator; we termed this gene vatX The vat-vatX genes were present in the UPEC reference strain CFT073, and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) revealed that the two genes are cotranscribed. Overexpression of vatX in CFT073 led to a 3-fold increase in vat gene transcription. The vat promoter region contained three putative nucleation sites for the global transcriptional regulator histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS); thus, the hns gene was mutated in CFT073 (to generate CFT073 hns). Western blot analysis using a Vat-specific antibody revealed a significant increase in Vat expression in CFT073 hns compared to that in wild-type CFT073. Direct H-NS binding to the vat promoter region was demonstrated using purified H-NS in combination with electrophoresis mobility shift assays. Finally, Vat-specific antibodies were detected in plasma samples from urosepsis patients infected by vat-containing UPEC strains, demonstrating that Vat is expressed during infection. Overall, this study has demonstrated that Vat is a highly prevalent and tightly regulated immunogenic serine protease autotransporter protein of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) secreted by UPEC during infection. IMPORTANCE Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the major cause of hospital- and community-acquired urinary tract infections. The vacuolating autotransporter toxin (Vat) is a cytotoxin known to contribute to UPEC fitness during murine sepsis infection. In this study, Vat was found to be highly conserved and prevalent among a collection of urosepsis clinical isolates and was expressed at human core body temperature. Regulation of vat was demonstrated to be directly repressed by the global transcriptional regulator H-NS and upregulated by the downstream gene vatX (encoding a new MarR-type transcriptional regulator). Additionally, increased Vat-specific IgG titers were detected in plasma from corresponding urosepsis patients infected with vat-positive isolates. Hence, Vat is a highly conserved and tightly regulated urosepsis-associated virulence factor.
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Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS. Shigella Diversity and Changing Landscape: Insights for the Twenty-First Century. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:45. [PMID: 27148494 PMCID: PMC4835486 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of S.sonnei, comprising several serotypes. Shigella accounts for the majority of dysentery causing infections occurring world-wide each year. Recent advancements in the Shigella field have led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell invasion and immune cell function manipulation, mainly using S. flexneri as a model. Host-cell invasion is the final step of the infection process, as Shigella's virulence strategy relies also on its ability to survive hostile conditions during its journey through the gastro-intestinal tract, to compete with the host microbiota and to cross the intestinal mucus layer. Hence, the diversity of the virulence strategies among the different Shigella species has not yet been deeply investigated, which might be an important step to understand the epidemiological spreading of Shigella species worldwide and a key aspect for the validation of novel vaccine candidates. The recent development of high-throughput screening and sequencing methods will facilitate these complex comparison studies. In this review we discuss several of the major avenues that the Shigella research field has taken over the past few years and hopefully gain some insights into the questions that remain surrounding this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anderson
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France; Collège de FranceParis, France
| | - Benoit S Marteyn
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne MoléculaireParis, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 786Paris, France
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Abreu AG, Abe CM, Nunes KO, Moraes CTP, Chavez-Dueñas L, Navarro-Garcia F, Barbosa AS, Piazza RMF, Elias WP. The serine protease Pic as a virulence factor of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:115-25. [PMID: 26963626 PMCID: PMC4856457 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1136775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotransporter proteins (AT) are associated with bacterial virulence attributes. Originally identified in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), Shigella flexneri 2a and uropathogenic E. coli, the serine protease Pic is one of these AT. We have previously detected one atypical enteropathogenic E. coli strain (BA589) carrying the pic gene. In the present study, we characterized the biological activities of Pic produced by BA589 both in vitro and in vivo. Contrarily to other Pic-producers bacteria, pic in BA589 is located on a high molecular weight plasmid. PicBA589 was able to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes, cleave mucin and degrade complement system molecules. BA589 was able to colonize mice intestines, and an intense mucus production was observed. The BA589Δpic mutant lost the capacity to colonize as well as the above-mentioned in vitro activities. Thus, Pic represents an additional virulence factor in aEPEC strain BA589, associated with adherence, colonization and evasion from the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso G. Abreu
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Cecilia M. Abe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamila O. Nunes
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lucia Chavez-Dueñas
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Mexico DF, Mexico
| | | | | | - Waldir P. Elias
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Escherichia coli O104:H4 Pathogenesis: an Enteroaggregative E. coli/Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli Explosive Cocktail of High Virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 2. [PMID: 26104460 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0008-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A major outbreak caused by Escherichia coli of serotype O104:H4 spread throughout Europe in 2011. This large outbreak was caused by an unusual strain that is most similar to enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) of serotype O104:H4. A significant difference, however, is the presence of a prophage encoding the Shiga toxin, which is characteristic of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strains. This combination of genomic features, associating characteristics from both EAEC and EHEC, represents a new pathotype. The 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak of hemorrhagic diarrhea in Germany is an example of the explosive cocktail of high virulence and resistance that can emerge in this species. A total of 46 deaths, 782 cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and 3,128 cases of acute gastroenteritis were attributed to this new clone of EAEC/EHEC. In addition, recent identification in France of similar O104:H4 clones exhibiting the same virulence factors suggests that the EHEC O104:H4 pathogen has become endemically established in Europe after the end of the outbreak. EAEC strains of serotype O104:H4 contain a large set of virulence-associated genes regulated by the AggR transcription factor. They include, among other factors, the pAA plasmid genes encoding the aggregative adherence fimbriae, which anchor the bacterium to the intestinal mucosa (stacked-brick adherence pattern on epithelial cells). Furthermore, sequencing studies showed that horizontal genetic exchange allowed for the emergence of the highly virulent Shiga toxin-producing EAEC O104:H4 strain that caused the German outbreak. This article discusses the role these virulence factors could have in EAEC/EHEC O104:H4 pathogenesis.
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Nicholson BA, West AC, Mangiamele P, Barbieri N, Wannemuehler Y, Nolan LK, Logue CM, Li G. Genetic Characterization of ExPEC-Like Virulence Plasmids among a Subset of NMEC. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147757. [PMID: 26800268 PMCID: PMC4723317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal Meningitis Escherichia coli (NMEC) is one of the most common causes of neonatal bacterial meningitis in the US and elsewhere resulting in mortality or neurologic deficits in survivors. Large plasmids have been shown experimentally to increase the virulence of NMEC in the rat model of neonatal meningitis. Here, 9 ExPEC-like plasmids were isolated from NMEC and sequenced to identify the core and accessory plasmid genes of ExPEC-like virulence plasmids in NMEC and create an expanded plasmid phylogeny. Results showed sequenced virulence plasmids carry a strongly conserved core of genes with predicted functions in five distinct categories including: virulence, metabolism, plasmid stability, mobile elements, and unknown genes. The major functions of virulence-associated and plasmid core genes serve to increase in vivo fitness by adding multiple iron uptake systems to the genetic repertoire to facilitate NMEC’s survival in the host’s low iron environment, and systems to enhance bacterial resistance to host innate immunity. Phylogenetic analysis based on these core plasmid genes showed that at least two lineages of ExPEC-like plasmids could be discerned. Further, virulence plasmids from Avian Pathogenic E. coli and NMEC plasmids could not be differentiated based solely on the genes of the core plasmid genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryon A. Nicholson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. West
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Paul Mangiamele
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicolle Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yvonne Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lisa K. Nolan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Logue
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 University Blvd, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Gibold L, Garenaux E, Dalmasso G, Gallucci C, Cia D, Mottet-Auselo B, Faïs T, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Nguyen HTT, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Delmas J. The Vat-AIEC protease promotes crossing of the intestinal mucus layer by Crohn's disease-associated Escherichia coli. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:617-31. [PMID: 26499863 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of Crohn's disease (CD) involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are receiving increased attention because in studies of mucosa-associated microbiota, they are more prevalent in CD patients than in healthy subjects. AIEC are associated both with ileal and colonic disease phenotypes. In this study, we reported a protease called Vat-AIEC from AIEC that favours the mucosa colonization. The deletion of the Vat-AIEC-encoding gene resulted in an adhesion-impaired phenotype in vitro and affected the colonization of bacteria in contact with intestinal epithelial cells in a murine intestinal loop model, and also their gut colonization in vivo. Furthermore, unlike LF82Δvat-AIEC, wild-type AIEC reference strain LF82 was able to penetrate a mucus column extensively and promoted the degradation of mucins and a decrease in mucus viscosity. Vat-AIEC transcription was stimulated by several chemical conditions found in the ileum environment. Finally, the screening of E. coli strains isolated from CD patients revealed a preferential vat-AIEC association with AIEC strains belonging to the B2 phylogroup. Overall, this study revealed a new component of AIEC virulence that might favour their implantation in the gut of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Gibold
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Estelle Garenaux
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Dalmasso
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Camille Gallucci
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Cia
- Equipe Biophysique Neurosensorielle, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d'Auvergne, UMR INSERM 1107, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Mottet-Auselo
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tiphanie Faïs
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hang Thi Thu Nguyen
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Microbes, Intestins, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM U1071, INRA USC2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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The secreted autotransporter toxin (Sat) does not act as a virulence factor in the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:250. [PMID: 26518156 PMCID: PMC4628265 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a probiotic used in the treatment of intestinal diseases. Although it is considered safe, EcN is closely related to the uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 and contains many of its predicted virulence elements. Thus, it is relevant to assess whether virulence-associated genes are functional in EcN. One of these genes encodes the secreted autotransporter toxin (Sat), a member of the serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) that are secreted following the type V autotransporter pathway. Sat is highly prevalent in certain E. coli pathogenic groups responsible for urinary and intestinal infections. In these pathogens Sat promotes cytotoxic effects in several lines of undifferentiated epithelial cells, but not in differentiated Caco-2 cells. Results Here we provide evidence that sat is expressed by EcN during the colonization of mouse intestine. The EcN protein is secreted as an active serine protease, with its 107 kDa-passenger domain released into the medium as a soluble protein. Expression of recombinant EcN Sat protein in strain HB101 increases paracellular permeability to mannitol in polarized Caco-2 monolayers. This effect, also reported for the Sat protein of diffusely adherent E. coli, is not observed when this protein is expressed in the EcN background. In addition, we show that EcN supernatants confer protection against Sat-mediated effects on paracellular permeability, thus indicating that other secreted EcN factors are able to prevent barrier disruption caused by pathogen-related factors. Sat is not required for intestinal colonization, but the EcNsat::cat mutant outcompetes wild-type EcN in the streptomycin-treated mouse model. Analysis of the presence of sat in 29 strains of the ECOR collection isolated from stools of healthy humans shows 34.8 % positives, with high prevalence of strains of the phylogenetic groups D and B2, related with extra-intestinal infections. Conclusions Sat does not act as a virulence factor in EcN. The role of Sat in intestinal pathogenesis relies on other genetic determinants responsible for the bacterial pathotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0591-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The Serine Protease Autotransporter Pic Modulates Citrobacter rodentium Pathogenesis and Its Innate Recognition by the Host. Infect Immun 2015; 83:2636-50. [PMID: 25895966 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00025-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens produce a number of autotransporters that possess diverse functions. These include the family of serine protease autotransporters of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATEs) produced by enteric pathogens such as Shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Of these SPATEs, one termed "protein involved in colonization," or Pic, has been shown to possess mucinase activity in vitro, but to date, its role in in vivo enteric pathogenesis is unknown. Testing a pic null (ΔpicC) mutant in Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen, found that the C. rodentium ΔpicC strain was impaired in its ability to degrade mucin in vitro compared to the wild type. Upon infection of mice, the ΔpicC mutant exhibited a hypervirulent phenotype with dramatically heavier pathogen burdens found in intestinal crypts. ΔpicC mutant-infected mice suffered greater barrier disruption and more severe colitis and weight loss, necessitating their euthanization between 10 and 14 days postinfection. Notably, the virulence of the ΔpicC mutant was normalized when the picC gene was restored; however, a PicC point mutant causing loss of mucinase activity did not replicate the ΔpicC phenotype. Exploring other aspects of PicC function, the ΔpicC mutant was found to aggregate to higher levels in vivo than wild-type C. rodentium. Moreover, unlike the wild type, the C. rodentium ΔpicC mutant had a red, dry, and rough (RDAR) morphology in vitro and showed increased activation of the innate receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Interestingly, the C. rodentium ΔpicC mutant caused a degree of pathology similar to that of wild-type C. rodentium when infecting TLR2-deficient mice, showing that despite its mucinase activity, PicC's major role in vivo may be to limit C. rodentium's stimulation of the host's innate immune system.
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Subashchandrabose S, Mobley HLT. Virulence and Fitness Determinants of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0015-2012. [PMID: 26350328 PMCID: PMC4566162 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0015-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a major global public health concern. Increasing antibiotic resistance found in clinical UPEC isolates underscores the immediate need for development of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Better understanding of the fitness and virulence mechanisms that are integral to the pathogenesis of UTI will facilitate identification of novel strategies to prevent and treat infection with UPEC. Working towards that goal, the global UPEC research community has made great strides at unraveling various virulence and fitness genes. Here, we summarize major findings on virulence and fitness determinants that enable UPEC to successfully survive and colonize the urinary tract of mammalian hosts. Major sections of this chapter are devoted to the role of iron acquisition systems, metabolic pathways, fimbriae, flagella, toxins, biofilm formation, capsule, and strain-specific genes in the initiation and progression of UTIs. Transcriptomes of UPEC during experimental UTI in a murine model and naturally occurring UTI in women are compared to elucidate virulence mechanisms specifically involved in human UTI. Capitalizing on the advances in molecular pathogenesis research by translating these findings will help develop better clinical strategies for prevention and management of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harry L T Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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48
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Gómez-Duarte OG. [Acute diarrheal disease caused by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Colombia]. Rev Chilena Infectol 2015; 31:577-86. [PMID: 25491457 DOI: 10.4067/s0716-10182014000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal Escherichia coli pathogens are leading causes of acute diarrheal disease in children less than 5 years in Latin America, Africa and Asia and a leading cause of death in children living in poorest communities in Africa and South East Asia. Studies on the role of E. coli pathogens in childhood diarrhea in Colombia and other countries in Latin America are limited due to the lack of detection assays in clinical laboratories at the main urban medical centers. Recent studies report that enterotoxigenic E. coli is the most common E. coli pathogens associated with diarrhea in children less than 5 years of age. Other E. coli pathotypes have been detected in children with diarrhea including enteropathogenic, enteroaggregative, shiga-toxin producing and diffusely adherent E. coli. It was also found that meat and vegetables at retail stores are contaminated with Shiga-toxin producing E. coli and enteroaggregative E. coli, suggesting that food products are involved in transmission and infection of the susceptible host. More studies are necessary to evaluate the mechanisms of transmission, the impact on the epidemiology of diarrheal disease, and management strategies and prevention of these pathogens affecting the pediatric population in Colombia.
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Yahiaoui M, Robin F, Bakour R, Hamidi M, Bonnet R, Messai Y. Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence, and Genetic Background of Community-Acquired Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Algeria. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 21:516-26. [PMID: 26430940 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate antibiotic resistance mechanisms, virulence traits, and genetic background of 150 nonrepetitive community-acquired uropathogenic Escherichia coli (CA-UPEC) from Algeria. A rate of 46.7% of isolates was multidrug resistant. bla genes detected were blaTEM (96.8% of amoxicillin-resistant isolates), blaCTX-M-15 (4%), overexpressed blaAmpC (4%), blaSHV-2a, blaTEM-4, blaTEM-31, and blaTEM-35 (0.7%). All tetracycline-resistant isolates (51.3%) had tetA and/or tetB genes. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim resistance genes were sul2 (60.8%), sul1 (45.9%), sul3 (6.7%), dfrA14 (25.4%), dfrA1 (18.2%), dfrA12 (16.3%), and dfrA25 (5.4%). High-level fluoroquinolone resistance (22.7%) was mediated by mutations in gyrA (S83L-D87N) and parC (S80I-E84G/V or S80I) genes. qnrB5, qnrS1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were rare (5.3%). Class 1 and/or class 2 integrons were detected (40.7%). Isolates belonged to phylogroups B2+D (50%), A+B1 (36%), and F+C+Clade I (13%). Most of D (72.2%) and 38.6% of B2 isolates were multidrug resistant; they belong to 14 different sequence types, including international successful ST131, ST73, and ST69, reported for the first time in the community in Algeria and new ST4494 and ST4529 described in this study. Besides multidrug resistance, B2 and D isolates possessed virulence factors of colonization, invasion, and long-term persistence. The study highlighted multidrug-resistant CA-UPEC with high virulence traits and an epidemic genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merzouk Yahiaoui
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Robin
- 2 CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire de Bactériologie , Clermont-Ferrand, France .,3 Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne , Evolution des Bactéries Pathogènes et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rabah Bakour
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Richard Bonnet
- 2 CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire de Bactériologie , Clermont-Ferrand, France .,3 Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne , Evolution des Bactéries Pathogènes et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yamina Messai
- 1 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene , Algiers, Algeria
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50
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Sanchez-Villamil J, Navarro-Garcia F. Role of virulence factors on host inflammatory response induced by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1009-33. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pathogens are able to breach the intestinal barrier, and different bacterial species can display different abilities to colonize hosts and induce inflammation. Inflammatory response studies induced by enteropathogens as Escherichia coli are interesting since it has acquired diverse genetic mobile elements, leading to different E. coli pathotypes. Diarrheagenic E. coli secrete toxins, effectors and virulence factors that exploit the host cell functions to facilitate the bacterial colonization. Many bacterial proteins are delivered to the host cell for subverting the inflammatory response. Hereby, we have highlighted the specific processes used by E. coli pathotypes, by that subvert the inflammatory pathways. These mechanisms include an arrangement of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to favor the appropriate environmental niche for the bacterial survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanchez-Villamil
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ap. Postal 14–740, 07000, México DF, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ap. Postal 14–740, 07000, México DF, Mexico
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