1
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Park J, Kim J, Park H, Kim T, Lee S. ESCRT-III: a versatile membrane remodeling machinery and its implications in cellular processes and diseases. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:367-380. [PMID: 39070887 PMCID: PMC11275535 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2380294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is an evolutionarily conserved cytosolic protein complex that plays a crucial role in membrane remodeling and scission events across eukaryotes. Initially discovered for its function in multivesicular body (MVB) formation, the ESCRT complex has since been implicated in a wide range of membrane-associated processes, including endocytosis, exocytosis, cytokinesis, and autophagy. Recent advances have elucidated the ESCRT assembly pathway and highlighted the distinct functions of the various ESCRT complexes and their associated partners. Among the ESCRT complexes, ESCRT-III stands out as a critical player in membrane remodeling, with its subunits assembled into higher-order multimers capable of bending and severing membranes. This review focuses on the ESCRT-III complex, exploring its diverse functions in cellular processes beyond MVB biogenesis. We delve into the molecular mechanisms underlying ESCRT-III-mediated membrane remodeling and highlight its emerging roles in processes such as viral budding, autophagosome closure, and cytokinetic abscission. We also discuss the implications of ESCRT-III dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases. The versatile membrane remodeling capabilities of ESCRT-III across diverse cellular processes underscore its importance in maintaining proper cellular function. Furthermore, we highlight the promising potential of ESCRT-III as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases, offering insights into the treatments of the diseases and the technical applications in related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Park
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongyoon Kim
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsun Park
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongju Lee
- Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang J, Barr MM, Wehman AM. Extracellular vesicles. Genetics 2024:iyae088. [PMID: 38884207 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a diverse array of membrane-bound organelles released outside cells in response to developmental and physiological cell needs. EVs play important roles in remodeling the shape and content of differentiating cells and can rescue damaged cells from toxic or dysfunctional content. EVs can send signals and transfer metabolites between tissues and organisms to regulate development, respond to stress or tissue damage, or alter mating behaviors. While many EV functions have been uncovered by characterizing ex vivo EVs isolated from body fluids and cultured cells, research using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has provided insights into the in vivo functions, biogenesis, and uptake pathways. The C. elegans EV field has also developed methods to analyze endogenous EVs within the organismal context of development and adult physiology in free-living, behaving animals. In this review, we summarize major themes that have emerged for C. elegans EVs and their relevance to human health and disease. We also highlight the diversity of biogenesis mechanisms, locations, and functions of worm EVs and discuss open questions and unexplored topics tenable in C. elegans, given the nematode model is ideal for light and electron microscopy, genetic screens, genome engineering, and high-throughput omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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3
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Richard A, Berthelet J, Judith D, Advedissian T, Espadas J, Jannot G, Amo A, Loew D, Lombard B, Casanova AG, Reynoird N, Roux A, Berlioz-Torrent C, Echard A, Weitzman JB, Medjkane S. Methylation of ESCRT-III components regulates the timing of cytokinetic abscission. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4023. [PMID: 38740816 PMCID: PMC11091153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final stage of cytokinesis, which cleaves the intercellular bridge (ICB) connecting two daughter cells. Abscission requires tight control of the recruitment and polymerization of the Endosomal Protein Complex Required for Transport-III (ESCRT-III) components. We explore the role of post-translational modifications in regulating ESCRT dynamics. We discover that SMYD2 methylates the lysine 6 residue of human CHMP2B, a key ESCRT-III component, at the ICB, impacting the dynamic relocation of CHMP2B to sites of abscission. SMYD2 loss-of-function (genetically or pharmacologically) causes CHMP2B hypomethylation, delayed CHMP2B polymerization and delayed abscission. This is phenocopied by CHMP2B lysine 6 mutants that cannot be methylated. Conversely, SMYD2 gain-of-function causes CHMP2B hypermethylation and accelerated abscission, specifically in cells undergoing cytokinetic challenges, thereby bypassing the abscission checkpoint. Additional experiments highlight the importance of CHMP2B methylation beyond cytokinesis, namely during ESCRT-III-mediated HIV-1 budding. We propose that lysine methylation signaling fine-tunes the ESCRT-III machinery to regulate the timing of cytokinetic abscission and other ESCRT-III dependent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Richard
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Judith
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Cochin, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Javier Espadas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Jannot
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Angélique Amo
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Berangere Lombard
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre de Recherche, CurieCoreTech Mass Spectrometry Proteomics, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre G Casanova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoird
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan B Weitzman
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Souhila Medjkane
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR7126 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013, Paris, France.
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4
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Hermant C, Matias NR, Michel-Hissier P, Huynh JR, Mathieu J. Lethal Giant Disc is a target of Cdk1 and regulates ESCRT-III localization during germline stem cell abscission. Development 2024; 151:dev202306. [PMID: 38546617 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that allows the physical separation of sister cells through the scission of the cellular membrane. This deformation is driven by ESCRT-III proteins, which can bind membranes and form dynamic helices. A crucial step in abscission is the recruitment of ESCRT-III proteins at the right time and place. Alix is one of the best characterized proteins that recruits ESCRT-III proteins from yeast to mammals. However, recent studies in vivo have revealed that pathways acting independently or redundantly with Alix are also required at abscission sites in different cellular contexts. Here, we show that Lgd acts redundantly with Alix to properly localize ESCRT-III to the abscission site in germline stem cells (GSCs) during Drosophila oogenesis. We further demonstrate that Lgd is phosphorylated at multiple sites by the CycB/Cdk1 kinase. We found that these phosphorylation events potentiate the activity of Shrub, a Drosophila ESCRT-III, during abscission of GSCs. Our study reveals that redundancy between Lgd and Alix, and coordination with the cell cycle kinase Cdk1, confers robust and timely abscission of Drosophila germline stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hermant
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Neuza Reis Matias
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pascale Michel-Hissier
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jean-René Huynh
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
| | - Juliette Mathieu
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS Biologie, INSERM, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris 75005, France
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5
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Dvilansky I, Altaras Y, Kamenetsky N, Nachmias D, Elia N. The human AAA-ATPase VPS4A isoform and its co-factor VTA1 have a unique function in regulating mammalian cytokinesis abscission. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002327. [PMID: 38687820 PMCID: PMC11086821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human AAA-ATPase VPS4 isoform, VPS4A, cause severe neurodevelopmental defects and congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA). VPS4 is a crucial component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) system, which drives membrane remodeling in numerous cellular processes, including receptor degradation, cell division, and neural pruning. Notably, while most organisms encode for a single VPS4 gene, human cells have 2 VPS4 paralogs, namely VPS4A and VPS4B, but the functional differences between these paralogs is mostly unknown. Here, we set out to investigate the role of the human VPS4 paralogs in cytokinetic abscission using a series of knockout cell lines. We found that VPS4A and VPS4B hold both overlapping and distinct roles in abscission. VPS4A depletion resulted in a more severe abscission delay than VPS4B and was found to be involved in earlier stages of abscission. Moreover, VPS4A and a monomeric-locked VPS4A mutant bound the abscission checkpoint proteins CHMP4C and ANCHR, while VPS4B did not, indicating a regulatory role for the VPS4A isoform in abscission. Depletion of VTA1, a co-factor of VPS4, disrupted VPS4A-ANCHR interactions and accelerated abscission, suggesting that VTA1 is also involved in the abscission regulation. Our findings reveal a dual role for VPS4A in abscission, one that is canonical and can be compensated by VPS4B, and another that is regulatory and may be delivered by its monomeric form. These observations provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the neurodevelopmental defects and other related disorders reported in VPS4A-mutated patients with a fully functional VPS4B paralog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Dvilansky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yarin Altaras
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nikita Kamenetsky
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Dikla Nachmias
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Natalie Elia
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev (NIBN), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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6
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Advedissian T, Frémont S, Echard A. Cytokinetic abscission requires actin-dependent microtubule severing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1949. [PMID: 38431632 PMCID: PMC10908825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell division is completed by the abscission of the intercellular bridge connecting the daughter cells. Abscission requires the polymerization of an ESCRT-III cone close to the midbody to both recruit the microtubule severing enzyme spastin and scission the plasma membrane. Here, we found that the microtubule and the membrane cuts are two separate events that are regulated differently. Using HeLa cells, we uncovered that the F-actin disassembling protein Cofilin-1 controls the disappearance of a transient pool of branched F-actin which is precisely assembled at the tip of the ESCRT-III cone shortly before the microtubule cut. Functionally, Cofilin-1 and Arp2/3-mediated branched F-actin favor abscission by promoting local severing of the microtubules but do not participate later in the membrane scission event. Mechanistically, we propose that branched F-actin functions as a physical barrier that limits ESCRT-III cone elongation and thereby favors stable spastin recruitment. Our work thus reveals that F-actin controls the timely and local disassembly of microtubules required for cytokinetic abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Advedissian
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Frémont
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015, Paris, France.
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7
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Rezig IM, Yaduma WG, McInerny CJ. Processes Controlling the Contractile Ring during Cytokinesis in Fission Yeast, Including the Role of ESCRT Proteins. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:154. [PMID: 38392827 PMCID: PMC10890238 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, as the last stage of the cell division cycle, is a tightly controlled process amongst all eukaryotes, with defective division leading to severe cellular consequences and implicated in serious human diseases and conditions such as cancer. Both mammalian cells and the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe use binary fission to divide into two equally sized daughter cells. Similar to mammalian cells, in S. pombe, cytokinetic division is driven by the assembly of an actomyosin contractile ring (ACR) at the cell equator between the two cell tips. The ACR is composed of a complex network of membrane scaffold proteins, actin filaments, myosin motors and other cytokinesis regulators. The contraction of the ACR leads to the formation of a cleavage furrow which is severed by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins, leading to the final cell separation during the last stage of cytokinesis, the abscission. This review describes recent findings defining the two phases of cytokinesis in S. pombe: ACR assembly and constriction, and their coordination with septation. In summary, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms regulating ACR-mediated cytokinesis in S. pombe and emphasize a potential role of ESCRT proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane M Rezig
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Wandiahyel G Yaduma
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Adamawa State College of Education, Hong 640001, Adamawa State, Nigeria
| | - Christopher J McInerny
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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8
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Yumura S. Wound Repair of the Cell Membrane: Lessons from Dictyostelium Cells. Cells 2024; 13:341. [PMID: 38391954 PMCID: PMC10886852 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane is frequently subjected to damage, either through physical or chemical means. The swift restoration of the cell membrane's integrity is crucial to prevent the leakage of intracellular materials and the uncontrolled influx of extracellular ions. Consequently, wound repair plays a vital role in cell survival, akin to the importance of DNA repair. The mechanisms involved in wound repair encompass a series of events, including ion influx, membrane patch formation, endocytosis, exocytosis, recruitment of the actin cytoskeleton, and the elimination of damaged membrane sections. Despite the absence of a universally accepted general model, diverse molecular models have been proposed for wound repair in different organisms. Traditional wound methods not only damage the cell membrane but also impact intracellular structures, including the underlying cortical actin networks, microtubules, and organelles. In contrast, the more recent improved laserporation selectively targets the cell membrane. Studies on Dictyostelium cells utilizing this method have introduced a novel perspective on the wound repair mechanism. This review commences by detailing methods for inducing wounds and subsequently reviews recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
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9
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Farmer T, Vaeth KF, Han KJ, Goering R, Taliaferro MJ, Prekeris R. The role of midbody-associated mRNAs in regulating abscission. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202306123. [PMID: 37922419 PMCID: PMC10624257 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Midbodies function during telophase to regulate the abscission step of cytokinesis. Until recently, it was thought that abscission-regulating proteins, such as ESCRT-III complex subunits, accumulate at the MB by directly or indirectly binding to the MB resident protein, CEP55. However, recent studies have shown that depletion of CEP55 does not fully block ESCRT-III targeting the MB. Here, we show that MBs contain mRNAs and that these MB-associated mRNAs can be locally translated, resulting in the accumulation of abscission-regulating proteins. We demonstrate that localized MB-associated translation of CHMP4B is required for its targeting to the abscission site and that 3' UTR-dependent CHMP4B mRNA targeting to the MB is required for successful completion of cytokinesis. Finally, we identify regulatory cis-elements within RNAs that are necessary and sufficient for mRNA trafficking to the MB. We propose a novel method of regulating cytokinesis and abscission by MB-associated targeting and localized translation of selective mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trey Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine F. Vaeth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ke-Jun Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raeann Goering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew J. Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Carlton JG, Baum B. Roles of ESCRT-III polymers in cell division across the tree of life. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 85:102274. [PMID: 37944425 PMCID: PMC7615534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Every cell becomes two through a carefully orchestrated process of division. Prior to division, contractile machinery must first be assembled at the cell midzone to ensure that the cut, when it is made, bisects the two separated copies of the genetic material. Second, this contractile machinery must be dynamically tethered to the limiting plasma membrane so as to bring the membrane with it as it constricts. Finally, the connecting membrane must be severed to generate two physically separate daughter cells. In several organisms across the tree of life, Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT)-III family proteins aid cell division by forming composite polymers that function together with the Vps4 AAA-ATPase to constrict and cut the membrane tube connecting nascent daughter cells from the inside. In this review, we discuss unique features of ESCRT-III that enable it to play this role in division in many archaea and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Graham Carlton
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 1UL, UK; Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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11
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Jung GI, Londoño-Vásquez D, Park S, Skop AR, Balboula AZ, Schindler K. An oocyte meiotic midbody cap is required for developmental competence in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7419. [PMID: 37973997 PMCID: PMC10654508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo development depends upon maternally derived materials. Mammalian oocytes undergo extreme asymmetric cytokinesis events, producing one large egg and two small polar bodies. During cytokinesis in somatic cells, the midbody and subsequent assembly of the midbody remnant, a signaling organelle containing RNAs, transcription factors and translation machinery, is thought to influence cellular function or fate. The role of the midbody and midbody remnant in gametes, in particular, oocytes, remains unclear. Here, we examined the formation and function of meiotic midbodies (mMB) and mMB remnants using mouse oocytes and demonstrate that mMBs have a specialized cap structure that is orientated toward polar bodies. We show that that mMBs are translationally active, and that mMB caps are required to retain nascent proteins in eggs. We propose that this specialized mMB cap maintains genetic factors in eggs allowing for full developmental competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Ik Jung
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Sungjin Park
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ahna R Skop
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ahmed Z Balboula
- Animal Sciences Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Karen Schindler
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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12
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Schindler K, Jung GI, Londoño-Vásquez D, Park S, Skop A, Balboula A. An oocyte meiotic midbody cap is required for developmental competence in mice. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3399188. [PMID: 37886573 PMCID: PMC10602078 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3399188/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Embryo development depends upon maternally derived materials. Mammalian oocytes undergo extreme asymmetric cytokinesis events, producing one large egg and two small polar bodies (PB). During cytokinesis in somatic cells, the midbody (MB) and subsequent assembly of the midbody remnant (MBR), a signaling organelle containing RNAs, transcription factors and translation machinery, is thought to influence cellular function or fate. The role of the MB and MBR in gametes, in particular, oocytes, remains unclear. Here, we examined the formation and function of meiotic MBs (mMB) and mMB remnants (mMBRs) using mouse oocytes and demonstrate that mMBs have a specialized meiotic mMB cap structure that is orientated toward PBs. We show that that mMBs are translationally active, and that mMB caps are required to retain nascent proteins in eggs. We propose that this specialized mMB cap maintains genetic factors in eggs allowing for full developmental competency.
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13
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Paine EL, Skalicky JJ, Whitby FG, Mackay DR, Ullman KS, Hill CP, Sundquist WI. The Calpain-7 protease functions together with the ESCRT-III protein IST1 within the midbody to regulate the timing and completion of abscission. eLife 2023; 12:e84515. [PMID: 37772788 PMCID: PMC10586806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery mediates the membrane fission step that completes cytokinetic abscission and separates dividing cells. Filaments composed of ESCRT-III subunits constrict membranes of the intercellular bridge midbody to the abscission point. These filaments also bind and recruit cofactors whose activities help execute abscission and/or delay abscission timing in response to mitotic errors via the NoCut/Abscission checkpoint. We previously showed that the ESCRT-III subunit IST1 binds the cysteine protease Calpain-7 (CAPN7) and that CAPN7 is required for both efficient abscission and NoCut checkpoint maintenance (Wenzel et al., 2022). Here, we report biochemical and crystallographic studies showing that the tandem microtubule-interacting and trafficking (MIT) domains of CAPN7 bind simultaneously to two distinct IST1 MIT interaction motifs. Structure-guided point mutations in either CAPN7 MIT domain disrupted IST1 binding in vitro and in cells, and depletion/rescue experiments showed that the CAPN7-IST1 interaction is required for (1) CAPN7 recruitment to midbodies, (2) efficient abscission, and (3) NoCut checkpoint arrest. CAPN7 proteolytic activity is also required for abscission and checkpoint maintenance. Hence, IST1 recruits CAPN7 to midbodies, where its proteolytic activity is required to regulate and complete abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott L Paine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jack J Skalicky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Frank G Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Douglas R Mackay
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Katharine S Ullman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Christopher P Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
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14
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Glover J, Scourfield EJ, Ventimiglia LN, Yang X, Lynham S, Agromayor M, Martin-Serrano J. UMAD1 contributes to ESCRT-III dynamic subunit turnover during cytokinetic abscission. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261097. [PMID: 37439191 PMCID: PMC10445733 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscission is the final stage of cytokinesis whereby the midbody, a thin intercellular bridge, is resolved to separate the daughter cells. Cytokinetic abscission is mediated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), a conserved membrane remodelling machinery. The midbody organiser CEP55 recruits early acting ESCRT factors such as ESCRT-I and ALIX (also known as PDCD6IP), which subsequently initiate the formation of ESCRT-III polymers that sever the midbody. We now identify UMAD1 as an ESCRT-I subunit that facilitates abscission. UMAD1 selectively associates with VPS37C and VPS37B, supporting the formation of cytokinesis-specific ESCRT-I assemblies. TSG101 recruits UMAD1 to the site of midbody abscission, to stabilise the CEP55-ESCRT-I interaction. We further demonstrate that the UMAD1-ESCRT-I interaction facilitates the final step of cytokinesis. Paradoxically, UMAD1 and ALIX co-depletion has synergistic effects on abscission, whereas ESCRT-III recruitment to the midbody is not inhibited. Importantly, we find that both UMAD1 and ALIX are required for the dynamic exchange of ESCRT-III subunits at the midbody. Therefore, UMAD1 reveals a key functional connection between ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III that is required for cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Glover
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Edward J. Scourfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Leandro N. Ventimiglia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Proteomics Facility, Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Proteomics Facility, Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Monica Agromayor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Juan Martin-Serrano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London SE1 9RT, UK
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15
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Pust S, Brech A, Wegner CS, Stenmark H, Haglund K. Vesicle-mediated transport of ALIX and ESCRT-III to the intercellular bridge during cytokinesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:235. [PMID: 37523003 PMCID: PMC10390626 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that leads to the physical separation of the two daughter cells. The scaffold protein ALIX and the ESCRT-I protein TSG101 contribute to recruiting ESCRT-III to the midbody, which orchestrates the final membrane scission of the intercellular bridge. Here, we addressed the transport mechanisms of ALIX and ESCRT-III subunit CHMP4B to the midbody. Structured illumination microscopy revealed gradual accumulation of ALIX at the midbody, resulting in the formation of spiral-like structures extending from the midbody to the abscission site, which strongly co-localized with CHMP4B. Live-cell microscopy uncovered that ALIX appeared together with CHMP4B in vesicular structures, whose motility was microtubule-dependent. Depletion of ALIX led to structural alterations of the midbody and delayed recruitment of CHMP4B, resulting in delayed abscission. Likewise, depletion of the kinesin-1 motor KIF5B reduced the motility of ALIX-positive vesicles and delayed midbody recruitment of ALIX, TSG101 and CHMP4B, accompanied by impeded abscission. We propose that ALIX, TSG101 and CHMP4B are associated with endosomal vesicles transported on microtubules by kinesin-1 to the cytokinetic bridge and midbody, thereby contributing to their function in abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Pust
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Catherine Sem Wegner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kaisa Haglund
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0379, Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Kumar R, Francis V, Ioannou MS, Aguila A, Khan M, Banks E, Kulasekaran G, McPherson PS. DENND2B activates Rab35 at the intercellular bridge, regulating cytokinetic abscission and tetraploidy. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112795. [PMID: 37454296 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis relies on membrane trafficking pathways regulated by Rabs and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). During cytokinesis, the intercellular cytokinetic bridge (ICB) connecting daughter cells undergoes abscission, which requires actin depolymerization. Rab35 recruits MICAL1 to oxidize and depolymerize actin filaments. We show that DENND2B, a protein linked to cancer and congenital disorders, functions as a Rab35 GEF, recruiting and activating Rab35 at the ICB. DENND2B's N-terminal region also interacts with an active form of Rab35, suggesting that DENND2B is both a Rab35 GEF and effector. Knockdown of DENND2B delays abscission, leading to multinucleated cells and filamentous actin (F-actin) accumulation at the ICB, impairing recruitment of ESCRT-III at the abscission site. Additionally, F-actin accumulation triggers the formation of a chromatin bridge, activating the NoCut/abscission checkpoint, and DENND2B knockdown activates Aurora B kinase, a hallmark of checkpoint activation. Thus, our study identifies DENND2B as a crucial player in cytokinetic abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Vincent Francis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria S Ioannou
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adriana Aguila
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maleeha Khan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emily Banks
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gopinath Kulasekaran
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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17
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Hudait A, Hurley JH, Voth GA. Dynamics of upstream ESCRT organization at the HIV-1 budding site. Biophys J 2023; 122:2655-2674. [PMID: 37218128 PMCID: PMC10397573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle, membrane localization and self-assembly of Gag polyproteins induce membrane deformation and budding. Release of the virion requires direct interaction between immature Gag lattice and upstream ESCRT machinery at the viral budding site, followed by assembly of downstream ESCRT-III factors, culminating in membrane scission. However, molecular details of upstream ESCRT assembly dynamics at the viral budding site remain unclear. In this work, using coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated the interactions between Gag, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, and membrane to delineate the dynamical mechanisms by which upstream ESCRTs assemble templated by late-stage immature Gag lattice. We first systematically derived "bottom-up" CG molecular models and interactions of upstream ESCRT proteins from experimental structural data and extensive all-atom MD simulations. Using these molecular models, we performed CG MD simulations of ESCRT-I oligomerization and ESCRT-I/II supercomplex formation at the neck of the budding virion. Our simulations demonstrate that ESCRT-I can effectively oligomerize to higher-order complexes templated by the immature Gag lattice both in the absence of ESCRT-II and when multiple copies of ESCRT-II are localized at the bud neck. The ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes formed in our simulations exhibit predominantly columnar structures, which has important implications for the nucleation pathway of downstream ESCRT-III polymers. Importantly, ESCRT-I/II supercomplexes bound to Gag initiate membrane neck constriction by pulling the inner edge of the bud neck closer to the ESCRT-I headpiece ring. Our findings serve to elucidate a network of interactions between upstream ESCRT machinery, immature Gag lattice, and membrane neck that regulate protein assembly dynamics at the HIV-1 budding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Hudait
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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18
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Cuvelier M, Vangheel J, Thiels W, Ramon H, Jelier R, Smeets B. Stability of asymmetric cell division: A deformable cell model of cytokinesis applied to C. elegans. Biophys J 2023; 122:1858-1867. [PMID: 37085996 PMCID: PMC10209142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division during early embryogenesis is linked to key morphogenic events such as embryo symmetry breaking and tissue patterning. It is thought that the physical surrounding of cells together with cell intrinsic cues act as a mechanical "mold," guiding cell division to ensure these events are robust. To quantify how cell division is affected by the mechanical and geometrical environment, we present a novel computational mechanical model of cytokinesis, the final phase of cell division. Simulations with the model reproduced experimentally observed furrow dynamics and describe the volume ratio of daughter cells in asymmetric cell divisions, based on the position and orientation of the mitotic spindle. For dividing cells in geometrically confined environments, we show how the orientation of confinement relative to the division axis modulates the volume ratio in asymmetric cell division. Further, we quantified how cortex viscosity and surface tension determine the shape of a dividing cell and govern bubble-instabilities in asymmetric cell division. Finally, we simulated the formation of the three body axes via sequential (a)symmetric divisions up until the six-cell stage of early C. elegans development, which proceeds within the confines of an eggshell. We demonstrate how model input parameters spindle position and orientation provide sufficient information to reliably predict the volume ratio of daughter cells during the cleavage phase of development. However, for egg geometries perturbed by compression, the model predicts that a change in confinement alone is insufficient to explain experimentally observed differences in cell volume. This points to an effect of the compression on the spindle positioning mechanism. Additionally, the model predicts that confinement stabilizes asymmetric cell divisions against bubble-instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Cuvelier
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jef Vangheel
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Thiels
- CMPG, M2S Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Herman Ramon
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Rob Jelier
- CMPG, M2S Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bart Smeets
- MeBioS, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Price KL, Tharakan DM, Cooley L. Evolutionarily conserved midbody remodeling precedes ring canal formation during gametogenesis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:474-488.e5. [PMID: 36898376 PMCID: PMC10059090 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
How canonical cytokinesis is altered during germ cell division to produce stable intercellular bridges, called "ring canals," is poorly understood. Here, using time-lapse imaging in Drosophila, we observe that ring canal formation occurs through extensive remodeling of the germ cell midbody, a structure classically associated with its function in recruiting abscission-regulating proteins in complete cytokinesis. Germ cell midbody cores reorganize and join the midbody ring rather than being discarded, and this transition is accompanied by changes in centralspindlin dynamics. The midbody-to-ring canal transformation is conserved in the Drosophila male and female germlines and during mouse and Hydra spermatogenesis. In Drosophila, ring canal formation depends on Citron kinase function to stabilize the midbody, similar to its role during somatic cell cytokinesis. Our results provide important insights into the broader functions of incomplete cytokinesis events across biological systems, such as those observed during development and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari L Price
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dyuthi M Tharakan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lynn Cooley
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Jukic N, Perrino AP, Redondo-Morata L, Scheuring S. Structure and dynamics of ESCRT-III membrane remodeling proteins by high-speed atomic force microscopy. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104575. [PMID: 36870686 PMCID: PMC10074808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins assemble on the cytoplasmic leaflet of membranes and remodel them. ESCRT is involved in biological processes where membranes are bent away from the cytosol, constricted, and finally severed, such as in multi-vesicular body formation (in the endosomal pathway for protein sorting) or abscission during cell division. The ESCRT system is hijacked by enveloped viruses to allow buds of nascent virions to be constricted, severed and released. ESCRT-III proteins, the most downstream components of the ESCRT system, are monomeric and cytosolic in their autoinhibited conformation. They share a common architecture, a four-helix bundle with a fifth helix that interacts with this bundle to prevent polymerizing. Upon binding to negatively charged membranes, the ESCRT-III components adopt an activated state that allows them to polymerize into filaments and spirals, and to interact with the AAA-ATPase Vps4 for polymer remodeling. ESCRT-III has been studied with electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM); these methods provided invaluable information about ESCRT assembly structures or their dynamics, respectively, but neither approach provides detailed insights into both aspects simultaneously. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) has overcome this shortcoming, providing movies at high spatio-temporal resolution of biomolecular processes, significantly increasing our understanding of ESCRT-III structure and dynamics. Here, we review the contributions of HS-AFM in the analysis of ESCRT-III, focusing on recent developments of non-planar and deformable HS-AFM supports. We divide the HS-AFM observations into four sequential steps in the ESCRT-III lifecycle: 1) polymerization, 2) morphology, 3) dynamics, and 4) depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Jukic
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alma P Perrino
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lorena Redondo-Morata
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, NY 14853, USA.
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21
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Romano JD, Mayoral J, Guevara RB, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB, Weiss LM, Coppens I. Toxoplasma gondii scavenges mammalian host organelles through the usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4A. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260159. [PMID: 36718630 PMCID: PMC10022688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens exploit cellular resources through host cell manipulation. Within its nonfusogenic parasitophorous vacuole (PV), Toxoplasma gondii targets host nutrient-filled organelles and sequesters them into the PV through deep invaginations of the PV membrane (PVM) that ultimately detach from this membrane. Some of these invaginations are generated by an intravacuolar network (IVN) of parasite-derived tubules attached to the PVM. Here, we examined the usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4A by the parasite to create PVM buds and vesicles. CHMP4B associated with the PVM/IVN, and dominant-negative (DN) CHMP4B formed many long PVM invaginations containing CHMP4B filaments. These invaginations were shorter in IVN-deficient parasites, suggesting cooperation between the IVN and ESCRT. In infected cells expressing Vps4A-DN, enlarged intra-PV structures containing host endolysosomes accumulated, reflecting defects in PVM scission. Parasite mutants lacking T. gondii (Tg)GRA14 or TgGRA64, which interact with ESCRT, reduced CHMP4B-DN-induced PVM invaginations and intra-PV host organelles, with greater defects in a double knockout, revealing the exploitation of ESCRT to scavenge host organelles by Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joshua Mayoral
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rebekah B. Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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The archaeal Cdv cell division system. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:601-615. [PMID: 36658033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Cdv system is the protein machinery that performs cell division and other membrane-deforming processes in a subset of archaea. Evolutionarily, the system is closely related to the eukaryotic ESCRT machinery, with which it shares many structural and functional similarities. Since its first description 15 years ago, the understanding of the Cdv system progressed rather slowly, but recent discoveries sparked renewed interest and insights. The emerging physical picture appears to be that CdvA acts as a membrane anchor, CdvB as a scaffold that localizes division to the mid-cell position, CdvB1 and CvdB2 as the actual constriction machinery, and CdvC as the ATPase that detaches Cdv proteins from the membrane. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research done on Cdv and explains how this relatively understudied machinery acts to perform its cell-division function. Understanding of the Cdv system helps to better grasp the biophysics and evolution of archaea, and furthermore provides new opportunities for the bottom-up building of a divisome for synthetic cells.
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23
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Cheppali SK, Dharan R, Sorkin R. Forces of Change: Optical Tweezers in Membrane Remodeling Studies. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:677-690. [PMID: 35616705 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optical tweezers allow precise measurement of forces and distances with piconewton and nanometer precision, and have thus been instrumental in elucidating the mechanistic details of various biological processes. Some examples include the characterization of motor protein activity, studies of protein-DNA interactions, and characterizing protein folding trajectories. The use of optical tweezers (OT) to study membranes is, however, much less abundant. Here, we review biophysical studies of membranes that utilize optical tweezers, with emphasis on various assays that have been developed and their benefits and limitations. First, we discuss assays that employ membrane-coated beads, and overview protein-membrane interactions studies based on manipulation of such beads. We further overview a body of studies that make use of a very powerful experimental tool, the combination of OT, micropipette aspiration, and fluorescence microscopy, that allow detailed studies of membrane curvature generation and sensitivity. Finally, we describe studies focused on membrane fusion and fission. We then summarize the overall progress in the field and outline future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheer K Cheppali
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raviv Dharan
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Raya Sorkin
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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24
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Andrade V, Echard A. Mechanics and regulation of cytokinetic abscission. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1046617. [PMID: 36506096 PMCID: PMC9730121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1046617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinetic abscission leads to the physical cut of the intercellular bridge (ICB) connecting the daughter cells and concludes cell division. In different animal cells, it is well established that the ESCRT-III machinery is responsible for the constriction and scission of the ICB. Here, we review the mechanical context of abscission. We first summarize the evidence that the ICB is initially under high tension and explain why, paradoxically, this can inhibit abscission in epithelial cells by impacting on ESCRT-III assembly. We next detail the different mechanisms that have been recently identified to release ICB tension and trigger abscission. Finally, we discuss whether traction-induced mechanical cell rupture could represent an ancient alternative mechanism of abscission and suggest future research avenues to further understand the role of mechanics in regulating abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Andrade
- CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Arnaud Echard,
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Wenzel DM, Mackay DR, Skalicky JJ, Paine EL, Miller MS, Ullman KS, Sundquist WI. Comprehensive analysis of the human ESCRT-III-MIT domain interactome reveals new cofactors for cytokinetic abscission. eLife 2022; 11:e77779. [PMID: 36107470 PMCID: PMC9477494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 12 related human ESCRT-III proteins form filaments that constrict membranes and mediate fission, including during cytokinetic abscission. The C-terminal tails of polymerized ESCRT-III subunits also bind proteins that contain Microtubule-Interacting and Trafficking (MIT) domains. MIT domains can interact with ESCRT-III tails in many different ways to create a complex binding code that is used to recruit essential cofactors to sites of ESCRT activity. Here, we have comprehensively and quantitatively mapped the interactions between all known ESCRT-III tails and 19 recombinant human MIT domains. We measured 228 pairwise interactions, quantified 60 positive interactions, and discovered 18 previously unreported interactions. We also report the crystal structure of the SPASTIN MIT domain in complex with the IST1 C-terminal tail. Three MIT enzymes were studied in detail and shown to: (1) localize to cytokinetic midbody membrane bridges through interactions with their specific ESCRT-III binding partners (SPASTIN-IST1, KATNA1-CHMP3, and CAPN7-IST1), (2) function in abscission (SPASTIN, KATNA1, and CAPN7), and (3) function in the 'NoCut' abscission checkpoint (SPASTIN and CAPN7). Our studies define the human MIT-ESCRT-III interactome, identify new factors and activities required for cytokinetic abscission and its regulation, and provide a platform for analyzing ESCRT-III and MIT cofactor interactions in all ESCRT-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Wenzel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Douglas R Mackay
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jack J Skalicky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Elliott L Paine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Katharine S Ullman
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
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26
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Galindo LJ, Torruella G, López-García P, Ciobanu M, Gutiérrez-Preciado A, Karpov SA, Moreira D. Phylogenomics Supports the Monophyly of Aphelids and Fungi and Identifies New Molecular Synapomorphies. Syst Biol 2022:6651083. [PMID: 35900180 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The supergroup Holomycota, composed of Fungi and several related lineages of unicellular organisms (Nucleariida, Rozellida, Microsporidia, and Aphelida), represents one of the major branches in the phylogeny of eukaryotes. Nevertheless, except for the well-established position of Nucleariida as the first holomycotan branch to diverge, the relationships among the other lineages have so far remained unresolved largely owing to the lack of molecular data for some groups. This was notably the case aphelids, a poorly known group of endobiotic phagotrophic protists that feed on algae with cellulose walls. The first molecular phylogenies including aphelids supported their sister relationship with Rozellida and Microsporidia which, collectively, formed a new group called Opisthosporidia (the 'Opisthosporidia hypothesis'). However, recent phylogenomic analyses including massive sequence data from two aphelid genera, Paraphelidium and Amoeboaphelidium, suggested that the aphelids are sister to fungi (the 'Aphelida+Fungi hypothesis'). Should this position be confirmed, aphelids would be key to understanding the early evolution of Holomycota and the origin of Fungi. Here, we carry out phylogenomic analyses with an expanded taxonomic sampling for aphelids after sequencing the transcriptomes of two species of the genus Aphelidium (A. insulamus and A. tribonematis) in order to test these competing hypotheses. Our new phylogenomic analyses including species from the three known aphelid genera strongly rejected the Opisthosporidia hypothesis. Furthermore, comparative genomic analyses further supported the Aphelida+Fungi hypothesis via the identification of 19 orthologous genes exclusively shared by these two lineages. Seven of them originated from ancient horizontal gene transfer events predating the aphelid-fungal split and the remaining 12 likely evolved de novo, constituting additional molecular synapomorphies for this clade. Ancestral trait reconstruction based on our well-resolved phylogeny of Holomycota suggests that the progenitor of both fungi and rozellids, was aphelid-like, having an amoeboflagellate state and likely preying endobiotically on cellulose-containing, cell-walled organisms. Two lineages, which we propose to call Phytophagea and Opisthophagea, evolved from this ancestor. Phytophagea, grouping aphelids and classical fungi, mainly specialized in endobiotic predation of algal cells. Fungi emerged from this lineage after losing phagotrophy in favour of osmotrophy. Opisthophagea, grouping rozellids and Microsporidia, became parasites, mostly of chitin-containing hosts. This lineage entered a progressive reductive process that resulted in a unique lifestyle, especially in the highly derived Microsporidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Javier Galindo
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Guifré Torruella
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Purificación López-García
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Maria Ciobanu
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Ana Gutiérrez-Preciado
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Sergey A Karpov
- Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya emb. 1, and St Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - David Moreira
- Unité d'Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
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27
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A function for ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase in cytokinetic abscission. iScience 2022; 25:104536. [PMID: 35754741 PMCID: PMC9213759 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscission, the final stage of cytokinesis, occurs when the cytoplasmic canal connecting two emerging daughter cells is severed either side of a large proteinaceous structure, the midbody. Here, we expand the functions of ATR to include a cell-cycle-specific role in abscission, which is required for genome stability. All previously characterized roles for ATR depend upon its recruitment to replication protein A (RPA)-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, we establish that in each cell cycle ATR, as well as ATRIP, localize to the midbody specifically during late cytokinesis and independently of RPA or detectable ssDNA. Rather, midbody localization and ATR-dependent regulation of abscission requires the known abscission regulator-charged multivesicular body protein 4C (CHMP4C). Intriguingly, this regulation is also dependent upon the CDC7 kinase and the known ATR activator ETAA1. We propose that in addition to its known RPA-ssDNA-dependent functions, ATR has further functions in preventing premature abscission. ATR localises non-canonically to the midbody during late cytokinesis Absence of ATR function results in faster abscission and increased binucleates CDC7 kinase and the ESCRT protein, CHMP4C are required for ATR midbody localisation ATR functions upstream of known abscission regulators, CHMP4B and ANCHR
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28
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Wang SF, Hung YH, Tsao CH, Chiang CY, Teoh PG, Chiang ML, Lin WH, Hsu DK, Jan HM, Lin HC, Lin CH, Liu FT, Chen HY. Galectin-3 facilitates cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission by altering the composition of membrane lipid rafts in CD4 T cells. Glycobiology 2022; 32:760-777. [PMID: 35789267 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (GAL3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin expressed in CD4 T cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). GAL3 promotes HIV-1 budding by associating with ALIX and Gag p6. GAL3 has been shown to localize in membrane lipid rafts in dendritic cells and positively regulate cell migration. HIV-1 spreads between T cells by forming supramolecular structures (virological synapses [VSs]), whose integrity depends on lipid rafts. Here, we addressed the potential role of GAL3 in cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 in CD4 T cells. GAL3 expressed in donor cells was more important for facilitating HIV-1 cell-to-cell transfer than GAL3 expressed in target cells. GAL3 was found to be co-transferred with Gag from HIV-1-positive donor to HIV-1-negative target T cells. HIV-1 infection induced translocation of GAL3 together with Gag to the cell-cell interfaces and colocalize with GM1, where GAL3 facilitated VS formation. GAL3 regulated the coordinated transfer of Gag and flotillin-1 into plasma membrane fractions. Finally, depletion of GAL3 reduced the cholesterol levels in membrane lipid rafts in CD4 T cells. These findings provide evidence that endogenous GAL3 stimulates lipid raft components and facilitates intercellular HIV-1 transfer among CD4 T cells, offering another pathway by which GAL3 regulates HIV-1 infection. These findings may inform the treatment of HIV-1 infection based on targeting GAL3 to modulate lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Tsao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Cho-Ying Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pak-Guan Teoh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Lin Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Hau-Ming Jan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, California, USA
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29
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Maccaroni K, La Torre M, Burla R, Saggio I. Phase Separation in the Nucleus and at the Nuclear Periphery during Post-Mitotic Nuclear Envelope Reformation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111749. [PMID: 35681444 PMCID: PMC9179440 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane-enclosed organelle compartmentalization is not the only way by which cell processes are spatially organized. Phase separation is emerging as a new driver in the organization of membrane-less compartments and biological processes. Liquid–liquid phase separation has been indicated as a new way to control the kinetics of molecular reactions and is based on weak multivalent interactions affecting the stoichiometry of the molecules involved. In the nucleus, liquid–liquid phase separation may represent an ancestral means of controlling genomic activity by forming discrete chromatin regions, regulating transcriptional activity, contributing to the assembly of DNA damage response foci, and controlling the organization of chromosomes. Liquid–liquid phase separation also contributes to chromatin function through its role in the reorganization of the nuclear periphery in the post-mitotic phase. Herein, we describe the basic principles regulating liquid–liquid phase separation, analyze examples of phase separation occurring in the nucleus, and dedicate attention to the implication of liquid–liquid phase separation in the reorganization of the nuclear periphery by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. Although some caution is warranted, current scientific knowledge allows for the hypothesis that many factors and processes in the cell are yet to be discovered which are functionally associated with phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klizia Maccaroni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (K.M.); (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (K.M.); (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
| | - Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (K.M.); (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (K.M.); (M.L.T.); (R.B.)
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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30
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Andrade V, Bai J, Gupta-Rossi N, Jimenez AJ, Delevoye C, Lamaze C, Echard A. Caveolae promote successful abscission by controlling intercellular bridge tension during cytokinesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5095. [PMID: 35417244 PMCID: PMC9007517 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, the intercellular bridge (ICB) connecting the daughter cells experiences pulling forces, which delay abscission by preventing the assembly of the ESCRT scission machinery. Abscission is thus triggered by tension release, but how ICB tension is controlled is unknown. Here, we report that caveolae, which are known to regulate membrane tension upon mechanical stress in interphase cells, are located at the midbody, at the abscission site, and at the ICB/cell interface in dividing cells. Functionally, the loss of caveolae delays ESCRT-III recruitment during cytokinesis and impairs abscission. This is the consequence of a twofold increase of ICB tension measured by laser ablation, associated with a local increase in myosin II activity at the ICB/cell interface. We thus propose that caveolae buffer membrane tension and limit contractibility at the ICB to promote ESCRT-III assembly and cytokinetic abscission. Together, this work reveals an unexpected connection between caveolae and the ESCRT machinery and the first role of caveolae in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Andrade
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jian Bai
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Neetu Gupta-Rossi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ana Joaquina Jimenez
- Dynamics of Intracellular Organization Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 144, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Lamaze
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1143, CNRS UMR 3666, Membrane Mechanics and Dynamics of Intracellular Signaling Laboratory, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Unit, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
- Corresponding author.
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31
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Molière A, Beer KB, Wehman AM. Dopey proteins are essential but overlooked regulators of membrane trafficking. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274973. [PMID: 35388894 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopey family proteins play crucial roles in diverse processes from morphogenesis to neural function and are conserved from yeast to mammals. Understanding the mechanisms behind these critical functions could have major clinical significance, as dysregulation of Dopey proteins has been linked to the cognitive defects in Down syndrome, as well as neurological diseases. Dopey proteins form a complex with the non-essential GEF-like protein Mon2 and an essential lipid flippase from the P4-ATPase family. Different combinations of Dopey, Mon2 and flippases have been linked to regulating membrane remodeling, from endosomal recycling to extracellular vesicle formation, through their interactions with lipids and other membrane trafficking regulators, such as ARL1, SNX3 and the kinesin-1 light chain KLC2. Despite these important functions and their likely clinical significance, Dopey proteins remain understudied and their roles elusive. Here, we review the major scientific discoveries relating to Dopey proteins and detail key open questions regarding their function to draw attention to these fascinating enigmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Molière
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Katharina B Beer
- Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.,Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Zhang Y, Xu C. Effects of exosomes on adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6763-6777. [PMID: 35262819 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles originating from the endosomal system, which are involved in intercellular substance transfer and cell waste elimination. Recent studies implicate the roles of exosomes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, a process through which new granule cells are generated in the dentate gyrus, and which is closely related to mood and cognition, as well as psychiatric disorders. As such, exosomes are recognized as potential biomarkers of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. This review briefly introduces the synthesis and secretion mechanism of exosomes, and discuss the relationship between exosomes and hippocampal neurogenesis, and their roles in regulating depression, epilepsy and schizophrenia. Finally, we discuss the prospects of their application in diagnosing disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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33
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Brill JA, Wilde A. A lipid primes the final cut in dividing cells. Science 2021; 374:1318-1319. [PMID: 34882457 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Wilde
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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The Abscission Checkpoint: A Guardian of Chromosomal Stability. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123350. [PMID: 34943860 PMCID: PMC8699595 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The abscission checkpoint contributes to the fidelity of chromosome segregation by delaying completion of cytokinesis (abscission) when there is chromatin lagging in the intercellular bridge between dividing cells. Although additional triggers of an abscission checkpoint-delay have been described, including nuclear pore defects, replication stress or high intercellular bridge tension, this review will focus only on chromatin bridges. In the presence of such abnormal chromosomal tethers in mammalian cells, the abscission checkpoint requires proper localization and optimal kinase activity of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC)-catalytic subunit Aurora B at the midbody and culminates in the inhibition of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport-III (ESCRT-III) components at the abscission site to delay the final cut. Furthermore, cells with an active checkpoint stabilize the narrow cytoplasmic canal that connects the two daughter cells until the chromatin bridges are resolved. Unsuccessful resolution of chromatin bridges in checkpoint-deficient cells or in cells with unstable intercellular canals can lead to chromatin bridge breakage or tetraploidization by regression of the cleavage furrow. In turn, these outcomes can lead to accumulation of DNA damage, chromothripsis, generation of hypermutation clusters and chromosomal instability, which are associated with cancer formation or progression. Recently, many important questions regarding the mechanisms of the abscission checkpoint have been investigated, such as how the presence of chromatin bridges is signaled to the CPC, how Aurora B localization and kinase activity is regulated in late midbodies, the signaling pathways by which Aurora B implements the abscission delay, and how the actin cytoskeleton is remodeled to stabilize intercellular canals with DNA bridges. Here, we review recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms of the abscission checkpoint and its role in guarding genome integrity at the chromosome level, and consider its potential implications for cancer therapy.
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35
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Carrillo-Garcia J, Herrera-Fernández V, Serra SA, Rubio-Moscardo F, Vogel-Gonzalez M, Doñate-Macian P, Hevia CF, Pujades C, Valverde MA. The mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel controls endosome trafficking for an efficient cytokinetic abscission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi7785. [PMID: 34714681 PMCID: PMC8555900 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces are exerted throughout cytokinesis, the final step of cell division. Yet, how forces are transduced and affect the signaling dynamics of cytokinetic proteins remains poorly characterized. We now show that the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel is activated at the intercellular bridge (ICB) connecting daughter cells to regulate abscission. Inhibition of Piezo1 caused multinucleation both in vitro and in vivo. Piezo1 positioning at the ICB during cytokinesis depends on Pacsin3. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Piezo1 or Pacsin3 resulted in mislocation of Rab11-family-interacting protein 3 (Rab11-FIP3) endosomes, apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), and endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III). Furthermore, we identified FIP3 as the link between Piezo1-generated Ca2+ signals and ALIX delivery to the ICB, where ALIX recruits the ESCRT-III component charged multivesicular body protein 4B, which promotes abscission. These results provide a different view of how mechanical forces participate in cytokinesis and identify Piezo1 as a key modulator of endosome trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carrillo-Garcia
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Herrera-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Selma A. Serra
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fanny Rubio-Moscardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Vogel-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Doñate-Macian
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Covadonga F. Hevia
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Pujades
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Valverde
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Shen B, Sun K. Exosomal circular RNAs: A new frontier in the metastasis of digestive system tumors. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:826. [PMID: 34691253 PMCID: PMC8527826 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm. Exosomes are secreted by various types of tumor cell and contain a variety of proteins, circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs and DNA, depending on the host cells. Among them, circRNAs, which are long non-coding endogenous RNAs, form covalently closed and continuous loops that link the 3′ and 5′ terminals generated by back-splicing. circRNAs have become a hotspot of research. Exosomal circRNAs are in volved in the pathogenesis of cancer, especially metastasis, which is mainly ascribed to the frequently abnormal expression levels within neoplasms. Nonetheless, the functions and regulatory mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in the progression of digestive system tumors (DSTs) remain unclear. More knowledge on the regulation and network interactions of exosomal circRNAs will help identify superior treatment strategies for the metastasis of DSTs. The present review aims to summarize the existing studies on the functions and mechanisms of exosomal circRNAs in tumorigenesis, and evaluate the associations between the dysregulation of exosomal circRNAs and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baile Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
| | - Keke Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China
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37
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Rheinemann L, Downhour DM, Bredbenner K, Mercenne G, Davenport KA, Schmitt PT, Necessary CR, McCullough J, Schmitt AP, Simon SM, Sundquist WI, Elde NC. RetroCHMP3 blocks budding of enveloped viruses without blocking cytokinesis. Cell 2021; 184:5419-5431.e16. [PMID: 34597582 PMCID: PMC8929533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many enveloped viruses require the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway to exit infected cells. This highly conserved pathway mediates essential cellular membrane fission events, which restricts the acquisition of adaptive mutations to counteract viral co-option. Here, we describe duplicated and truncated copies of the ESCRT-III factor CHMP3 that block ESCRT-dependent virus budding and arose independently in New World monkeys and mice. When expressed in human cells, these retroCHMP3 proteins potently inhibit release of retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, and filoviruses. Remarkably, retroCHMP3 proteins have evolved to reduce interactions with other ESCRT-III factors and have little effect on cellular ESCRT processes, revealing routes for decoupling cellular ESCRT functions from viral exploitation. The repurposing of duplicated ESCRT-III proteins thus provides a mechanism to generate broad-spectrum viral budding inhibitors without blocking highly conserved essential cellular ESCRT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rheinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Diane Miller Downhour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kate Bredbenner
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gaelle Mercenne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kristen A Davenport
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Phuong Tieu Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christina R Necessary
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John McCullough
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Anthony P Schmitt
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Wesley I Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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38
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. An ATM-Chk2-INCENP pathway activates the abscission checkpoint. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211635. [PMID: 33355621 PMCID: PMC7769160 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, in response to chromatin bridges, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) delays abscission to prevent chromosome breakage or tetraploidization. Here, we show that inhibition of ATM or Chk2 kinases impairs CPC localization to the midbody center, accelerates midbody resolution in normally segregating cells, and correlates with premature abscission and chromatin breakage in cytokinesis with trapped chromatin. In cultured human cells, ATM activates Chk2 at late midbodies. In turn, Chk2 phosphorylates human INCENP-Ser91 to promote INCENP binding to Mklp2 kinesin and CPC localization to the midbody center through Mklp2 association with Cep55. Expression of truncated Mklp2 that does not bind to Cep55 or nonphosphorylatable INCENP-Ser91A impairs CPC midbody localization and accelerates abscission. In contrast, expression of phosphomimetic INCENP-Ser91D or a chimeric INCENP protein that is targeted to the midbody center rescues the abscission delay in Chk2-deficient or ATM-deficient cells. Furthermore, the Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1 complex is required for ATM activation at the midbody in cytokinesis with chromatin bridges. These results identify an ATM–Chk2–INCENP pathway that imposes the abscission checkpoint by regulating CPC midbody localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Zachos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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39
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Merigliano C, Burla R, La Torre M, Del Giudice S, Teo H, Liew CW, Chojnowski A, Goh WI, Olmos Y, Maccaroni K, Giubettini M, Chiolo I, Carlton JG, Raimondo D, Vernì F, Stewart CL, Rhodes D, Wright GD, Burke BE, Saggio I. AKTIP interacts with ESCRT I and is needed for the recruitment of ESCRT III subunits to the midbody. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009757. [PMID: 34449766 PMCID: PMC8428793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To complete mitosis, the bridge that links the two daughter cells needs to be cleaved. This step is carried out by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery. AKTIP, a protein discovered to be associated with telomeres and the nuclear membrane in interphase cells, shares sequence similarities with the ESCRT I component TSG101. Here we present evidence that during mitosis AKTIP is part of the ESCRT machinery at the midbody. AKTIP interacts with the ESCRT I subunit VPS28 and forms a circular supra-structure at the midbody, in close proximity with TSG101 and VPS28 and adjacent to the members of the ESCRT III module CHMP2A, CHMP4B and IST1. Mechanistically, the recruitment of AKTIP is dependent on MKLP1 and independent of CEP55. AKTIP and TSG101 are needed together for the recruitment of the ESCRT III subunit CHMP4B and in parallel for the recruitment of IST1. Alone, the reduction of AKTIP impinges on IST1 and causes multinucleation. Our data altogether reveal that AKTIP is a component of the ESCRT I module and functions in the recruitment of ESCRT III components required for abscission. To complete cell division, the bridge that links the two daughter cells needs to be cleaved. This step is carried out by a machinery named “endosomal sorting complex required for transport” (ESCRT). The dissection of this machinery is important in basic biology and for investigating diseases in which cell division is altered. AKTIP, a factor discovered to be needed for chromosome integrity, shares similarities with a component of the ESCRT machinery named TSG101. Here we present evidence that AKTIP is part of the ESCRT machinery, as TSG101. More specifically, we show that AKTIP physically interacts with members of the ESCRT machinery and forms a characteristic circular structure at the center of the bridge linking the daughter cells. We also show that the reduction of AKTIP levels causes defects in the assembly of the ESCRT machinery and in cell division. In future work, it will be interesting to investigate the association of AKTIP with cancer, because in tumorigenesis cell division is altered and since an implication in cancer has been described for TSG101 and other ESCRT factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romina Burla
- Sapienza University Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, Rome, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia La Torre
- Sapienza University Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Hsiangling Teo
- Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chong Wai Liew
- Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Alexandre Chojnowski
- A*STAR, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, ASLR, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- A*STAR, Singapore Nuclear Dynamics and Architecture, ASLR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Wah Ing Goh
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yolanda Olmos
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klizia Maccaroni
- Sapienza University Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Irene Chiolo
- University of Southern California, Molecular and Computational Biology Dept., Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy G. Carlton
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Organelle Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Sapienza University Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, Rome, Italy
| | - Colin L. Stewart
- A*STAR, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, ASLR, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
- Dept. of Physiology National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniela Rhodes
- Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Graham D. Wright
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Brian E. Burke
- A*STAR, Singapore Nuclear Dynamics and Architecture, ASLR Skin Research Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Sapienza University Dept. Biology and Biotechnology, Rome, Italy
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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40
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Rezig IM, Yaduma WG, Gould GW, McInerny CJ. Anillin/Mid1p interacts with the ESCRT-associated protein Vps4p and mitotic kinases to regulate cytokinesis in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:1845-1860. [PMID: 34382912 PMCID: PMC8525990 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1962637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle which separates cellular constituents to produce two daughter cells. Using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe we have investigated the role of various classes of proteins involved in this process. Central to these is anillin/Mid1p which forms a ring-like structure at the cell equator that predicts the site of cell separation through septation in fission yeast. Here we demonstrate a direct physical interaction between Mid1p and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-associated protein Vps4p, a genetic interaction of the mid1 and vps4 genes essential for cell viability, and a requirement of Vps4p for the correct cellular localization of Mid1p. Furthermore, we show that Mid1p is phosphorylated by aurora kinase, a genetic interaction of the mid1 and the aurora kinase ark1 genes is essential for cell viability, and that Ark1p is also required for the correct cellular localization of Mid1p. We mapped the sites of phosphorylation of Mid1p by human aurora A and the polo kinase Plk1 and assessed their importance in fission yeast by mutational analysis. Such analysis revealed serine residues S332, S523 and S531 to be required for Mid1p function and its interaction with Vps4p, Ark1p and Plo1p. Combined these data suggest a physical interaction between Mid1p and Vps4p important for cytokinesis, and identify phosphorylation of Mid1p by aurora and polo kinases as being significant for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane M Rezig
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wandiahyel G Yaduma
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gwyn W Gould
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher J McInerny
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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41
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Adding Some "Splice" to Stress Eating: Autophagy, ESCRT and Alternative Splicing Orchestrate the Cellular Stress Response. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081196. [PMID: 34440370 PMCID: PMC8393842 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a widely studied self-renewal pathway that is essential for degrading damaged cellular organelles or recycling biomolecules to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly under cellular stress. This pathway initiates with formation of an autophagosome, which is a double-membrane structure that envelopes cytosolic components and fuses with a lysosome to facilitate degradation of the contents. The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) proteins play an integral role in controlling autophagosome fusion events and disruption to this machinery leads to autophagosome accumulation. Given the central role of autophagy in maintaining cellular health, it is unsurprising that dysfunction of this process is associated with many human maladies including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The cell can also rapidly respond to cellular stress through alternative pre-mRNA splicing that enables adaptive changes to the cell's proteome in response to stress. Thus, alternative pre-mRNA splicing of genes that are involved in autophagy adds another layer of complexity to the cell's stress response. Consequently, the dysregulation of alternative splicing of genes associated with autophagy and ESCRT may also precipitate disease states by either reducing the ability of the cell to respond to stress or triggering a maladaptive response that is pathogenic. In this review, we summarize the diverse roles of the ESCRT machinery and alternative splicing in regulating autophagy and how their dysfunction can have implications for human disease.
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42
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Tavares LA, Januário YC, daSilva LLP. HIV-1 Hijacking of Host ATPases and GTPases That Control Protein Trafficking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622610. [PMID: 34307340 PMCID: PMC8295591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) modifies the host cell environment to ensure efficient and sustained viral replication. Key to these processes is the capacity of the virus to hijack ATPases, GTPases and the associated proteins that control intracellular protein trafficking. The functions of these energy-harnessing enzymes can be seized by HIV-1 to allow the intracellular transport of viral components within the host cell or to change the subcellular distribution of antiviral factors, leading to immune evasion. Here, we summarize how energy-related proteins deviate from their normal functions in host protein trafficking to aid the virus in different phases of its replicative cycle. Recent discoveries regarding the interplay among HIV-1 and host ATPases and GTPases may shed light on potential targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Tavares
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yunan C Januário
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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43
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ESCRT-III induces phase separation in model membranes prior to budding and causes invagination of the liquid-ordered phase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183689. [PMID: 34224704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Membrane fission triggered by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is an important process observed in several pathogenic and non-pathogenic cellular events. From a synthetic-biology viewpoint, ESCRT proteins represent an interesting machinery for the construction of cell mimetic sub-compartments produced by fission. Since their discovery, the studies on ESCRT-III-mediated action, have mainly focused on protein dynamics, ignoring the role of lipid organization and membrane phase state. Recently, it has been suggested that membrane buds formed by the action of ESCRT-III are generated from transient microdomains in endosomal membranes. However, the interplay between membrane domain formation and ESCRT remodeling pathways has not been investigated. Here, giant unilamellar vesicles made of ternary lipid mixtures, either homogeneous in phase or exhibiting liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered phase coexistence, were employed as a model membrane system. These vesicles were incubated with purified recombinant ESCRT-III proteins from the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In homogeneous membranes, we observe that EhVps32 can trigger domain formation while EhVps20 preferentially co-localizes in the liquid disordered phase. The addition of EhVps24 appears to induce the formation of intraluminal vesicles produced from the liquid-ordered phase. In phase separated membranes, the intraluminal vesicles are also generated from the liquid-ordered phase and presumably emerge from the phase boundary region. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that ESCRT-mediated remodeling depends on the membrane phase state. Furthermore, the obtained results point to a potential synthetic biology approach for establishing eukaryotic mimics of artificial cells with microcompartments of specific membrane composition, which can also differ from that of the mother vesicle.
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44
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Rose KM. When in Need of an ESCRT: The Nature of Virus Assembly Sites Suggests Mechanistic Parallels between Nuclear Virus Egress and Retroviral Budding. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061138. [PMID: 34199191 PMCID: PMC8231873 DOI: 10.3390/v13061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper assembly and dissemination of progeny virions is a fundamental step in virus replication. As a whole, viruses have evolved a myriad of strategies to exploit cellular compartments and mechanisms to ensure a successful round of infection. For enveloped viruses such as retroviruses and herpesviruses, acquisition and incorporation of cellular membrane is an essential process during the formation of infectious viral particles. To do this, these viruses have evolved to hijack the host Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT-I, -II, and -III) to coordinate the sculpting of cellular membrane at virus assembly and dissemination sites, in seemingly different, yet fundamentally similar ways. For instance, at the plasma membrane, ESCRT-I recruitment is essential for HIV-1 assembly and budding, while it is dispensable for the release of HSV-1. Further, HSV-1 was shown to recruit ESCRT-III for nuclear particle assembly and egress, a process not used by retroviruses during replication. Although the cooption of ESCRTs occurs in two separate subcellular compartments and at two distinct steps for these viral lifecycles, the role fulfilled by ESCRTs at these sites appears to be conserved. This review discusses recent findings that shed some light on the potential parallels between retroviral budding and nuclear egress and proposes a model where HSV-1 nuclear egress may occur through an ESCRT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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45
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Presle A, Frémont S, Salles A, Commere PH, Sassoon N, Berlioz-Torrent C, Gupta-Rossi N, Echard A. The viral restriction factor tetherin/BST2 tethers cytokinetic midbody remnants to the cell surface. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2203-2213.e5. [PMID: 33711249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The midbody at the center of the intercellular bridge connecting dividing cells recruits the machinery essential for the final steps of cytokinesis.1-5 Successive abscission on both sides of the midbody generates a free midbody remnant (MBR) that can be inherited and accumulated in many cancer, immortalized, and stem cells, both in culture and in vivo.6-12 Strikingly, this organelle was recently shown to contain information that induces cancer cell proliferation, influences cell polarity, and promotes dorso-ventral axis specification upon interaction with recipient cells.13-16 Yet the mechanisms by which the MBR is captured by either a daughter cell or a distant cell are poorly described.10,14 Here, we report that BST2/tetherin, a well-established restriction factor that blocks the release of numerous enveloped viruses from the surface of infected cells,17-20 plays an analogous role in retaining midbody remnants. We found that BST2 is enriched at the midbody during cytokinesis and localizes at the surface of MBRs in a variety of cells. Knocking out BST2 induces the detachment of MBRs from the cell surface, their accumulation in the extracellular medium, and their transfer to distant cells. Mechanistically, the localization of BST2 at the MBR membrane is both necessary and sufficient for the interaction between MBRs and the cell surface. We thus propose that BST2 tethers post-cytokinetic midbody remnants to the cell surface. This finding reveals new parallels between cytokinesis and viral biology21-26 that unexpectedly extend beyond the ESCRT-dependent abscission step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Presle
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Frémont
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Audrey Salles
- UTechS Photonic BioImaging PBI (Imagopole), Centre de Recherche et de Ressources Technologiques C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Commere
- UTechS CB, Centre de Recherche et de Ressources Technologiques C2RT, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Sassoon
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Neetu Gupta-Rossi
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Echard
- Membrane Traffic and Cell Division Lab, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, CNRS, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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46
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Osawa Y, Murata K, Usui M, Kuba Y, Le HT, Mikami N, Nakagawa T, Daitoku Y, Kato K, Shawki HH, Ikeda Y, Kuno A, Morimoto K, Tanimoto Y, Dinh TTH, Yagami KI, Ema M, Yoshida S, Takahashi S, Mizuno S, Sugiyama F. EXOC1 plays an integral role in spermatogonia pseudopod elongation and spermatocyte stable syncytium formation in mice. eLife 2021; 10:59759. [PMID: 33973520 PMCID: PMC8112867 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male germ cells must adopt the correct morphology at each differentiation stage for proper spermatogenesis. The spermatogonia regulates its differentiation state by its own migration. The male germ cells differentiate and mature with the formation of syncytia, failure of forming the appropriate syncytia results in the arrest at the spermatocyte stage. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of male germ cell morphological regulation are unknown. Here, we found that EXOC1, a member of the Exocyst complex, is important for the pseudopod formation of spermatogonia and spermatocyte syncytia in mice. EXOC1 contributes to the pseudopod formation of spermatogonia by inactivating the Rho family small GTPase Rac1 and also functions in the spermatocyte syncytia with the SNARE proteins STX2 and SNAP23. Since EXOC1 is known to bind to several cell morphogenesis factors, this study is expected to be the starting point for the discovery of many morphological regulators of male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Osawa
- Master's Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Murata
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miho Usui
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yumeno Kuba
- Master's Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hoai Thu Le
- Ph.D Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Natsuki Mikami
- Ph.D Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakagawa
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yoko Daitoku
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hossam Hassan Shawki
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Ikeda
- Doctoral program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Ph.D Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kento Morimoto
- Doctoral program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tra Thi Huong Dinh
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shosei Yoshida
- Division of Germ Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Trans-border Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Cytokinetic abscission is part of the midblastula transition in early zebrafish embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021210118. [PMID: 33837152 PMCID: PMC8053991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021210118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we show that the last step of cytokinesis, termed abscission, is delayed in early zebrafish embryos. As a result, sibling cells remain connected to one another by a thin membrane bridge for several cycles, forming clusters of interconnected cells. Bridge severing (i.e., abscission) commences at the 10th cell cycle when embryos enter the midblastula transition switch, in which embryonic cells become individualized and exhibit the characteristics of mature cells. Cells connected by intercellular bridges shared similar cellular behaviors, such as transcription onset and cell shape. Our data suggest that cell–cell connectivity is maintained in early embryos through persistent bridge connections that allow cells to coordinate their behavior during embryonic development. Animal cytokinesis ends with the formation of a thin intercellular membrane bridge that connects the two newly formed sibling cells, which is ultimately resolved by abscission. While mitosis is completed within 15 min, the intercellular bridge can persist for hours, maintaining a physical connection between sibling cells and allowing exchange of cytosolic components. Although cell–cell communication is fundamental for development, the role of intercellular bridges during embryogenesis has not been fully elucidated. In this work, we characterized the spatiotemporal characteristics of the intercellular bridge during early zebrafish development. We found that abscission is delayed during the rapid division cycles that occur in the early embryo, giving rise to the formation of interconnected cell clusters. Abscission was accelerated when the embryo entered the midblastula transition (MBT) phase. Components of the ESCRT machinery, which drives abscission, were enriched at intercellular bridges post-MBT and, interfering with ESCRT function, extended abscission beyond MBT. Hallmark features of MBT, including transcription onset and cell shape modulations, were more similar in interconnected sibling cells compared to other neighboring cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that delayed abscission in the early embryo allows clusters of cells to coordinate their behavior during embryonic development.
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Alqabandi M, de Franceschi N, Maity S, Miguet N, Bally M, Roos WH, Weissenhorn W, Bassereau P, Mangenot S. The ESCRT-III isoforms CHMP2A and CHMP2B display different effects on membranes upon polymerization. BMC Biol 2021; 19:66. [PMID: 33832485 PMCID: PMC8033747 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ESCRT-III proteins are involved in many membrane remodeling processes including multivesicular body biogenesis as first discovered in yeast. In humans, ESCRT-III CHMP2 exists as two isoforms, CHMP2A and CHMP2B, but their physical characteristics have not been compared yet. RESULTS Here, we use a combination of techniques on biomimetic systems and purified proteins to study their affinity and effects on membranes. We establish that CHMP2B binding is enhanced in the presence of PI(4,5)P2 lipids. In contrast, CHMP2A does not display lipid specificity and requires CHMP3 for binding significantly to membranes. On the micrometer scale and at moderate bulk concentrations, CHMP2B forms a reticular structure on membranes whereas CHMP2A (+CHMP3) binds homogeneously. Thus, CHMP2A and CHMP2B unexpectedly induce different mechanical effects to membranes: CHMP2B strongly rigidifies them while CHMP2A (+CHMP3) has no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS We therefore conclude that CHMP2B and CHMP2A exhibit different mechanical properties and might thus contribute differently to the diverse ESCRT-III-catalyzed membrane remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alqabandi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicola de Franceschi
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sourav Maity
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nolwenn Miguet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Bally
- Umeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Moleculaire Biofysica, Zernike Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Mangenot
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France.
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Why Cells and Viruses Cannot Survive without an ESCRT. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030483. [PMID: 33668191 PMCID: PMC7995964 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular organelles enwrapped in membranes along with a complex network of vesicles trafficking in, out and inside the cellular environment are one of the main features of eukaryotic cells. Given their central role in cell life, compartmentalization and mechanisms allowing their maintenance despite continuous crosstalk among different organelles have been deeply investigated over the past years. Here, we review the multiple functions exerted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery in driving membrane remodeling and fission, as well as in repairing physiological and pathological membrane damages. In this way, ESCRT machinery enables different fundamental cellular processes, such as cell cytokinesis, biogenesis of organelles and vesicles, maintenance of nuclear–cytoplasmic compartmentalization, endolysosomal activity. Furthermore, we discuss some examples of how viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, have evolved to hijack the ESCRT machinery or part of it to execute/optimize their replication cycle/infection. A special emphasis is given to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) interaction with the ESCRT proteins, considering the peculiarities of this interplay and the need for HSV-1 to cross both the nuclear-cytoplasmic and the cytoplasmic-extracellular environment compartmentalization to egress from infected cells.
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Loss of Coiled-Coil Protein Cep55 Impairs Neural Stem Cell Abscission and Results in p53-Dependent Apoptosis in Developing Cortex. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3344-3365. [PMID: 33622776 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1955-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To build the brain, embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) tightly regulate their cell divisions, undergoing a polarized form of cytokinesis that is poorly understood. Cytokinetic abscission is mediated by the midbody to sever the daughter cells at the apical membrane. In cell lines, the coiled-coil protein Cep55 was reported to be required for abscission. Mutations of Cep55 in humans cause a variety of cortical malformations. However, its role in the specialized divisions of NSCs is unclear. Here, we elucidate the roles of Cep55 in abscission and brain development. KO of Cep55 in mice causes abscission defects in neural and non-neural cell types, and postnatal lethality. The brain is disproportionately affected, with severe microcephaly at birth. Quantitative analyses of abscission in fixed and live cortical NSCs show that Cep55 acts to increase the speed and success rate of abscission, by facilitating ESCRT recruitment and timely microtubule disassembly. However, most NSCs complete abscission successfully in the absence of Cep55 Those that fail show a tissue-specific response: binucleate NSCs and neurons elevate p53, but binucleate fibroblasts do not. This leads to massive apoptosis in the brain, but not other tissues. Double KO of both p53 and Cep55 blocks apoptosis but only partially rescues Cep55 -/- brain size. This may be because of the persistent NSC cell division defects and p53-independent premature cell cycle exit. This work adds to emerging evidence that abscission regulation and error tolerance vary by cell type and are especially crucial in neural stem cells as they build the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During brain growth, embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) must divide many times. In the last step of cell division, the daughter cell severs its connection to the mother stem cell, a process called abscission. The protein Cep55 is thought to be essential for recruiting proteins to the mother-daughter cell connection to complete abscission. We find that Cep55 mutants have very small brains with disturbed structure, but almost normal size bodies. NSC abscission can occur, but it is slower than normal, and failures are increased. Furthermore, NSCs that do fail abscission activate a signal for programmed cell death, whereas non-neural cells do not. Blocking this signal only partly restores brain growth, showing that regulation of abscission is crucial for brain development.
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