1
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Cho D, Lee HM, Kim JA, Song JG, Hwang SH, Lee B, Park J, Tran KM, Kim J, Vo PNL, Bae J, Pimt T, Lee K, Gsponer J, Kim HW, Na D. Autoinhibited Protein Database: a curated database of autoinhibitory domains and their autoinhibition mechanisms. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae085. [PMID: 39192607 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Autoinhibition, a crucial allosteric self-regulation mechanism in cell signaling, ensures signal propagation exclusively in the presence of specific molecular inputs. The heightened focus on autoinhibited proteins stems from their implication in human diseases, positioning them as potential causal factors or therapeutic targets. However, the absence of a comprehensive knowledgebase impedes a thorough understanding of their roles and applications in drug discovery. Addressing this gap, we introduce Autoinhibited Protein Database (AiPD), a curated database standardizing information on autoinhibited proteins. AiPD encompasses details on autoinhibitory domains (AIDs), their targets, regulatory mechanisms, experimental validation methods, and implications in diseases, including associated mutations and post-translational modifications. AiPD comprises 698 AIDs from 532 experimentally characterized autoinhibited proteins and 2695 AIDs from their 2096 homologs, which were retrieved from 864 published articles. AiPD also includes 42 520 AIDs of computationally predicted autoinhibited proteins. In addition, AiPD facilitates users in investigating potential AIDs within a query sequence through comparisons with documented autoinhibited proteins. As the inaugural autoinhibited protein repository, AiPD significantly aids researchers studying autoinhibition mechanisms and their alterations in human diseases. It is equally valuable for developing computational models, analyzing allosteric protein regulation, predicting new drug targets, and understanding intervention mechanisms AiPD serves as a valuable resource for diverse researchers, contributing to the understanding and manipulation of autoinhibition in cellular processes. Database URL: http://ssbio.cau.ac.kr/databases/AiPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeahn Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Ji Ah Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Song
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hee Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsil Park
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kha Mong Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong Ngoc Lam Vo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jooeun Bae
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Teerapat Pimt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2125 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, South Korea
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2
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Quinn TR, Giblin KA, Thomson C, Boerth JA, Bommakanti G, Braybrooke E, Chan C, Chinn AJ, Code E, Cui C, Fan Y, Grimster NP, Kohara K, Lamb ML, Ma L, Mfuh AM, Robb GR, Robbins KJ, Schimpl M, Tang H, Ware J, Wrigley GL, Xue L, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Hughes SJ. Accelerated Discovery of Carbamate Cbl-b Inhibitors Using Generative AI Models and Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14210-14233. [PMID: 39132828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Casitas B-lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b) is a RING finger E3 ligase that has an important role in effector T cell function, acting as a negative regulator of T cell, natural killer (NK) cell, and B cell activation. A discovery effort toward Cbl-b inhibitors was pursued in which a generative AI design engine, REINVENT, was combined with a medicinal chemistry structure-based design to discover novel inhibitors of Cbl-b. Key to the success of this effort was the evolution of the "Design" phase of the Design-Make-Test-Analyze cycle to involve iterative rounds of an in silico structure-based drug design, strongly guided by physics-based affinity prediction and machine learning DMPK predictive models, prior to selection for synthesis. This led to the accelerated discovery of a potent series of carbamate Cbl-b inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Quinn
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kathryn A Giblin
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Clare Thomson
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Jeffrey A Boerth
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gayathri Bommakanti
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Erin Braybrooke
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Christina Chan
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Alex J Chinn
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Erin Code
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Caifeng Cui
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yukai Fan
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Neil P Grimster
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Keishi Kohara
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Michelle L Lamb
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Lina Ma
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Adelphe M Mfuh
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Graeme R Robb
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Kevin J Robbins
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Haoran Tang
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Jamie Ware
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Gail L Wrigley
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Lin Xue
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Samantha J Hughes
- Early TDE Discovery, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
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3
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Zhou F, Du H, Wang Y, Fu W, Zhao B, Zhou J, Zhang YJ. Deciphering the Selectivity of CBL-B Inhibitors Using All-Atom Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1017-1025. [PMID: 39015275 PMCID: PMC11247639 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We employ a combination of accelerated molecular dynamics and machine learning to unravel how the dynamic characteristics of CBL-B and C-CBL confer their binding affinity and selectivity for ligands from subtle structural disparities within their binding pockets and dissociation pathways. Our predictive model of dissociation rate constants (k off) demonstrates a moderate correlation between predicted k off and experimental IC50 values, which is consistent with experimental k off and τ-random accelerated molecular dynamics (τRAMD) results. By employing a linear regression of dissociation trajectories, we identified key amino acids in binding pockets and along the dissociation paths responsible for activity and selectivity. These amino acids are statistically significant in achieving activity and selectivity and contribute to the primary structural discrepancies between CBL-B and C-CBL. Moreover, the binding free energies calculated from molecular mechanics with generalized Born and surface area solvation (MM/GBSA) highlight the ΔG difference between CBL-B and C-CBL. The k off prediction, together with the key amino acids, provides important guides for designing drugs with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Haolin Du
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Weiqiang Fu
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Bingchen Zhao
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jielong Zhou
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yingsheng J. Zhang
- Beijing
StoneWise Technology Co Ltd., Haidian Street #15, Haidian District, Beijing 100080, China
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4
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Liang J, Lambrecht MJ, Arenzana TL, Aubert-Nicol S, Bao L, Broccatelli F, Cai J, Eidenschenk C, Everett C, Garner T, Gruber F, Haghshenas P, Huestis MP, Hsu PL, Kou P, Jakalian A, Larouche-Gauthier R, Leclerc JP, Leung DH, Martin A, Murray J, Prangley M, Rutz S, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Satz AL, Skelton NJ, Steffek M, Stoffler D, Sudhamsu J, Tan S, Wang J, Wang S, Wang Q, Wendorff TJ, Wichert M, Yadav A, Yu C, Wang X. Optimization of a Novel DEL Hit That Binds in the Cbl-b SH2 Domain and Blocks Substrate Binding. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:864-872. [PMID: 38894924 PMCID: PMC11181488 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We were attracted to the therapeutic potential of inhibiting Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b), a RING E3 ligase that plays a critical role in regulating the activation of T cells. However, given that only protein-protein interactions were involved, it was unclear whether inhibition by a small molecule would be a viable approach. After screening an ∼6 billion member DNA-encoded library (DEL) using activated Cbl-b, we identified compound 1 as a hit for which the cis-isomer (2) was confirmed by biochemical and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. Our hit optimization effort was greatly accelerated when we obtained a cocrystal structure of 2 with Cbl-b, which demonstrated induced binding at the substrate binding site, namely, the Src homology-2 (SH2) domain. This was quite noteworthy given that there are few reports of small molecule inhibitors that bind to SH2 domains and block protein-protein interactions. Structure- and property-guided optimization led to compound 27, which demonstrated measurable cell activity, albeit only at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael J. Lambrecht
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Teresita L. Arenzana
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Linda Bao
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianping Cai
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center
Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Eidenschenk
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Everett
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas Garner
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Felix Gruber
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center
Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pouyan Haghshenas
- Paraza
Pharma, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Malcolm P. Huestis
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter L. Hsu
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ponien Kou
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Araz Jakalian
- Paraza
Pharma, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | | | | | - Dennis H. Leung
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aaron Martin
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeremy Murray
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Madeleine Prangley
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sascha Rutz
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Alexander Lee Satz
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center
Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J. Skelton
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Micah Steffek
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel Stoffler
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center
Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sophia Tan
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- WuXi
AppTec Co., Ltd. 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
| | - Shouliang Wang
- WuXi
AppTec Co., Ltd. 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- WuXi
AppTec Co., Ltd. 288
Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 200131, P. R. China
| | - Timothy J. Wendorff
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Moreno Wichert
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center
Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arun Yadav
- Paraza
Pharma, 2525 Avenue Marie-Curie, Montreal, Quebec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Christine Yu
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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5
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Holguin-Cruz JA, Bui JM, Jha A, Na D, Gsponer J. Widespread alteration of protein autoinhibition in human cancers. Cell Syst 2024; 15:246-263.e7. [PMID: 38366601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Autoinhibition is a prevalent allosteric regulatory mechanism in signaling proteins. Reduced autoinhibition underlies the tumorigenic effect of some known cancer drivers, but whether autoinhibition is altered generally in cancer remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that cancer-associated missense mutations, in-frame insertions/deletions, and fusion breakpoints are enriched within inhibitory allosteric switches (IASs) across all cancer types. Selection for IASs that are recurrently mutated in cancers identifies established and unknown cancer drivers. Recurrent missense mutations in IASs of these drivers are associated with distinct, cancer-specific changes in molecular signaling. For the specific case of PPP3CA, the catalytic subunit of calcineurin, we provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of altered autoinhibition by cancer mutations using biomolecular simulations, and demonstrate that such mutations are associated with transcriptome changes consistent with increased calcineurin signaling. Our integrative study shows that autoinhibition-modulating genetic alterations are positively selected for by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Holguin-Cruz
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer M Bui
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ashwani Jha
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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6
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Hu X, Li E, Zhou Y, You Q, Jiang Z. Casitas b cell lymphoma‑B (Cbl-b): A new therapeutic avenue for small-molecule immunotherapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 102:117677. [PMID: 38457911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the area of cancer treatment. Although most immunotherapies now are antibodies targeting membrane checkpoint molecules, there is an increasing demand for small-molecule drugs that address intracellular pathways. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B cell lymphoma‑b (Cbl-b) has been regarded as a promising intracellular immunotherapy target. Cbl-b regulates the downstream proteins of multiple membrane receptors and co-receptors, restricting the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Recently, Cbl-b inhibitors have been reported with promising effects on immune surveillance activation and anti-tumor efficacy. Several molecules have entered phase Ⅰ clinical trials. In this review, the biological rationale of Cbl-b as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy and the latest research progress of Cbl-b are summarized, with special emphasis on the allosteric small-molecule inhibitors of Cbl-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Erdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yangguo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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7
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Mfuh AM, Boerth JA, Bommakanti G, Chan C, Chinn AJ, Code E, Fricke PJ, Giblin KA, Gohlke A, Hansel C, Hariparsad N, Hughes SJ, Jin M, Kantae V, Kavanagh SL, Lamb ML, Lane J, Moore R, Puri T, Quinn TR, Reddy I, Robb GR, Robbins KJ, Gancedo Rodrigo M, Schimpl M, Singh B, Singh M, Tang H, Thomson C, Walsh JJ, Ware J, Watson IDG, Ye MW, Wrigley GL, Zhang AX, Zhang Y, Grimster NP. Discovery, Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Arylpyridones as Cbl-b Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1500-1512. [PMID: 38227216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Casitas B-lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b), a member of the Cbl family of RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, has been demonstrated to play a central role in regulating effector T-cell function. Multiple studies using gene-targeting approaches have provided direct evidence that Cbl-b negatively regulates T, B, and NK cell activation via a ubiquitin-mediated protein modulation. Thus, inhibition of Cbl-b ligase activity can lead to immune activation and has therapeutic potential in immuno-oncology. Herein, we describe the discovery and optimization of an arylpyridone series as Cbl-b inhibitors by structure-based drug discovery to afford compound 31. This compound binds to Cbl-b with an IC50 value of 30 nM and induces IL-2 production in T-cells with an EC50 value of 230 nM. Compound 31 also shows robust intracellular target engagement demonstrated through inhibition of Cbl-b autoubiquitination, inhibition of ubiquitin transfer to ZAP70, and the cellular modulation of phosphorylation of a downstream signal within the TCR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelphe M Mfuh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Boerth
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Gayathri Bommakanti
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Alex J Chinn
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Erin Code
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Patrick J Fricke
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Andrea Gohlke
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Meizhong Jin
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Michelle L Lamb
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jordan Lane
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Rachel Moore
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Taranee Puri
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Taylor R Quinn
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Iswarya Reddy
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Kevin J Robbins
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Miguel Gancedo Rodrigo
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
- Isomorphic Laboratories, 280 Bishopsgate, London EC2M 4RB, U.K
| | | | - Baljinder Singh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Meha Singh
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Haoran Tang
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Jarrod J Walsh
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Jamie Ware
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Iain D G Watson
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Min-Wei Ye
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | | | - Andrew X Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yun Zhang
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Neil P Grimster
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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8
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Zhou L, Yang J, Zhang K, Wang T, Jiang S, Zhang X. Rising Star in Immunotherapy: Development and Therapeutic Potential of Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Casitas B Cell Lymphoma-b (Cbl-b). J Med Chem 2024; 67:816-837. [PMID: 38181380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a vital negative regulator of TCR and BCR signaling pathways, playing a significant role in setting an appropriate threshold for the activation of T cells and controlling the tolerance of peripheral T cells via a variety of mechanisms. Overexpression of Cbl-b leads to immune hyporesponsiveness of T cells. Conversely, the deficiency of Cbl-b in T cells results in markedly increased production of IL-2, even in the lack of CD28 costimulation in vitro. And Cbl-b-/- mice spontaneously reject multifarious cancers. Therefore, Cbl-b may be associated with immune-mediated diseases, and blocking Cbl-b could be considered as a new antitumor immunotherapy strategy. In this review, the possible regulatory mechanisms and biological potential of Cbl-b for antitumor immunotherapy are summarized. Besides, the potential roles of Cbl-b in immune-mediated diseases are comprehensively discussed, with emphasis on Cbl-b immune-oncology agents in the preclinical stage and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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9
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Kimani SW, Perveen S, Szewezyk M, Zeng H, Dong A, Li F, Ghiabi P, Li Y, Chau I, Arrowsmith CH, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Santhakumar V, Vedadi M, Halabelian L. The co-crystal structure of Cbl-b and a small-molecule inhibitor reveals the mechanism of Cbl-b inhibition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1272. [PMID: 38104184 PMCID: PMC10725504 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cbl-b is a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is expressed in several immune cell lineages, where it negatively regulates the activity of immune cells. Cbl-b has specifically been identified as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy due to its role in promoting an immunosuppressive tumor environment. A Cbl-b inhibitor, Nx-1607, is currently in phase I clinical trials for advanced solid tumor malignancies. Using a suite of biophysical and cellular assays, we confirm potent binding of C7683 (an analogue of Nx-1607) to the full-length Cbl-b and its N-terminal fragment containing the TKBD-LHR-RING domains. To further elucidate its mechanism of inhibition, we determined the co-crystal structure of Cbl-b with C7683, revealing the compound's interaction with both the TKBD and LHR, but not the RING domain. Here, we provide structural insights into a novel mechanism of Cbl-b inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor that locks the protein in an inactive conformation by acting as an intramolecular glue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serah W Kimani
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sumera Perveen
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Magdalena Szewezyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong Zeng
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pegah Ghiabi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanjun Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Masoud Vedadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Levon Halabelian
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Boerth JA, Chinn AJ, Schimpl M, Bommakanti G, Chan C, Code EL, Giblin KA, Gohlke A, Hansel CS, Jin M, Kavanagh SL, Lamb ML, Lane JS, Larner CJB, Mfuh AM, Moore RK, Puri T, Quinn TR, Ye M, Robbins KJ, Gancedo-Rodrigo M, Tang H, Walsh J, Ware J, Wrigley GL, Reddy IK, Zhang Y, Grimster NP. Discovery of a Novel Benzodiazepine Series of Cbl-b Inhibitors for the Enhancement of Antitumor Immunity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1848-1856. [PMID: 38116444 PMCID: PMC10726479 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene-b (Cbl-b) is a RING finger E3 ligase that is responsible for repressing T-cell, natural killer (NK) cell, and B-cell activation. The robust antitumor activity observed in Cbl-b deficient mice arising from elevated T-cell and NK-cell activity justified our discovery effort toward Cbl-b inhibitors that might show therapeutic promise in immuno-oncology, where activation of the immune system can drive the recognition and killing of cancer cells. We undertook a high-throughput screening campaign followed by structure-enabled optimization to develop a novel benzodiazepine series of potent Cbl-b inhibitors. This series displayed nanomolar levels of biochemical potency, as well as potent T-cell activation. The functional activity of this class of Cbl-b inhibitors was further corroborated with ubiquitin-based cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Boerth
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alex J. Chinn
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Marianne Schimpl
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Gayathri Bommakanti
- Bioscience,
Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Erin L. Code
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Giblin
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge
Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Gohlke
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S. Hansel
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Meizhong Jin
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Stefan L. Kavanagh
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L. Lamb
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Jordan S. Lane
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie J. B. Larner
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Adelphe M. Mfuh
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rachel K. Moore
- High
Throughput Screening, Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Taranee Puri
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Taylor R. Quinn
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Minwei Ye
- Bioscience,
Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Kevin J. Robbins
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Miguel Gancedo-Rodrigo
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Haoran Tang
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jarrod Walsh
- High
Throughput Screening, Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Ware
- Discovery
Sciences, R&D, The Discovery Centre, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Gail L. Wrigley
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge
Biomedical Campus, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Iswarya Karapa Reddy
- Bioscience,
Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Yun Zhang
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Neil P. Grimster
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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11
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Tsai YL, Arias-Badia M, Kadlecek TA, Lwin YM, Srinath A, Shah NH, Wang ZE, Barber D, Kuriyan J, Fong L, Weiss A. TCR signaling promotes formation of an STS1-Cbl-b complex with pH-sensitive phosphatase activity that suppresses T cell function in acidic environments. Immunity 2023; 56:2682-2698.e9. [PMID: 38091950 PMCID: PMC10785950 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are inhibited by acidic environments. T cell receptor (TCR)-induced protein phosphorylation is negatively regulated by dephosphorylation and/or ubiquitination, but the mechanisms underlying sensitivity to acidic environments are not fully understood. Here, we found that TCR stimulation induced a molecular complex of Cbl-b, an E3-ubiquitin ligase, with STS1, a pH-sensitive unconventional phosphatase. The induced interaction depended upon a proline motif in Cbl-b interacting with the STS1 SH3 domain. STS1 dephosphorylated Cbl-b interacting phosphoproteins. The deficiency of STS1 or Cbl-b diminished the sensitivity of T cell responses to the inhibitory effects of acid in an autocrine or paracrine manner in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the deficiency of STS1 or Cbl-b promoted T cell proliferative and differentiation activities in vivo and inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival, and improved T cell fitness in tumor models. Thus, a TCR-induced STS1-Cbl-b complex senses intra- or extra-cellular acidity and regulates T cell responses, presenting a potential therapeutic target for improving anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marcel Arias-Badia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theresa A Kadlecek
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yee May Lwin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aahir Srinath
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Neel H Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhi-En Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diane Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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12
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Yang T, Han L, Huo S. Dynamics and Allosteric Information Pathways of Unphosphorylated c-Cbl. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6148-6159. [PMID: 36442893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human c-Cbl is a RING-type ligase and plays a central role in the protein degradation cascade. To elucidate its conformational changes related to substrate binding, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of different variants/states of c-Cbl for a cumulative time of 68 μs. Our simulations demonstrate that before the substrate binds, the RING domain samples a broad set of conformational states at a biologically relevant salt concentration, including the closed, partially open, and fully open states, whereas substrate binding leads to a restricted conformational sampling. Phe378 and the C-terminal region play an essential role in stabilizing the partially open state. To visualize the allosteric signal transmission pathways from the substrate-binding site to the 40 Å apart RING domain and identify the critical residues for allostery, we have created a subgraph from the optimal and suboptimal paths. Redundant paths are seen in the SH2 domain where the substrate binds, while the major bottlenecks are found at the junction between the SH2 domain and the linker helix region as well as that between the SH2 domain and the 4H bundle. These bottlenecks separate the paths into two overall routes. The nodes/residues at the bottlenecks on the subgraph are considered allosteric hot spots. This subgraph approach provides a general tool for network visualization and determination of critical residues for allostery. The structurally and allosterically critical residues identified in our work are testable and would provide valuable insights into the emerging strategies for drug discovery, such as targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yang
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
| | - Li Han
- Department of Computer Science, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
| | - Shuanghong Huo
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
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13
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Detering NT, Schüning T, Hensel N, Claus P. The phospho-landscape of the survival of motoneuron protein (SMN) protein: relevance for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:497. [PMID: 36006469 PMCID: PMC11071818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by low levels of the survival of motoneuron (SMN) Protein leading to preferential degeneration of lower motoneurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and brain stem. However, the SMN protein is ubiquitously expressed and there is growing evidence of a multisystem phenotype in SMA. Since a loss of SMN function is critical, it is important to decipher the regulatory mechanisms of SMN function starting on the level of the SMN protein itself. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins regulate multiple functions and processes, including activity, cellular trafficking, and stability. Several PTM sites have been identified within the SMN sequence. Here, we map the identified SMN PTMs highlighting phosphorylation as a key regulator affecting localization, stability and functions of SMN. Furthermore, we propose SMN phosphorylation as a crucial factor for intracellular interaction and cellular distribution of SMN. We outline the relevance of phosphorylation of the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) gene product SMN with regard to basic housekeeping functions of SMN impaired in this neurodegenerative disease. Finally, we compare SMA patient mutations with putative and verified phosphorylation sites. Thus, we emphasize the importance of phosphorylation as a cellular modulator in a clinical perspective as a potential additional target for combinatorial SMA treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Tula Detering
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schüning
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Niko Hensel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- SMATHERIA gGmbH - Non-Profit Biomedical Research Institute, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Cammann C, Israel N, Slevogt H, Seifert U. Recycling and Reshaping-E3 Ligases and DUBs in the Initiation of T Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling and Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073424. [PMID: 35408787 PMCID: PMC8998186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation plays a central role in supporting and shaping the immune response. The induction of a functional adaptive immune response requires the control of signaling processes downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). In this regard, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have been extensively studied. In the past decades, further checkpoints of activation have been identified. These are E3 ligases catalyzing the transfer of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins to protein substrates, as well as specific peptidases to counteract this reaction, such as deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). These posttranslational modifications can critically influence protein interactions by targeting proteins for degradation by proteasomes or mediating the complex formation required for active TCR signaling. Thus, the basic aspects of T cell development and differentiation are controlled by defining, e.g., the threshold of activation in positive and negative selection in the thymus. Furthermore, an emerging role of ubiquitination in peripheral T cell tolerance has been described. Changes in the function and abundance of certain E3 ligases or DUBs involved in T cell homeostasis are associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of E3 enzymes and their target proteins regulating T cell signaling processes and discusses new approaches for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (U.S.); Tel.: +49-3834-86-5568 (C.C.); +49-3834-86-5587 (U.S.)
| | - Nicole Israel
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Seifert
- Friedrich Loeffler-Institute of Medical Microbiology-Virology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (U.S.); Tel.: +49-3834-86-5568 (C.C.); +49-3834-86-5587 (U.S.)
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15
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Ma JJ, Zhang TY, Diao XT, Yao L, Li YX, Suo ZW, Yang X, Hu XD, Liu YN. BDNF modulated KCC2 ubiquitylation in spinal cord dorsal horn of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174205. [PMID: 34048740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) is a neuron-specific Cl- extruder in the dorsal horn of spinal cord. The low intracellular Cl- concentration established by KCC2 is critical for GABAergic and glycinergic systems to generate synaptic inhibition. Peripheral nerve lesions have been shown to cause KCC2 dysfunction in adult spinal cord through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, which switches the hyperpolarizing inhibitory transmission to be depolarizing and excitatory. However, the mechanisms by which BDNF impairs KCC2 function remain to be elucidated. Here we found that BDNF treatment enhanced KCC2 ubiquitination in the dorsal horn of adult mice, a post-translational modification that leads to KCC2 degradation. Our data showed that spinal BDNF application promoted KCC2 interaction with Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b), one of the E3 ubiquitin ligases that are involved in the spinal processing of nociceptive information. Knockdown of Cbl-b expression decreased KCC2 ubiquitination level and attenuated the pain hypersensitivity induced by BDNF. Spared nerve injury significantly increased KCC2 ubiquitination, which could be reversed by inhibition of TrkB receptor. Our data implicated that KCC2 was one of the important pain-related substrates of Cbl-b and that ubiquitin modification contributed to BDNF-induced KCC2 hypofunction in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xin-Tong Diao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yin-Xia Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhan-Wei Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Yan-Ni Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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16
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Wybenga-Groot LE, Tench AJ, Simpson CD, Germain JS, Raught B, Moran MF, McGlade CJ. SLAP2 Adaptor Binding Disrupts c-CBL Autoinhibition to Activate Ubiquitin Ligase Function. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166880. [PMID: 33617900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CBL is a RING type E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinase signaling and loss of CBL E3 function is implicated in several forms of leukemia. The Src-like adaptor proteins (SLAP/SLAP2) bind to CBL and are required for CBL-dependent downregulation of antigen receptor, cytokine receptor, and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Despite the established role of SLAP/SLAP2 in regulating CBL activity, the nature of the interaction and the mechanisms involved are not known. To understand the molecular basis of the interaction between SLAP/SLAP2 and CBL, we solved the crystal structure of CBL tyrosine kinase binding domain (TKBD) in complex with SLAP2. The carboxy-terminal region of SLAP2 adopts an α-helical structure which binds in a cleft between the 4H, EF-hand, and SH2 domains of the TKBD. This SLAP2 binding site is remote from the canonical TKBD phospho-tyrosine peptide binding site but overlaps with a region important for stabilizing CBL in its autoinhibited conformation. In addition, binding of SLAP2 to CBL in vitro activates the ubiquitin ligase function of autoinhibited CBL. Disruption of the CBL/SLAP2 interface through mutagenesis demonstrated a role for this protein-protein interaction in regulation of CBL E3 ligase activity in cells. Our results reveal that SLAP2 binding to a regulatory cleft of the TKBD provides an alternative mechanism for activation of CBL ubiquitin ligase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Wybenga-Groot
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; SPARC BioCentre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Andrea J Tench
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Craig D Simpson
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jonathan St Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael F Moran
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; SPARC BioCentre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - C Jane McGlade
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada.
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17
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The Structure and Ubiquitin Binding Properties of TRAF RING Heterodimers. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166844. [PMID: 33539883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) family members share a common domain architecture, but play non-redundant physiological roles in cell signalling. At the N terminus, most TRAFs have a RING domain, followed by a series of Zinc finger (ZF) domains. The RING domain of TRAF6 dimerizes, and the RING homodimer together with the first ZF assembles ubiquitin chains that form a platform which facilitates activation of downstream kinases. The RING dimer interface is conserved amongst TRAF proteins, suggesting that functional heterodimers could be possible. Here we report the structure of the TRAF5-TRAF6 RING heterodimer, which accounts for the stability of the heterodimer as well as its ability to assemble ubiquitin chains. We also show that the RING domain of TRAF6 heterodimerizes with TRAF3 and TRAF2, and demonstrate that the linker helix and first ZF of TRAF2 can cooperate with TRAF6 to promote chain assembly. Collectively our results suggest that TRAF RING homo- and hetero-dimers have the potential to bridge interaction of nearby TRAF trimers and modulate TRAF-mediated signalling.
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18
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Nikawa T, Ishidoh K. Ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and inhibitory Cblin peptides. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140495. [PMID: 32663526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the Cbl-b muscle atrophy-associated ubiquitin ligase and its inhibitors. Herein, the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase-associated muscle atrophy genes (atrogenes), including MAFbx-1/agrogin-1 and MuRF-1, as well as another ubiquitin ligase, Cbl-b and its inhibitors, is discussed. Cbl-b plays an important role in unloading muscle atrophy caused by spaceflight and in bedridden patients: Cbl-b ubiquitinated and induced the degradation of IRS-1, a key intermediate in the IGF-1 signaling. Furthermore, a pentapetpide (DGpYMP), inhibited Cbl-b-mediated IRS-1 ubiquitination. This peptide-based Cbl-b inhibitor Cblin and its homologous peptides in foods presumably affect muscle atrophy under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Medical Nutrition, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ishidoh
- Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima-shi, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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19
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Zhang ZY, Bai HH, Guo Z, Li HL, Diao XT, Zhang TY, Yao L, Ma JJ, Cao Z, Li YX, Bai X, Chen HK, Suo ZW, Yang X, Hu XD. Ubiquitination and functional modification of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors by Cbl-b in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/638/eaaw1519. [PMID: 32606037 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors (NMDARs) containing GluN2B subunits are prevalent early after birth in most brain regions in rodents. Upon synapse maturation, GluN2B is progressively removed from synapses, which affects NMDAR function and synaptic plasticity. Aberrant recruitment of GluN2B into mature synapses has been implicated in several neuropathologies that afflict adults. We found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b was enriched in the spinal cord dorsal horn neurons of mice and rats and suppressed GluN2B abundance during development and inflammatory pain. Cbl-b abundance increased from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P14, a critical time period for synapse maturation. Through its N-terminal tyrosine kinase binding domain, Cbl-b interacted with GluN2B. Ubiquitination of GluN2B by Cbl-b decreased the synaptic transmission mediated by GluN2B-containing NMDARs. Knocking down Cbl-b in vivo during P1 to P14 led to sustained retention of GluN2B at dorsal horn synapses, suggesting that Cbl-b limits the synaptic abundance of GluN2B in adult mice. However, peripheral inflammation induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in the dephosphorylation of Cbl-b at Tyr363, which impaired its binding to and ubiquitylation of GluN2B, enabling the reappearance of GluN2B-containing NMDARs at synapses. Expression of a phosphomimic Cbl-b mutant in the dorsal horn suppressed both GluN2B-mediated synaptic currents and manifestations of pain induced by inflammation. The findings indicate a ubiquitin-mediated developmental switch in NMDAR subunit composition that is dysregulated by inflammation, which can enhance nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yang Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Hu Bai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Ling Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Tong Diao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Juan-Juan Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Xia Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Kun Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Wei Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, P.R. China.
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20
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Poels K, Vos WG, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases as Immunotherapeutic Target in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:106. [PMID: 32582770 PMCID: PMC7292335 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation drives atherosclerosis and despite optimal pharmacological treatment of classical cardiovascular risk factors, one third of the patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has elevated inflammatory biomarkers. Additional anti-inflammatory strategies to target this residual inflammatory cardiovascular risk are therefore required. T-cells are a dominant cell type in human atherosclerotic lesions. Modulation of T-cell activation is therefore a potential strategy to target inflammation in atherosclerosis. Ubiquitination is an important regulatory mechanism of T-cell activation and several E3 ubiquitin ligases, including casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene B (Cbl-B), itchy homolog (Itch), and gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (GRAIL), function as a natural brake on T-cell activation. In this review we discuss recent insights on the role of Cbl-B, Itch, and GRAIL in atherosclerosis and explore the therapeutic potential of these E3 ubiquitin ligases in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Winnie G Vos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Kuga T, Yamane Y, Hayashi S, Taniguchi M, Yamaguchi N, Yamagishi N. Depletion of Csk preferentially reduces the protein level of LynA in a Cbl-dependent manner in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7621. [PMID: 32376886 PMCID: PMC7203244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are eight human Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs). SFK members c-Src, c-Yes, Fyn, and Lyn are expressed in various cancer cells. SFK kinase activity is negatively regulated by Csk tyrosine kinase. Reduced activity of Csk causes aberrant activation of SFKs, which can be degraded by a compensatory mechanism depending on Cbl-family ubiquitin ligases. We herein investigated whether all SFK members are similarly downregulated by Cbl-family ubiquitin ligases in cancer cells lacking Csk activity. We performed Western blotting of multiple cancer cells knocked down for Csk and found that the protein levels of the 56 kDa isoform of Lyn (LynA), 53 kDa isoform of Lyn (LynB), c-Src, and Fyn, but not of c-Yes, were reduced by Csk depletion. Induction of c-Cbl protein levels was also observed in Csk-depleted cells. The reduction of LynA accompanying the depletion of Csk was significantly reversed by the knockdown for Cbls, whereas such significant recovery of LynB, c-Src, and Fyn was not observed. These results suggested that LynA is selectively downregulated by Cbls in cancer cells lacking Csk activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kuga
- Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Yuka Yamane
- Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Soujirou Hayashi
- Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Masanari Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Analytics for Biomolecules, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
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22
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Meza Guzman LG, Keating N, Nicholson SE. Natural Killer Cells: Tumor Surveillance and Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040952. [PMID: 32290478 PMCID: PMC7226588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in cancer immunotherapy due to their innate ability to detect and kill tumorigenic cells. The decision to kill is determined by the expression of a myriad of activating and inhibitory receptors on the NK cell surface. Cell-to-cell engagement results in either self-tolerance or a cytotoxic response, governed by a fine balance between the signaling cascades downstream of the activating and inhibitory receptors. To evade a cytotoxic immune response, tumor cells can modulate the surface expression of receptor ligands and additionally, alter the conditions in the tumor microenvironment (TME), tilting the scales toward a suppressed cytotoxic NK response. To fully harness the killing power of NK cells for clinical benefit, we need to understand what defines the threshold for activation and what is required to break tolerance. This review will focus on the intracellular signaling pathways activated or suppressed in NK cells and the roles signaling intermediates play during an NK cytotoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth G. Meza Guzman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.G.M.G.); (S.E.N.); Tel.: +61-9345-2555 (S.E.N.)
| | - Narelle Keating
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.G.M.G.); (S.E.N.); Tel.: +61-9345-2555 (S.E.N.)
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23
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Zhao B, Tsai YC, Jin B, Wang B, Wang Y, Zhou H, Carpenter T, Weissman AM, Yin J. Protein Engineering in the Ubiquitin System: Tools for Discovery and Beyond. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:380-413. [PMID: 32107274 PMCID: PMC7047443 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (UB) transfer cascades consisting of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes constitute a complex network that regulates a myriad of biologic processes by modifying protein substrates. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse UB modifications or trim UB chains of diverse linkages. Additionally, many cellular proteins carry UB-binding domains (UBDs) that translate the signals encoded in UB chains to target proteins for degradation by proteasomes or in autophagosomes, as well as affect nonproteolytic outcomes such as kinase activation, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation. Dysregulation of the UB transfer pathways and malfunctions of DUBs and UBDs play causative roles in the development of many diseases. A greater understanding of the mechanism of UB chain assembly and the signals encoded in UB chains should aid in our understanding of disease pathogenesis and guide the development of novel therapeutics. The recent flourish of protein-engineering approaches such as unnatural amino acid incorporation, protein semisynthesis by expressed protein ligation, and high throughput selection by phage and yeast cell surface display has generated designer proteins as powerful tools to interrogate cell signaling mediated by protein ubiquitination. In this study, we highlight recent achievements of protein engineering on mapping, probing, and manipulating UB transfer in the cell. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin alters the fate and function of proteins in diverse ways. Protein engineering is fundamentally transforming research in this area, providing new mechanistic insights and allowing for the exploration of concepts that can potentially be applied to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Yien Che Tsai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Bo Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Bufan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Han Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Tomaya Carpenter
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Allan M Weissman
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (B.Z., B.J., B.W.); Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (Y.W.); Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland (Y.C.T., A.M.W.); and Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia (Y.W., H.Z., T.C., J.Y.)
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24
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Li X, Gong L, Gu H. Regulation of immune system development and function by Cbl-mediated ubiquitination. Immunol Rev 2020; 291:123-133. [PMID: 31402498 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a form of posttranslational protein modification that affects the activity of target proteins by regulating their intracellular degradation, trafficking, localization, and association with other regulators. Recent studies have placed protein ubiquitination as an important regulatory mode to control immune system development, function, and pathogenesis. In this review, we will mainly update the research progress from our laboratory on the roles of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the development and function of lymphocytes and non-lymphoid cells. In addition, we will highlight our current understanding of the mechanisms used by this family of proteins, especially Cbl and Cbl-b, to co-ordinately regulate the function of various receptors and transcription factors in the context of immune regulation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Kisoji Biotechnologies, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Liying Gong
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hua Gu
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreàl, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Chirino LM, Kumar S, Okumura M, Sterner DE, Mattern M, Butt TR, Kambayashi T. TAM receptors attenuate murine NK-cell responses via E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:48-55. [PMID: 31531847 PMCID: PMC7769591 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer) are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are expressed by multiple immune cells including NK cells. Although RTKs typically enhance cellular functions, TAM receptor ligation blocks NK-cell activation. The mechanisms by which RTKs block NK-cell signaling downstream of activating receptors are unknown. In this report, we demonstrate that TAM receptors attenuate NK cell responses via the activity of E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b). Specifically, we show that Tyro3, Axl, and Mer phosphorylate Cbl-b, and Tyro3 ligation activates Cbl-b by phosphorylating tyrosine residues 133 and 363. Ligation of TAM receptors by their ligand Gas6 suppresses activating receptor-stimulated NK-cell functions such as IFN-γ production and degranulation, in a TAM receptor kinase- and Cbl-b-dependent manner. Moreover, Gas6 ligation induces the degradation of LAT1, a transmembrane adaptor protein required for NK cell activating receptor signaling, in WT but not in Cbl-b knock-out NK cells. Together, these results suggest that TAM receptors may attenuate NK-cell function by phosphorylating Cbl-b, which in turn dampens NK-cell activation signaling by promoting the degradation of LAT1. Our data therefore support a mechanism by which RTKs attenuate, rather than stimulate, signaling pathways via the activation of ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilani M. Chirino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Mariko Okumura
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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26
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B7-H3 promotes multiple myeloma cell survival and proliferation by ROS-dependent activation of Src/STAT3 and c-Cbl-mediated degradation of SOCS3. Leukemia 2018; 33:1475-1486. [PMID: 30573782 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B7-H3 (CD276) is broadly overexpressed by multiple human cancers. It plays a vital role in tumor progression and has been accepted as one of the inhibitory B7 family checkpoint molecules. To identify the functions and underlying mechanisms of B7-H3 in multiple myeloma, we analyzed B7-H3 expression in myeloma patients and used siRNAs and overexpression plasmid of B7-H3 to investigate its roles and downstream signaling molecules in myeloma cell lines. The results showed that surface expression of B7-H3 was upregulated in myeloma samples and cell lines. Lower expression of B7-H3 in myeloma cells was associated with better progression-free survival. Myeloma cell survival, drug resistance, and tumor growth could be promoted by B7-H3. The molecular basis for these functional roles of B7-H3 involved the activation of JAK2/STAT3 via redox-mediated oxidation and activation of Src. We further identified a STAT3-promoting signaling pathway by which oxidant-mediated Src phosphorylation led to secondary activation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl. Activated c-Cbl subsequently caused specific proteasomal degradation of SOCS3, a negative regulator of JAK2/STAT3. These data indicate B7-H3's important role in the activation of ROS/Src/c-Cbl pathway in multiple myeloma which integrates redox regulation and sustained STAT3 activation at the level of degradation of STAT3 suppressor.
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27
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Tang R, Langdon WY, Zhang J. Regulation of immune responses by E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Cell Immunol 2018; 340:103878. [PMID: 30442330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Casitas B lymphoma-b (Cbl-b), a RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as a critical regulator of adaptive immune responses. Cbl-b is essential for establishing the threshold for T cell activation and regulating peripheral T cell tolerance through various mechanisms. Intriguingly, recent studies indicate that Cbl-b also modulates innate immune responses, and plays a key role in host defense to pathogens and anti-tumor immunity. These studies suggest that targeting Cbl-b may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of human immune-related disorders such as autoimmune diseases, infections, tumors, and allergic airway inflammation. In this review, we summarize the latest developments regarding the roles of Cbl-b in innate and adaptive immunity, and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Chen Y, Fokar M, Kang M, Chen N, Allen RD, Chen Y. Phosphorylation of Arabidopsis SINA2 by CDKG1 affects its ubiquitin ligase activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:147. [PMID: 30012094 PMCID: PMC6048857 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SEVEN IN ABSENTIA (SINA) is a RING domain-containing ubiquitin ligase involved in Drosophila eye formation. SINA-like proteins in plants are involved in several signaling pathways. Of the 18 SINA-like proteins identified in Arabidopsis, SEVEN IN ABSENTIA 2 (SINA2) lacks a canonical RING domain and is thought to lack ubiquitin ligase activity. RESULTS Our results show that SINA2 has E3 ligase activity in vitro, raising the possibility that a modified B-box domain may compensate for its lack of a RING domain. SINA2 physically interacts with the nuclear protein CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE G1 (CDKG1), which acts as a positive regulator of plant responses to abiotic stress. CDKG1 is expressed in multiple tissues and its expression increased in response to abscisic acid (ABA) and osmotic stress. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants that ectopically express CDKG1 exhibit increased tolerance to ABA and osmotic stress treatments during seed germination and cotyledon development, while the loss-of-function cdkg1 mutant plants show reduced tolerance to ABA and osmotic stress treatments. Moreover, CDKG1-dependent phosphorylation of SINA2 positively affects its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, we propose that CDKG1 modulates SINA2 ubiquitin ligase activity to regulate its effect on plant responses to ABA and osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 Republic of China
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Mohamed Fokar
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Miyoung Kang
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Naichong Chen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Randy D. Allen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 Republic of China
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Ye Q, Wang H, Su T, Wu WH, Chen YF. The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase PRU1 Regulates WRKY6 Degradation to Modulate Phosphate Homeostasis in Response to Low-Pi Stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1062-1076. [PMID: 29567663 PMCID: PMC6002188 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants, plants have evolved a number of adaptive mechanisms to respond to changes in phosphate (Pi) supply. Previously, we reported that the transcription factor WRKY6 modulates Pi homeostasis by downregulating PHOSPHATE1 (PHO1) expression and that WRKY6 is degraded during Pi starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana However, the molecular mechanism underlying low-Pi-induced WRKY6 degradation was unknown. Here, we report that a ubiquitin E3 ligase, PHOSPHATE RESPONSE UBIQUITIN E3 LIGASE1 (PRU1), modulates WRKY6 protein levels in response to low-Pi stress. A pru1 mutant was more sensitive than the wild type to Pi-deficient conditions, exhibiting a reduced Pi contents in the shoot, similar to the pho1-2 mutant and WRKY6-overexpressing line. PRU1 interacted with WRKY6 in vitro and in vivo. Under low-Pi stress, the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of WRKY6, as well as the consequential enhancement of PHO1 expression, were impaired in pru1 PRU1 complementation lines displayed no obvious differences compared with wild-type plants. Further genetic analysis showed that disruption of WRKY6 abolished the low-Pi sensitivity of pru1, indicating that WRKY6 functioned downstream of PRU1. Taken together, this study uncovers a mechanism by which PRU1 modulates Pi homeostasis, through regulating the abundance of WRKY6 in response to low-Pi stress in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Amacher JF, Hobbs HT, Cantor AC, Shah L, Rivero M, Mulchand SA, Kuriyan J. Phosphorylation control of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl is conserved in choanoflagellates. Protein Sci 2018; 27:923-932. [PMID: 29498112 PMCID: PMC5916117 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cbl proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases specialized for the regulation of tyrosine kinases by ubiquitylation. Human Cbl proteins are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, thus setting up a feedback loop whereby the activation of tyrosine kinases triggers their own degradation. Cbl proteins are targeted to their substrates by a phosphotyrosine-binding SH2 domain. Choanoflagellates, unicellular eukaryotes that are closely related to metazoans, also contain Cbl. The tyrosine kinase complement of choanoflagellates is distinct from that of metazoans, and it is unclear if choanoflagellate Cbl is regulated similarly to metazoan Cbl. Here, we performed structure-function studies on Cbl from the choanoflagellate species Salpingoeca rosetta and found that it undergoes phosphorylation-dependent activation. We show that S. rosetta Cbl can be phosphorylated by S. rosetta Src kinase, and that it can ubiquitylate S. rosetta Src. We also compared the substrate selectivity of human and S. rosetta Cbl by measuring ubiquitylation of Src constructs in which Cbl-recruitment sites are placed in different contexts with respect to the kinase domain. Our results indicate that for both human and S. rosetta Cbl, ubiquitylation depends on proximity and accessibility, rather than being targeted toward specific lysine residues. Our results point to an ancient interplay between phosphotyrosine and ubiquitin signaling in the metazoan lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine F. Amacher
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashington.
| | - Helen T. Hobbs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Aaron C. Cantor
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Lochan Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Marco‐Jose Rivero
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Sarah A. Mulchand
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia
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31
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Li P, Liu H, Zhang Z, Lv X, Wang H, Ma J, Ma Z, Qu X, Teng YE. Expression and Comparison of Cbl-b in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:623-635. [PMID: 29384143 PMCID: PMC5802325 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) mainly includes lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the difference between the expression of Cbl-b in lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Material/Methods The clinical features and survival data of NSCLC patients and Cbl-b mRNA (FPKM) were obtained from the TCGA database. Then, lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines were transfected with lentivirus-mediated RNA interference vector to knockdown the expression of Cbl-b. Next, a Transwell assay was performed to study the effect of Cbl-b shRNA on migration and invasion of lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cells. Finally, Western blot analysis was performed to measure the expressions of PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2, GSK3β, p-GSK3β, mTOR, and p-mTOR protein in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cells. Results The correlation of Cbl-b expression and OS was different between NSCLC adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma. After transfection, the expression of Cbl-b was inhibited in A549, H1975, and SW900 cells. Cbl-b shRNA promoted the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1975 cells, but it inhibited the invasion of lung squamous cell carcinoma SW900 cells. In addition, Cbl-b regulated the expression of PI3K and ERK1/2-GSK3β pathway proteins in A549 and SW900 cells. Conclusions The OS of Cbl-b mRNA low expression in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was different. The difference in signal pathways may be one of the reasons for the difference in the correlation between Cbl-b expression and the survival rate of these 2 pathological types of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaodong Lv
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, , China (mainland)
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yue-E Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Sugiki T, Furuita K, Fujiwara T, Kojima C. Current NMR Techniques for Structure-Based Drug Discovery. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010148. [PMID: 29329228 PMCID: PMC6017608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) applications have been developed for structure-based drug discovery (SBDD). NMR provides many advantages over other methods, such as the ability to directly observe chemical compounds and target biomolecules, and to be used for ligand-based and protein-based approaches. NMR can also provide important information about the interactions in a protein-ligand complex, such as structure, dynamics, and affinity, even when the interaction is too weak to be detected by ELISA or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) or to be crystalized. In this study, we reviewed current NMR techniques. We focused on recent progress in NMR measurement and sample preparation techniques that have expanded the potential of NMR-based SBDD, such as fluorine NMR (19F-NMR) screening, structure modeling of weak complexes, and site-specific isotope labeling of challenging targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Sugiki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Furuita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | - Chojiro Kojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
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33
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Tran CW, Saibil SD, Le Bihan T, Hamilton SR, Lang KS, You H, Lin AE, Garza KM, Elford AR, Tai K, Parsons ME, Wigmore K, Vainberg MG, Penninger JM, Woodgett JR, Mak TW, Ohashi PS. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Modulates Cbl-b and Constrains T Cell Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4056-4065. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abe T, Hirasaka K, Nikawa T. Involvement of Cbl-b-mediated macrophage inactivation in insulin resistance. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:97-103. [PMID: 28344752 PMCID: PMC5348625 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i3.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and overnutrition cause obesity in rodents and humans. It is well-known that obesity causes various diseases by producing insulin resistance (IR). Macrophages infiltrate the adipose tissue (AT) of obese individuals and cause chronic low-level inflammation associated with IR. Macrophage infiltration is regulated by the chemokines that are released from hypertrophied adipocytes and the immune cells in AT. Saturated fatty acids are recognized by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and induce inflammatory responses in AT macrophages (ATMs). The inflammatory cytokines that are released from activated ATMs promote IR in peripheral organs, such as the liver, skeletal muscle and AT. Therefore, ATM activation is a therapeutic target for IR in obesity. The ubiquitin ligase Casitas b-lineage lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) appears to potently suppress macrophage migration and activation. Cbl-b is highly expressed in leukocytes and negatively regulates signals associated with migration and activation. Cbl-b deficiency enhances ATM accumulation and IR in aging- and diet-induced obese mice. Cbl-b inhibits migration-related signals and SFA-induced TLR4 signaling in ATMs. Thus, targeting Cbl-b may be a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce the IR induced by ATM activation. In this review, we summarize the regulatory functions of Cbl-b in ATMs.
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35
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Filipčík P, Curry JR, Mace PD. When Worlds Collide-Mechanisms at the Interface between Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1097-1113. [PMID: 28235544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation and ubiquitination are pervasive post-translational modifications that impact all processes inside eukaryotic cells. The role of each modification has been studied for decades, and functional interplay between the two has long been demonstrated and even more widely postulated. However, our understanding of the molecular features that allow phosphorylation to control protein ubiquitination and ubiquitin to control phosphorylation has only recently begun to build. Here, we review examples of regulation between ubiquitination and phosphorylation, aiming to describe mechanisms at the molecular level. In general, these examples illustrate phosphorylation as a versatile switch throughout ubiquitination pathways, and ubiquitination primarily impacting kinase signalling in a more emphatic manner through scaffolding or degradation. Examples of regulation between these two processes are likely to grow even further as advances in molecular biology, proteomics, and computation allow a system-level understanding of signalling. Many new cases could involve similar principles to those described here, but the extensive co-regulation of these two systems leaves no doubt that they still have many surprises in store.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Filipčík
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jack R Curry
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter D Mace
- Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl) proteins protect mammary epithelial cells from proteotoxicity of active c-Src accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8228-E8237. [PMID: 27930322 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615677113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-cell lymphoma (Cbl) family ubiquitin ligases negatively regulate tyrosine kinase-dependent signal transduction by promoting degradation of active kinases. We and others previously reported that loss of Cbl functions caused hyperproliferation in lymphoid and hematopoietic systems. Unexpectedly, Cbl deletion in Cbl-b-null, Cbl-c-null primary mouse mammary epithelial cells (MECs) (Cbl triple-deficiency) induced rapid cell death despite enhanced MAP kinase and AKT activation. Acute Cbl triple-deficiency elicited distinct transcriptional and biochemical responses with partial overlap with previously described cellular reactions to unfolded proteins and oxidative stress. Although the levels of reactive oxygen species were comparable, detergent-insoluble protein aggregates containing phosphorylated c-Src accumulated in Cbl triple-deficient MECs. Treatment with a broad-spectrum kinase inhibitor dasatinib blocked protein aggregate accumulation and restored in vitro organoid formation. This effect is most likely mediated through c-Src because Cbl triple-deficient MECs were able to form organoids upon shRNA-mediated c-Src knockdown. Taking these data together, the present study demonstrates that Cbl family proteins are required to protect MECs from proteotoxic stress-induced cell death by promoting turnover of active c-Src.
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37
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Buetow L, Huang DT. Structural insights into the catalysis and regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:626-42. [PMID: 27485899 PMCID: PMC6211636 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment (conjugation) of one or more ubiquitin molecules to protein substrates governs numerous eukaryotic cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell division and immune responses. Ubiquitylation was originally associated with protein degradation, but it is now clear that ubiquitylation also mediates processes such as protein-protein interactions and cell signalling depending on the type of ubiquitin conjugation. Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) catalyse the final step of ubiquitin conjugation by transferring ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) to substrates. In humans, more than 600 E3s contribute to determining the fates of thousands of substrates; hence, E3s need to be tightly regulated to ensure accurate substrate ubiquitylation. Recent findings illustrate how E3s function on a structural level and how they coordinate with E2s and substrates to meticulously conjugate ubiquitin. Insights regarding the mechanisms of E3 regulation, including structural aspects of their autoinhibition and activation are also emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Buetow
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Danny T. Huang
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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Buetow L, Tria G, Ahmed SF, Hock A, Dou H, Sibbet GJ, Svergun DI, Huang DT. Casitas B-lineage lymphoma linker helix mutations found in myeloproliferative neoplasms affect conformation. BMC Biol 2016; 14:76. [PMID: 27609087 PMCID: PMC5015263 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl or c-Cbl) is a RING ubiquitin ligase that negatively regulates protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signalling. Phosphorylation of a conserved residue (Tyr371) on the linker helix region (LHR) between the substrate-binding and RING domains is required to ubiquitinate PTKs, thereby flagging them for degradation. This conserved Tyr is a mutational hotspot in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Previous studies have revealed that select point mutations in Tyr371 can potentiate transformation in cells and mice but not all possible mutations do so. To trigger oncogenic potential, Cbl Tyr371 mutants must perturb the LHR-substrate-binding domain interaction and eliminate PTK ubiquitination. Although structures of native and pTyr371-Cbl are available, they do not reveal how Tyr371 mutations affect Cbl's conformation. Here, we investigate how Tyr371 mutations affect Cbl's conformation in solution and how this relates to Cbl's ability to potentiate transformation in cells. RESULTS To explore how Tyr371 mutations affect Cbl's properties, we used surface plasmon resonance to measure Cbl mutant binding affinities for E2 conjugated with ubiquitin (E2-Ub), small angle X-ray scattering studies to investigate Cbl mutant conformation in solution and focus formation assays to assay Cbl mutant transformation potential in cells. Cbl Tyr371 mutants enhance E2-Ub binding and cause Cbl to adopt extended conformations in solution. LHR flexibility, RING domain accessibility and transformation potential are associated with the extent of LHR-substrate-binding domain perturbation affected by the chemical nature of the mutation. More disruptive mutants like Cbl Y371D or Y371S are more extended and the RING domain is more accessible, whereas Cbl Y371F mimics native Cbl in solution. Correspondingly, the only Tyr371 mutants that potentiate transformation in cells are those that perturb the LHR-substrate-binding domain interaction. CONCLUSIONS c-Cbl's LHR mutations are only oncogenic when they disrupt the native state and fail to ubiquitinate PTKs. These findings provide new insights into how LHR mutations deregulate c-Cbl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Buetow
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Giancarlo Tria
- EMBL c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Geb, 25a, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
- Present address: Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Nanoscopy Division, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Syed Feroj Ahmed
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Andreas Hock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | - Hao Dou
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
- Present address: Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012 People’s Republic of China
| | - Gary J. Sibbet
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
| | | | - Danny T. Huang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD UK
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Structural analysis of the TKB domain of ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b complexed with its small inhibitory peptide, Cblin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 594:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Katzav S, Schmitz ML. Mutations of c-Cbl in myeloid malignancies. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10689-96. [PMID: 26028666 PMCID: PMC4484412 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing has shown the frequent occurrence of point mutations in the ubiquitin E3 ligase c-Cbl in myeloid malignancies. Mouse models revealed a causal contribution of c-Cbl for the onset of such neoplasms. The point mutations typically cluster in the linker region and RING finger domain and affect both alleles by acquired uniparental disomy. The fast progress in the detection of c-Cbl mutations is contrasted by our scarce knowledge on their functional consequences. The c-Cbl protein displays several enzymatic functions by promoting the attachment of differentially composed ubiquitin chains and of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to its target proteins. In addition, c-Cbl functions as an adapter protein and undergoes phosphorylation-dependent inducible conformation changes. Studies on the impact of c-Cbl mutations on its functions as a dynamic and versatile adapter protein, its interactomes and on its various enzymatic activities are now important to allow the identification of druggable targets within the c-Cbl signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulamit Katzav
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse, Giessen, Germany
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Jattani RP, Tritapoe JM, Pomerantz JL. Cooperative Control of Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing Protein 11 (CARD11) Signaling by an Unusual Array of Redundant Repressive Elements. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8324-36. [PMID: 26884335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several classes of signaling proteins contain autoinhibitory domains that prevent unwarranted signaling and coordinate the induction of activity in response to external cues. CARD11, a scaffold protein critical for antigen receptor signaling to NF-κB, undergoes autoregulation by a poorly understood inhibitory domain (ID), which keeps CARD11 inactive in the absence of receptor triggering through inhibitory intramolecular interactions. This autoinhibitory strategy makes CARD11 highly susceptible to gain-of-function mutations that are frequently observed in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and that disrupt ID-mediated autoinhibition, leading to constitutive NF-κB activity, which can promote lymphoma proliferation. Although DLBCL-associated CARD11 mutations in the caspase recruitment domain (CARD), LATCH domain, and coiled coil have been shown to disrupt intramolecular ID binding, surprisingly, no gain-of-function mutations in the ID itself have been reported and validated. In this study, we solve this paradox and report that the CARD11 ID contains an unusual array of four repressive elements that function cooperatively with redundancy to prevent spontaneous NF-κB activation. Our quantitative analysis suggests that potent oncogenic CARD11 mutations must perturb autoinhibition by at least three repressive elements. Our results explain the lack of ID mutations in DLBCL and reveal an unusual autoinhibitory domain structure and strategy for preventing unwarranted scaffold signaling to NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi P Jattani
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Julia M Tritapoe
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Joel L Pomerantz
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Chapter Six - The Ubiquitin Network in the Control of EGFR Endocytosis and Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:225-76. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Li P, Wang X, Liu Z, Liu H, Xu T, Wang H, Gomez DR, Nguyen QN, Wang LE, Teng Y, Song Y, Komaki R, Welsh JW, Wei Q, Liao Z. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in CBLB, a Regulator of T-Cell Response, Predict Radiation Pneumonitis and Outcomes After Definitive Radiotherapy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2015; 17:253-262.e5. [PMID: 26732495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system has important roles in tumor development and outcomes after cancer treatment. We evaluated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding casitas B-lineage lymphoma b protein (Cbl-b), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that maintains immune tolerance by negatively regulating T-cell activation and function, were associated with outcomes after treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Samples from 393 patients with NSCLC treated with definitive radiotherapy at a single institution between March 1998 and February 2009 were used to genotype 3 potentially functional SNPs in CBLB (rs1042852 C>T, rs2305035 G>A, and rs7649466 C>G). We evaluated associations between these SNPs and local recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, overall survival, and risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP). RESULTS Having the rs2305035 A variant genotypes (AA or AG) was associated with better local recurrence-free survival (median 15.8 vs. 15.3 months; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.98; P = .033), distant metastasis-free survival (median 15.4 vs. 14.0 months; adjusted HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.96; P = .024) and overall survival (median 23.5 vs. 22.8 months; adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.56-0.93; P = .013) after adjustment in a Cox proportional hazard model. Patients with these genotypes were also at greater risk of developing grade 3 or higher RP than were patients with GG genotypes in an adjusted Cox proportional hazard model. CONCLUSION This is the first report that rs2305035 genotypes in CBLB were associated with clinical and RP risk among patients with NSCLC treated with definitive radiotherapy. These findings could assist in generating hypothesis for further mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zhensheng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - HuiJuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Daniel R Gomez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Li-E Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yuee Teng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yipeng Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ritsuko Komaki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - James W Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Ligand-driven conformational changes of MurD visualized by paramagnetic NMR. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16685. [PMID: 26582338 PMCID: PMC4652230 DOI: 10.1038/srep16685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins, especially multi-domain proteins, often undergo drastic conformational changes upon binding to ligands or by post-translational modifications, which is a key step to regulate their function. However, the detailed mechanisms of such dynamic regulation of the functional processes are poorly understood because of the lack of an efficient tool. We here demonstrate detailed characterization of conformational changes of MurD, a 47 kDa protein enzyme consisting of three domains, by the use of solution NMR equipped with paramagnetic lanthanide probe. Quantitative analysis of pseudocontact shifts has identified a novel conformational state of MurD, named semi-closed conformation, which is found to be the key to understand how MurD regulates the binding of the ligands. The modulation of the affinity coupled with conformational changes accentuates the importance of conformational state to be evaluated in drug design.
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Ding S, Zhang B, Qin F. Arabidopsis RZFP34/CHYR1, a Ubiquitin E3 Ligase, Regulates Stomatal Movement and Drought Tolerance via SnRK2.6-Mediated Phosphorylation. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:3228-44. [PMID: 26508764 PMCID: PMC4682294 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that plays a fundamental role in plant development and stress response, especially in the regulation of stomatal closure in response to water deficit stress. The signal transduction that occurs in response to ABA and drought stress is mediated by protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination. This research identified Arabidopsis thaliana RING ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN34 (RZP34; renamed here as CHY ZINC-FINGER AND RING PROTEIN1 [CHYR1]) as an ubiquitin E3 ligase. CHYR1 expression was significantly induced by ABA and drought, and along with its corresponding protein, was expressed mainly in vascular tissues and stomata. Analysis of CHYR1 gain-of-function and loss-of-function plants revealed that CHYR1 promotes ABA-induced stomatal closure, reactive oxygen species production, and plant drought tolerance. Furthermore, CHYR1 interacted with SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2 (SnRK2) kinases and could be phosphorylated by SnRK2.6 on the Thr-178 residue. Overexpression of CHYR1(T178A), a phosphorylation-deficient mutant, interfered with the proper function of CHYR1, whereas CHYR1(T178D) phenocopied the gain of function of CHYR1. Thus, this study identified a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions positively in ABA and drought responses and detailed how its ubiquitin E3 ligase activity is regulated by SnRK2.6-mediated protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangcheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Xiao Y, Qiao G, Tang J, Tang R, Guo H, Warwar S, Langdon WY, Tao L, Zhang J. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 Modulates T Cell Responses by Controlling Cbl-b Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4218-27. [PMID: 26416283 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling control Casitas-B-lineage lymphoma (Cbl)-b protein expression, which is critical for T cell activation and tolerance induction. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of this regulation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that Cbl-b fails to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation upon CD3 stimulation because SHP-1 is recruited to and dephosphorylates Cbl-b, whereas CD28 costimulation abrogates this interaction. In support of this finding, T cells lacking SHP-1 display heightened tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination of Cbl-b upon TCR stimulation, which correlates with decreased levels of Cbl-b protein. The aberrant Th2 phenotype observed in T cell-specific Shp1(-/-) mice is reminiscent of heightened Th2 response in Cblb(-/-) mice. Indeed, overexpressing Cbl-b in T cell-specific Shp1(-/-) T cells not only inhibits heightened Th2 differentiation in vitro, but also Th2 responses and allergic airway inflammation in vivo. Therefore, SHP-1 regulates Cbl-b-mediated T cell responses by controlling its tyrosine phosphorylation and ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510120 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Qiao
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samantha Warwar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, People's Republic of China;
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; and
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Pathak A, Pemov A, McMaster ML, Dewan R, Ravichandran S, Pak E, Dutra A, Lee HJ, Vogt A, Zhang X, Yeager M, Anderson S, Kirby M, Caporaso N, Greene MH, Goldin LR, Stewart DR. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia due to a germline CBL Y371C mutation: 35-year follow-up of a large family. Hum Genet 2015; 134:775-87. [PMID: 25939664 PMCID: PMC6941732 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a pediatric myeloproliferative neoplasm that arises from malignant transformation of the stem cell compartment and results in increased production of myeloid cells. Somatic and germline variants in CBL (Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene) have been associated with JMML. We report an incompletely penetrant CBL Y371C mutation discovered by whole-exome sequencing in three individuals with JMML in a large pedigree with 35 years of follow-up. The Y371 residue is highly evolutionarily conserved among CBL orthologs and paralogs. In silico bioinformatics prediction programs suggested that the Y371C mutation is highly deleterious. Protein structural modeling revealed that the Y371C mutation abrogated the ability of the CBL protein to adopt a conformation that is required for ubiquitination. Clinically, the three mutation-positive JMML individuals exhibited variable clinical courses; in two out of three, primary hematologic abnormalities persisted into adulthood with minimal clinical symptoms. The penetrance of the CBL Y371C mutation was 30% for JMML and 40% for all leukemia. Of the 8 mutation carriers in the family with available photographs, only one had significant dysmorphic features; we found no evidence of a clinical phenotype consistent with a "CBL syndrome". Although CBL Y371C has been previously reported in familial JMML, we are the first group to follow a complete pedigree harboring this mutation for an extended period, revealing additional information about this variant's penetrance, function and natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pathak
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Clinical Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive Rm 6E450, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Liyasova MS, Ma K, Lipkowitz S. Molecular pathways: cbl proteins in tumorigenesis and antitumor immunity-opportunities for cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1789-94. [PMID: 25477533 PMCID: PMC4401614 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cbl proteins are a family of ubiquitin ligases (E3s) that regulate signaling through many tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways. A predominant function is to negatively regulate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling by ubiquitination of active RTKs, targeting them for trafficking to the lysosome for degradation. Also, Cbl-mediated ubiquitination can regulate signaling protein function by altered cellular localization of proteins without degradation. In addition to their role as E3s, Cbl proteins play a positive role in signaling by acting as adaptor proteins that can recruit signaling molecules to the active RTKs. Cbl-b, a second family member, negatively regulates the costimulatory pathway of CD8 T cells and also negatively regulates natural killer cell function. The different functions of Cbl proteins and their roles both in the development of cancer and the regulation of immune responses provide multiple therapeutic opportunities. Mutations in Cbl that inactivate the negative E3 function while maintaining the positive adaptor function have been described in approximately 5% of myeloid neoplasms. An improved understanding of how the signaling pathways [e.g., Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), PI3K, and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)] are dysregulated by these mutations in Cbl has helped to identify potential targets for therapy of myeloid neoplasms. Conversely, the loss of Cbl-b leads to increased adaptive and innate antitumor immunity, suggesting that inhibiting Cbl-b may be a means to increase antitumor immunity across a wide variety of tumors. Thus, targeting the pathways regulated by Cbl proteins may provide attractive opportunities for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya S Liyasova
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ke Ma
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Abstract
Three classes of E3 ubiquitin ligases, members of the Cbl, Hakai, and SOCS-Cul5-RING ligase families, stimulate the ubiquitination of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins, including receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases and their phosphorylated substrates. Because ubiquitination frequently routes proteins for degradation by the lysosome or proteasome, these E3 ligases are able to potently inhibit tyrosine kinase signaling. Their loss or mutational inactivation can contribute to cancer, autoimmunity, or endocrine disorders, such as diabetes. However, these ligases also have biological functions that are independent of their ubiquitination activity. Here we review relevant literature and then focus on more-recent developments in understanding the structures, substrates, and pathways through which the phosphotyrosine-specific ubiquitin ligases regulate diverse aspects of cell biology.
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Lindsey S, Langhans SA. Epidermal growth factor signaling in transformed cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 314:1-41. [PMID: 25619714 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB) family play a critical role in normal cell growth and development. However, many ErbB family members, especially EGFR, are aberrantly expressed or deregulated in tumors and are thought to play crucial roles in cancer development and metastatic progression. In this chapter, we provide an overview of key mechanisms contributing to aberrant EGFR/ErbB signaling in transformed cells, which results in many phenotypic changes associated with the earliest stages of tumor formation, including several hallmarks of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These changes often occur through interaction with other major signaling pathways important to tumor progression, causing a multitude of transcriptional changes that ultimately impact cell morphology, proliferation, and adhesion, all of which are crucial for tumor progression. The resulting mesh of signaling networks will need to be taken into account as new regimens are designed for targeting EGFR for therapeutic intervention. As new insights are gained into the molecular mechanisms of cross talk between EGFR signaling and other signaling pathways, including their roles in therapeutic resistance to anti-EGFR therapies, a continual reassessment of clinical therapeutic regimes and strategies will be required. Understanding the consequences and complexity of EGF signaling and how it relates to tumor progression is critical for the development of clinical compounds and establishing clinical protocols for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Lindsey
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Sigrid A Langhans
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
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