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Li NZ, Wang ZX, Zhang F, Feng CZ, Chen Y, Liu DJ, Chen SB, Jin Y, Zhang YL, Xie YY, Huang QH, Wang L, Li B, Sun XJ. Threonine dehydrogenase regulates neutrophil homeostasis but not H3K4me3 levels in zebrafish. FEBS J 2024; 291:3367-3383. [PMID: 38652546 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
l-threonine dehydrogenase (Tdh) is an enzyme that links threonine metabolism to epigenetic modifications and mitochondria biogenesis. In vitro studies show that it is critical for the regulation of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) levels and cell fate determination of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). However, whether Tdh regulates a developmental process in vivo and, if it does, whether it also primarily regulates H3K4me3 levels in this process as it does in mESCs, remains elusive. Here, we revealed that, in zebrafish hematopoiesis, tdh is preferentially expressed in neutrophils. Knockout of tdh causes a decrease in neutrophil number and slightly suppresses their acute injury-induced migration, but, unlike the mESCs, the level of H3K4me3 is not evidently reduced in neutrophils sorted from the kidney marrow of adult tdh-null zebrafish. These phenotypes are dependent on the enzymatic activity of Tdh. Importantly, a soluble supplement of nutrients that are able to fuel the acetyl-CoA pool, such as pyruvate, glucose and branched-chain amino acids, is sufficient to rescue the reduction in neutrophils caused by tdh deletion. In summary, our study presents evidence for the functional requirement of Tdh-mediated threonine metabolism in a developmental process in vivo. It also provides an animal model for investigating the nutritional regulation of myelopoiesis and immune response, as well as a useful tool for high-throughput drug/nutrition screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Zhe Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Chang-Zhou Feng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Dian-Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Shu-Bei Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yin-Yin Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Lan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Omics and Diseases, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Saha D, Animireddy S, Bartholomew B. The SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex in cell lineage priming and early development. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:603-616. [PMID: 38572912 PMCID: PMC11088921 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
ATP dependent chromatin remodelers have pivotal roles in transcription, DNA replication and repair, and maintaining genome integrity. SWI/SNF remodelers were first discovered in yeast genetic screens for factors involved in mating type switching or for using alternative energy sources therefore termed SWI/SNF complex (short for SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable). The SWI/SNF complexes utilize energy from ATP hydrolysis to disrupt histone-DNA interactions and shift, eject, or reposition nucleosomes making the underlying DNA more accessible to specific transcription factors and other regulatory proteins. In development, SWI/SNF orchestrates the precise activation and repression of genes at different stages, safe guards the formation of specific cell lineages and tissues. Dysregulation of SWI/SNF have been implicated in diseases such as cancer, where they can drive uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor metastasis. Additionally, SWI/SNF defects are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, leading to disruption of neural development and function. This review offers insights into recent developments regarding the roles of the SWI/SNF complex in pluripotency and cell lineage primining and the approaches that have helped delineate its importance. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is crucial for unraveling the intricate processes governing embryonic stem cell biology and developmental transitions and may potentially apply to human diseases linked to mutations in the SWI/SNF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhurjhoti Saha
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, U.S.A
| | - Srinivas Animireddy
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, U.S.A
| | - Blaine Bartholomew
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, U.S.A
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3
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Du P, Wu J. Hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cell states. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:312-333. [PMID: 38382531 PMCID: PMC10939785 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Though totipotency and pluripotency are transient during early embryogenesis, they establish the foundation for the development of all mammals. Studying these in vivo has been challenging due to limited access and ethical constraints, particularly in humans. Recent progress has led to diverse culture adaptations of epiblast cells in vitro in the form of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, which not only deepen our understanding of embryonic development but also serve as invaluable resources for animal reproduction and regenerative medicine. This review delves into the hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, shedding light on their key molecular and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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4
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Sinenko SA, Tomilin AN. Metabolic control of induced pluripotency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1328522. [PMID: 38274274 PMCID: PMC10808704 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1328522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells of the mammalian epiblast and their cultured counterparts-embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs)-have the capacity to differentiate in all cell types of adult organisms. An artificial process of reactivation of the pluripotency program in terminally differentiated cells was established in 2006, which allowed for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This iPSC technology has become an invaluable tool in investigating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and therapeutic drug development, and it also holds tremendous promise for iPSC applications in regenerative medicine. Since the process of induced reprogramming of differentiated cells to a pluripotent state was discovered, many questions about the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have been clarified. Studies conducted over the past 2 decades have established that metabolic pathways and retrograde mitochondrial signals are involved in the regulation of various aspects of stem cell biology, including differentiation, pluripotency acquisition, and maintenance. During the reprogramming process, cells undergo major transformations, progressing through three distinct stages that are regulated by different signaling pathways, transcription factor networks, and inputs from metabolic pathways. Among the main metabolic features of this process, representing a switch from the dominance of oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and anabolic processes, are many critical stage-specific metabolic signals that control the path of differentiated cells toward a pluripotent state. In this review, we discuss the achievements in the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of processes controlled by metabolic pathways, and vice versa, during the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Sinenko
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Taleva G, Husová M, Panicucci B, Hierro-Yap C, Pineda E, Biran M, Moos M, Šimek P, Butter F, Bringaud F, Zíková A. Mitochondrion of the Trypanosoma brucei long slender bloodstream form is capable of ATP production by substrate-level phosphorylation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011699. [PMID: 37819951 PMCID: PMC10593219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The long slender bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei maintains its essential mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) through the proton-pumping activity of the FoF1-ATP synthase operating in the reverse mode. The ATP that drives this hydrolytic reaction has long been thought to be generated by glycolysis and imported from the cytosol via an ATP/ADP carrier (AAC). Indeed, we demonstrate that AAC is the only carrier that can import ATP into the mitochondrial matrix to power the hydrolytic activity of the FoF1-ATP synthase. However, contrary to expectations, the deletion of AAC has no effect on parasite growth, virulence or levels of ΔΨm. This suggests that ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation pathways in the mitochondrion. Therefore, we knocked out the succinyl-CoA synthetase (SCS) gene, a key mitochondrial enzyme that produces ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation in this parasite. Its absence resulted in changes to the metabolic landscape of the parasite, lowered virulence, and reduced mitochondrial ATP content. Strikingly, these SCS mutant parasites become more dependent on AAC as demonstrated by a 25-fold increase in their sensitivity to the AAC inhibitor, carboxyatractyloside. Since the parasites were able to adapt to the loss of SCS in culture, we also analyzed the more immediate phenotypes that manifest when SCS expression is rapidly suppressed by RNAi. Importantly, when performed under nutrient-limited conditions mimicking various host environments, SCS depletion strongly affected parasite growth and levels of ΔΨm. In totality, the data establish that the long slender bloodstream form mitochondrion is capable of generating ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Taleva
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
| | - Michaela Husová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
| | - Brian Panicucci
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
| | - Carolina Hierro-Yap
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
| | - Erika Pineda
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Biran
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité (MFP), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech republic
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Tian J, Zhu X, Wu H, Wang Y, Hu X. Serum metabolic profile and metabolome genome-wide association study in chicken. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:69. [PMID: 37138301 PMCID: PMC10158329 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickens provide globally important livestock products. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underpinning chicken economic traits is crucial for improving their selective breeding. Influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, metabolites are the ultimate expression of physiological processes and can provide key insights into livestock economic traits. However, the serum metabolite profile and genetic architecture of the metabolome in chickens have not been well studied. RESULTS Here, comprehensive metabolome detection was performed using non-targeted LC-MS/MS on serum from a chicken advanced intercross line (AIL). In total, 7,191 metabolites were used to construct a chicken serum metabolomics dataset and to comprehensively characterize the serum metabolism of the chicken AIL population. Regulatory loci affecting metabolites were identified in a metabolome genome-wide association study (mGWAS). There were 10,061 significant SNPs associated with 253 metabolites that were widely distributed across the entire chicken genome. Many functional genes affect metabolite synthesis, metabolism, and regulation. We highlight the key roles of TDH and AASS in amino acids, and ABCB1 and CD36 in lipids. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a chicken serum metabolite dataset containing 7,191 metabolites to provide a reference for future chicken metabolome characterization work. Meanwhile, we used mGWAS to analyze the genetic basis of chicken metabolic traits and metabolites and to improve chicken breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Model Animals (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Model Animals (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Research Facility for Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Model Animals (Beijing), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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7
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García-Gómez ML, Reyes-Hernández BJ, Sahoo DP, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, Quintana-Armas AX, Pedroza-García JA, Shishkova S, Torres-Martínez HH, Pacheco-Escobedo MA, Dubrovsky JG. A mutation in THREONINE SYNTHASE 1 uncouples proliferation and transition domains of the root apical meristem: experimental evidence and in silico proposed mechanism. Development 2022; 149:278438. [PMID: 36278862 PMCID: PMC9796171 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A continuum from stem to transit-amplifying to a differentiated cell state is a common theme in multicellular organisms. In the plant root apical meristem (RAM), transit-amplifying cells are organized into two domains: cells from the proliferation domain (PD) are displaced to the transition domain (TD), suggesting that both domains are necessarily coupled. Here, we show that in the Arabidopsis thaliana mto2-2 mutant, in which threonine (Thr) synthesis is affected, the RAM lacks the PD. Through a combination of cell length profile analysis, mathematical modeling and molecular markers, we establish that the PD and TD can be uncoupled. Remarkably, although the RAM of mto2-2 is represented solely by the TD, the known factors of RAM maintenance and auxin signaling are expressed in the mutant. Mathematical modeling predicts that the stem cell niche depends on Thr metabolism and that, when disturbed, the normal continuum of cell states becomes aborted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. García-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Blanca J. Reyes-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Debee P. Sahoo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Selene Napsucialy-Mendivil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Aranza X. Quintana-Armas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - José A. Pedroza-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Svetlana Shishkova
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Héctor H. Torres-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Pacheco-Escobedo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnológica de México – UNITEC MÉXICO – Campus Atizapán, Av. Calacoaya 7, Atizapán de Zaragoza, Estado de México, 52970, Mexico
| | - Joseph G. Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad, 2001, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico,Author for correspondence ()
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Morita Y, Kishino Y, Fukuda K, Tohyama S. Scalable manufacturing of clinical-grade differentiated cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative therapy. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13248. [PMID: 35534945 PMCID: PMC9357358 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research on human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) for cardiac regenerative therapy is one of the most active and complex fields to achieve this alternative to heart transplantation and requires the integration of medicine, science, and engineering. Mortality in patients with heart failure remains high worldwide. Although heart transplantation is the sole strategy for treating severe heart failure, the number of donors is limited. Therefore, hPSC‐derived CM (hPSC‐CM) transplantation is expected to replace heart transplantation. To achieve this goal, for basic research, various issues should be considered, including how to induce hPSC proliferation efficiently for cardiac differentiation, induce hPSC‐CMs, eliminate residual undifferentiated hPSCs and non‐CMs, and assess for the presence of residual undifferentiated hPSCs in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current stage of resolving these issues and future directions for realizing hPSC‐based cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuika Morita
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kishino
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Amino Acid Transport and Metabolism Regulate Early Embryo Development: Species Differences, Clinical Significance, and Evolutionary Implications. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113154. [PMID: 34831375 PMCID: PMC8618253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we discuss the beneficial effects of amino acid transport and metabolism on pre- and peri-implantation embryo development, and we consider how disturbances in these processes lead to undesirable health outcomes in adults. Proline, glutamine, glycine, and methionine transport each foster cleavage-stage development, whereas leucine uptake by blastocysts via transport system B0,+ promotes the development of trophoblast motility and the penetration of the uterine epithelium in mammalian species exhibiting invasive implantation. (Amino acid transport systems and transporters, such as B0,+, are often oddly named. The reader is urged to focus on the transporters’ functions, not their names.) B0,+ also accumulates leucine and other amino acids in oocytes of species with noninvasive implantation, thus helping them to produce proteins to support later development. This difference in the timing of the expression of system B0,+ is termed heterochrony—a process employed in evolution. Disturbances in leucine uptake via system B0,+ in blastocysts appear to alter the subsequent development of embryos, fetuses, and placentae, with undesirable consequences for offspring. These consequences may include greater adiposity, cardiovascular dysfunction, hypertension, neural abnormalities, and altered bone growth in adults. Similarly, alterations in amino acid transport and metabolism in pluripotent cells in the blastocyst inner cell mass likely lead to epigenetic DNA and histone modifications that produce unwanted transgenerational health outcomes. Such outcomes might be avoided if we learn more about the mechanisms of these effects.
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Sahoo DP, Van Winkle LJ, Díaz de la Garza RI, Dubrovsky JG. Interkingdom Comparison of Threonine Metabolism for Stem Cell Maintenance in Plants and Animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672545. [PMID: 34557481 PMCID: PMC8454773 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, tissue generation, maintenance, and homeostasis depend on stem cells. Cellular metabolic status is an essential component of different differentiated states, from stem to fully differentiated cells. Threonine (Thr) metabolism has emerged as a critical factor required to maintain pluripotent/multipotent stem cells in both plants and animals. Thus, both kingdoms conserved or converged upon this fundamental feature of stem cell function. Here, we examine similarities and differences in Thr metabolism-dependent mechanisms supporting stem cell maintenance in these two kingdoms. We then consider common features of Thr metabolism in stem cell maintenance and predict and speculate that some knowledge about Thr metabolism and its role in stem cell function in one kingdom may apply to the other. Finally, we outline future research directions to explore these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debee Prasad Sahoo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lon J. Van Winkle
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Humanities, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | | | - Joseph G. Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Physiological Functions of Threonine in Animals: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082592. [PMID: 34444752 PMCID: PMC8399342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Threonine (Thr), an essential amino acid for animals and the limiting amino acid in swine and poultry diets, which plays a vital role in the modulation of nutritional metabolism, macromolecular biosynthesis, and gut homeostasis. Current evidence supports that the supplementation of Thr leads to benefits in terms of energy metabolism. Threonine is not only an important component of gastrointestinal mucin, but also acts as a nutritional modulator that influences the intestinal immune system via complex signaling networks, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the target of the rapamycin (TOR) signal pathway. Threonine is also recognized as an indispensable nutrient for cell growth and proliferation. Hence, optimization of Thr requirement may exert a favorable impact on the factors linked to health and diseases in animals. This review focuses on the latest reports of Thr in metabolic pathways and nutritional regulation, as well as the relationship between Thr and relevant physiological functions.
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12
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Kubota K, Iqbal K, Soares MJ. SATB1 promotion of trophoblast stem cell renewal through regulation of threonine dehydrogenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129757. [PMID: 33011339 PMCID: PMC7708522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trophoblast stem (TS) cell renewal and differentiation are essential processes in placentation. Special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1) is a key regulator of the TS cell stem state. In this study, we identified SATB1 downstream targets and investigated their actions. METHODS RNA-sequencing analysis was performed in Rcho-1 TS cells expressing control or Satb1 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) to identify candidate SATB1 targets. Differentially regulated transcripts were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The role of a target of SATB1, L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase (TDH), in the regulation of trophoblast cell development was investigated using a loss-of-function approach. RESULTS Among the differentially regulated transcripts in SATB1 knockdown TS cells, were downregulated transcripts known to affect the TS cell stem state and upregulated transcripts characteristic of trophoblast cell differentiation. Tdh expression was exquisitely responsive to SATB1 dysregulation. Tdh expression was high in the TS cell stem state and decreased as TS cells differentiated. Treatment of Rcho-1 TS cells with a TDH inhibitor or a TDH specific shRNA inhibited cell proliferation and attenuated the expression of TS cell stem state-associated transcripts and elevated the expression of trophoblast cell differentiation-associated transcripts. TDH disruption decreased TS cell colony size, Cdx2 expression, and blastocyst outgrowth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the actions of SATB1 on TS cell maintenance are mediated, at least in part, through the regulation and actions of TDH. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Regulatory pathways controlling TS cell dynamics dictate the functionality of the placenta, pregnancy outcomes, and postnatal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Kubota
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America
| | - Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States of America; Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States of America.
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13
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Liu K, Cao J, Shi X, Wang L, Zhao T. Cellular metabolism and homeostasis in pluripotency regulation. Protein Cell 2020; 11:630-640. [PMID: 32643102 PMCID: PMC7452966 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can immortally self-renew in culture with a high proliferation rate, and they possess unique metabolic characteristics that facilitate pluripotency regulation. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that link cellular metabolism and homeostasis to pluripotency regulation, with particular emphasis on pathways involving amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Metabolism of amino acids and lipids is tightly coupled to epigenetic modification, organelle remodeling and cell signaling pathways for pluripotency regulation. PSCs harness enhanced proteasome and autophagy activity to meet the material and energy requirements for cellular homeostasis. These regulatory events reflect a fine balance between the intrinsic cellular requirements and the extrinsic environment. A more complete understanding of this balance will pave new ways to manipulate PSC fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiani Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xingxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Lee HY, Hong IS. Metabolic Regulation and Related Molecular Mechanisms in Various Stem Cell Functions. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:531-546. [PMID: 32394844 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200512105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on the mechanisms that link metabolic changes with stem cell fate have deepened our understanding of how specific metabolic pathways can regulate various stem cell functions during the development of an organism. Although it was originally thought to be merely a consequence of the specific cell state, metabolism is currently known to play a critical role in regulating the self-renewal capacity, differentiation potential, and quiescence of stem cells. Many studies in recent years have revealed that metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell behaviors (e.g., selfrenewal, migration, and differentiation) by modulating energy production through glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation and by regulating the generation of metabolites, which can modulate multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, a more comprehensive understanding of stem cell metabolism could allow us to establish optimal culture conditions and differentiation methods that would increase stem cell expansion and function for cell-based therapies. However, little is known about how metabolic pathways regulate various stem cell functions. In this context, we review the current advances in metabolic research that have revealed functional roles for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative stress during the self-renewal, differentiation and aging of various adult stem cell types. These approaches could provide novel strategies for the development of metabolic or pharmacological therapies to promote the regenerative potential of stem cells and subsequently promote their therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, 85 Goesan-eup, Munmu-ro, Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 367-700, Korea
| | - In-Sun Hong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
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15
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Tsogtbaatar E, Landin C, Minter-Dykhouse K, Folmes CDL. Energy Metabolism Regulates Stem Cell Pluripotency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32181250 PMCID: PMC7059177 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are characterized by their unique capacity for both unlimited self-renewal and their potential to differentiate to all cell lineages contained within the three primary germ layers. While once considered a distinct cellular state, it is becoming clear that pluripotency is in fact a continuum of cellular states, all capable of self-renewal and differentiation, yet with distinct metabolic, mitochondrial and epigenetic features dependent on gestational stage. In this review we focus on two of the most clearly defined states: “naïve” and “primed” PSCs. Like other rapidly dividing cells, PSCs have a high demand for anabolic precursors necessary to replicate their genome, cytoplasm and organelles, while concurrently consuming energy in the form of ATP. This requirement for both anabolic and catabolic processes sufficient to supply a highly adapted cell cycle in the context of reduced oxygen availability, distinguishes PSCs from their differentiated progeny. During early embryogenesis PSCs adapt their substrate preference to match the bioenergetic requirements of each specific developmental stage. This is reflected in different mitochondrial morphologies, membrane potentials, electron transport chain (ETC) compositions, and utilization of glycolysis. Additionally, metabolites produced in PSCs can directly influence epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which in turn can affect self-renewal characteristics. Thus, our understanding of the role of metabolism in PSC fate has expanded from anabolism and catabolism to include governance of the pluripotent epigenetic landscape. Understanding the roles of metabolism and the factors influencing metabolic pathways in naïve and primed pluripotent states provide a platform for understanding the drivers of cell fate during development. This review highlights the roles of the major metabolic pathways in the acquisition and maintenance of the different states of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkhtuul Tsogtbaatar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Chelsea Landin
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine Minter-Dykhouse
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Clifford D L Folmes
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Metabolism Laboratory, Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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16
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Metabolic-Epigenetic Axis in Pluripotent State Transitions. EPIGENOMES 2019; 3:epigenomes3030013. [PMID: 34968225 PMCID: PMC8594706 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell state transition (CST) occurs during embryo development and in adult life in response to different stimuli and is associated with extensive epigenetic remodeling. Beyond growth factors and signaling pathways, increasing evidence point to a crucial role of metabolic signals in this process. Indeed, since several epigenetic enzymes are sensitive to availability of specific metabolites, fluctuations in their levels may induce the epigenetic changes associated with CST. Here we analyze how fluctuations in metabolites availability influence DNA/chromatin modifications associated with pluripotent stem cell (PSC) transitions. We discuss current studies and focus on the effects of metabolites in the context of naïve to primed transition, PSC differentiation and reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), analyzing their mechanism of action and the causal correlation between metabolites availability and epigenetic alteration.
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17
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Vardhana SA, Arnold PK, Rosen BP, Chen Y, Carey BW, Huangfu D, Carmona-Fontaine C, Thompson CB, Finley LW. Glutamine independence is a selectable feature of pluripotent stem cells. Nat Metab 2019; 1:676-687. [PMID: 31511848 PMCID: PMC6737941 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Most rapidly proliferating mammalian cells rely on the oxidation of exogenous glutamine to support cell proliferation. We previously found that culture of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the presence of inhibitors against MEK and GSK3β to maintain pluripotency reduces cellular reliance on glutamine for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle anaplerosis, enabling ESCs to proliferate in the absence of exogenous glutamine. Here we show that reduced dependence on exogenous glutamine is a generalizable feature of pluripotent stem cells. Enhancing self-renewal, through either overexpression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors or altered signal transduction, decreases the utilization of glutamine-derived carbons in the TCA cycle. As a result, cells with the highest potential for self-renewal can be enriched by transient culture in glutamine-deficient media. During pluripotent cell culture or reprogramming to pluripotency, transient glutamine withdrawal selectively leads to the elimination of non-pluripotent cells. These data reveal that reduced dependence on glutamine anaplerosis is an inherent feature of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells and reveal a simple, non-invasive mechanism to select for mouse and human pluripotent stem cells within a heterogeneous population during both ESC passage and induced pluripotent cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosha A. Vardhana
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paige K. Arnold
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York, USA
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical
Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bess P. Rosen
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanyang Chen
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bryce W. Carey
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The
Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Carmona-Fontaine
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of
Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Craig B. Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lydia W.S. Finley
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York, New York, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L.W.S.F.
()
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18
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Chen G, Wang J. A regulatory circuitry locking pluripotent stemness to embryonic stem cell: Interaction between threonine catabolism and histone methylation. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 57:72-78. [PMID: 30710616 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) is a prototype of pluripotent stem cell that undergoes endless self-renewal in culture without losing the pluripotency, the ability to differentiate to all somatic lineages. The self-renewal of ESC relies on a gene expression program, epigenetic state, and cellular metabolism specific to ESC. In this review, we will present the evidence to exemplify how gene regulation, chromatin methylation, and threonine catabolism are specialized to boost ESC self-renewal. It is evident that a feedforward regulatory circuitry forms at the interfaces between the transcriptional, epigenetic and metabolic control to consolidate the pluripotency of ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State of University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State of University School of Medicine, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State of University School of Medicine, United States.
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19
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Ferrari A, Longo R, Silva R, Mitro N, Caruso D, De Fabiani E, Crestani M. Epigenome modifiers and metabolic rewiring: New frontiers in therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 193:178-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Shi X, Tasdogan A, Huang F, Hu Z, Morrison SJ, DeBerardinis RJ. The abundance of metabolites related to protein methylation correlates with the metastatic capacity of human melanoma xenografts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:eaao5268. [PMID: 29109980 PMCID: PMC5665593 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a major factor in transformation, and particular metabolic phenotypes correlate with oncogenotype, tumor progression, and metastasis. By profiling metabolites in 17 patient-derived xenograft melanoma models, we identified durable metabolomic signatures that correlate with biological features of the tumors. BRAF mutant tumors had metabolomic and metabolic flux features of enhanced glycolysis compared to BRAF wild-type tumors. Tumors that metastasized efficiently from their primary sites had elevated levels of metabolites related to protein methylation, including trimethyllysine (TML). TML levels correlated with histone H3 trimethylation at Lys9 and Lys27, and methylation at these sites was also enhanced in efficiently metastasizing tumors. Erasing either of these marks by genetically or pharmacologically silencing the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 or EZH2 had no effect on primary tumor growth but reduced cellular invasiveness and metastatic spread. Thus, metabolite profiling can uncover targetable epigenetic requirements for the metastasis of human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Shi
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Fang Huang
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zeping Hu
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sean J. Morrison
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J. DeBerardinis
- Children’s Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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21
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Mathieu J, Ruohola-Baker H. Metabolic remodeling during the loss and acquisition of pluripotency. Development 2017; 144:541-551. [PMID: 28196802 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells from the early stages of embryonic development have the unlimited capacity to self-renew and undergo differentiation into all of the cell types of the adult organism. These properties are regulated by tightly controlled networks of gene expression, which in turn are governed by the availability of transcription factors and their interaction with the underlying epigenetic landscape. Recent data suggest that, perhaps unexpectedly, some key epigenetic marks, and thereby gene expression, are regulated by the levels of specific metabolites. Hence, cellular metabolism plays a vital role beyond simply the production of energy, and may be involved in the regulation of cell fate. In this Review, we discuss the metabolic changes that occur during the transitions between different pluripotent states both in vitro and in vivo, including during reprogramming to pluripotency and the onset of differentiation, and we discuss the extent to which distinct metabolites might regulate these transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mathieu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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22
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Dutta A, Abmayr SM, Workman JL. Diverse Activities of Histone Acylations Connect Metabolism to Chromatin Function. Mol Cell 2017; 63:547-552. [PMID: 27540855 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of histones play important roles in balancing transcriptional output. The discovery of acyl marks, besides histone acetylation, has added to the functional diversity of histone modifications. Since all modifications use metabolic intermediates as substrates for chromatin-modifying enzymes, the prevalent landscape of histone modifications in any cell type is a snapshot of its metabolic status. Here, we review some of the current findings of how differential use of histone acylations regulates gene expression as response to metabolic changes and differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnob Dutta
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Susan M Abmayr
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jerry L Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The physiological identity of every cell is maintained by highly specific transcriptional networks that establish a coherent molecular program that is in tune with nutritional conditions. The regulation of cell-specific transcriptional networks is accomplished by an epigenetic program via chromatin-modifying enzymes, whose activity is directly dependent on metabolites such as acetyl-coenzyme A, S-adenosylmethionine, and NAD+, among others. Therefore, these nuclear activities are directly influenced by the nutritional status of the cell. In addition to nutritional availability, this highly collaborative program between epigenetic dynamics and metabolism is further interconnected with other environmental cues provided by the day-night cycles imposed by circadian rhythms. Herein, we review molecular pathways and their metabolites associated with epigenetic adaptations modulated by histone- and DNA-modifying enzymes and their responsiveness to the environment in the context of health and disease.
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24
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Donato V, Bonora M, Simoneschi D, Sartini D, Kudo Y, Saraf A, Florens L, Washburn MP, Stadtfeld M, Pinton P, Pagano M. The TDH-GCN5L1-Fbxo15-KBP axis limits mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:341-351. [PMID: 28319092 PMCID: PMC5376241 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewing naive mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) contain few mitochondria, which increase in number and volume at the onset of differentiation. KBP (encoded by Kif1bp) is an interactor of the mitochondrial-associated kinesin Kif1Bα. We found that TDH, responsible for mitochondrial production of acetyl-CoA in mESCs, and the acetyltransferase GCN5L1 cooperate to acetylate Lys501 in KBP, allowing its recognition by and degradation via Fbxo15, an F-box protein transcriptionally controlled by the pluripotency core factors and repressed following differentiation. Defects in KBP degradation in mESCs result in an unscheduled increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, enhanced respiration and ROS production, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Silencing of Kif1Bα reverts the aberrant increase in mitochondria induced by KBP stabilization. Notably, following differentiation, Kif1bp-/- mESCs display impaired expansion of the mitochondrial mass and form smaller embryoid bodies. Thus, KBP proteolysis limits the accumulation of mitochondria in mESCs to preserve their optimal fitness, whereas KBP accumulation promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Donato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Daniele Simoneschi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Anita Saraf
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Laurence Florens
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
| | - Michael P Washburn
- The Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, SRB 1107, New York, New York 10016, USA
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25
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Kilberg MS, Terada N, Shan J. Influence of Amino Acid Metabolism on Embryonic Stem Cell Function and Differentiation. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:780S-9S. [PMID: 27422515 PMCID: PMC4942862 DOI: 10.3945/an.115.011031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have promise in regenerative medicine because of their ability to differentiate into all 3 primary germ layers. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of the link between the metabolism of ESCs/iPSCs and their maintenance/differentiation in the cell culture setting, with particular emphasis on amino acid (AA) metabolism. ESCs are endowed with unique metabolic features with regard to energy consumption, metabolite flux through particular pathways, and macromolecular synthesis. Therefore, nutrient availability has a strong influence on stem cell growth, self-renewal, and lineage specification, both in vivo and in vitro. Evidence from several laboratories has documented that self-renewal and differentiation of mouse ESCs are critically dependent on proline metabolism, with downstream metabolites possibly serving as signal molecules. Likewise, catabolism of either threonine (mouse) or methionine (human) is required for growth and differentiation of ESCs because these AAs serve as precursors for donor molecules used in histone methylation and acetylation. Epigenetic mechanisms are recognized as critical steps in differentiation, and AA metabolism in ESCs appears to modulate these epigenetic processes. Recent reports also document that, in vitro, the nutrient composition of the culture medium in which ESCs are differentiated into embryoid bodies can influence lineage specification, leading to enrichment of a specific cell type. Although research designed to direct tissue specification of differentiating embryoid bodies in culture is still in its infancy, early results indicate that manipulation of the nutrient milieu can promote or suppress the formation of specific cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jixiu Shan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Formisano TM, Van Winkle LJ. At Least Three Transporters Likely Mediate Threonine Uptake Needed for Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:17. [PMID: 27014692 PMCID: PMC4791362 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are at the forefront of current regenerative and biomedical research. Thus, there exists an imperative and urgent need to understand the mechanisms that drive stem cell function in order to exploit their use as a therapeutic tool. Amino acids are potent inducers of signaling cascades that drive stem cell proliferation and differentiation. With a focus on mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, Threonine (Thr) is the only amino acid required in culture media for mES cell proliferation. Current research associates this need for Thr with threonine dehydrogenase (TDH), which catabolizes Thr to glycine and acetyl-CoA in mES cells. This theory depends, in part, on the ability of 3- hydroxynorvaline (3-HNV) to inhibit both TDH and mES cell proliferation. However, the concentration of 3-HNV needed to inhibit mES cell proliferation is more than an order of magnitude less than its apparent Ki for TDH inhibition. Additionally, 3-HNV inhibits human embryonic stem (hES) cell proliferation, but hES cells do not express a functional tdh gene. Such findings indicate another mechanism for Thr stimulated mES and hES cell proliferation. Since amino acid transporters may be inducers of signaling cascades, we characterized the Thr transport systems in mES cells. We found that there is a Na+-dependent and a Na+-independent component of substrate-saturable transport, with the Na+-dependent component predominating. We also found that of 20 amino acids tested, the amino acids that were the strongest inhibitors of the Na+-dependent component of radiolabeled Thr transport were Ser, Cys, 4-OH-Pro, Asn, Met, and non-radiolabeled Thr itself. Such findings are consistent with characteristics of the ASC transport system, suggesting that this ASC system is responsible for the majority of Thr transport in mES cells. We confirmed expression of mRNA encoding the ASC system transporters, ASCT1 and ASCT2, in mES cells using RT-PCR. In conclusion, mES cells likely express at least three transporters of Thr; at least two Na+-dependent transporters and one Na+-independent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Formisano
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University College of Health Science Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Lon J Van Winkle
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University College of Health Science Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Mitochondria in pluripotent stem cells: stemness regulators and disease targets. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 38:1-7. [PMID: 26953561 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beyond their canonical role in efficient ATP production through oxidative metabolism, mitochondria are increasingly recognized as critical in defining stem cell function and fate. Implicating a fundamental interplay within the epigenetics of eukaryotic cell systems, the integrity of mitochondria is found vital across the developmental/differentiation spectrum from securing pluripotency maintenance to informing organotypic decisions. This overview will discuss recent progress on examining the plasticity of mitochondria in enabling the execution of programming and reprogramming regimens, as well as the application of nuclear reprogramming and somatic cell nuclear transfer as rescue techniques to generate genetically and functionally corrected pluripotent stem cells from patients with mitochondrial DNA-based disease.
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Folmes CDL, Terzic A. Energy metabolism in the acquisition and maintenance of stemness. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 52:68-75. [PMID: 26868758 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is traditionally considered a reactive homeostatic system addressing stage-specific cellular energy needs. There is however growing appreciation of metabolic pathways in the active control of vital cell functions. Case in point, the stem cell lifecycle--from maintenance and acquisition of stemness to lineage commitment and specification--is increasingly recognized as a metabolism-dependent process. Indeed, metabolic reprogramming is an early contributor to the orchestrated departure from or reacquisition of stemness. Recent advances in metabolomics have helped decipher the identity and dynamics of metabolic fluxes implicated in fueling cell fate choices by regulating the epigenetic and transcriptional identity of a cell. Metabolic cues, internal and/or external to the stem cell niche, facilitate progenitor pool restitution, long-term tissue renewal or ensure adoption of cytoprotective behavior. Convergence of energy metabolism with stem cell fate regulation opens a new avenue in understanding primordial developmental biology principles with future applications in regenerative medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Harvey AJ, Rathjen J, Gardner DK. Metaboloepigenetic Regulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1816525. [PMID: 26839556 PMCID: PMC4709785 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1816525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells is associated with extensive changes in metabolism, as well as widespread remodeling of the epigenetic landscape. Epigenetic regulation is essential for the modulation of differentiation, being responsible for cell type specific gene expression patterns through the modification of DNA and histones, thereby establishing cell identity. Each cell type has its own idiosyncratic pattern regarding the use of specific metabolic pathways. Rather than simply being perceived as a means of generating ATP and building blocks for cell growth and division, cellular metabolism can directly influence cellular regulation and the epigenome. Consequently, the significance of nutrients and metabolites as regulators of differentiation is central to understanding how cells interact with their immediate environment. This review serves to integrate studies on pluripotent stem cell metabolism, and the regulation of DNA methylation and acetylation and identifies areas in which current knowledge is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Harvey
- Stem Cells Australia, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joy Rathjen
- Stem Cells Australia, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - David K. Gardner
- Stem Cells Australia, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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30
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Structural insights on mouse L-threonine dehydrogenase: A regulatory role of Arg180 in catalysis. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:510-518. [PMID: 26492815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse L-threonine dehydrogenase (mTDH), which belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily and mediates threonine catabolism, plays pivotal roles in both powerful biosynthesis and signaling in mouse stem cells and has a regulatory residue Arg180. Here we determined three crystal structures of mTDH: wild-type (WT) in the apo form; in complex with NAD(+) and a substrate analog, glycerol, or with only NAD(+); as well as the R180K variant with NAD(+). This is the first description of a structure for mammalian SDR-type TDH. Structural comparison revealed the structural basis for SDR-type TDH catalysis remains strictly conserved in bacteria and mammals. Kinetic enzyme assays, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements indicated the R180K mutation has little effect on NAD(+) binding affinity, whereas affects the substrate's affinity for the enzyme. The crystal structure of R180K with NAD(+), biochemical and spectroscopic studies suggested that the R180K mutant should bind NAD(+) in a similar way and have a similar folding to the WT. However, the R180K variant may have difficulty adopting the closed form due to reduced interaction of residue 180 with a loop which connects a key position for mTDH switching between the closed and open forms in mTDH catalysis, and thereby exhibited a significantly decreased kcat/Km value toward the substrate, L-Thr. In sum, our results suggest that activity of GalE-like TDH can be regulated by remote interaction, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction around the Arg180 of mTDH.
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31
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Folmes CDL, Terzic A. Metabolic determinants of embryonic development and stem cell fate. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 27:82-8. [PMID: 25472047 DOI: 10.1071/rd14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoding stem cell metabolism has implicated a tight linkage between energy metabolism and cell fate regulation, a dynamic interplay vital in the execution of developmental and differentiation programs. The inherent plasticity in energy metabolism enables prioritisation of metabolic pathways in support of stage-specific demands. Beyond traditional support of energetic needs, intermediate metabolism may also dictate cell fate choices through regulation of cellular signalling and epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The notion of a 'metabolism-centric' control of stem cell differentiation has been informed by developmental embryogenesis based upon an on-demand paradigm paramount in defining diverse developmental behaviours, from a post-fertilisation nascent zygote to complex organogenesis leading to adequate tissue formation and maturation. Monitored through natural or bioengineered stem cell surrogates, nutrient-responsive metabolites are identified as mediators of cross-talk between metabolic flux, cell signalling and epigenetic regulation charting, collectively, whether a cell will self-renew to maintain progenitor pools, lineage specify to ensure tissue (re)generation or remain quiescent to curb stress damage. Thus, bioenergetics are increasingly recognised as integral in governing stemness and associated organogenic decisions, paving the way for metabolism-defined targets in control of embryology, stem cell biology and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andre Terzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Dollé L, Boulter L, Leclercq IA, van Grunsven LA. Next generation of ALDH substrates and their potential to study maturational lineage biology in stem and progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G573-8. [PMID: 25656041 PMCID: PMC4385895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00420.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is a feature of stem cells from normal and cancerous tissues and a reliable universal marker used to isolate them. There are numerous ALDH isoforms with preferred substrate specificity variably expressed depending on tissue, cell type, and organelle and cell status. On the other hand, a given substrate may be metabolized by several enzyme isoforms. Currently ALDH activity is evidenced by using Aldefluor, a fluorescent substrate likely to be metabolized by numerous ALDH isoforms. Therefore, isolation techniques based on ALDH activity detection select a heterogeneous population of stem or progenitor cells. Despite active research in the field, the precise role(s) of different ALDH isoforms in stem cells remains enigmatic. Understanding the metabolic role of different ALDH isoform in the control of stem cell phenotype and cell fate during development, tissue homeostasis, or repair, as well as carcinogenesis, should open perspectives to significant discoveries in tissue biology. In this perspective, novel ALDH substrates are being developed. Here we describe how new substrates could be instrumental for better isolation of cell population with stemness potential and for defining hierarchy of cell populations in tissue. Finally, we speculate on other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Luke Boulter
- 2MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- 3Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A. van Grunsven
- 1Liver Cell Biology Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium;
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33
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Rawat DK, Alzoubi A, Gupte R, Chettimada S, Watanabe M, Kahn AG, Okada T, McMurtry IF, Gupte SA. Increased Reactive Oxygen Species, Metabolic Maladaptation, and Autophagy Contribute to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension–Induced Ventricular Hypertrophy and Diastolic Heart Failure. Hypertension 2014; 64:1266-74. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhawjbahadur K. Rawat
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Abdallah Alzoubi
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Rakhee Gupte
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Sukrutha Chettimada
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Makino Watanabe
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Andrea G. Kahn
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Takao Okada
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Ivan F. McMurtry
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
| | - Sachin A. Gupte
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.K.R., R.G., S.C., S.A.G.), Pharmacology (A.A., I.F.M.), Lung Biology (A.A., I.F.M., S.A.G.), Internal Medicine (I.F.M.), and Pathology (A.G.K.), University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile; and Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan (M.W., T.O.)
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34
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Gaspar JA, Doss MX, Hengstler JG, Cadenas C, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Unique metabolic features of stem cells, cardiomyocytes, and their progenitors. Circ Res 2014; 114:1346-60. [PMID: 24723659 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, growing attention has been directed toward stem cell metabolism, with the key observation that the plasticity of stem cells also reflects the plasticity of their energy substrate metabolism. There seems to be a clear link between the self-renewal state of stem cells, in which cells proliferate without differentiation, and the activity of specific metabolic pathways. Differentiation is accompanied by a shift from anaerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration. This metabolic switch of differentiating stem cells is required to cover the energy demands of the different organ-specific cell types. Among other metabolic signatures, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism is most prominent in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, whereas the fatty acid metabolic signature is unique in cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells. Identifying the specific metabolic pathways involved in pluripotency and differentiation is critical for further progress in the field of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. The recently generated knowledge on metabolic key processes may help to generate mature stem cell-derived somatic cells for therapeutic applications without the requirement of genetic manipulation. In the present review, the literature about metabolic features of stem cells and their cardiovascular cell derivatives as well as the specific metabolic gene signatures differentiating between stem and differentiated cells are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Antonydas Gaspar
- From the Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.A.G., M.X.D., J.H., A.S.); and Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany (J.G.H., C.C.)
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35
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Abstract
Stem cell function is regulated by intrinsic mechanisms, such as transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, as well as extrinsic mechanisms, such as short-range signals from the niche and long-range humoral signals. Interactions between these regulatory mechanisms and cellular metabolism are just beginning to be identified. In multiple systems, differentiation is accompanied by changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and the levels of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, metabolic pathways regulate proliferation and differentiation by regulating energy production and the generation of substrates for biosynthetic pathways. Some metabolic pathways appear to function differently in stem cells as compared with restricted progenitors and differentiated cells. They also appear to influence stem cell function by regulating signal transduction, epigenetic marks and oxidative stress. Studies to date illustrate the importance of metabolism in the regulation of stem cell function and suggest complex cross-regulation likely exists between metabolism and other stem cell regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Burgess
- Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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36
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Methionine metabolism regulates maintenance and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Metab 2014; 19:780-94. [PMID: 24746804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are in a high-flux metabolic state, with a high dependence on threonine catabolism. However, little is known regarding amino acid metabolism in human ESCs/iPSCs. We show that human ESCs/iPSCs require high amounts of methionine (Met) and express high levels of enzymes involved in Met metabolism. Met deprivation results in a rapid decrease in intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), triggering the activation of p53-p38 signaling, reducing NANOG expression, and poising human iPSC/ESCs for differentiation, follow by potentiated differentiation into all three germ layers. However, when exposed to prolonged Met deprivation, the cells undergo apoptosis. We also show that human ESCs/iPSCs have regulatory systems to maintain constant intracellular Met and SAM levels. Our findings show that SAM is a key regulator for maintaining undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells and regulating their differentiation.
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37
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) undergo unlimited self-renewal while maintaining a pluripotency, which is defined as the ability to develop into cells of all three embryonic germ layers. ESC self-renewal is characterized by special proliferative and epigenetic properties and a unique metabolic profile. One of the key features of this specialized nutritional metabolism is a stringent requirement for the amino acid threonine. Until recently, little was known about amino acid metabolism in stem cells beyond their general role in protein synthesis. Recent findings demonstrating a central role for threonine metabolism in multiple aspects of stem cell biology will be presented in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Amino acid catabolism supplies essential building blocks for biosynthetic pathways and for chemical modification of chromatin. In a series of recent studies employing combinative approaches of metabolomics, nutrition and genetics, the amino acid threonine was identified as an essential nutrient for mouse ESC (mESC). An unexpected finding from these studies was that in addition to its well known importance as protein precursor, threonine dehydrogenase-mediated threonine catabolism provides essential metabolic building blocks for use in multiple biosynthetic pathways and epigenetic modifications required for self-renewal and maintenance of pluripotency. SUMMARY Recent studies on threonine catabolism in mESCs suggest that amino acids can play both powerful biosynthetic and signaling roles in stem cells. These results described in mESCs should stimulate a new research area on the effect of amino acid metabolism in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chen
- aCenter for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research bCardiovascular Research Institute cDepartment of Pathology, Wayne State University dTumor Microenvironment Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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38
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Abstract
Stem cells exert precise regulation to maintain a balance of self-renewal and differentiation programs to sustain tissue homeostasis throughout the life of an organism. Recent evidence suggests that this regulation is modulated, in part, via metabolic changes and modifications of nutrient-sensing pathways such as mTOR and AMPK. It is becoming increasingly clear that stem cells inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in favor of aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Recent progress has detailed the molecular mechanisms of this metabolic phenotype and has offered insight into new metabolic pathways that may be involved in stem cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Ochocki
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, 2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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39
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Stanley IA, Ribeiro SM, Giménez-Cassina A, Norberg E, Danial NN. Changing appetites: the adaptive advantages of fuel choice. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 24:118-27. [PMID: 24018218 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cells are capable of metabolizing a variety of carbon substrates, including glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids. Cellular fuel choice not only fulfills specific biosynthetic needs, but also enables programmatic adaptations to stress conditions beyond compensating for changes in nutrient availability. Emerging evidence indicates that specific switches from utilization of one substrate to another can have protective or permissive roles in disease pathogenesis. Understanding the molecular determinants of cellular fuel preference may provide insights into the homeostatic control of stress responses, and unveil therapeutic targets. Here, we highlight overarching themes encompassing cellular fuel choice; its link to cell fate and function; its advantages in stress protection; and its contribution to metabolic dependencies and maladaptations in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illana A Stanley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sofia M Ribeiro
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alfredo Giménez-Cassina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erik Norberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nika N Danial
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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40
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Abstract
One-carbon metabolism involving the folate and methionine cycles integrates nutritional status from amino acids, glucose and vitamins, and generates diverse outputs, such as the biosynthesis of lipids, nucleotides and proteins, the maintenance of redox status and the substrates for methylation reactions. Long considered a 'housekeeping' process, this pathway has recently been shown to have additional complexity. Genetic and functional evidence suggests that hyperactivation of this pathway is a driver of oncogenesis and establishes a link to cellular epigenetic status. Given the wealth of clinically available agents that target one-carbon metabolism, these new findings could present opportunities for translation into precision cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Locasale
- Field of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14850, USA.
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41
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Shyh-Chang N, Daley GQ, Cantley LC. Stem cell metabolism in tissue development and aging. Development 2013; 140:2535-47. [PMID: 23715547 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in metabolomics and computational analysis have deepened our appreciation for the role of specific metabolic pathways in dictating cell fate. Once thought to be a mere consequence of the state of a cell, metabolism is now known to play a pivotal role in dictating whether a cell proliferates, differentiates or remains quiescent. Here, we review recent studies of metabolism in stem cells that have revealed a shift in the balance between glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress during the maturation of adult stem cells, and during the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. These insights promise to inform strategies for the directed differentiation of stem cells and to offer the potential for novel metabolic or pharmacological therapies to enhance regeneration and the treatment of degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Han C, Gu H, Wang J, Lu W, Mei Y, Wu M. Regulation ofL-Threonine Dehydrogenase in Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2013; 31:953-65. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Abstract
In recent years, the highly conserved Lin28 RNA-binding proteins have emerged as factors that define stemness in several tissue lineages. Lin28 proteins repress let-7 microRNAs and influence mRNA translation, thereby regulating the self-renewal of mammalian embryonic stem cells. Subsequent discoveries revealed that Lin28a and Lin28b are also important in organismal growth and metabolism, tissue development, somatic reprogramming, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the Lin28 pathway and its regulation, outline its roles in stem cells, tissue development, and pathogenesis, and examine the ramifications for re-engineering mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Q. Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Chemical modifications of histones and DNA, such as histone methylation, histone acetylation, and DNA methylation, play critical roles in epigenetic gene regulation. Many of the enzymes that add or remove such chemical modifications are known, or might be suspected, to be sensitive to changes in intracellular metabolism. This knowledge provides a conceptual foundation for understanding how mutations in the metabolic enzymes SDH, FH, and IDH can result in cancer and, more broadly, for how alterations in metabolism and nutrition might contribute to disease. Here, we review literature pertinent to hypothetical connections between metabolic and epigenetic states in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Steven L. McKnight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Selective elimination of human pluripotent stem cells by an oleate synthesis inhibitor discovered in a high-throughput screen. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:167-79. [PMID: 23318055 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in cell therapy is hindered by the tumorigenic risk from residual undifferentiated cells. Here we performed a high-throughput screen of over 52,000 small molecules and identified 15 pluripotent cell-specific inhibitors (PluriSIns), nine of which share a common structural moiety. The PluriSIns selectively eliminated hPSCs while sparing a large array of progenitor and differentiated cells. Cellular and molecular analyses demonstrated that the most selective compound, PluriSIn #1, induces ER stress, protein synthesis attenuation, and apoptosis in hPSCs. Close examination identified this molecule as an inhibitor of stearoyl-coA desaturase (SCD1), the key enzyme in oleic acid biosynthesis, revealing a unique role for lipid metabolism in hPSCs. PluriSIn #1 was also cytotoxic to mouse blastocysts, indicating that the dependence on oleate is inherent to the pluripotent state. Finally, application of PluriSIn #1 prevented teratoma formation from tumorigenic undifferentiated cells. These findings should increase the safety of hPSC-based treatments.
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Shyh-Chang N, Locasale JW, Lyssiotis CA, Zheng Y, Teo RY, Ratanasirintrawoot S, Zhang J, Onder T, Unternaehrer JJ, Zhu H, Asara JM, Daley GQ, Cantley LC. Influence of threonine metabolism on S-adenosylmethionine and histone methylation. Science 2012; 339:222-6. [PMID: 23118012 DOI: 10.1126/science.1226603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Threonine is the only amino acid critically required for the pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), but the detailed mechanism remains unclear. We found that threonine and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolism are coupled in pluripotent stem cells, resulting in regulation of histone methylation. Isotope labeling of mESCs revealed that threonine provides a substantial fraction of both the cellular glycine and the acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) needed for SAM synthesis. Depletion of threonine from the culture medium or threonine dehydrogenase (Tdh) from mESCs decreased accumulation of SAM and decreased trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), leading to slowed growth and increased differentiation. Thus, abundance of SAM appears to influence H3K4me3, providing a possible mechanism by which modulation of a metabolic pathway might influence stem cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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