1
|
Stokes R, Kohlbrand AJ, Seo H, Sankaran B, Karges J, Cohen SM. Carboxylic Acid Isostere Derivatives of Hydroxypyridinones as Core Scaffolds for Influenza Endonuclease Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 14:75-82. [PMID: 36655124 PMCID: PMC9841593 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the most important influenza virus targets is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acidic N-terminal (PAN) endonuclease, which is a critical component of the viral replication machinery. To inhibit the activity of this metalloenzyme, small-molecule inhibitors employ metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) that coordinate to the dinuclear Mn2+ active site. In this study, several metal-binding isosteres (MBIs) were examined where the carboxylic acid moiety of a hydroxypyridinone MBP is replaced with other groups to modulate the physicochemical properties of the compound. MBIs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit PAN using a FRET-based enzymatic assay, and their mode of binding in PAN was determined using X-ray crystallography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryjul
W. Stokes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alysia J. Kohlbrand
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hyeonglim Seo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- The
Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Johannes Karges
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Seth M. Cohen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, La Jolla, California 92093, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin ZH, Yan HL, Pan Y, Zhang DW, Yan X. Evaluation of a flavonoid library for inhibition of interaction of HIV-1 integrase with human LEDGF/p75 towards a structure-activity relationship. Ann Med 2022; 54:1590-1600. [PMID: 35658757 PMCID: PMC9176681 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Proteinśprotein interaction (PPI) between lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase (IN) becomes an attractive target for anti-HIV drug development.Methods: The blockade of this interaction by small molecules could potentially inhibit HIV-1 replication. In this study, a panel of 99 structurally related flavonoids were was tested, concerning their ability to inhibit IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction, using a homogeneous time time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay. Results: From the obtained results, it was possible to observe that the flavonoid with hydroxyl group in C3-, C4-, C5- and C7-position on the A-ring, C4'- and C5'-position of the B-ring, a carbonyl group of the C-ring, was more active against IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction, through competitive inhibition. Moreover, the binding modes of representative compounds, including myricetin, luteolin, dihydrorobinetin, naringenin, epicatechin, genistein and helichrysetin, were analyzedanalysed by molecular docking. Biolayer interferometry assay confirmed that these representative compounds disrupted the PPI by binding to IN with KD values ranging from 1.0 to 3.6 µM.Conclusion: This study presents the first to quantitative comparation of the effect of flavonoids with different structural subclasses on IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction. Our findings provide new insights into the development of inhibitors targeting IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction using flavonoids. Key MessagesHIV-1 integrase (IN)-LEDGF/p75 interaction is an attractive target for antiviral drug development.For the first time, the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids belonging to seven flavonoidic subclasses on IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction was determined.This study comprehends an HTRF-based screening system, biolayer interferometry and an in silico molecular docking analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hui Yin
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hao-Li Yan
- Center for Food and Drug Evaluation & Inspection of Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Pan
- School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Xin Yan
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Urvashi, Senthil Kumar JB, Das P, Tandon V. Development of Azaindole-Based Frameworks as Potential Antiviral Agents and Their Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6454-6495. [PMID: 35477274 PMCID: PMC9063994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The azaindole (AI) framework continues to play a significant role in the design of new antiviral agents. Modulating the position and isosteric replacement of the nitrogen atom of AI analogs notably influences the intrinsic physicochemical properties of lead compounds. The intra- and intermolecular interactions of AI derivatives with host receptors or viral proteins can also be fine tuned by carefully placing the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic core. This wide-ranging perspective article focuses on AIs that have considerable utility in drug discovery programs against RNA viruses. The inhibition of influenza A, human immunodeficiency, respiratory syncytial, neurotropic alpha, dengue, ebola, and hepatitis C viruses by AI analogs is extensively reviewed to assess their plausible future potential in antiviral drug discovery. The binding interaction of AIs with the target protein is examined to derive a structural basis for designing new antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - J. B. Senthil Kumar
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ha CHX, Lee NK, Rahman T, Hwang SS, Yam WK, Chee XW. Repurposing FDA-approved drugs as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: an in silico investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:2146-2159. [PMID: 35067186 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2028677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global pandemic that has claimed 33 million lives to-date. One of the most efficacious treatments for naïve or pretreated HIV patients is the HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). However, given that HIV treatment is life-long, the emergence of HIV strains resistant to INSTIs is an imminent challenge. In this work, we showed two best regression QSAR models that were constructed using a boosted Random Forest algorithm (r2 = 0.998, q210CV = 0.721, q2external_test = 0.754) and a boosted K* algorithm (r2 = 0.987, q210CV = 0.721, q2external_test = 0.758) to predict the pIC50 values of INSTIs. Subsequently, the regression QSAR models were deployed against the Drugbank database for drug repositioning. The top-ranked compounds were further evaluated for their target engagement activity using molecular docking studies and accelerated Molecular Dynamics simulation. Lastly, their potential as INSTIs were also evaluated from our literature search. Our study offers the first example of a large-scale regression QSAR modelling effort for discovering highly active INSTIs to combat HIV infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heng Xuan Ha
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nung Kion Lee
- Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Taufiq Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siaw San Hwang
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wai Keat Yam
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xavier Wezen Chee
- Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lotfaliei M, Rezaee E, Hajimahdi Z, Mahboubi Rabbani M, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Tabatabai SA. Novel 2-(Diphenylmethylidene) Malonic Acid Derivatives as Anti-HIV Agents: Molecular Modeling, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH 2021; 21:e123827. [PMID: 35765501 PMCID: PMC9191218 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr.123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), is one of the world's most severe health and development challenges. In this study, a novel series of 2-(diphenyl methylidene) malonic acid derivatives were designed as triple inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. Docking models revealed that the target compounds have appropriate affinities to the active sites of the three HIV key enzymes. The synthesized malonic acid analogs were evaluated for their activities against the HIV virus (NL4-3) in HeLa cells cultures. Among them, compound 3 was the most potent anti-HIV agent with 55.20% inhibition at 10 μM and an EC50 of 8.4 μM. Interestingly, all the synthesized compounds do not show significant cytotoxicity at a concentration of 10 μM. As a result, these compounds may serve as worthy hits for the development of novel anti-HIV-agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Lotfaliei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Rezaee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahboubi Rabbani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Sayyed Abbas Tabatabai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Multivalent cation and polycation polymer preparations influence pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir via chelation-type drug interactions. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 37:100371. [PMID: 33556698 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dolutegravir (DTG) is an integrase inhibitor, whose gastrointestinal absorption is impaired by the formation of chelates with multivalent metal cation preparations. However, little is known regarding the interactions of DTG with preparations containing other multivalent metal cations or with polycation polymer preparations. This study examined how the pharmacokinetics of DTG are affected by co-administration with Al(OH)3, LaCO3, and the polycation polymers bixalomer (Bxl) and sevelamer (Svl). Prior to oral administration of DTG (5 mg/kg), rats were orally administered Al(OH)3 (150 or 300 mg/kg), LaCO3 (50 or 75 mg/kg), Bxl (250 or 500 mg/kg), or Svl (300 or 600 mg/kg). Serum concentrations of DTG were then measured over the next 24 h. Compared to the administration of DTG alone, its co-administration with Al(OH)3, LaCO3, Bxl, and Svl led to reduced serum concentration of DTG, and consequently, a significantly reduced area under the curve. These comparisons also revealed a considerable reduction in the maximum concentration, suggesting that the interactions of these agents with DTG in the intestinal tract inhibit absorption of DTG. The above results demonstrate that Al(OH)3, LaCO3, Bxl, and Svl affect the pharmacokinetics of DTG and indicate the need for caution when combining any of the above preparations with DTG.
Collapse
|
7
|
Enoki Y, Suzuki N, Ito M, Uchiyama E, Kishi N, Ito C, Kitahiro Y, Sakamoto K, Taguchi K, Yokoyama Y, Kizu J, Matsumoto K. Concurrent administration with multivalent metal cation preparations or polycationic polymer preparations inhibits the absorption of raltegravir via its chelation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1361-1369. [PMID: 32657432 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Raltegravir (RAL) that can form chelates with multivalent metal cations shows lateral interactions with multivalent metal cation and polycationic polymer. We investigated the interactions of RAL with multivalent metal cation preparations, Al(OH)3 and LaCO3 , and polycationic polymer preparations, bixalomer (Bxl) and sevelamer (Svl). METHODS Immediately before the oral administration of 40 mg/kg RAL, the rats were administered orally with the vehicle, Al(OH)3 , LaCO3 , Bxl, or Svl, and the time course of RAL serum concentration was followed. The in vitro binding affinity of RAL with multivalent metal cation and polycationic polymer was also evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). RESULTS When Al(OH)3 , LaCO3 , Bxl, or Svl was concomitantly administered with RAL, the maximum concentration and area under the curve were significantly lower than those when RAL was administered alone. ITC showed the interaction of RAL with Al(OH)3 as an enthalpy-driven reaction and its interactions with LaCO3 and Bxl as entropy-enthalpy mixed reactions. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of RAL with Al(OH)3 , LaCO3, Bxl, or Svl can inhibit RAL absorption into the gastrointestinal tract, and thus, the multivalent metal cation and polycationic polymer are the modifying factors that can affect RAL pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Enoki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Ito
- Division of Practical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Uchiyama
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagomi Kishi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ito
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitahiro
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sakamoto
- Division of Practical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Yokoyama
- Division of Practical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Kizu
- Division of Practical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Practical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sirous H, Fassihi A, Brogi S, Campiani G, Christ F, Debyser Z, Gemma S, Butini S, Chemi G, Grillo A, Zabihollahi R, Aghasadeghi MR, Saghaie L, Memarian HR. Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Biological Studies of 3-hydroxypyrane- 4-one and 3-hydroxy-pyridine-4-one Derivatives as HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. Med Chem 2019; 15:755-770. [PMID: 30569867 DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666181219113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress in the discovery of antiretroviral compounds for treating HIV-1 infection by targeting HIV integrase (IN), a promising and well-known drug target against HIV-1, there is a growing need to increase the armamentarium against HIV, for avoiding the drug resistance issue. OBJECTIVE To develop novel HIV-1 IN inhibitors, a series of 3-hydroxy-pyrane-4-one (HP) and 3- hydroxy-pyridine-4-one (HPO) derivatives have been rationally designed and synthesized. METHODS To provide a significant characterization of the novel compounds, in-depth computational analysis was performed using a novel HIV-1 IN/DNA binary 3D-model for investigating the binding mode of the newly conceived molecules in complex with IN. The 3D-model was generated using the proto-type foamy virus (PFV) DNA as a structural template, positioning the viral polydesoxyribonucleic chain into the HIV-1 IN homology model. Moreover, a series of in vitro tests were performed including HIV-1 activity inhibition, HIV-1 IN activity inhibition, HIV-1 IN strand transfer activity inhibition and cellular toxicity. RESULTS Bioassay results indicated that most of HP analogues including HPa, HPb, HPc, HPd, HPe and HPg, showed favorable inhibitory activities against HIV-1-IN in the low micromolar range. Particularly halogenated derivatives (HPb and HPd) offered the best biological activities in terms of reduced toxicity and optimum inhibitory activities against HIV-1 IN and HIV-1 in cell culture. CONCLUSION Halogenated derivatives, HPb and HPd, displayed the most promising anti-HIV profile, paving the way to the optimization of the presented scaffolds for developing new effective antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Sirous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Chemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, DoE Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.,European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rezvan Zabihollahi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Lotfollah Saghaie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid R Memarian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, 81746-73441 Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Watkins SM, Ghose D, Blain JM, Grote DL, Luan CH, Clare M, Meganathan R, Horn JR, Hagen TJ. Antibacterial activity of 2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxylates and binding to Burkholderia pseudomallei 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126660. [PMID: 31521478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes in the methylerythritol phosphate pathway make attractive targets for antibacterial activity due to their importance in isoprenoid biosynthesis and the absence of the pathway in mammals. The fifth enzyme in the pathway, 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF), contains a catalytically important zinc ion in the active site. A series of de novo designed compounds containing a zinc binding group was synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity and interaction with IspF from Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of Whitmore's disease. The series demonstrated antibacterial activity as well as protein stabilization in fluorescence-based thermal shift assays. Finally, the binding of one compound to Burkholderia pseudomallei IspF was evaluated through group epitope mapping by saturation transfer difference NMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Debarati Ghose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Joy M Blain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Dakota L Grote
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Chi-Hao Luan
- High Throughput Analysis Laboratory and Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - R Meganathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - James R Horn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Timothy J Hagen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, 1425 W. Lincoln Hwy., DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khalilieh SG, Yee KL, Sanchez RI, Fan L, Vaynshteyn K, Deschamps K, Martell M, Jordan HR, Iwamoto M. A Study to Evaluate Doravirine Pharmacokinetics When Coadministered With Acid‐Reducing Agents. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:1093-1098. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Fan
- Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth NJ USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krucinska J, Falcone E, Erlandsen H, Hazeen A, Lombardo MN, Estrada A, Robinson VL, Anderson AC, Wright DL. Structural and Functional Studies of Bacterial Enolase, a Potential Target against Gram-Negative Pathogens. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1188-1197. [PMID: 30714720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enolase is a glycolytic metalloenzyme involved in carbon metabolism. The advantage of targeting enolase lies in its essentiality in many biological processes such as cell wall formation and RNA turnover and as a plasminogen receptor. We initially used a DARTS assay to identify enolase as a target in Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activities of α-, β-, and γ-substituted seven-member ring tropolones were first evaluated against four strains representing a range of Gram-negative bacteria. We observed that the chemical properties and position of the substituents on the tropolone ring play an important role in the biological activity of the investigated compounds. Both α- and β-substituted phenyl derivatives of tropolone were the most active with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 11-14 μg/mL. The potential inhibitory activity of the synthetic tropolones was further evaluated using an enolase inhibition assay, X-ray crystallography, and molecular docking simulations. The catalytic activity of enolase was effectively inhibited by both the naturally occurring β-thujaplicin and the α- and β-substituted phenyl derivatives of tropolones with IC50 values in range of 8-11 μM. Ligand binding parameters were assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry techniques and agreed with the in vitro data. Our studies validate the antibacterial potential of tropolones with careful consideration of the position and character of chelating moieties for stronger interaction with metal ions and residues in the enolase active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Krucinska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Eric Falcone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Heidi Erlandsen
- Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment (COR2E) , University of Connecticut , 91 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Akram Hazeen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Michael N Lombardo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Alexavier Estrada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Victoria L Robinson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of Connecticut , 91 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Amy C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| | - Dennis L Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Connecticut , 69 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang Z, You Q, Zhang X. Medicinal chemistry of metal chelating fragments in metalloenzyme active sites: A perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:172-197. [PMID: 30684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) have been considered as drug targets related to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, anemia, AIDS, malaria, bacterial infection, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of the metalloenzymes have been developed independently, most of which are mimics of substrates of the corresponding enzymes. However, little attention has been paid to the interactions between inhibitors and active site metal ions. This review is focused on different metal binding fragments and their chelating properties in the metal-containing active binding pockets of metalloenzymes. We have enumerated over one hundred of inhibitors targeting various metalloenzymes and identified over ten kinds of fragments with different binding patterns. Furthermore, we have investigated the inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation in order to help looking for more potential scaffolds bearing metal binding fragments. This review will provide deep insights for the rational design of novel inhibitors targeting the metal-containing binding sites of specific proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saez-Ayala M, Laban Yekwa E, Mondielli C, Roux L, Hernández S, Bailly F, Cotelle P, Rogolino D, Canard B, Ferron F, Alvarez K. Metal chelators for the inhibition of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus endonuclease domain. Antiviral Res 2018; 162:79-89. [PMID: 30557576 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arenaviridae is a viral family whose members are associated with rodent-transmitted infections to humans responsible of severe diseases. The current lack of a vaccine and limited therapeutic options make the development of efficacious drugs of high priority. The cap-snatching mechanism of transcription of Arenavirus performed by the endonuclease domain of the L-protein is unique and essential, so we developed a drug design program targeting the endonuclease activity of the prototypic Lymphocytic ChorioMeningitis Virus. Since the endonuclease activity is metal ion dependent, we designed a library of compounds bearing chelating motifs (diketo acids, polyphenols, and N-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-diones) able to block the catalytic center through the chelation of the critical metal ions, resulting in a functional impairment. We pre-screened 59 compounds by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry. Then, we characterized the binding affinity by Microscale Thermophoresis and evaluated selected compounds in in vitro and in cellula assays. We found several potent binders and inhibitors of the endonuclease activity. This study validates the proof of concept that the endonuclease domain of Arenavirus can be used as a target for anti-arena-viral drug discovery and that both diketo acids and N-hydroxyisoquinoline-1,3-diones can be considered further as potential metal-chelating pharmacophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Saez-Ayala
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, CRCM, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, 13273, Marseille, France
| | - Elsie Laban Yekwa
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France; Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Clémence Mondielli
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Loic Roux
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France; Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergio Hernández
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bailly
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Cotelle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France; ENSCL, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parma, P.co Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma, Italy
| | - Bruno Canard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - François Ferron
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Credille CV, Dick BL, Morrison CN, Stokes RW, Adamek RN, Wu NC, Wilson IA, Cohen SM. Structure-Activity Relationships in Metal-Binding Pharmacophores for Influenza Endonuclease. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10206-10217. [PMID: 30351002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes represent an important target space for drug discovery. A limitation to the early development of metalloenzyme inhibitors has been the lack of established structure-activity relationships (SARs) for molecules that bind the metal ion cofactor(s) of a metalloenzyme. Herein, we employed a bioinorganic perspective to develop an SAR for inhibition of the metalloenzyme influenza RNA polymerase PAN endonuclease. The identified trends highlight the importance of the electronics of the metal-binding pharmacophore (MBP), in addition to MBP sterics, for achieving improved inhibition and selectivity. By optimization of the MBPs for PAN endonuclease, a class of highly active and selective fragments was developed that displays IC50 values <50 nM. This SAR led to structurally distinct molecules that also displayed IC50 values of ∼10 nM, illustrating the utility of a metal-centric development campaign in generating highly active and selective metalloenzyme inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Ryjul W Stokes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lacbay CM, Menni M, Bernatchez JA, Götte M, Tsantrizos YS. Pharmacophore requirements for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors that selectively "Freeze" the pre-translocated complex during the polymerization catalytic cycle. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1713-1726. [PMID: 29478802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) is responsible for replicating the HIV-1 genome and is a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of HIV infections. During each cycle of the RT-catalyzed DNA polymerization process, inorganic pyrophosphate is released as the by-product of nucleotide incorporation. Small molecules were identified that act as bioisosteres of pyrophosphate and can selectively freeze the catalytic cycle of HIV-1 RT at the pre-translocated stage of the DNA- or RNA-template-primer-enzyme complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus M Lacbay
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Michael Menni
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Jean A Bernatchez
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Sir William Osler Promenade, Montreal, Quebec H3G1Y6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carcelli M, Fisicaro E, Compari C, Contardi L, Rogolino D, Solinas C, Stevaert A, Naesens L. Metal-chelating properties and antiviral activity of some 2-hydroxyphenyl amides. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
18
|
Rapid activity prediction of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: harnessing docking energetic components for empirical scoring by chemometric and artificial neural network approaches. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2016; 30:471-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-016-9917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
19
|
Hajimahdi Z, Zarghi A. Progress in HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors: A Review of their Chemical Structure Diversity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2016; 15:595-628. [PMID: 28243261 PMCID: PMC5316242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) enzyme, one of the three main enzymes of HIV-1, catalyzed the insertion of the viral DNA into the genome of host cells. Because of the lack of its homologue in human cells and its essential role in HIV-1 replication, IN inhibition represents an attractive therapeutic target for HIV-1 treatment. Since identification of IN as a promising therapeutic target, a major progress has been made, which has facilitated and led to the approval of three drugs. This review focused on the structural features of the most important IN inhibitors and categorized them structurally in 10 scaffolds. We also briefly discussed the structural and functional properties of HIV-1 IN and binding modes of IN inhibitors. The SAR analysis of the known IN inhibitors provides some useful clues to the possible future discovery of novel IN inhibitors.
Collapse
|
20
|
Pescatori L, Métifiot M, Chung S, Masoaka T, Cuzzucoli Crucitti G, Messore A, Pupo G, Madia VN, Saccoliti F, Scipione L, Tortorella S, Di Leva FS, Cosconati S, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Le Grice SFJ, Pommier Y, Marchand C, Costi R, Di Santo R. N-Substituted Quinolinonyl Diketo Acid Derivatives as HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors and Their Activity against RNase H Function of Reverse Transcriptase. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4610-23. [PMID: 25961960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional quinolinonyl DKA derivatives were first described as nonselective inhibitors of 3'-processing (3'-P) and strand transfer (ST) functions of HIV-1 integrase (IN), while 7-aminosubstituted quinolinonyl derivatives were proven IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) that also displayed activity against ribonuclease H (RNase H). In this study, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new quinolinonyl diketo acid (DKA) derivatives characterized by variously substituted alkylating groups on the nitrogen atom of the quinolinone ring. Removal of the second DKA branch of bifunctional DKAs, and the amino group in position 7 of quinolinone ring combined with a fine-tuning of the substituents on the benzyl group in position 1 of the quinolinone, increased selectivity for IN ST activity. In vitro, the most potent compound was 11j (IC50 = 10 nM), while the most active compounds against HIV infected cells were ester derivatives 10j and 10l. In general, the activity against RNase H was negligible, with only a few compounds active at concentrations higher than 10 μM. The binding mode of the most potent IN inhibitor 11j within the IN catalytic core domain (CCD) is described as well as its binding mode within the RNase H catalytic site to rationalize its selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pescatori
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Mathieu Métifiot
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutic Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Suhman Chung
- §Resistance Mechanisms Laboratory, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Takashi Masoaka
- §Resistance Mechanisms Laboratory, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Giuliana Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pupo
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvano Tortorella
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- ⊥DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- §Resistance Mechanisms Laboratory, HIV Drug Resistance Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutic Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Christophe Marchand
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutic Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5068, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, United States
| | - Roberta Costi
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Santo
- †Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, P-le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tavis JE, Lomonosova E. The hepatitis B virus ribonuclease H as a drug target. Antiviral Res 2015; 118:132-8. [PMID: 25862291 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of hepatitis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. An outstanding vaccine is available; however, the number of infections remains high. Current anti-HBV treatments with interferon α and nucleos(t)ide analogs clear the infection in only a small minority of patients, and either induce serious side-effects or are of very long duration. HBV is a small, enveloped DNA virus that replicates by reverse transcription via an RNA intermediate. The HBV ribonuclease H (RNaseH) is essential for viral replication, but it has not been exploited as a drug target. Recent low-throughput screening of compound classes with anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNaseH activity led to identification of HBV RNaseH inhibitors in three different chemical families that block HBV replication. These inhibitors are promising candidates for development into new anti-HBV drugs. The RNaseH inhibitors may help improve treatment efficacy enough to clear the virus from the liver when used in combination with existing anti-HBV drugs and/or with other novel inhibitors under development. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Liver Center, United States.
| | - Elena Lomonosova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University Liver Center, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stevaert A, Nurra S, Pala N, Carcelli M, Rogolino D, Shepard C, Domaoal RA, Kim B, Alfonso-Prieto M, Marras SAE, Sechi M, Naesens L. An integrated biological approach to guide the development of metal-chelating inhibitors of influenza virus PA endonuclease. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:323-37. [PMID: 25477342 PMCID: PMC11037440 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus PA endonuclease, which cleaves capped cellular pre-mRNAs to prime viral mRNA synthesis, is a promising target for novel anti-influenza virus therapeutics. The catalytic center of this enzyme resides in the N-terminal part of PA (PA-Nter) and contains two (or possibly one or three) Mg(2+) or Mn(2+) ions, which are critical for its catalytic function. There is great interest in PA inhibitors that are optimally designed to occupy the active site and chelate the metal ions. We focused here on a series of β-diketo acid (DKA) and DKA-bioisosteric compounds containing different scaffolds, and determined their structure-activity relationship in an enzymatic assay with PA-Nter, in order to build a three-dimensional pharmacophore model. In addition, we developed a molecular beacon (MB)-based PA-Nter assay that enabled us to compare the inhibition of Mn(2+) versus Mg(2+), the latter probably being the biologically relevant cofactor. This real-time MB assay allowed us to measure the enzyme kinetics of PA-Nter or perform high-throughput screening. Several DKA derivatives were found to cause strong inhibition of PA-Nter, with IC50 values comparable to that of the prototype L-742,001 (i.e., below 2 μM). Among the different compounds tested, L-742,001 appeared unique in having equal activity against either Mg(2+) or Mn(2+). Three compounds ( 10: , with a pyrrole scaffold, and 40: and 41: , with an indole scaffold) exhibited moderate antiviral activity in cell culture (EC99 values 64-95 μM) and were proven to affect viral RNA synthesis. Our approach of integrating complementary enzymatic, cellular, and mechanistic assays should guide ongoing development of improved influenza virus PA inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore Nurra
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Nicolino Pala
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Mauro Carcelli
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Caitlin Shepard
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Robert A Domaoal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Baek Kim
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore A E Marras
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Mario Sechi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S., L.N.); Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy (S.N., N.P., M.S.); Department of Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy (M.C., D.R.); Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.S., R.D., B.K.); Department of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Seoul, South Korea (B.K.); Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.A.P.); and Public Health Research Institute, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferase superfamily enzymes suppress herpes simplex virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7451-61. [PMID: 25267681 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03875-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious human diseases. Herpesvirus DNA replication depends on multiple processes typically catalyzed by nucleotidyltransferase superfamily (NTS) enzymes. Therefore, we investigated whether inhibitors of NTS enzymes would suppress replication of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2. Eight of 42 NTS inhibitors suppressed HSV-1 and/or HSV-2 replication by >10-fold at 5 μM, with suppression at 50 μM reaching ∼1 million-fold. Five compounds in two chemical families inhibited HSV replication in Vero and human foreskin fibroblast cells as well as the approved drug acyclovir did. The compounds had 50% effective concentration values as low as 0.22 μM with negligible cytotoxicity in the assays employed. The inhibitors suppressed accumulation of viral genomes and infectious particles and blocked events in the viral replication cycle before and during viral DNA replication. Acyclovir-resistant mutants of HSV-1 and HSV-2 remained highly sensitive to the NTS inhibitors. Five of six NTS inhibitors of the HSVs also blocked replication of another herpesvirus pathogen, human cytomegalovirus. Therefore, NTS enzyme inhibitors are promising candidates for new herpesvirus treatments that may have broad efficacy against members of the herpesvirus family.
Collapse
|
24
|
Martin DP, Blachly PG, McCammon JA, Cohen SM. Exploring the influence of the protein environment on metal-binding pharmacophores. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7126-35. [PMID: 25116076 PMCID: PMC4148168 DOI: 10.1021/jm500984b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The binding of a series of metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) related to the ligand 1-hydroxypyridine-2-(1H)-thione (1,2-HOPTO) in the active site of human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) has been investigated. The presence and/or position of a single methyl substituent drastically alters inhibitor potency and can result in coordination modes not observed in small-molecule model complexes. It is shown that this unexpected binding mode is the result of a steric clash between the methyl group and a highly ordered water network in the active site that is further stabilized by the formation of a hydrogen bond and favorable hydrophobic contacts. The affinity of MBPs is dependent on a large number of factors including donor atom identity, orientation, electrostatics, and van der Waals interactions. These results suggest that metal coordination by metalloenzyme inhibitors is a malleable interaction and that it is thus more appropriate to consider the metal-binding motif of these inhibitors as a pharmacophore rather than a "chelator". The rational design of inhibitors targeting metalloenzymes will benefit greatly from a deeper understanding of the interplay between the variety of forces governing the binding of MBPs to active site metal ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P Martin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Pharmacology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carcelli M, Rogolino D, Sechi M, Rispoli G, Fisicaro E, Compari C, Grandi N, Corona A, Tramontano E, Pannecouque C, Naesens L. Antiretroviral activity of metal-chelating HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:594-600. [PMID: 24996145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Data regarding the activity of metal complexes against HIV virus in cell are surprisingly scarce. In this study, we present the antiviral activity against HIV-infected cells of different types of chelating ligands and of their metal complexes. In particular, the carboxamide chelating scaffold and the corresponding coordination compounds demonstrated an interesting antiviral profile in the nanomolar range. These molecules inhibit not only HIV integrase catalytic activity, but they also interfere with the function of the RNase H component of the HIV reverse transcriptase. Here we also discuss the thermodynamic characterization in solution of the metal complexes of the most active ligands, affording to the best of our knowledge for the first time this type of data for complexes with anti-HIV activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Carcelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Dominga Rogolino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Mario Sechi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rispoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Emilia Fisicaro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carlotta Compari
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicole Grandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica-Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica-Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente-Sezione Biomedica-Università di Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria SS554, I-09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | | | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Diketoacid chelating ligands as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 integration process. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
27
|
Li BW, Zhang FH, Serrao E, Chen H, Sanchez TW, Yang LM, Neamati N, Zheng YT, Wang H, Long YQ. Design and discovery of flavonoid-based HIV-1 integrase inhibitors targeting both the active site and the interaction with LEDGF/p75. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3146-58. [PMID: 24794743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV integrase (IN) is an essential enzyme for the viral replication. Currently, three IN inhibitors have been approved for treating HIV-1 infection. All three drugs selectively inhibit the strand transfer reaction by chelating a divalent metal ion in the enzyme active site. Flavonoids are a well-known class of natural products endowed with versatile biological activities. Their β-ketoenol or catechol structures can serve as a metal chelation motif and be exploited for the design of novel IN inhibitors. Using the metal chelation as a common pharmacophore, we introduced appropriate hydrophobic moieties into the flavonol core to design natural product-based novel IN inhibitors. We developed selective and efficient syntheses to generate a series of mono 3/5/7/3'/4'-substituted flavonoid derivatives. Most of these new compounds showed excellent HIV-1 IN inhibitory activity in enzyme-based assays and protected against HIV-1 infection in cell-based assays. The 7-morpholino substituted 7c showed effective antiviral activity (EC50=0.826 μg/mL) and high therapeutic index (TI>242). More significantly, these hydroxyflavones block the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction with low- to sub-micromolar IC50 values and represent a novel scaffold to design new generation of drugs simultaneously targeting the catalytic site as well as protein-protein interaction domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Erik Serrao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Huan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Tino W Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liu-Meng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Drawz SM, Papp-Wallace KM, Bonomo RA. New β-lactamase inhibitors: a therapeutic renaissance in an MDR world. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:1835-46. [PMID: 24379206 PMCID: PMC4023773 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00826-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of Gram-negative bacterial infections for which few effective treatments remain increases, so does the contribution of drug-hydrolyzing β-lactamase enzymes to this serious clinical problem. This review highlights recent advances in β-lactamase inhibitors and focuses on agents with novel mechanisms of action against a wide range of enzymes. To this end, we review the β-lactamase inhibitors currently in clinical trials, select agents still in preclinical development, and older therapeutic approaches that are being revisited. Particular emphasis is placed on the activity of compounds at the forefront of the developmental pipeline, including the diazabicyclooctane inhibitors (avibactam and MK-7655) and the boronate RPX7009. With its novel reversible mechanism, avibactam stands to be the first new β-lactamase inhibitor brought into clinical use in the past 2 decades. Our discussion includes the importance of selecting the appropriate partner β-lactam and dosing regimens for these promising agents. This "renaissance" of β-lactamase inhibitors offers new hope in a world plagued by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Drawz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Krisztina M. Papp-Wallace
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert A. Bonomo
- Research Service, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carcelli M, Rogolino D, Bacchi A, Rispoli G, Fisicaro E, Compari C, Sechi M, Stevaert A, Naesens L. Metal-chelating 2-hydroxyphenyl amide pharmacophore for inhibition of influenza virus endonuclease. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:304-16. [PMID: 24206028 DOI: 10.1021/mp400482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus PA endonuclease is an attractive target for development of novel anti-influenza virus therapeutics. Reported PA inhibitors chelate the divalent metal ion(s) in the enzyme's catalytic site, which is located in the N-terminal part of PA (PA-Nter). In this work, a series of 2-hydroxybenzamide-based compounds have been synthesized and biologically evaluated in order to identify the essential pharmacophoric motif, which could be involved in functional sequestration of the metal ions (probably Mg(2+)) in the catalytic site of PA. By using HL(1), H2L(2), and HL(3) as model ligands with Mg(2+) ions, we isolated and fully characterized a series of complexes and tested them for inhibitory activity toward PA-Nter endonuclease. H2L(2) and the corresponding Mg(2+) complex showed an interesting inhibition of the endonuclease activity. The crystal structures of the uncomplexed HL(1) and H2L(2) and of the isolated magnesium complex [Mg(L(3))2(MeOH)2]·2MeOH were solved by X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the speciation models for HL(1), H2L(2), and HL(3) with Mg(2+) were obtained, and the formation constants of the complexes were measured. Preliminary docking calculations were conducted to investigate the interactions of the title compounds with essential amino acids in the PA-Nter active site. These findings supported the "two-metal" coordination of divalent ions by a donor triad atoms chemotype as a powerful strategy to develop more potent PA endonuclease inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Carcelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica,‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miri L, Bouvier G, Kettani A, Mikou A, Wakrim L, Nilges M, Malliavin TE. Stabilization of the integrase-DNA complex by Mg2+ions and prediction of key residues for binding HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Proteins 2013; 82:466-78. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Miri
- Laboratoire de Virologie; Institut Pasteur du Maroc; Casablanca 20360 Morocco
- Unité de modélisation moléculaire et d'ingénierie des biomolécules, Laboratoire de recherche sur les lipoprotéines et l'athérosclérose; Unité Associée au CNRST-URAC34, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'Sik; Casablanca Morocco
| | - Guillaume Bouvier
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale; UMR 3528 CNRS, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724 France
| | - Anass Kettani
- Unité de modélisation moléculaire et d'ingénierie des biomolécules, Laboratoire de recherche sur les lipoprotéines et l'athérosclérose; Unité Associée au CNRST-URAC34, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'Sik; Casablanca Morocco
| | - Afaf Mikou
- Laboratoire de Catalyse et environnement; Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock; Casablanca Morocco
| | - Lahcen Wakrim
- Laboratoire de Virologie; Institut Pasteur du Maroc; Casablanca 20360 Morocco
| | - Michael Nilges
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale; UMR 3528 CNRS, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724 France
| | - Thérèse E. Malliavin
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale; UMR 3528 CNRS, Institut Pasteur; Paris 75724 France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The inhibitory activity of a broad group of known metalloenzyme inhibitors against a panel of metalloenzymes was evaluated. Clinically approved inhibitors were selected as well as several other reported metalloprotein inhibitors in order to represent a broad range of metal binding groups (MBGs), including hydroxamic acid, carboxylate, hydroxypyridinonate, thiol, and N-hydroxyurea functional groups. A panel of metalloenzymes, including carbonic anhydrase (hCAII), several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), histone deacetylase (HDAC-2), and tyrosinase (TY), was selected based on their clinical importance for a range of pathologies. In addition, each inhibitor was evaluated for its ability to remove Fe(3+) from holo-transferrin to gauge the ability of the inhibitors to access Fe(3+) from a primary transport protein. The results show that the metalloenzyme inhibitors are quite selective for their intended targets, suggesting that despite their ability to bind metal ions, metalloprotein inhibitors are not prone to widespread off-target enzyme inhibition activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Magalhães UDO, Souza AMTD, Albuquerque MG, Brito MAD, Bello ML, Cabral LM, Rodrigues CR. Hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship and comparative molecular field analysis studies within a series of tricyclic phthalimide HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:953-61. [PMID: 24039405 PMCID: PMC3771852 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s47057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a public health problem worldwide caused by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Treatment with antiretroviral drugs is the best option for viral suppression, reducing morbidity and mortality. However, viral resistance in HIV-1 therapy has been reported. HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an essential enzyme for effective viral replication and an attractive target for the development of new inhibitors. In the study reported here, two- and three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (2D/3D-QSAR) studies, applying hologram quantitative structure–activity relationship (HQSAR) and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) methods, respectively, were performed on a series of tricyclic phthalimide HIV-1 IN inhibitors. The best HQSAR model (q2 = 0.802, r2 = 0.972) was obtained using atoms, bonds, and connectivity as the fragment distinction, a fragment size of 2–5 atoms, hologram length of 61 bins, and six components. The best CoMFA model (q2 = 0.748, r2 = 0.974) was obtained with alignment of all atoms of the tricyclic phthalimide moiety (alignment II). The HQSAR contribution map identified that the carbonyl-hydroxy-aromatic nitrogen motif made a positive contribution to the activity of the compounds. Furthermore, CoMFA contour maps suggested that bulky groups in meta and para positions in the phenyl ring would increase the biological activity of this class. The conclusions of this work may lead to a better understanding of HIV-1 IN inhibition and contribute to the design of new and more potent derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uiaran de Oliveira Magalhães
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular and QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Johns BA, Kawasuji T, Weatherhead JG, Taishi T, Temelkoff DP, Yoshida H, Akiyama T, Taoda Y, Murai H, Kiyama R, Fuji M, Tanimoto N, Jeffrey J, Foster SA, Yoshinaga T, Seki T, Kobayashi M, Sato A, Johnson MN, Garvey EP, Fujiwara T. Carbamoyl pyridone HIV-1 integrase inhibitors 3. A diastereomeric approach to chiral nonracemic tricyclic ring systems and the discovery of dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) and (S/GSK1265744). J Med Chem 2013; 56:5901-16. [PMID: 23845180 DOI: 10.1021/jm400645w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitors dolutegravir (S/GSK1349572) (3) and S/GSK1265744 (4). These drugs stem from a series of carbamoyl pyridone analogues designed using a two-metal chelation model of the integrase catalytic active site. Structure-activity studies evolved a tricyclic series of carbamoyl pyridines that demonstrated properties indicative of once-daily dosing and superior potency against resistant viral strains. An inherent hemiaminal ring fusion stereocenter within the tricyclic carbamoyl pyridone scaffold led to a critical substrate controlled diastereoselective synthetic strategy whereby chiral information from small readily available amino alcohols was employed to control relative and absolute stereochemistry of the final drug candidates. Modest to extremely high levels of stereochemical control were observed depending on ring size and position of the stereocenter. This approach resulted in the discovery of 3 and 4, which are currently in clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development , Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area Unit, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The hepatitis B virus ribonuclease H is sensitive to inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus ribonuclease H and integrase enzymes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003125. [PMID: 23349632 PMCID: PMC3551811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analog therapy blocks DNA synthesis by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) reverse transcriptase and can control the infection, but treatment is life-long and has high costs and unpredictable long-term side effects. The profound suppression of HBV by the nucleos(t)ide analogs and their ability to cure some patients indicates that they can push HBV to the brink of extinction. Consequently, more patients could be cured by suppressing HBV replication further using a new drug in combination with the nucleos(t)ide analogs. The HBV ribonuclease H (RNAseH) is a logical drug target because it is the second of only two viral enzymes that are essential for viral replication, but it has not been exploited, primarily because it is very difficult to produce active enzyme. To address this difficulty, we expressed HBV genotype D and H RNAseHs in E. coli and enriched the enzymes by nickel-affinity chromatography. HBV RNAseH activity in the enriched lysates was characterized in preparation for drug screening. Twenty-one candidate HBV RNAseH inhibitors were identified using chemical structure-activity analyses based on inhibitors of the HIV RNAseH and integrase. Twelve anti-RNAseH and anti-integrase compounds inhibited the HBV RNAseH at 10 µM, the best compounds had low micromolar IC50 values against the RNAseH, and one compound inhibited HBV replication in tissue culture at 10 µM. Recombinant HBV genotype D RNAseH was more sensitive to inhibition than genotype H. This study demonstrates that recombinant HBV RNAseH suitable for low-throughput antiviral drug screening has been produced. The high percentage of compounds developed against the HIV RNAseH and integrase that were active against the HBV RNAseH indicates that the extensive drug design efforts against these HIV enzymes can guide anti-HBV RNAseH drug discovery. Finally, differential inhibition of HBV genotype D and H RNAseHs indicates that viral genetic variability will be a factor during drug development. Current therapy for HBV blocks DNA synthesis by the viral reverse transcriptase and can control the infection indefinitely, but treatment rarely cures patients. More patients could be cured by suppressing HBV replication further using a new drug in combination with the existing ones. The HBV RNAseH is a logical drug target because it is the second of only two viral enzymes that are essential for viral replication, but it has not been exploited, primarily because it is very difficult to produce active enzyme. We expressed active recombinant HBV RNAseHs and demonstrated that it was suitable for antiviral drug screening. Twenty-one candidate HBV RNAseH inhibitors were identified based on antagonists of the HIV RNAseH and integrase enzymes. Twelve of these compounds inhibited the HBV RNAseH in enzymatic assays, and one inhibited HBV replication in cell-based assays. The high percentage of compounds developed against the HIV RNAseH and integrase that were also active against the HBV RNAseH indicates that the extensive drug design efforts against these HIV enzymes can be used to guide anti-HBV RNAseH drug discovery.
Collapse
|
35
|
Franz KJ. Clawing back: broadening the notion of metal chelators in medicine. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:143-9. [PMID: 23332666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The traditional notion of chelation therapy is the administration of a chemical agent to remove metals from the body. But formation of a metal-chelate can have biological ramifications that are much broader than metal elimination. Exploring these other possibilities could lead to pharmacological interventions that alter the concentration, distribution, or reactivity of metals in targeted ways for therapeutic benefit. This review highlights recent examples that showcase four general strategies of using principles of metal chelation in medicinal contexts beyond the traditional notion of chelation therapy. These strategies include altering metal biodistribution, inhibiting specific metalloenzymes associated with disease, enhancing the reactivity of a metal complex to promote cytotoxicity, and conversely, passivating the reactivity of metals by site-activated chelation to prevent cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Métifiot M, Marchand C, Pommier Y. HIV integrase inhibitors: 20-year landmark and challenges. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2013; 67:75-105. [PMID: 23885999 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405880-4.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of HIV as the cause for AIDS 30 years ago, major progress has been made, including the discovery of drugs that now control the disease. Here, we review the integrase (IN) inhibitors from the discovery of the first compounds 20 years ago to the approval of two highly effective IN strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir (Isentress) and elvitegravir (Stribild), and the promising clinical activity of dolutegravir. After summarizing the molecular mechanism of action of the INSTIs as interfacial inhibitors, we discuss the remaining challenges. Those include: overcoming resistance to clinical INSTIs, long-term safety of INSTIs, cost of therapy, place of the INSTIs in prophylactic treatments, and the development of new classes of inhibitors (the LEDGINs) targeting IN outside its catalytic site. We also discuss the role of chromatin and host DNA repair factor for the completion of integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Métifiot
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barry NPE, Sadler PJ. Exploration of the medical periodic table: towards new targets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5106-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
38
|
Xue W, Jin X, Ning L, Wang M, Liu H, Yao X. Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Cross-Resistance to HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors by Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Residue Interaction Network Analysis. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 53:210-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300541c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xue
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Key Lab of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojie Jin
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Key Lab of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lulu Ning
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Key Lab of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Meixia Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Key Lab of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Key Lab of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ‡School of Pharmacy, and §Key Lab of Preclinical
Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Viral enzymes containing magnesium: Metal binding as a successful strategy in drug design. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
40
|
Demeulemeester J, Christ F, De Maeyer M, Debyser Z. Fueling HIV-1 integrase drug design with structural insights. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e175-e226. [PMID: 24064310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
|