1
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Wu Y, Yue Y, Zhang H, Ma X, Zhang Z, Li K, Meng Y, Wang S, Wang X, Huang W. Three-dimensional rotation of deformable cells at a bipolar electrode array using a rotating electric field. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:933-945. [PMID: 38273814 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00882g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional rotation of cells is imperative in a variety of applications such as biology, medicine, and chemistry. We report for the first time a versatile approach for executing controllable 3D rotation of cells or particles at a bipolar electrode (BPE) array using a rotating electric field. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by 3D rotating various cells including yeast cells and K562 cells and the cells can be rotated to a desired orientation and immobilized for further operations. Our results demonstrate how electrorotation torque, induced charge electroosmosis (ICEO) flow and dielectrophoresis can be exerted on certain cells for modulating the rotation axis, speed, and direction. ICEO-based out-of-plane rotation is capable of rotating various cells in a vertical plane regardless of their shape and size. It can realize cell orientation by rotating cells toward a specific angle and enable cell rotation by steadily rotating multiple cells at a controllable speed. The rotation spectrum for in-plane rotation is further used to extract the cellular dielectric properties. This work offers a flexible method for controllable, contactless and precise rotation of different cells or particles, offering a rapid, high-throughput, and nondestructive rotation method for cell analysis and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518000, PR China
- Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, 215400, PR China
| | - Yuanbo Yue
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Haohao Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xun Ma
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Zhexin Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Kemu Li
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Yingqi Meng
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Shaoxi Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, PR China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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2
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Bronte Ciriza D, Callegari A, Donato MG, Çiçek B, Magazzù A, Kasianiuk I, Kasyanyuk D, Schmidt F, Foti A, Gucciardi PG, Volpe G, Lanza M, Biancofiore L, Maragò OM. Optically Driven Janus Microengine with Full Orbital Motion Control. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3223-3232. [PMID: 37743937 PMCID: PMC10515694 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Microengines have shown promise for a variety of applications in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and nanomedicine, including targeted drug delivery, microscale pumping, and environmental remediation. However, achieving precise control over their dynamics remains a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce a microengine that exploits both optical and thermal effects to achieve a high degree of controllability. We find that in the presence of a strongly focused light beam, a gold-silica Janus particle becomes confined at the stationary point where the optical and thermal forces balance. By using circularly polarized light, we can transfer angular momentum to the particle, breaking the symmetry between the two forces and resulting in a tangential force that drives directed orbital motion. We can simultaneously control the velocity and direction of rotation of the particle changing the ellipticity of the incoming light beam while tuning the radius of the orbit with laser power. Our experimental results are validated using a geometrical optics phenomenological model that considers the optical force, the absorption of optical power, and the resulting heating of the particle. The demonstrated enhanced flexibility in the control of microengines opens up new possibilities for their utilization in a wide range of applications, including microscale transport, sensing, and actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Callegari
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Berk Çiçek
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Magazzù
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Iryna Kasianiuk
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials
Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Denis Kasyanyuk
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials
Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Falko Schmidt
- Nanophotonic
Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Foti
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Volpe
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maurizio Lanza
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Biancofiore
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, TR-06800, Ankara, Turkey
- UNAM
- National Nanotechnology Research Center and Institute of Materials
Science & Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onofrio M. Maragò
- CNR-IPCF,
Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, I-98158, Messina, Italy
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3
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Behdani B, Wang K, Silvera Batista CA. Electric polarizability of metallodielectric Janus particles in electrolyte solutions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9410-9419. [PMID: 34608476 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metallodielectric Janus particles (JPs) and electric fields have been a useful combination for the development of innovative concepts on AC electrokinetics, directed transport and collective dynamics. The polarizability, and its frequency dependence, underlie the rich behavior exhibited by JPs. Nonetheless, direct measurements of polarizability are few and the interplay of different mechanisms remains unclear. This paper discusses measurements and strategies to tailor the magnitude of the polarizability of JPs. Our approach uses electrorotation to measure the polarizability of particles with different thicknesses of metal in electrolyte solutions. On the other hand, we gain further insight into the basic polarization mechanisms through modeling based on the fundamental transport equations. JPs exhibit rich polarization spectra that depend strongly on the thickness of the metal layer, the conductivity of the medium and the surface charge. At low frequencies-around 10 kHz-the results indicate that counter-field rotation stems from the charging of the double layer at the particle-electrolyte interface, while the transition to co-field rotation at high frequencies (above 100 kHz) stems from the Maxwell-Wagner relaxation. The latter polarization mechanism is significantly affected by the conductivity within the electrical double layer. The insights from this study provide helpful quantitative information for the design of colloidal machines with desirable features such as targeted propulsion, and tunable collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Behdani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Carlos A Silvera Batista
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
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4
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Li Y, Liu X, Huang Q, Ohta AT, Arai T. Bubbles in microfluidics: an all-purpose tool for micromanipulation. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1016-1035. [PMID: 33538756 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01173h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the integration of microfluidic devices and multiple actuation technologies at the microscale has greatly contributed to the progress of related fields. In particular, microbubbles are playing an increasingly important role in microfluidics because of their unique characteristics that lead to specific responses to different energy sources and gas-liquid interactions. Many effective and functional bubble-based micromanipulation strategies have been developed and improved, enabling various non-invasive, selective, and precise operations at the microscale. This review begins with a brief introduction of the morphological characteristics and formation of microbubbles. The theoretical foundations and working mechanisms of typical micromanipulations based on acoustic, thermodynamic, and chemical microbubbles in fluids are described. We critically review the extensive applications and the frontline advances of bubbles in microfluidics, including microflow patterns, position and orientation control, biomedical applications, and development of bubble-based microrobots. We lastly present an outlook to provide directions for the design and application of microbubble-based micromanipulation tools and attract the attention of relevant researchers to the enormous potential of microbubbles in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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5
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Lin R, Yu W, Chen X, Gao H. Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for Tumor Targeting Delivery and Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001212. [PMID: 32975892 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still one of the most serious diseases with threats to health and life. Although some advances have been made in targeting delivery of antitumor drugs over the past number of years, there are still many problems needing to be solved, such as poor efficacy and high systemic toxicity. Micro/nanomotors capable of self-propulsion in fluid provide promising platforms for improving the efficiency of tumor delivery. Herein, the recent progress in micro/nanomotors for tumor targeting delivery and therapy is reviewed, with special focus on the contributions of micro/nanomotors to the different stages of tumor targeting delivery as well as the combination therapy by micro/nanomotors. The present limitations and future directions are also put forward for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Xianchun Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 P. R. China
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
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7
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Dipolophoresis and Travelling-Wave Dipolophoresis of Metal Microparticles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030259. [PMID: 32121203 PMCID: PMC7143896 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We study theoretically and numerically the electrokinetic behavior of metal microparticles immersed in aqueous electrolytes. We consider small particles subjected to non-homogeneous ac electric fields and we describe their motion as arising from the combination of electrical forces (dielectrophoresis) and the electroosmotic flows on the particle surface (induced-charge electrophoresis). The net particle motion is known as dipolophoresis. We also study the particle motion induced by travelling electric fields. We find analytical expressions for the dielectrophoresis and induced-charge electrophoresis of metal spheres and we compare them with numerical solutions. This validates our numerical method, which we also use to study the dipolophoresis of metal cylinders.
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8
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Rodríguez-Sánchez L, Ramos A, García-Sánchez P. Electrorotation of semiconducting microspheres. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:042616. [PMID: 31770957 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.042616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study experimentally the electrorotation (ROT) of semiconducting microspheres. ZnO microspheres obtained by a hydrothermal synthesis method are dispersed in KCl aqueous solutions and subjected to rotating electric fields. Two ROT peaks are found in experiments: a counterfield peak and a cofield peak at somewhat higher frequencies. These observations are in accordance with recent theoretical predictions for semiconducting spheres. The counterfield rotation is originated by the charging of the electrical double layer at the particle-electrolyte interface, while the cofield rotation is due to the Maxwell-Wagner relaxation. Additionally, we also found that some microspheres in the sample behaved differently and only showed counterfield rotation. We show that the behavior of these particles can be described by the so-called shell model. The microstructure of the microspheres is analyzed with electron microscope techniques and related to the ROT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laida Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Departamento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Sánchez
- Departamento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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9
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Flores-Mena JE, García-Sánchez P, Ramos A. Electrokinetics of metal cylinders. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:032603. [PMID: 30999434 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.032603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We study theoretically the rotation induced on an uncharged metal nanocylinder immersed in an electrolyte by AC electric fields. We consider the rotation of the cylinder when subjected to a rotating electric field (electrorotation) and the orientation of the cylinder in an AC field with constant direction (electro-orientation). The cylinder rotation is due to two mechanisms: the electric field interaction with the induced dipole on the particle and the hydrodynamic stress on the particle originated by the induced-charge electro-osmotic (ICEO) flow around the particle. The cylinder rotation induced by the ICEO mechanism can be calculated by using the Lorentz reciprocal theorem, while the rotation due to the induced dipole is calculated from the cylinder polarizability. We employ 3D numerical computations using finite elements for the general case as well as analytical methods for slender cylinders. Both calculations use the thin-double-layer approximation. We compare the results for slender cylinders of both methods showing good agreement. The electro-orientation (EOr) due to dipole torque aligns the axis of slender cylinders with the applied field, but aligns the axis of short cylinders perpendicularly to the field. The EOr due to ICEO torque always aligns the axis of cylinders with the field. The rotation induced by ICEO torque tends to disappear for frequencies of the applied field much greater than the characteristic frequency for charging the double-layer capacitance of the metal-electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Flores-Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur, San Manuel, 72570, CU., FCE2 Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Pablo García-Sánchez
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Depto. Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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10
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García-Sánchez P, Flores-Mena JE, Ramos A. Modeling the AC Electrokinetic Behavior of Semiconducting Spheres. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020100. [PMID: 30700028 PMCID: PMC6412628 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We study theoretically the dielectrophoresis and electrorotation of a semiconducting microsphere immersed in an aqueous electrolyte. To this end, the particle polarizability is calculated from first principles for arbitrary thickness of the Debye layers in liquid and semiconductor. We show that the polarizability dispersion arises from the combination of two relaxation interfacial phenomena: charging of the electrical double layer and the Maxwell⁻Wagner relaxation. We also calculate the particle polarizability in the limit of thin electrical double layers, which greatly simplifies the analytical calculations. Finally, we show the model predictions for two relevant materials (ZnO and doped silicon) and discuss the limits of validity of the thin double layer approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Jose Eladio Flores-Mena
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Electrónica, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y 18 Sur, San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Mexico.
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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11
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Huang L, He W, Wang W. A cell electro-rotation micro-device using polarized cells as electrodes. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:784-791. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument; Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Weihua He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument; Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument; Department of Precision Instrument; Tsinghua University; Beijing P. R. China
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12
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Jiang W, Ma L, Xu X. Recent progress on the design and fabrication of micromotors and their biomedical applications. Biodes Manuf 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-018-0025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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García-Sánchez P, Ramos A. Electrorotation and Electroorientation of Semiconductor Nanowires. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8553-8561. [PMID: 28771366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of experimental studies have shown electric-field manipulation of nanowires dispersed in liquids. We demonstrate from first-principles that the electrical response of semiconductor nanowires in liquids must be described by considering, at least, two mechanisms for interfacial polarization: the classical Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization and the formation of an electrical double layer. We compare the theoretical predictions with our experimental data and with data published elsewhere and show that both mechanisms play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García-Sánchez
- Departimento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Fı́sica, Universidad de Sevilla , Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla Spain
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Departimento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Fı́sica, Universidad de Sevilla , Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla Spain
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14
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Kim K, Liang Z, Liu M, Fan DE. Biobased High-Performance Rotary Micromotors for Individually Reconfigurable Micromachine Arrays and Microfluidic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6144-6152. [PMID: 28032745 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report an innovative type of rotary biomicromachines by using diatom frustules as integrated active components, including the assembling, operation, and performance characterization. We further investigate and demonstrate unique applications of the biomicromachines in achieving individually reconfigurable micromachine arrays and microfluidic mixing. Diatom frustules are porous cell walls of diatoms made of silica. We assembled rotary micromachines consisting of diatom frustules serving as rotors and patterned magnets serving as bearings in electric fields. Ordered arrays of micromotors can be integrated and rotated with controlled orientation and a speed up to ∼3000 rpm, one of the highest rotational speeds in biomaterial-based rotary micromachines. Moreover, by exploiting the distinct electromechanical properties of diatom frustules and metallic nanowires, we realized the first reconfigurable rotary micro/nanomachine arrays with controllability in individual motors. Finally, the diatom micromachines are successfully integrated in microfluidic channels and operated as mixers. This work demonstrated the high-performance rotary micromachines by using bioinspired diatom frustules and their applications, which are essential for low-cost bio-microelectromechanical system/nanoelectromechanical system (bio-MEMS/NEMS) devices and relevant to microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zexi Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Minliang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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15
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Qamar Z, Zakria M, Shakoor RI, Raffi M, Mehmood M, Mahmood A. Reinforcement of electroactive characteristics in polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanofibers by intercalation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Ozcelik A, Nama N, Huang PH, Kaynak M, McReynolds MR, Hanna-Rose W, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic Rotational Manipulation of Cells and Organisms Using Oscillating Solid Structures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5120-5125. [PMID: 27515787 PMCID: PMC5388358 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A polydimethylsiloxane microchannel featuring sidewall sharp-edge structures and bare channels, and a piezoelement transducer is attached to a thin glass slide. When an external acoustic field is applied to the microchannel, the oscillation of the sharp-edge structures and the thin glass slide generate acoustic streaming flows which in turn rotate single cells and C. elegans in-plane and out-of-plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Murat Kaynak
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Melanie R McReynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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17
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Ramos A, García-Sánchez P, Morgan H. AC electrokinetics of conducting microparticles: A review. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Akin C, Feldman LC, Durand C, Hus SM, Li AP, Hui HY, Filler MA, Yi J, Shan JW. High-throughput electrical measurement and microfluidic sorting of semiconductor nanowires. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2126-2134. [PMID: 27171977 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Existing nanowire electrical characterization tools not only are expensive and require sophisticated facilities, but are far too slow to enable statistical characterization of highly variable samples. They are also generally not compatible with further sorting and processing of nanowires. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput, solution-based electro-orientation-spectroscopy (EOS) method, which is capable of automated electrical characterization of individual nanowires by direct optical visualization of their alignment behavior under spatially uniform electric fields of different frequencies. We demonstrate that EOS can quantitatively characterize the electrical conductivities of nanowires over a 6-order-of-magnitude range (10(-5) to 10 S m(-1), corresponding to typical carrier densities of 10(10)-10(16) cm(-3)), with different fluids used to suspend the nanowires. By implementing EOS in a simple microfluidic device, continuous electrical characterization is achieved, and the sorting of nanowires is demonstrated as a proof-of-concept. With measurement speeds two orders of magnitude faster than direct-contact methods, the automated EOS instrument enables for the first time the statistical characterization of highly variable 1D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevat Akin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Leonard C Feldman
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Devices, and Nanotechnology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Corentin Durand
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Saban M Hus
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Ho Yee Hui
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Michael A Filler
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jingang Yi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Jerry W Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. and Institute of Advanced Materials, Devices, and Nanotechnology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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19
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Kim K, Guo J, Liang ZX, Zhu FQ, Fan DL. Man-made rotary nanomotors: a review of recent developments. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10471-90. [PMID: 27152885 PMCID: PMC4873439 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of rotary nanomotors is an essential step towards intelligent nanomachines and nanorobots. In this article, we review the concept, design, working mechanisms, and applications of state-of-the-art rotary nanomotors made from synthetic nanoentities. The rotary nanomotors are categorized according to the energy sources employed to drive the rotary motion, including biochemical, optical, magnetic, and electric fields. The unique advantages and limitations for each type of rotary nanomachines are discussed. The advances of rotary nanomotors is pivotal for realizing dream nanomachines for myriad applications including microfluidics, biodiagnosis, nano-surgery, and biosubstance delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Z X Liang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - F Q Zhu
- NovaMinds, LLC, 9535 Ketona Cv., Austin, TX 78759, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. and Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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20
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Ahmed D, Ozcelik A, Bojanala N, Nama N, Upadhyay A, Chen Y, Hanna-Rose W, Huang TJ. Rotational manipulation of single cells and organisms using acoustic waves. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11085. [PMID: 27004764 PMCID: PMC4814581 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise rotational manipulation of single cells or organisms is invaluable to many applications in biology, chemistry, physics and medicine. In this article, we describe an acoustic-based, on-chip manipulation method that can rotate single microparticles, cells and organisms. To achieve this, we trapped microbubbles within predefined sidewall microcavities inside a microchannel. In an acoustic field, trapped microbubbles were driven into oscillatory motion generating steady microvortices which were utilized to precisely rotate colloids, cells and entire organisms (that is, C. elegans). We have tested the capabilities of our method by analysing reproductive system pathologies and nervous system morphology in C. elegans. Using our device, we revealed the underlying abnormal cell fusion causing defective vulval morphology in mutant worms. Our acoustofluidic rotational manipulation (ARM) technique is an easy-to-use, compact, and biocompatible method, permitting rotation regardless of optical, magnetic or electrical properties of the sample under investigation. The precise rotational manipulation of single cells is technically challenging and relies on the optical, magnetic and electrical properties of the biospecimen. Here the authors develop an acoustic-based, on-chip manipulation method that can rotate single microparticles, cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ahmed
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Nagagireesh Bojanala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Awani Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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21
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Zong Y, Liu J, Liu R, Guo H, Yang M, Li Z, Chen K. An Optically Driven Bistable Janus Rotor with Patterned Metal Coatings. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10844-10851. [PMID: 26481901 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bistable rotation is realized for a gold-coated Janus colloidal particle in an infrared optical trap. The metal coating on the Janus particles are patterned by sputtering gold on a monolayer of closely packed polystyrene particles. The Janus particle is observed to stably rotate in an optical trap. Both the direction and the rate of rotation can be experimentally controlled. Numerical calculations reveal that the bistable rotation is the result of spontaneous symmetry breaking induced by the uneven curvature of the coating patterns on the Janus sphere. Our results thus provide a simple method to construct large quantities of fully functional rotary motors for nano- or microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Honglian Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
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Kim K, Guo J, Xu X, Fan DL. Recent Progress on Man-Made Inorganic Nanomachines. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4037-4057. [PMID: 26114572 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful development of nanoscale machinery, which can operate with high controllability, high precision, long lifetimes, and tunable driving powers, is pivotal for the realization of future intelligent nanorobots, nanofactories, and advanced biomedical devices. However, the development of nanomachines remains one of the most difficult research areas, largely due to the grand challenges in fabrication of devices with complex components and actuation with desired efficiency, precision, lifetime, and/or environmental friendliness. In this work, the cutting-edge efforts toward fabricating and actuating various types of nanomachines and their applications are reviewed, with a special focus on nanomotors made from inorganic nanoscale building blocks, which are introduced according to the employed actuation mechanism. The unique characteristics and obstacles for each type of nanomachine are discussed, and perspectives and challenges of this exciting field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - D L Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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23
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Guo J, Kim K, Lei KW, Fan DL. Ultra-durable rotary micromotors assembled from nanoentities by electric fields. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:11363-70. [PMID: 26073977 PMCID: PMC4888793 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr02347e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported an innovative type of micromotors consisting of nanowires as rotors and patterned Au/Ni/Cr nanodisks as bearings. The dimensions of micromotors were less than 1 μm, and could continuously rotate for 15 hours over 240 000 cycles. To understand the limitation of their lifetime, we systematically investigated the rotation dynamics by analytical modeling and determined the time-dependent torques and forces involved in the rotation. From the forces and torques, the extent of wear of micromotors was successfully derived, which agreed well with the experimental characterization. The results also proved that the frictional force linearly increases with the loading in such rotary nanodevices operating in suspension, consistent with the prediction of the non-adhesive multi-asperity friction theory. With these understandings, we enhanced the design of micromotors and achieved an operation lifetime of 80 hours and over 1.1 million total rotation cycles. This research, shedding new light on the frictional mechanism of recently reported nanowire micromotors with demonstration of the most durable rotary nanomechanical devices of similar dimensions to the best of our knowledge, can be inspiring for innovative design of future nanomechanical devices with ultra-long lifetime for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhe Guo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kin Wai Lei
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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24
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Akin C, Yi J, Feldman LC, Durand C, Hus SM, Li AP, Filler MA, Shan JW. Contactless Determination of Electrical Conductivity of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials by Solution-Based Electro-orientation Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5405-5412. [PMID: 25941841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires of the same composition, and even fabricated within the same batch, often exhibit electrical conductivities that can vary by orders of magnitude. Unfortunately, existing electrical characterization methods are time-consuming, making the statistical survey of highly variable samples essentially impractical. Here, we demonstrate a contactless, solution-based method to efficiently measure the electrical conductivity of 1D nanomaterials based on their transient alignment behavior in ac electric fields of different frequencies. Comparison with direct transport measurements by probe-based scanning tunneling microscopy shows that electro-orientation spectroscopy can quantitatively measure nanowire conductivity over a 5-order-of-magnitude range, 10(-5)-1 Ω(-1) m(-1) (corresponding to resistivities in the range 10(2)-10(7) Ω·cm). With this method, we statistically characterize the conductivity of a variety of nanowires and find significant variability in silicon nanowires grown by metal-assisted chemical etching from the same wafer. We also find that the active carrier concentration of n-type silicon nanowires is greatly reduced by surface traps and that surface passivation increases the effective conductivity by an order of magnitude. This simple method makes electrical characterization of insulating and semiconducting 1D nanomaterials far more efficient and accessible to more researchers than current approaches. Electro-orientation spectroscopy also has the potential to be integrated with other solution-based methods for the high-throughput sorting and manipulation of 1D nanomaterials for postgrowth device assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corentin Durand
- §Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Saban M Hus
- §Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - An-Ping Li
- §Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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25
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Xu X, Kim K, Fan DL. Tunable release of multiplex biochemicals by plasmonically active rotary nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2525-9. [PMID: 25580820 PMCID: PMC4466123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to precisely tune the molecule release rate from the surfaces of nanoparticles (NPs) that are relevant to cancer therapy and single-cell biology. An innovative mechanism is reported to actively tune the biochemical release rate by rotation of NPs. Plasmonic nanomotors were assembled from NPs and applied in multiplex biochemical release and detection. Both single and multiplex biosignals can be released in a tunable fashion by controlling the rotation speed of the nanomotors. The chemistry and release rate of individual chemicals can be revealed by Raman spectroscopy. The fundamental mechanism was modeled quantitatively and attributed to the fluidic boundary-layer reduction owing to the liquid convection. This work, which explored the synergistic attributes of surface enhanced Raman scattering and nanoelectromechanical systems, could inspire new sensors that are potentially interesting for various bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Matrials Insititute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - D. L. Fan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Texas Matrials Insititute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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26
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Xu X, Kim K, Fan D. Tunable Release of Multiplex Biochemicals by Plasmonically Active Rotary Nanomotors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Arcenegui JJ, García-Sánchez P, Morgan H, Ramos A. Electro-orientation of a metal nanowire counterbalanced by thermal torques. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062306. [PMID: 25019775 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The rotational diffusion of electrically polarized metal nanowires suspended in an electrolyte is studied. The alignment of a Brownian nanowire in an ac field with a given direction is not complete due to thermal (fluctuating) torques. The orientation distribution allows us to examine the electrokinetic torques acting on the nanowire for smaller voltages than in previous deterministic experiments. In addition, the torques are obtained without recurring to the rotational friction coefficient as in dynamic deterministic experiments. The present results are in accordance with previous deterministic results of electro-orientation of metal nanowires. Nanowire rotation is originated by both the electrical torque on the induced dipole and by induced-charge electro-osmotic flow around the particle. At low frequencies of the applied ac field, induced-charge electro-osmotic orientation dominates while induced dipole torque orientation dominates at high frequencies. The angular standard deviation and the rotational rate are calculated from the measured fluctuating angle as a function of time, and good agreement with theoretical predictions is found. The experiments at high frequency indicate that the electrical torque on a nanowire near an insulating wall is reduced with respect to the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Arcenegui
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hywel Morgan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Departamento de Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
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28
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Kim K, Xu X, Guo J, Fan DL. Ultrahigh-speed rotating nanoelectromechanical system devices assembled from nanoscale building blocks. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3632. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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29
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Arcenegui JJ, García-Sánchez P, Morgan H, Ramos A. Electro-orientation and electrorotation of metal nanowires. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:063018. [PMID: 24483568 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.063018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The physical mechanisms responsible for the electrical orientation and electrical rotation of metal nanowires suspended in an electrolyte as a function of frequency of the applied ac electric field are examined theoretically and experimentally. The alignment of a nanowire in an ac field with a fixed direction is called electro-orientation. The induced constant rotation of a nanowire in a rotating electric field is called electrorotation. In both situations, the applied electric field interacts with the induced charge in the electrical double layer at the metal-electrolyte interface, causing rotation due to the torque on the induced dipole, and also from induced-charge electro-osmotic flow around the particle. First, we describe the dipole theory that describes electro-orientation and electrorotation of perfectly polarizable metal rods. Second, based on a slender approximation, an analytical theory that describes induced-charge electro-orientation and electrorotation of metal nanowires is provided. Finally, experimental measurements of the electro-orientation and electrorotation of metal nanowires are presented and compared with theory, providing a comprehensive study of the relative importance between induced-dipole rotation and induced-charge electro-osmotic rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Arcenegui
- Departamento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Sánchez
- Departamento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hywel Morgan
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos
- Departamento Electrónica y Electromagnetismo, Facultad de Física, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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30
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Kim K, Zhu FQ, Fan D. Innovative mechanisms for precision assembly and actuation of arrays of nanowire oscillators. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3476-3483. [PMID: 23484802 DOI: 10.1021/nn400363x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up assembling of Micro/Nano Electromechanical System (MEMS/NEMS) devices from nanoscale building blocks is highly desirable but extremely difficult to achieve. In this work, we report innovative mechanisms for precision assembly and actuation of arrays of nanowire NEMS devices that can synchronously oscillate between two designated positions for over 4000 cycles. The assembly and actuation mechanisms are based on unique magnetic interactions between nanoentities with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and electric-tweezer manipulation, our recent invention. Quantitative analysis of the dynamics of torques involved in the nano-oscillators reveals that the induced electrostatic torques due to the external electric fields between metallic NEMS components play a significant role in the mechanical actuation. These new findings are expected to inspire new in situ assembly and actuation strategies in the general field of NEMS devices such as nanomechanical switches for toggling on/off circuits and nanoresonators for biochemical sensors and radio frequency communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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