1
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Zhong R, Zhou D, Phillips DR, Adams ER, Chen L, Rose JP, Wang BC, Ye ZH. Identification of glycosyltransferases mediating 2-O-arabinopyranosyl and 2-O-galactosyl substitutions of glucuronosyl side chains of xylan. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:234-252. [PMID: 39145524 PMCID: PMC11424249 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is one of the major hemicelluloses in plant cell walls and its xylosyl backbone is often decorated at O-2 with glucuronic acid (GlcA) and/or methylglucuronic acid (MeGlcA) residues. The GlcA/MeGlcA side chains may be further substituted with 2-O-arabinopyranose (Arap) or 2-O-galactopyranose (Gal) residues in some plant species, but the enzymes responsible for these substitutions remain unknown. During our endeavor to investigate the enzymatic activities of Arabidopsis MUR3-clade members of the GT47 glycosyltransferase family, we found that one of them was able to transfer Arap from UDP-Arap onto O-2 of GlcA side chains of xylan, and thus it was named xylan 2-O-arabinopyranosyltransferase 1 (AtXAPT1). The function of AtXAPT1 was verified in planta by its T-DNA knockout mutation showing a loss of the Arap substitution on xylan GlcA side chains. Further biochemical characterization of XAPT close homologs from other plant species demonstrated that while the poplar ones had the same catalytic activity as AtXAPT1, those from Eucalyptus, lemon-scented gum, sea apple, 'Ohi'a lehua, duckweed and purple yam were capable of catalyzing both 2-O-Arap and 2-O-Gal substitutions of xylan GlcA side chains albeit with differential activities. Sequential reactions with XAPTs and glucuronoxylan methyltransferase 3 (GXM3) showed that XAPTs acted poorly on MeGlcA side chains, whereas GXM3 could efficiently methylate arabinosylated or galactosylated GlcA side chains of xylan. Furthermore, molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis analyses of Eucalyptus XAPT1 revealed critical roles of several amino acid residues at the putative active site in its activity. Together, these findings establish that XAPTs residing in the MUR3 clade of family GT47 are responsible for 2-O-arabinopyranosylation and 2-O-galactosylation of GlcA side chains of xylan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Dayong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - John P Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
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2
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Yang D, Liu H, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Yang H, Liu M, Koch KE, McCarty DR, Li S, Tan BC. A sucrose ferulate cycle linchpin for ferulyolation of arabinoxylans in plant commelinids. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:1389-1399. [PMID: 39232219 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-024-01781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
A transformation in plant cell wall evolution marked the emergence of grasses, grains and related species that now cover much of the globe. Their tough, less digestible cell walls arose from a new pattern of cross-linking between arabinoxylan polymers with distinctive ferulic acid residues. Despite extensive study, the biochemical mechanism of ferulic acid incorporation into cell walls remains unknown. Here we show that ferulic acid is transferred to arabinoxylans via an unexpected sucrose derivative, 3,6-O-diferuloyl sucrose (2-feruloyl-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'→2)-3,6-O-feruloyl-β-D-fructofuranoside), formed by a sucrose ferulate cycle. Sucrose gains ferulate units through sequential transfers from feruloyl-CoA, initially at the O-3 position of sucrose catalysed by a family of BAHD-type sucrose ferulic acid transferases (SFT1 to SFT4 in maize), then at the O-6 position by a feruloyl sucrose feruloyl transferase (FSFT), which creates 3,6-O-diferuloyl sucrose. An FSFT-deficient mutant of maize, disorganized wall 1 (dow1), sharply decreases cell wall arabinoxylan ferulic acid content, causes accumulation of 3-O-feruloyl sucrose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1'→2)-3-O-feruloyl-β-D-fructofuranoside) and leads to the abortion of embryos with defective cell walls. In vivo, isotope-labelled ferulic acid residues are transferred from 3,6-O-diferuloyl sucrose onto cell wall arabinoxylans. This previously unrecognized sucrose ferulate cycle resolves a long-standing mystery surrounding the evolution of the distinctive cell wall characteristics of cereal grains, biofuel crops and related commelinid species; identifies an unexpected role for sucrose as a ferulate group carrier in cell wall biosynthesis; and reveals a new paradigm for modifying cell wall polymers through ferulic acid incorporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Karen E Koch
- Hoirticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Donald R McCarty
- Hoirticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bao-Cai Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Javaid T, Bhattarai M, Venkataraghavan A, Held M, Faik A. Specific protein interactions between rice members of the GT43 and GT47 families form various central cores of putative xylan synthase complexes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:856-878. [PMID: 38261531 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Members of the glycosyltransferase (GT)43 and GT47 families have been associated with heteroxylan synthesis in both dicots and monocots and are thought to assemble into central cores of putative xylan synthase complexes (XSCs). Currently, it is unknown whether protein-protein interactions within these central cores are specific, how many such complexes exist, and whether these complexes are functionally redundant. Here, we used gene association network and co-expression approaches in rice to identify four OsGT43s and four OsGT47s that assemble into different GT43/GT47 complexes. Using two independent methods, we showed that (i) these GTs assemble into at least six unique complexes through specific protein-protein interactions and (ii) the proteins interact directly in vitro. Confocal microscopy showed that, when alone, all OsGT43s were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), while all OsGT47s were localized in the Golgi. co-expression of OsGT43s and OsGT47s displayed complexes that form in the ER but accumulate in Golgi. ER-to-Golgi trafficking appears to require interactions between OsGT43s and OsGT47s. Comparison of the central cores of the three putative rice OsXSCs to wheat, asparagus, and Arabidopsis XSCs, showed great variation in GT43/GT47 combinations, which makes the identification of orthologous central cores between grasses and dicots challenging. However, the emerging picture is that all central cores from these species seem to have at least one member of the IRX10/IRX10-L clade in the GT47 family in common, suggesting greater functional importance for this family in xylan synthesis. Our findings provide a new framework for future investigation of heteroxylan biosynthesis and function in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasleem Javaid
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Matrika Bhattarai
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | | | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, 45701, USA
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4
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Zhong R, Zhou D, Phillips DR, Adams ER, Chen L, Rose JP, Wang BC, Ye ZH. A rice GT61 glycosyltransferase possesses dual activities mediating 2-O-xylosyl and 2-O-arabinosyl substitutions of xylan. PLANTA 2024; 259:115. [PMID: 38589536 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A member of the rice GT61 clade B is capable of transferring both 2-O-xylosyl and 2-O-arabinosyl residues onto xylan and another member specifically catalyses addition of 2-O-xylosyl residue onto xylan. Grass xylan is substituted predominantly with 3-O-arabinofuranose (Araf) as well as with some minor side chains, such as 2-O-Araf and 2-O-(methyl)glucuronic acid [(Me)GlcA]. 3-O-Arabinosylation of grass xylan has been shown to be catalysed by grass-expanded clade A members of the glycosyltransferase family 61. However, glycosyltransferases mediating 2-O-arabinosylation of grass xylan remain elusive. Here, we performed biochemical studies of two rice GT61 clade B members and found that one of them was capable of transferring both xylosyl (Xyl) and Araf residues from UDP-Xyl and UDP-Araf, respectively, onto xylooligomer acceptors, whereas the other specifically catalysed Xyl transfer onto xylooligomers, indicating that the former is a xylan xylosyl/arabinosyl transferase (named OsXXAT1 herein) and the latter is a xylan xylosyltransferase (named OsXYXT2). Structural analysis of the OsXXAT1- and OsXYXT2-catalysed reaction products revealed that the Xyl and Araf residues were transferred onto O-2 positions of xylooligomers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsXXAT1 and OsXYXT2 were able to substitute acetylated xylooligomers, but only OsXXAT1 could xylosylate GlcA-substituted xylooligomers. OsXXAT1 and OsXYXT2 were predicted to adopt a GT-B fold structure and molecular docking revealed candidate amino acid residues at the predicted active site involved in binding of the nucleotide sugar donor and the xylohexaose acceptor substrates. Together, our results establish that OsXXAT1 is a xylan 2-O-xylosyl/2-O-arabinosyl transferase and OsXYXT2 is a xylan 2-O-xylosyltransferase, which expands our knowledge of roles of the GT61 family in grass xylan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dayong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - John P Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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5
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Tryfona T, Pankratova Y, Petrik D, Rebaque Moran D, Wightman R, Yu X, Echevarría-Poza A, Deralia PK, Vilaplana F, Anderson CT, Hong M, Dupree P. Altering the substitution and cross-linking of glucuronoarabinoxylans affects cell wall architecture in Brachypodium distachyon. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:524-543. [PMID: 38413240 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The Poaceae family of plants provides cereal crops that are critical for human and animal nutrition, and also, they are an important source of biomass. Interacting plant cell wall components give rise to recalcitrance to digestion; thus, understanding the wall molecular architecture is important to improve biomass properties. Xylan is the main hemicellulose in grass cell walls. Recently, we reported structural variation in grass xylans, suggesting functional specialisation and distinct interactions with cellulose and lignin. Here, we investigated the functions of these xylans by perturbing the biosynthesis of specific xylan types. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants in Brachypodium distachyon XAX1 and GUX2 genes involved in xylan substitution. Using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis, we identified biochemical changes in different xylan types. Saccharification, cryo-SEM, subcritical water extraction and ssNMR were used to study wall architecture. BdXAX1A and BdGUX2 enzymes modify different types of grass xylan. Brachypodium mutant walls are likely more porous, suggesting the xylan substitutions directed by both BdXAX1A and GUX2 enzymes influence xylan-xylan and/or xylan-lignin interactions. Since xylan substitutions influence wall architecture and digestibility, our findings open new avenues to improve cereals for food and to use grass biomass for feed and the production of bioenergy and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yanina Pankratova
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, NW14-3212, USA
| | - Deborah Petrik
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Diego Rebaque Moran
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106, Sweden
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plants (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcon (Madrid), 28223, Spain
| | | | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Alberto Echevarría-Poza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Parveen Kumar Deralia
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-11, Sweden
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, NW14-3212, USA
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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6
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Xylan-directed cell wall assembly in grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2197-2207. [PMID: 38095432 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the cell walls of grasses and is pivotal for the assembly of distinct cell wall structures that govern various cellular functions. Xylan also plays a crucial role in regulating biomass recalcitrance, ultimately affecting the utilization potential of lignocellulosic materials. Over the past decades, our understanding of the xylan biosynthetic machinery and cell wall organization has substantially improved due to the innovative application of multiple state-of-the-art techniques. Notably, novel xylan-based nanostructures have been revealed in the cell walls of xylem vessels, promoting a more extensive exploration of the role of xylan in the formation of cell wall structures. This Update summarizes recent achievements in understanding xylan biosynthesis, modification, modeling, and compartmentalization in grasses, providing a brief overview of cell wall assembly regarding xylan. We also discuss the potential for tailoring xylan to facilitate the breeding of elite energy and feed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Gallinari RH, Lyczakowski JJ, Llerena JPP, Mayer JLS, Rabelo SC, Menossi Teixeira M, Dupree P, Araujo P. Silencing ScGUX2 reduces xylan glucuronidation and improves biomass saccharification in sugarcane. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:587-601. [PMID: 38146142 PMCID: PMC10893953 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for renewable energy sources to replace part of our fossil fuel-based economy and reduce greenhouse gas emission. Sugarcane bagasse is a prominent feedstock to produce cellulosic bioethanol, but strategies are still needed to improve the cost-effective exploitation of this potential energy source. In model plants, it has been shown that GUX genes are involved in cell wall hemicellulose decoration, adding glucuronic acid substitutions on the xylan backbone. Mutation of GUX genes increases enzyme access to cell wall polysaccharides, reducing biomass recalcitrance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we characterized the sugarcane GUX genes and silenced GUX2 in commercial hybrid sugarcane. The transgenic lines had no penalty in development under greenhouse conditions. The sugarcane GUX1 and GUX2 enzymes generated different patterns of xylan glucuronidation, suggesting they may differently influence the molecular interaction of xylan with cellulose and lignin. Studies using biomass without chemical or steam pretreatment showed that the cell wall polysaccharides, particularly xylan, were less recalcitrant in sugarcane with GUX2 silenced than in WT plants. Our findings suggest that manipulation of GUX in sugarcane can reduce the costs of second-generation ethanol production and enhance the contribution of biofuels to lowering the emission of greenhouse gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Henrique Gallinari
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Juan Pablo Portilla Llerena
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Sarita Cândida Rabelo
- Department of Bioprocess and Biotechnology, School of AgricultureSão Paulo State University—UNESPBotucatuBrazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi Teixeira
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Pedro Araujo
- Department of Genetic, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of Campinas—UNICAMPSão PauloBrazil
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8
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Zhang J, Yue Y, Hu M, Yi F, Chen J, Lai J, Xin B. Dynamic transcriptome landscape of maize pericarp development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1574-1591. [PMID: 37970738 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
As a maternal tissue, the pericarp supports and protects for other components of seed, such as embryo and endosperm. Despite the importance of maize pericarp in seed, the genome-wide transcriptome pattern throughout maize pericarp development has not been well characterized. Here, we developed RNA-seq transcriptome atlas of B73 maize pericarp development based on 21 samples from 5 days before fertilization (DBP5) to 32 days after fertilization (DAP32). A total of 25 346 genes were detected in programming pericarp development, including 1887 transcription factors (TFs). Together with pericarp morphological changes, the global clustering of gene expression revealed four developmental stages: undeveloped, thickening, expansion and strengthening. Coexpression analysis provided further insights on key regulators in functional transition of four developmental stages. Combined with non-seed, embryo, endosperm, and nucellus transcriptome data, we identified 598 pericarp-specific genes, including 75 TFs, which could elucidate key mechanisms and regulatory networks of pericarp development. Cell wall related genes were identified that reflected their crucial role in the maize pericarp structure building. In addition, key maternal proteases or TFs related with programmed cell death (PCD) were proposed, suggesting PCD in the maize pericarp was mediated by vacuolar processing enzymes (VPE), and jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene-related pathways. The dynamic transcriptome atlas provides a valuable resource for unraveling the genetic control of maize pericarp development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yi
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education & College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry & National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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9
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Mishra A, Mishra TK, Nanda S, Mohanty MK, Dash M. A comprehensive review on genetic modification of plant cell wall for improved saccharification efficiency. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10509-10524. [PMID: 37921982 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The focus is now on harnessing energy from green sources through sustainable technology to minimize environmental pollution. Several crop residues including rice and wheat straw are having enormous potential to be used as lignocellulosic source material for bioenergy production. The lignocellulosic feedstock is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin cell wall polymers. The hemicellulose and lignin polymers induce crosslinks in the cell wall, by firmly associating with cellulose microfibrils, and thereby, denying considerable access of cellulose to cellulase enzymes. This issue has been addressed by various researchers through downregulating several genes associated in monolignol biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, Poplar, Rice and Switchgrass to increase ethanol recovery. Similarly, xylan biosynthetic genes are also targeted to genetically culminate its accumulation in the secondary cell walls. Regulation of cellulose synthases (CesA) proves to be an effective tool in addressing the negative impact of these two factors. Modification in the expression of cellulose synthase aids in reducing cellulose crystallinity as well as polymerisation degree which in turn increases ethanol recovery. The engineered bioenergy crops and various fungal strains with state of art biomass processing techniques presents the most recent integrative biotechnology model for cost effective green fuels generation along with production of key value-added products with minuscule disturbances in the environment. Plant breeding strategies utilizing the existing variability for biomass traits will be key in developing dual purpose varieties. For this purpose, reorientation of conventional breeding techniques for incorporating useful biomass traits will be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Mishra
- College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Mishra
- College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Spandan Nanda
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Mohanty
- College of Agriculture Engineering and Technology, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manasi Dash
- College of Agriculture, Odisha University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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10
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Balk M, Sofia P, Neffe AT, Tirelli N. Lignin, the Lignification Process, and Advanced, Lignin-Based Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11668. [PMID: 37511430 PMCID: PMC10380785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
At a time when environmental considerations are increasingly pushing for the application of circular economy concepts in materials science, lignin stands out as an under-used but promising and environmentally benign building block. This review focuses (A) on understanding what we mean with lignin, i.e., where it can be found and how it is produced in plants, devoting particular attention to the identity of lignols (including ferulates that are instrumental for integrating lignin with cell wall polysaccharides) and to the details of their coupling reactions and (B) on providing an overview how lignin can actually be employed as a component of materials in healthcare and energy applications, finally paying specific attention to the use of lignin in the development of organic shape-memory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balk
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Pietro Sofia
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ARC@IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Axel T Neffe
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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11
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Chandrakanth NN, Zhang C, Freeman J, de Souza WR, Bartley LE, Mitchell RA. Modification of plant cell walls with hydroxycinnamic acids by BAHD acyltransferases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1088879. [PMID: 36733587 PMCID: PMC9887202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1088879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade it has become clear that enzymes in the "BAHD" family of acyl-CoA transferases play important roles in the addition of phenolic acids to form ester-linked moieties on cell wall polymers. We focus here on the addition of two such phenolics-the hydroxycinnamates, ferulate and p-coumarate-to two cell wall polymers, glucuronoarabinoxylan and to lignin. The resulting ester-linked feruloyl and p-coumaroyl moities are key features of the cell walls of grasses and other commelinid monocots. The capacity of ferulate to participate in radical oxidative coupling means that its addition to glucuronoarabinoxylan or to lignin has profound implications for the properties of the cell wall - allowing respectively oxidative crosslinking to glucuronoarabinoxylan chains or introducing ester bonds into lignin polymers. A subclade of ~10 BAHD genes in grasses is now known to (1) contain genes strongly implicated in addition of p-coumarate or ferulate to glucuronoarabinoxylan (2) encode enzymes that add p-coumarate or ferulate to lignin precursors. Here, we review the evidence for functions of these genes and the biotechnological applications of manipulating them, discuss our understanding of mechanisms involved, and highlight outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Jackie Freeman
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laura E. Bartley
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Rowan A.C. Mitchell
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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12
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Ye ZH, Zhong R. Outstanding questions on xylan biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111476. [PMID: 36174800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide in plant biomass. It is a crucial component of cell wall structure as well as a significant factor contributing to biomass recalcitrance. Xylan consists of a linear chain of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues that are often substituted with glycosyl side chains, such as glucuronosyl/methylglucuronosyl and arabinofuranosyl residues, and acetylated at O-2 and/or O-3. Xylan from gymnosperms and dicots contains a unique reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence that is not detected in xylan from grasses, bryophytes and seedless vascular plants. Grass xylan is heavily decorated at O-3 with arabinofuranosyl residues that are frequently esterified with hydroxycinnamates. Genetic and biochemical studies have uncovered a number of genes involved in xylan backbone elongation and acetylation, xylan glycosyl substitutions and their modifications, and the synthesis of the unique xylan reducing end tetrasaccharide sequence, but some outstanding issues on the biosynthesis of xylan still remain unanswered. Here, we provide a brief overview of xylan structure and focus on discussion of the current understanding and open questions on xylan biosynthesis. Further elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms underlying xylan biosynthesis will not only shed new insights into cell wall biology but also provide molecular tools for genetic modification of biomass composition tailored for diverse end uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Zhong R, Lee C, Cui D, Phillips DR, Adams ER, Jeong HY, Jung KH, Ye ZH. Identification of xylan arabinosyl 2-O-xylosyltransferases catalyzing the addition of 2-O-xylosyl residue onto arabinosyl side chains of xylan in grass species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:193-206. [PMID: 35959609 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grass xylan, the major hemicellulose in both primary and secondary cell walls, is heavily decorated with α-1,3-linked arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues that may be further substituted at O-2 with xylosyl (Xyl) or Araf residues. Although xylan 3-O-arabinosyltransferases (XATs) catalyzing 3-O-Araf addition onto xylan have been characterized, glycosyltransferases responsible for the transfer of 2-O-Xyl or 2-O-Araf onto 3-O-Araf residues of xylan to produce the Xyl-Araf and Araf-Araf disaccharide side chains remain to be identified. In this report, we showed that a rice GT61 member, named OsXAXT1 (xylan arabinosyl 2-O-xylosyltransferase 1) herein, was able to mediate the addition of Xyl-Araf disaccharide side chains onto xylan when heterologously co-expressed with OsXAT2 in the Arabidopsis gux1/2/3 (glucuronic acid substitution of xylan 1/2/3) triple mutant that lacks any glycosyl substitutions. Recombinant OsXAXT1 protein expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells exhibited a xylosyltransferase activity catalyzing the addition of Xyl from UDP-Xyl onto arabinosylated xylooligomers. Consistent with its function as a xylan arabinosyl 2-O-xylosyltransferase, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated mutations of the OsXAXT1 gene in transgenic rice plants resulted in a reduction in the level of Xyl-Araf disaccharide side chains in xylan. Furthermore, we revealed that XAXT1 close homologs from several other grass species, including switchgrass, maize, and Brachypodium, possessed the same functions as OsXAXT1, indicating functional conservation of XAXTs in grass species. Together, our findings establish that grass XAXTs are xylosyltransferases catalyzing Xyl transfer onto O-2 of Araf residues of xylan to form the Xyl-Araf disaccharide side chains, which furthers our understanding of genes involved in xylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ho-Young Jeong
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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14
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Wang P, Yamaji N, Ma JF. A Golgi-localized glycosyltransferase, OsGT14;1, is required for growth of both roots and shoots in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:923-935. [PMID: 35791277 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) form a large family in plants and are important enzymes for the synthesis of various polysaccharides, but only a few members have been functionally characterized. Here, through mutant screening with gene mapping, we found that an Oryza sativa (rice) mutant with a short-root phenotype was caused by a frame-shift mutation of a gene (OsGT14;1) belonging to the glycosyltransferase gene family 14. Further analysis indicated that the mutant also had a brittle culm and produced lower grain yield compared with wild-type rice, but the roots showed similar root structure and function in terms of the uptake of mineral nutrients. OsGT14;1 was broadly expressed in all organs throughout the entire growth period, with a relatively high expression in the roots, stems, node I and husk. Furthermore, OsGT14;1 was expressed in all tissues of these organs. Subcellular observation revealed that OsGT14;1 encoded a Golgi-localized protein. Mutation of OsGT14;1 resulted in decreased cellulose content and increased hemicellulose, but did not alter pectin in the cell wall of roots and shoots. The knockout of OsGT14;1 did not affect the tolerance to toxic mineral elements, including Al, As, Cd and salt stress, but did increase the sensitivity to low pH. Taken together, OsGT14;1 located at the Golgi is required for growth of both roots and shoots in rice through affecting cellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitong Wang
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
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15
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Wang X, Chen Y, Sun X, Li J, Zhang R, Jiao Y, Wang R, Song W, Zhao J. Characteristics and candidate genes associated with excellent stalk strength in maize ( Zea mays L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:957566. [PMID: 35968121 PMCID: PMC9367994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.957566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lodging is a major problem in maize production, which seriously affects yield and hinders mechanized harvesting. Improving stalk strength is an effective way to improve lodging. The maize inbred line Jing2416 (J2416) was an elite germplasm in maize breeding which had strong stalk mechanical strength. To explore the characteristics its stalk strength, we conducted physiological, metabolic and transcriptomic analyses of J2416 and its parents Jing24 (J24) and 5237. At the kernel dent stage, the stalk rind penetrometer strength of J2416 was significantly higher than those of its two parents in multiple environments. The rind thickness, sclerenchyma tissue thickness, and cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of J2416 were significantly higher than those of its parents. Based on the significant differences between J2416 and 5237, we detected metabolites and gene transcripts showing differences in abundance between these two materials. A total of 212 (68.60%) metabolites and 2287 (43.34%) genes were up-regulated in J2416 compared with 5237. The phenylpropanoid and glycan synthesis/metabolism pathways were enriched in metabolites and genes that were up-regulated in J2416. Twenty-eight of the up-regulated genes in J2416 were involved in lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose synthesis pathways. These analyses have revealed important physiological characteristics and candidate genes that will be useful for research and breeding of inbred lines with excellent stalk strength.
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16
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Möller SR, Lancefield CS, Oates NC, Simister R, Dowle A, Gomez LD, McQueen-Mason SJ. CRISPR/Cas9 suppression of OsAT10, a rice BAHD acyltransferase, reduces p-coumaric acid incorporation into arabinoxylan without increasing saccharification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926300. [PMID: 35937377 PMCID: PMC9355400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ester-linked hydroxycinnamic acids ferulic acid (FA) and para-coumaric acid (p-CA) play important roles in crosslinking within cell wall arabinoxylans (AX) and between AX and lignin in grass cell walls. The addition of hydroxycinnamates to AX, is mediated by the Mitchell clade of BAHD acyl-coenzyme A-utilizing transferases. Overexpression of OsAT10 (a Mitchell clade BAHD acyl transferase) in rice, has previously been shown to increase p-CA content in AX in leaves and stems, leading to increased cell wall digestibility, potentially associated with a concomitant decrease in FA content. To investigate the physiological role of OsAT10 we established CRISPR/Cas9 rice knock-out mutants devoid of OsAT10. Our analysis of hydroxycinnamic acid content in wild type plants revealed that AX associated p-CA is found almost exclusively in rice husks, with very little found in other tissues. Mutant plants were essentially devoid of ester-linked p-CA associated with AX, indicating that OsAT10 represents the major enzyme responsible for the addition of p-CA to arabinoxylan in rice plants. We found no change in the digestibility of rice husk lacking AX-associated p-CA, suggesting that the changes in digestibility seen in OsAT10 overexpressing plants were solely due to compensatory decreases in AX-associated FA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St.Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C. Oates
- CNAP, Biology Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Biology Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Dowle
- Biology Department, Bioscience Technology Facility, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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17
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NAC transcription factors ATAF1 and ANAC055 affect the heat stress response in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11264. [PMID: 35787631 PMCID: PMC9253118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-exposing (priming) plants to mild, non-lethal elevated temperature improves their tolerance to a later higher-temperature stress (triggering stimulus), which is of great ecological importance. ‘Thermomemory’ is maintaining this tolerance for an extended period of time. NAM/ATAF1/2/CUC2 (NAC) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that modulate responses to abiotic stresses, including heat stress (HS). Here, we investigated the potential role of NACs for thermomemory. We determined the expression of 104 Arabidopsis NAC genes after priming and triggering heat stimuli, and found ATAF1 expression is strongly induced right after priming and declines below control levels thereafter during thermorecovery. Knockout mutants of ATAF1 show better thermomemory than wild type, revealing a negative regulatory role. Differential expression analyses of RNA-seq data from ATAF1 overexpressor, ataf1 mutant and wild-type plants after heat priming revealed five genes that might be priming-associated direct targets of ATAF1: AT2G31260 (ATG9), AT2G41640 (GT61), AT3G44990 (XTH31), AT4G27720 and AT3G23540. Based on co-expression analyses applied to the aforementioned RNA-seq profiles, we identified ANAC055 to be transcriptionally co-regulated with ATAF1. Like ataf1, anac055 mutants show improved thermomemory, revealing a potential co-control of both NAC TFs over thermomemory. Our data reveals a core importance of two NAC transcription factors, ATAF1 and ANAC055, for thermomemory.
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18
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Ruan N, Dang Z, Wang M, Cao L, Wang Y, Liu S, Tang Y, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Xu Q, Chen W, Li F. FRAGILE CULM 18 encodes a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase required for xylan biosynthesis and plant growth in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2320-2335. [PMID: 35104839 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylases (UXSs) have been well studied with regard to catalysing the conversion of UDP-glucuronic acid into UDP-xylose, their biological roles in grasses remain largely unknown. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains six UXSs, but none of them has been genetically characterized. Here, we reported on the characterization of a novel rice fragile culm mutant, fc18, which exhibited brittleness with altered cell wall and pleiotropic defects in growth. Map-based cloning and transgenic analyses revealed that the FC18 gene encodes a cytosol-localized OsUXS3 and is widely expressed with higher expression in xylan-rich tissues. Monosaccharide analysis showed that the xylose level was decreased in fc18, and cell wall fraction determinations confirmed that the xylan content in fc18 was lower, suggesting that UDP-xylose from FC18 participates in xylan biosynthesis. Moreover, the fc18 mutant displayed defective cellulose properties, which led to an enhancement in biomass saccharification. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction was largely altered in fc18. Consistent with this, the fc18 mutant exhibited significantly reduced free auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) content and lower expression levels of PIN family genes compared with wild type. Our work reveals the physiological roles of FC18/UXS3 in xylan biosynthesis, cellulose deposition, and plant growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Ruan
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengjun Dang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meihan Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liyu Cao
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- Jinzhou Academy of Science and Technology, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwei Huang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenfu Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Feijao C, Morreel K, Anders N, Tryfona T, Busse-Wicher M, Kotake T, Boerjan W, Dupree P. Hydroxycinnamic acid-modified xylan side chains and their cross-linking products in rice cell walls are reduced in the Xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1 mutant. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1152-1167. [PMID: 34862679 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intricate architecture of cell walls and the complex cross-linking of their components hinders some industrial and agricultural applications of plant biomass. Xylan is a key structural element of grass cell walls, closely interacting with other cell wall components such as cellulose and lignin. The main branching points of grass xylan, 3-linked l-arabinosyl substitutions, can be modified by ferulic acid (a hydroxycinnamic acid), which cross-links xylan to other xylan chains and lignin. XAX1 (Xylosyl arabinosyl substitution of xylan 1), a rice (Oryza sativa) member of the glycosyltransferase family GT61, has been described to add xylosyl residues to arabinosyl substitutions modified by ferulic acid. In this study, we characterize hydroxycinnamic acid-decorated arabinosyl substitutions present on rice xylan and their cross-linking, in order to decipher the role of XAX1 in xylan synthesis. Our results show a general reduction of hydroxycinnamic acid-modified 3-linked arabinosyl substitutions in xax1 mutant rice regardless of their modification with a xylosyl residue. Moreover, structures resembling the direct cross-link between xylan and lignin (ferulated arabinosyl substitutions bound to lignin monomers and dimers), together with diferulates known to cross-link xylan, are strongly reduced in xax1. Interestingly, apart from feruloyl and p-coumaroyl modifications on arabinose, putative caffeoyl and oxalyl modifications were characterized, which were also reduced in xax1. Our results suggest an alternative function of XAX1 in the transfer of hydroxycinnamic acid-modified arabinosyl substitutions to xylan, rather than xylosyl transfer to arabinosyl substitutions. Ultimately, XAX1 plays a fundamental role in cross-linking, providing a potential target for the improvement of use of grass biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Feijao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Kris Morreel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Nadine Anders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Theodora Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Marta Busse-Wicher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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20
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Yoshida K, Sakamoto S, Mitsuda N. In Planta Cell Wall Engineering: From Mutants to Artificial Cell Walls. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1813-1827. [PMID: 34718770 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate the effects of global warming and to preserve the limited fossil fuel resources, an increased exploitation of plant-based materials and fuels is required, which would be one of the most important innovations related to sustainable development. Cell walls account for the majority of plant dry biomass and so is the target of such innovations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in in planta cell wall engineering through genetic manipulations, with a focus on wild-type-based and mutant-based approaches. The long history of using a wild-type-based approach has resulted in the development of many strategies for manipulating lignin, hemicellulose and pectin to decrease cell wall recalcitrance. In addition to enzyme-encoding genes, many transcription factor genes important for changing relevant cell wall characteristics have been identified. Although mutant-based cell wall engineering is relatively new, it has become feasible due to the rapid development of genome-editing technologies and systems biology-related research; we will soon enter an age of designed artificial wood production via complex genetic manipulations of many industrially important trees and crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Yoshida
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, Nase-cho 344-1, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0051 Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
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21
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Zhong R, Cui D, Phillips DR, Sims NT, Ye ZH. Functional analysis of GT61 glycosyltransferases from grass species in xylan substitutions. PLANTA 2021; 254:131. [PMID: 34821996 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple rice GT61 members were demonstrated to be xylan arabinosyltransferases (XATs) mediating 3-O-arabinosylation of xylan and the functions of XATs and xylan 2-O-xylosyltransferases were shown to be conserved in grass species. Xylan is the major hemicellulose in the cell walls of grass species and it is typified by having arabinofuranosyl (Araf) substitutions. In this report, we demonstrated that four previously uncharacterized, Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases residing in clade A or B of the rice GT61 family were able to mediate 3-O-arabinosylation of xylan when heterologously expressed in the Arabidopsis gux1/2/3 triple mutant. Biochemical characterization of their recombinant proteins established that they were xylan arabinosyltransferases (XATs) capable of transferring Araf residues onto xylohexaose acceptors, and thus they were named OsXAT4, OsXAT5, OsXAT6 and OsXAT7. OsXAT5 and the previously identified OsXAT2 were shown to be able to arabinosylate xylooligomers with a degree of polymerization of as low as 3. Furthermore, a number of XAT homologs from maize, sorghum, Brachypodium and switchgrass were found to exhibit activities catalyzing Araf transfer onto xylohexaose, indicating that they are XATs involved in xylan arabinosylation in these grass species. Moreover, we revealed that homologs of another GT61 member, xylan 2-O-xylosyltransferase (XYXT1), from these grass species could mediate 2-O-xylosylation of xylan when expressed in the Arabidopsis gux1/2/3 mutant. Together, our findings indicate that multiple OsXATs are involved in 3-O-arabinosylation of xylan and the functions of XATs and XYXTs are conserved in grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Nathanael T Sims
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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22
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Maruyama R, Mayuzumi Y, Morisawa J, Kawai S. Transgenic rice plants expressing the α-L-arabinofuranosidase of Coprinopsis cinerea exhibit strong dwarfism and markedly enhanced tillering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:379-386. [PMID: 34782826 PMCID: PMC8562574 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials are potential renewable sources of fermentable sugars for bioethanol production. In this study, we used the CcAbf62A gene encoding CcAbf62A, a putative extracellular α-L-arabinofuranosidase, cloned from the mycotrophic basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea. CcAbf62A acts on arabinoxylan, the major hemicellulose of grasses, releasing arabinose. CcAbf62A was introduced into rice with the aim of enhancing delignification efficiency and the availability of lignocellulosic materials without reducing lignin content. Among the 32 lines of regenerated transgenic rice, 13 exhibited markedly disrupted elongation growth and excessive tillering (dwarf), seven showed delayed elongation growth (retarded-growth), and 12 showed phenotypes similar to those of control plants (normal). Additionally, the dwarf lines showed reduced acclimation. RT-PCR analysis revealed that dwarf lines had higher levels of CcAbf62A expression than retarded-growth and normal lines. Although the lignin content of transgenic rice plants expressing CcAbf62A did not differ significantly from that of control rice plants, dwarf lines were characterized by delayed deposition of lignin in the culms compared with the controls. The reduced acclimation ability of dwarf lines is believed to be associated with increased water loss and reduced water conductivity concomitant with delayed lignin deposition. Contrary to expectations, the alkaline delignification rates of dwarf and retarded-growth Abf lines were slightly lower than those of control rice plants. Our findings indicate that CcAbf62A reduces ferulate-lignin cross-links by detaching arabinose side chains from arabinoxylan and increases the relative abundance of alkaline-resistant benzyl ether cross-links. CcAbf62A is anticipated to provide new approaches for breeding plants containing altered lignocellulosic materials or lodging-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Maruyama
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Mayuzumi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jun Morisawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shinya Kawai
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
- Gene Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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23
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de Vries L, Guevara-Rozo S, Cho M, Liu LY, Renneckar S, Mansfield SD. Tailoring renewable materials via plant biotechnology. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:167. [PMID: 34353358 PMCID: PMC8344217 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants inherently display a rich diversity in cell wall chemistry, as they synthesize an array of polysaccharides along with lignin, a polyphenolic that can vary dramatically in subunit composition and interunit linkage complexity. These same cell wall chemical constituents play essential roles in our society, having been isolated by a variety of evolving industrial processes and employed in the production of an array of commodity products to which humans are reliant. However, these polymers are inherently synthesized and intricately packaged into complex structures that facilitate plant survival and adaptation to local biogeoclimatic regions and stresses, not for ease of deconstruction and commercial product development. Herein, we describe evolving techniques and strategies for altering the metabolic pathways related to plant cell wall biosynthesis, and highlight the resulting impact on chemistry, architecture, and polymer interactions. Furthermore, this review illustrates how these unique targeted cell wall modifications could significantly extend the number, diversity, and value of products generated in existing and emerging biorefineries. These modifications can further target the ability for processing of engineered wood into advanced high performance materials. In doing so, we attempt to illuminate the complex connection on how polymer chemistry and structure can be tailored to advance renewable material applications, using all the chemical constituents of plant-derived biopolymers, including pectins, hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne de Vries
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI , 53726, USA
| | - Sydne Guevara-Rozo
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - MiJung Cho
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Li-Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI , 53726, USA.
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Deralia PK, Jensen A, Felby C, Thygesen LG. Chemistry of lignin and hemicellulose structures interacts with hydrothermal pretreatment severity and affects cellulose conversion. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3189. [PMID: 34176230 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of how the plant cell walls of different plant species respond to pretreatment can help improve saccharification in bioconversion processes. Here, we studied the chemical and structural modifications in lignin and hemicellulose in hydrothermally pretreated poplar and wheat straw using wet chemistry and 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and their effects on cellulose conversion. Increased pretreatment severity reduced the levels of β─O─4 linkages with concomitant relatively increased levels of β─5 and β─β structures in the NMR spectra. β─5 structures appeared at medium and high severities for wheat straw while only β─β structures were observed at all pretreatment severities for poplar. These structural differences accounted for the differences in cellulose conversion for these biomasses at different severities. Changes in the hemicellulose component include a complete removal of arabinosyl and 4-O-methyl glucuronosyl substituents at low and medium pretreatment severities while acetyl groups were found to be relatively resistant toward hydrothermal pretreatment. This illustrates the importance of these groups, rather than xylan content, in the detrimental role of xylan in cellulose saccharification and helps explain the higher poplar recalcitrance compared to wheat straw. The results point toward the need for both enzyme preparation development and pretreatment technologies to target specific plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar Deralia
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Claus Felby
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Lin CY, Donohoe BS, Bomble YJ, Yang H, Yunes M, Sarai NS, Shollenberger T, Decker SR, Chen X, McCann MC, Tucker MP, Wei H, Himmel ME. Iron incorporation both intra- and extra-cellularly improves the yield and saccharification of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:55. [PMID: 33663584 PMCID: PMC7931346 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatments are commonly used to facilitate the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass to its component sugars and aromatics. Previously, we showed that iron ions can be used as co-catalysts to reduce the severity of dilute acid pretreatment of biomass. Transgenic iron-accumulating Arabidopsis and rice plants exhibited higher iron content in grains, increased biomass yield, and importantly, enhanced sugar release from the biomass. RESULTS In this study, we used intracellular ferritin (FerIN) alone and in combination with an improved version of cell wall-bound carbohydrate-binding module fused iron-binding peptide (IBPex) specifically targeting switchgrass, a bioenergy crop species. The FerIN switchgrass improved by 15% in height and 65% in yield, whereas the FerIN/IBPex transgenics showed enhancement up to 30% in height and 115% in yield. The FerIN and FerIN/IBPex switchgrass had 27% and 51% higher in planta iron accumulation than the empty vector (EV) control, respectively, under normal growth conditions. Improved pretreatability was observed in FerIN switchgrass (~ 14% more glucose release than the EV), and the FerIN/IBPex plants showed further enhancement in glucose release up to 24%. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that this iron-accumulating strategy can be transferred from model plants and applied to bioenergy crops, such as switchgrass. The intra- and extra-cellular iron incorporation approach improves biomass pretreatability and digestibility, providing upgraded feedstocks for the production of biofuels and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yuan Lin
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- Present Address: Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Present Address: Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Haibing Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Present Address: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 China
| | - Manal Yunes
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- Present Address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas S. Sarai
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
- Present Address: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Todd Shollenberger
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Stephen R. Decker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Maureen C. McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Melvin P. Tucker
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Hui Wei
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
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Leadbeater DR, Oates NC, Bennett JP, Li Y, Dowle AA, Taylor JD, Alponti JS, Setchfield AT, Alessi AM, Helgason T, McQueen-Mason SJ, Bruce NC. Mechanistic strategies of microbial communities regulating lignocellulose deconstruction in a UK salt marsh. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:48. [PMID: 33597033 PMCID: PMC7890819 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salt marshes are major natural repositories of sequestered organic carbon with high burial rates of organic matter, produced by highly productive native flora. Accumulated carbon predominantly exists as lignocellulose which is metabolised by communities of functionally diverse microbes. However, the organisms that orchestrate this process and the enzymatic mechanisms employed that regulate the accumulation, composition and permanence of this carbon stock are not yet known. We applied meta-exo-proteome proteomics and 16S rRNA gene profiling to study lignocellulose decomposition in situ within the surface level sediments of a natural established UK salt marsh. RESULTS Our studies revealed a community dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the salt marsh. We identify 42 families of lignocellulolytic bacteria of which the most active secretors of carbohydrate-active enzymes were observed to be Prolixibacteracea, Flavobacteriaceae, Cellvibrionaceae, Saccharospirillaceae, Alteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae and Cytophagaceae. These families secreted lignocellulose-active glycoside hydrolase (GH) family enzymes GH3, GH5, GH6, GH9, GH10, GH11, GH13 and GH43 that were associated with degrading Spartina biomass. While fungi were present, we did not detect a lignocellulolytic contribution from fungi which are major contributors to terrestrial lignocellulose deconstruction. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases that are important for lignocellulose degradation in the terrestrial environment were present but not abundant, while a notable abundance of putative esterases (such as carbohydrate esterase family 1) associated with decoupling lignin from polysaccharides in lignocellulose was observed. CONCLUSIONS Here, we identify a diverse cohort of previously undefined bacteria that drive lignocellulose degradation in the surface sediments of the salt marsh environment and describe the enzymatic mechanisms they employ to facilitate this process. Our results increase the understanding of the microbial and molecular mechanisms that underpin carbon sequestration from lignocellulose within salt marsh surface sediments in situ and provide insights into the potential enzymatic mechanisms regulating the enrichment of polyphenolics in salt marsh sediments. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Leadbeater
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Nicola C Oates
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joseph P Bennett
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Yi Li
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam A Dowle
- Bioscience Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Joe D Taylor
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Juliana Sanchez Alponti
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alexander T Setchfield
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anna M Alessi
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Simon J McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Breeding Targets to Improve Biomass Quality in Miscanthus. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020254. [PMID: 33419100 PMCID: PMC7825460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic crops are attractive bioresources for energy and chemicals production within a sustainable, carbon circular society. Miscanthus is one of the perennial grasses that exhibits great potential as a dedicated feedstock for conversion to biobased products in integrated biorefineries. The current biorefinery strategies are primarily focused on polysaccharide valorization and require severe pretreatments to overcome the lignin barrier. The need for such pretreatments represents an economic burden and impacts the overall sustainability of the biorefinery. Hence, increasing its efficiency has been a topic of great interest. Inversely, though pretreatment will remain an essential step, there is room to reduce its severity by optimizing the biomass composition rendering it more exploitable. Extensive studies have examined the miscanthus cell wall structures in great detail, and pinpointed those components that affect biomass digestibility under various pretreatments. Although lignin content has been identified as the most important factor limiting cell wall deconstruction, the effect of polysaccharides and interaction between the different constituents play an important role as well. The natural variation that is available within different miscanthus species and increased understanding of biosynthetic cell wall pathways have specified the potential to create novel accessions with improved digestibility through breeding or genetic modification. This review discusses the contribution of the main cell wall components on biomass degradation in relation to hydrothermal, dilute acid and alkaline pretreatments. Furthermore, traits worth advancing through breeding will be discussed in light of past, present and future breeding efforts.
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Mota TR, de Souza WR, Oliveira DM, Martins PK, Sampaio BL, Vinecky F, Ribeiro AP, Duarte KE, Pacheco TF, Monteiro NDKV, Campanha RB, Marchiosi R, Vieira DS, Kobayashi AK, Molinari PADO, Ferrarese-Filho O, Mitchell RAC, Molinari HBC, Dos Santos WD. Suppression of a BAHD acyltransferase decreases p-coumaroyl on arabinoxylan and improves biomass digestibility in the model grass Setaria viridis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:136-150. [PMID: 33111398 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Grass cell walls have hydroxycinnamic acids attached to arabinosyl residues of arabinoxylan (AX), and certain BAHD acyltransferases are involved in their addition. In this study, we characterized one of these BAHD genes in the cell wall of the model grass Setaria viridis. RNAi silenced lines of S. viridis (SvBAHD05) presented a decrease of up to 42% of ester-linked p-coumarate (pCA) and 50% of pCA-arabinofuranosyl, across three generations. Biomass from SvBAHD05 silenced plants exhibited up to 32% increase in biomass saccharification after acid pre-treatment, with no change in total lignin. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that SvBAHD05 is a p-coumaroyl coenzyme A transferase (PAT) mainly involved in the addition of pCA to the arabinofuranosyl residues of AX in Setaria. Thus, our results provide evidence of p-coumaroylation of AX promoted by SvBAHD05 acyltransferase in the cell wall of the model grass S. viridis. Furthermore, SvBAHD05 is a promising biotechnological target to engineer crops for improved biomass digestibility for biofuels, biorefineries and animal feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatiane R Mota
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner R de Souza
- Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília, DF, 70770-901, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09606-045, Brazil
| | - Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Norberto de K V Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
- Department of Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-760, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Davi S Vieira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rowan A C Mitchell
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y. The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, construction, and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:251-272. [PMID: 33325153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics, many achievements have been made in uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Oliveira DM, Mota TR, Salatta FV, de Almeida GHG, Olher VGA, Oliveira MAS, Marchiosi R, Ferrarese-Filho O, Dos Santos WD. Feruloyl esterase activity and its role in regulating the feruloylation of maize cell walls. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 156:49-54. [PMID: 32906021 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of grasses have ferulic acid (FA) ester-linked to the arabinosyl substitutions of arabinoxylan (AX). Feruloyl esterases (FAE) are carboxylic acid esterases that release FA from cell walls and synthetic substrates. Despite the importance of FA for cell wall recalcitrance and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, the physiological function of plant FAEs remains unclear. Here, we developed a simple method for the determination of FAE activity (ZmFAE) in maize using the total protein extract and investigated its role in regulating the feruloylation of cell wall. The method includes a single protein extraction and enzymatic reaction with protein concentration as low as 65 μg at 35 °C for 30 min, using methyl ferulate as the substrate. The methodology allowed the determination of the apparent Km (392.82 μM) and Vmax (79.15 pkat mg-1 protein). We also found that ZmFAE activity was correlated (r = 0.829) with the levels of FA in seedling roots, plant roots and leaves of maize. Furthermore, the exposure to osmotic stress resulted in a 50% increase in ZmFAE activity in seedling roots. These data suggest that FAE-catalyzed reaction is important for cell wall feruloylation during plant development and in response to abiotic stress. We conclude proposing a model for the feruloylation and deferuloylation of AX, which explains the role of FAE in regulating the levels of ester-linked FA. Our model might orient further studies investigating the role of plant FAEs and assist strategies for genetic engineering of grasses to obtain plants with reduced biomass recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyoni M Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Thatiane R Mota
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio V Salatta
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marco A S Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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de O. Buanafina MM, Buanafina MF, Dalton S, Morris P, Kowalski M, Yadav MK, Capper L. Probing the role of cell wall feruloylation during maize development by differential expression of an apoplast targeted fungal ferulic acid esterase. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240369. [PMID: 33035255 PMCID: PMC7546508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While many aspects of the growth of maize are well understood, the role of cell wall feruloylation particularly during internode elongation has not been firmly established, but results so far indicate that it has significant implications for both biofuel feedstock conversion and for crop yield. The growth of the cell wall is achieved by synthesis, integration and cross-linking between wall polymers. As ferulate oxidative coupling of arabinoxylan side chains constitutes a significant type of cross-link in grass cell walls, it is expected to have a crucial role in plant growth. Making use of plants expressing an apoplast targeted Aspergillus niger FAEA under the control of either a constitutive or an inducible promoter, the role of cell wall feruloylation in maize internode expansion was investigated. Analysis of FAEA expressing plants showed that where FAEA was targeted to the apoplast under a constitutive promoter, plants varied in stature either from semi-dwarf plants with a 40-60% height reduction, to extreme dwarf mutants with over 90% reduction in plant heights compared to controls. Results indicate that disruption of cell wall feruloylation by FAEA occurs before the start of rapid internode expansion is initiated and affects the normal course of internode elongation, resulting in short internodes and dwarfed plants. In contrast, when under the inducible Lm See1 senescence promoter, FAEA activity was found to be low up to the VT stage of development but increased significantly at the VR stage as plants began to senesce, strongly suggesting that normal cell wall feruloylation is required for the process of internode expansion. In addition, with apoplast targeted expression of FAEA under control of the senescence enhanced promoter it was possible to demonstrate decreased cell wall feruloylation without affecting internode expansion or other aspects of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M. de O. Buanafina
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Fernanda Buanafina
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Sue Dalton
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Morris
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Marissa Kowalski
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Manav K. Yadav
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Lindsay Capper
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
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Nguyen DT, Gomez LD, Harper A, Halpin C, Waugh R, Simister R, Whitehead C, Oakey H, Nguyen HT, Nguyen TV, Duong TX, McQueen-Mason SJ. Association mapping identifies quantitative trait loci (QTL) for digestibility in rice straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:165. [PMID: 33062051 PMCID: PMC7545568 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural waste into biofuels and chemicals is considered a promising way to provide sustainable low carbon products without compromising food security. However, the use of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel and chemical production is limited by the cost-effectiveness of the production process due to its recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentable sugar release (i.e., saccharification). Rice straw is a particularly attractive feedstock because millions of tons are currently burned in the field each year for disposal. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying natural genetic variation that impacts the recalcitrance of rice (Oryza sativa) straw to enzymatic saccharification. Ultimately, we wanted to investigate whether we could identify genetic markers that could be used in rice breeding to improve commercial cultivars for this trait. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a Vietnamese rice genome-wide association panel, high-throughput analysis of rice straw saccharification and lignin content, and the results from preliminary genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the combined data sets. We identify both QTL and plausible candidate genes that may have an impact on the saccharification of rice straw. RESULTS We assembled a diversity panel comprising 151 rice genotypes (Indica and Japonica types) from commercial, historical elite cultivars, and traditional landraces grown in Vietnam. The diversity panel was genotyped using genotype by sequencing (GBS) methods yielding a total of 328,915 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We collected phenotypic data from stems of these 151 genotypes for biomass saccharification and lignin content. Using GWAS on the indica genotypes over 2 years we identified ten significant QTL for saccharification (digestibility) and seven significant QTL for lignin. One QTL on chromosome 11 occurred in both GWAS for digestibility and for lignin. Seven QTL for digestibility, on CH2, CH6, CH7, CH8, and CH11, were observed in both years of the study. The QTL regions for saccharification include three potential candidate genes that have been previously reported to influence digestibility: OsAT10; OsIRX9; and OsMYB58/63-L. CONCLUSIONS Despite the difficulties associated with multi-phasic analysis of complex traits in novel germplasm, a moderate resolution GWAS successfully identified genetic associations encompassing both known and/or novel genes involved in determining the saccharification potential and lignin content of rice straw. Plausible candidates within QTL regions, in particular those with roles in cell wall biosynthesis, were identified but will require validation to confirm their value for application in rice breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T. Nguyen
- Plant Biotechnology Division,, Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Hai Duong, Vietnam
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia (UWA), Crawley, WA Australia
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Andrea Harper
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (UoD), Dundee, UK
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (UoD), Dundee, UK
- Cell, and Molecular Genetics, The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie Dundee, UK
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Rachael Simister
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Caragh Whitehead
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - Helena Oakey
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee (UoD), Dundee, UK
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Huong T. Nguyen
- Plant Biotechnology Division,, Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Hai Duong, Vietnam
| | - Tuat V. Nguyen
- Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu X. Duong
- Plant Biotechnology Division,, Field Crops Research Institute (FCRI), Hai Duong, Vietnam
| | - Simon J. McQueen-Mason
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), University of York (UoY), Wentworth Way, York, UK
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Correr FH, Hosaka GK, Barreto FZ, Valadão IB, Balsalobre TWA, Furtado A, Henry RJ, Carneiro MS, Margarido GRA. Differential expression in leaves of Saccharum genotypes contrasting in biomass production provides evidence of genes involved in carbon partitioning. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:673. [PMID: 32993494 PMCID: PMC7526157 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of biomass crops aims to meet industrial yield demands, in order to optimize profitability and sustainability. Achieving these goals in an energy crop like sugarcane relies on breeding for sucrose accumulation, fiber content and stalk number. To expand the understanding of the biological pathways related to these traits, we evaluated gene expression of two groups of genotypes contrasting in biomass composition. RESULTS First visible dewlap leaves were collected from 12 genotypes, six per group, to perform RNA-Seq. We found a high number of differentially expressed genes, showing how hybridization in a complex polyploid system caused extensive modifications in genome functioning. We found evidence that differences in transposition and defense related genes may arise due to the complex nature of the polyploid Saccharum genomes. Genotypes within both biomass groups showed substantial variability in genes involved in photosynthesis. However, most genes coding for photosystem components or those coding for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs) were upregulated in the high biomass group. Sucrose synthase (SuSy) coding genes were upregulated in the low biomass group, showing that this enzyme class can be involved with sucrose synthesis in leaves, similarly to sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose phosphate phosphatase (SPP). Genes in pathways related to biosynthesis of cell wall components and expansins coding genes showed low average expression levels and were mostly upregulated in the high biomass group. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results show differences in carbohydrate synthesis and carbon partitioning in the source tissue of distinct phenotypic groups. Our data from sugarcane leaves revealed how hybridization in a complex polyploid system resulted in noticeably different transcriptomic profiles between contrasting genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Henrique Correr
- Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Av Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Kenichi Hosaka
- Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Av Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Zatti Barreto
- Department of Biotechnology, Vegetal and Animal Production, Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, Araras, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Isabella Barros Valadão
- Department of Biotechnology, Vegetal and Animal Production, Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, Araras, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Thiago Willian Almeida Balsalobre
- Department of Biotechnology, Vegetal and Animal Production, Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, Araras, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Agnelo Furtado
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Robert James Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Monalisa Sampaio Carneiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Vegetal and Animal Production, Federal University of São Carlos, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174, Araras, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Alves Margarido
- Department of Genetics, University of São Paulo, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Av Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, 13400-970, Brazil.
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Yokoyama R. A Genomic Perspective on the Evolutionary Diversity of the Plant Cell Wall. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1195. [PMID: 32932717 PMCID: PMC7570368 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic structure composed of numerous different molecules that play multiple roles in all aspects of plant life. Currently, a new frontier in biotechnology is opening up, which is providing new insights into the structural and functional diversity of cell walls, and is thus serving to re-emphasize the significance of cell wall divergence in the evolutionary history of plant species. The ever-increasing availability of plant genome datasets will thus provide an invaluable basis for enhancing our knowledge regarding the diversity of cell walls among different plant species. In this review, as an example of a comparative genomics approach, I examine the diverse patterns of cell wall gene families among 100 species of green plants, and illustrate the evident benefits of using genome databases for studying cell wall divergence. Given that the growth and development of all types of plant cells are intimately associated with cell wall dynamics, gaining a further understanding of the functional diversity of cell walls in relation to diverse biological events will make significant contributions to a broad range of plant sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Coomey JH, Sibout R, Hazen SP. Grass secondary cell walls, Brachypodium distachyon as a model for discovery. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1649-1667. [PMID: 32285456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of plant growth is the synthesis and deposition of cell walls. In specific tissues and cell types including xylem and fibre, a thick secondary wall comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin is deposited. Secondary cell walls provide a physical barrier that protects plants from pathogens, promotes tolerance to abiotic stresses and fortifies cells to withstand the forces associated with water transport and the physical weight of plant structures. Grasses have numerous cell wall features that are distinct from eudicots and other plants. Study of the model species Brachypodium distachyon as well as other grasses has revealed numerous features of the grass cell wall. These include the characterisation of xylosyl and arabinosyltransferases, a mixed-linkage glucan synthase and hydroxycinnamate acyltransferases. Perhaps the most fertile area for discovery has been the formation of lignins, including the identification of novel substrates and enzyme activities towards the synthesis of monolignols. Other enzymes function as polymerising agents or transferases that modify lignins and facilitate interactions with polysaccharides. The regulatory aspects of cell wall biosynthesis are largely overlapping with those of eudicots, but salient differences among species have been resolved that begin to identify the determinants that define grass cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Coomey
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Richard Sibout
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, UR BIA, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Tu B, Zhang T, Wang Y, Hu L, Li J, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Li J, Xue F, Zhu X, Yuan H, Chen W, Qin P, Ma B, Li S. Membrane-associated xylanase-like protein OsXYN1 is required for normal cell wall deposition and plant development in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4797-4811. [PMID: 32337581 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rice (Oryza sativa) genome encodes 37 putative β-1,4-xylanase proteins, but none of them has been characterized at the genetic level. In this work, we report the isolation of slim stem (ss) mutants with pleiotropic defects, including dwarfism, leaf tip necrosis, and withered and rolled leaves under strong sunlight. Map-based cloning of the ss1 mutant identified the candidate gene as OsXyn1 (LOC_03g47010), which encodes a xylanase-like protein belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 10 (GH10) family. OsXyn1 was found to be widely expressed, especially in young tissues. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsXyn1 encodes a membrane-associated protein. Physiological analysis of ss1 and the allelic ss2 mutant revealed that water uptake was partially compromised in these mutants. Consistently, the plant cell wall of the mutants exhibited middle lamella abnormalities or deficiencies. Immunogold assays revealed an unconfined distribution of xylan in the mutant cell walls, which may have contributed to a slower rate of plant cell wall biosynthesis and delayed plant growth. Additionally, water deficiency caused abscisic acid accumulation and triggered drought responses in the mutants. The findings that OsXyn1 is involved in plant cell wall deposition and the regulation of plant growth and development help to shed light on the functions of the rice GH10 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Hu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Hybrid Rice Research Center, Neijiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Neijiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Collage of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialian Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengyin Xue
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Weilan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingtian Ma
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Shigui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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37
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Phan JL, Cowley JM, Neumann KA, Herliana L, O'Donovan LA, Burton RA. The novel features of Plantago ovata seed mucilage accumulation, storage and release. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11766. [PMID: 32678191 PMCID: PMC7366641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed mucilage polysaccharide production, storage and release in Plantagoovata is strikingly different to that of the model plant Arabidopsis. We have used microscopy techniques to track the development of mucilage secretory cells and demonstrate that mature P.ovata seeds do not have an outer intact cell layer within which the polysaccharides surround internal columellae. Instead, dehydrated mucilage is spread in a thin homogenous layer over the entire seed surface and upon wetting expands directly outwards, away from the seed. Observing mucilage expansion in real time combined with compositional analysis allowed mucilage layer definition and the roles they play in mucilage release and architecture upon hydration to be explored. The first emergent layer of hydrated mucilage is rich in pectin, extremely hydrophilic, and forms an expansion front that functions to ‘jumpstart’ hydration and swelling of the second layer. This next layer, comprising the bulk of the expanded seed mucilage, is predominantly composed of heteroxylan and appears to provide much of the structural integrity. Our results indicate that the synthesis, deposition, desiccation, and final storage position of mucilage polysaccharides must be carefully orchestrated, although many of these processes are not yet fully defined and vary widely between myxospermous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Phan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,Australian Academy of Science, Ian Potter House, 9 Gordon St, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - James M Cowley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Kylie A Neumann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.,IP Australia, PO Box 200, Woden, ACT, 2606, Australia
| | - Lina Herliana
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Lisa A O'Donovan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia.
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38
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Pei S, Lu M, Kong Y, Zhou G, Hu R. KNAT7 regulates xylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed-coat mucilage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4125-4139. [PMID: 32277756 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
As a major hemicellulose component of plant cell walls, xylans play a determining role in maintaining the wall structure. However, the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of xylan biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Arabidopsis seed mucilage represents an ideal system for studying polysaccharide biosynthesis and modifications of plant cell walls. Here, we identify KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA 7 (KNAT7) as a positive transcriptional regulator of xylan biosynthesis in seed mucilage. The xylan content was significantly reduced in the mucilage of the knat7-3 mutant and this was accompanied by significantly reduced expression of the xylan biosynthesis-related genes IRREGULAR XYLEM 14 (IRX14) and MUCILAGE MODIFIED 5/MUCILAGE-RELATED 21 (MUM5/MUCI21). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, yeast one-hybrid assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation with quantitative PCR verified the direct binding of KNAT7 to the KNOTTED1 (KN1) binding site [KBS,TGACAG(G/C)T] in the promoters of IRX7, IRX14, and MUM5/MUCI21 in vitro, in vivo, and in planta. Furthermore, KNAT7 directly activated the expression of IRX14 and MUM5/MUCI21 in transactivation assays in mesophyll protoplasts, and overexpression of IRX14 or MUM5/MUCI21 in knat7-3 partially rescued the defects in mucilage adherence. Taken together, our results indicate that KNAT7 positively regulates xylan biosynthesis in seed-coat mucilage via direct activation of the expression of IRX14 and MUM5/MUCI21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- Agronomy College, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ruibo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, PR China
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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40
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Enhanced stability of a rumen-derived xylanase using SpyTag/SpyCatcher cyclization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-2809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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41
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Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mazarei M, Baxter HL, Srivastava A, Li G, Xie H, Dumitrache A, Rodriguez M, Natzke JM, Zhang JY, Turner GB, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Wang ZY, Davison BH, Blancaflor EB, Tang Y, Stewart CN. Silencing Folylpolyglutamate Synthetase1 ( FPGS1) in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) Improves Lignocellulosic Biofuel Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:843. [PMID: 32636863 PMCID: PMC7317012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a lignocellulosic perennial grass with great potential in bioenergy field. Lignocellulosic bioenergy crops are mostly resistant to cell wall deconstruction, and therefore yield suboptimal levels of biofuel. The one-carbon pathway (also known as C1 metabolism) is critical for polymer methylation, including that of lignin and hemicelluloses in cell walls. Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes a biochemical reaction that leads to the formation of folylpolyglutamate, an important cofactor for many enzymes in the C1 pathway. In this study, the putatively novel switchgrass PvFPGS1 gene was identified and its functional role in cell wall composition and biofuel production was examined by RNAi knockdown analysis. The PvFPGS1-downregulated plants were analyzed in the field over three growing seasons. Transgenic plants with the highest reduction in PvFPGS1 expression grew slower and produced lower end-of-season biomass. Transgenic plants with low-to-moderate reduction in PvFPGS1 transcript levels produced equivalent biomass as controls. There were no significant differences observed for lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio in the low-to-moderately reduced PvFPGS1 transgenic lines compared with the controls. Similarly, sugar release efficiency was also not significantly different in these transgenic lines compared with the control lines. However, transgenic plants produced up to 18% more ethanol while maintaining congruent growth and biomass as non-transgenic controls. Severity of rust disease among transgenic and control lines were not different during the time course of the field experiments. Altogether, the unchanged lignin content and composition in the low-to-moderate PvFPGS1-downregulated lines may suggest that partial downregulation of PvFPGS1 expression did not impact lignin biosynthesis in switchgrass. In conclusion, the manipulation of PvFPGS1 expression in bioenergy crops may be useful to increase biofuel potential with no growth penalty or increased susceptibility to rust in feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Avinash Srivastava
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Guifen Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Hongli Xie
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Alexandru Dumitrache
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jace M. Natzke
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Brian H. Davison
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Yuhong Tang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Tang,
| | - Charles Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Charles Neal Stewart Jr.,
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Shao W, Sharma R, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Microscale thermophoresis as a powerful tool for screening glycosyltransferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:99. [PMID: 32742297 PMCID: PMC7389378 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification and characterization of key enzymes associated with cell wall biosynthesis and modification is fundamental to gain insights into cell wall dynamics. However, it is a challenge that activity assays of glycosyltransferases are very low throughput and acceptor substrates are generally not available. RESULTS We optimized and validated microscale thermophoresis (MST) to achieve high throughput screening for glycosyltransferase substrates. MST is a powerful method for the quantitative analysis of protein-ligand interactions with low sample consumption. The technique is based on the motion of molecules along local temperature gradients, measured by fluorescence changes. We expressed glycosyltransferases as YFP-fusion proteins in tobacco and optimized the MST method to allow the determination of substrate binding affinity without purification of the target protein from the cell lysate. The application of this MST method to the β-1,4-galactosyltransferase AtGALS1 validated the capability to screen both nucleotide-sugar donor substrates and acceptor substrates. We also expanded the application to members of glycosyltransferase family GT61 in sorghum for substrate screening and function prediction. CONCLUSIONS This method is rapid and sensitive to allow determination of both donor and acceptor substrates of glycosyltransferases. MST enables high throughput screening of glycosyltransferases for likely substrates, which will narrow down their in vivo function and help to select candidates for further studies. Additionally, this method gives insight into biochemical mechanism of glycosyltransferase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Shao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Rita Sharma
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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Penning BW, Shiga TM, Klimek JF, SanMiguel PJ, Shreve J, Thimmapuram J, Sykes RW, Davis MF, McCann MC, Carpita NC. Expression profiles of cell-wall related genes vary broadly between two common maize inbreds during stem development. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:785. [PMID: 31664907 PMCID: PMC6819468 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular machinery for cell wall synthesis and metabolism is encoded by members of large multi-gene families. Maize is both a genetic model for grass species and a potential source of lignocellulosic biomass from crop residues. Genetic improvement of maize for its utility as a bioenergy feedstock depends on identification of the specific gene family members expressed during secondary wall development in stems. Results High-throughput sequencing of transcripts expressed in developing rind tissues of stem internodes provided a comprehensive inventory of cell wall-related genes in maize (Zea mays, cultivar B73). Of 1239 of these genes, 854 were expressed among the internodes at ≥95 reads per 20 M, and 693 of them at ≥500 reads per 20 M. Grasses have cell wall compositions distinct from non-commelinid species; only one-quarter of maize cell wall-related genes expressed in stems were putatively orthologous with those of the eudicot Arabidopsis. Using a slope-metric algorithm, five distinct patterns for sub-sets of co-expressed genes were defined across a time course of stem development. For the subset of genes associated with secondary wall formation, fifteen sequence motifs were found in promoter regions. The same members of gene families were often expressed in two maize inbreds, B73 and Mo17, but levels of gene expression between them varied, with 30% of all genes exhibiting at least a 5-fold difference at any stage. Although presence-absence and copy-number variation might account for much of these differences, fold-changes of expression of a CADa and a FLA11 gene were attributed to polymorphisms in promoter response elements. Conclusions Large genetic variation in maize as a species precludes the extrapolation of cell wall-related gene expression networks even from one common inbred line to another. Elucidation of genotype-specific expression patterns and their regulatory controls will be needed for association panels of inbreds and landraces to fully exploit genetic variation in maize and other bioenergy grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Penning
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,, Present Address: USDA-ARS, Wheat Quality Research Unit, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Tânia M Shiga
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Present Address: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF-USP F, 3091-3647 / 3091-3007, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - BL-14 CEP 05508-000, Butantã, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - John F Klimek
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Philip J SanMiguel
- Genomics Core Facility, Purdue University, 170 South University Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jacob Shreve
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,, Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Present Address: Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, FCF-USP F, 3091-3647 / 3091-3007, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - BL-14 CEP 05508-000, Butantã, Sâo Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Robert W Sykes
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.,, Present Address: Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, USA.
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Wegary D, Teklewold A, Prasanna BM, Ertiro BT, Alachiotis N, Negera D, Awas G, Abakemal D, Ogugo V, Gowda M, Semagn K. Molecular diversity and selective sweeps in maize inbred lines adapted to African highlands. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13490. [PMID: 31530852 PMCID: PMC6748982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known on maize germplasm adapted to the African highland agro-ecologies. In this study, we analyzed high-density genotyping by sequencing (GBS) data of 298 African highland adapted maize inbred lines to (i) assess the extent of genetic purity, genetic relatedness, and population structure, and (ii) identify genomic regions that have undergone selection (selective sweeps) in response to adaptation to highland environments. Nearly 91% of the pairs of inbred lines differed by 30-36% of the scored alleles, but only 32% of the pairs of the inbred lines had relative kinship coefficient <0.050, which suggests the presence of substantial redundancy in allelic composition that may be due to repeated use of fewer genetic backgrounds (source germplasm) during line development. Results from different genetic relatedness and population structure analyses revealed three different groups, which generally agrees with pedigree information and breeding history, but less so by heterotic groups and endosperm modification. We identified 944 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers that fell within 22 selective sweeps that harbored 265 protein-coding candidate genes of which some of the candidate genes had known functions. Details of the candidate genes with known functions and differences in nucleotide diversity among groups predicted based on multivariate methods have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagne Wegary
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adefris Teklewold
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Berhanu T Ertiro
- Bako National Maize Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nikolaos Alachiotis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Demewez Negera
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Awas
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) - Ethiopia Office, ILRI Campus, CMC Road, Gurd Sholla, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Demissew Abakemal
- Ambo Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 37, West Shoa, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Veronica Ogugo
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Manje Gowda
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kassa Semagn
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), M'bé Research Station, 01 B.P. 2551, Bouaké 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Mohapatra S, Mishra SS, Bhalla P, Thatoi H. Engineering grass biomass for sustainable and enhanced bioethanol production. PLANTA 2019; 250:395-412. [PMID: 31236698 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is a promising step for the future energy requirements. Grass is a potential lignocellulosic biomass which can be utilised for biorefinery-based bioethanol production. Grass biomass is a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production due to its all the year around production, requirement of less fertile land and noninterference with food system. However, the processes involved, i.e. pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation for bioethanol production from grass biomass, are both time consuming and costly. Developing the grass biomass in planta for enhanced bioethanol production is a promising step for maximum utilisation of this valuable feedstock and, thus, is the focus of the present review. Modern breeding techniques and transgenic processes are attractive methods which can be utilised for development of the feedstock. However, the outcomes are not always predictable and the time period required for obtaining a robust variety is generation dependent. Sophisticated genome editing technologies such as synthetic genetic circuits (SGC) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems are advantageous for induction of desired traits/heritable mutations in a foreseeable genome location in the 1st mutant generation. Although, its application in grass biomass for bioethanol is limited, these sophisticated techniques are anticipated to exhibit more flexibility in engineering the expression pattern for qualitative and qualitative traits. Nevertheless, the fundamentals rendered by the genetics of the transgenic crops will remain the basis of such developments for obtaining biorefinery-based bioethanol concepts from grass biomass. Grasses which are abundant and widespread in nature epitomise attractive lignocellulosic feedstocks for bioethanol production. The complexity offered by the grass cell wall in terms of lignin recalcitrance and its binding to polysaccharides forms a barricade for its commercialization as a biofuel feedstock. Inspired by the possibilities for rewiring the genetic makeup of grass biomass for reduced lignin and lignin-polysaccharide linkages along with increase in carbohydrates, innovative approaches for in planta modifications are forging ahead. In this review, we highlight the progress made in the field of transgenic grasses for bioethanol production and focus our understanding on improvements of simple breeding techniques and post-harvest techniques for development in shortening of lignin-carbohydrate and carbohydrate-carbohydrate linkages. Further, we discuss about the designer lignins which are aimed for qualitable lignins and also emphasise on remodelling of polysaccharides and mixed-linkage glucans for enhancing carbohydrate content and in planta saccharification efficiency. As a final point, we discuss the role of synthetic genetic circuits and CRISPR systems in targeted improvement of cell wall components without compromising the plant growth and health. It is anticipated that this review can provide a rational approach towards a better understanding of application of in planta genetic engineering aspects for designing synthetic genetic circuits which can promote grass feedstocks for biorefinery-based bioethanol concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - Suruchee Samparana Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Prerna Bhalla
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences Building, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India
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Han W, Fan X, Teng L, Kaczurowski MJS, Zhang X, Xu D, Yin Y, Ye N. Identification, classification, and evolution of putative xylosyltransferases from algae. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1119-1132. [PMID: 30941581 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Xylosyltransferases (XylTs) play key roles in the biosynthesis of many different polysaccharides. These enzymes transfer D-xylose from UDP-xylose to substrate acceptors. In this study, we identified 30 XylTs from primary endosymbionts (green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes) and secondary or higher endosymbionts (brown algae, diatoms, Eustigmatophyceae, Pelagophyceae, and Cryptophyta). We performed comparative phylogenetic studies on key XylT subfamilies, and investigated the functional divergence of genes using RNA-Seq. Of the 30 XylTs, one β-1,4-XylT IRX14-related, one β-1,4 XylT IRX10L-related, and one xyloglucan 6-XylT 1-related gene were identified in the Charophyta, showing strong similarities to their land plant descendants. This implied the ancient occurrence of xylan and xyloglucan biosynthetic machineries in Charophyta. The other 27 XylTs were identified as UDP-D-xylose: L-fucose-α-1,3-D-XylT (FucXylT) type that specifically transferred D-xylose to fucose. We propose that FucXylTs originated from the last eukaryotic common ancestor, rather than being plant specific, because they are also distributed in Choanoflagellatea and Echinodermata. Considering the evidence from many aspects, we hypothesize that the FucXylTs likely participated in fucoidan biosynthesis in brown algae. We provide the first insights into the evolutionary history and functional divergence of FucXylT in algal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Linhong Teng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | | | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanbin Yin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes,, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zhang L, Gao C, Mentink-Vigier F, Tang L, Zhang D, Wang S, Cao S, Xu Z, Liu X, Wang T, Zhou Y, Zhang B. Arabinosyl Deacetylase Modulates the Arabinoxylan Acetylation Profile and Secondary Wall Formation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1113-1126. [PMID: 30886126 PMCID: PMC6533017 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation, a prevalent modification of cell-wall polymers, is a tightly controlled regulatory process that orchestrates plant growth and environmental adaptation. However, due to limited characterization of the enzymes involved, it is unclear how plants establish and dynamically regulate the acetylation pattern in response to growth requirements. In this study, we identified a rice (Oryza sativa) GDSL esterase that deacetylates the side chain of the major rice hemicellulose, arabinoxylan. Acetyl esterases involved in arabinoxylan modification were screened using enzymatic assays combined with mass spectrometry analysis. One candidate, DEACETYLASE ON ARABINOSYL SIDECHAIN OF XYLAN1 (DARX1), is specific for arabinosyl residues. Disruption of DARX1 via Tos17 insertion and CRISPR/Cas9 approaches resulted in the accumulation of acetates on the xylan arabinosyl side chains. Recombinant DARX1 abolished the excess acetyl groups on arabinoxylan-derived oligosaccharides of the darx1 mutants in vitro. Moreover, DARX1 is localized to the Golgi apparatus. Two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy further revealed that the abnormal acetylation pattern observed in darx1 interrupts arabinoxylan conformation and cellulose microfibril orientation, resulting in compromised secondary wall patterning and reduced mechanical strength. This study provides insight into the mechanism controlling the acetylation pattern on arabinoxylan side chains and suggests a strategy to breed robust elite crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Lu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaogan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaoxue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zuopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Figueiredo R, Araújo P, Llerena JPP, Mazzafera P. Suberin and hemicellulose in sugarcane cell wall architecture and crop digestibility: A biotechnological perspective. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Pedro Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo P. Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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