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Aslanzadeh M, Stanicek L, Tarbier M, Mármol-Sánchez E, Biryukova I, Friedländer M. Malat1 affects transcription and splicing through distinct pathways in mouse embryonic stem cells. NAR Genom Bioinform 2024; 6:lqae045. [PMID: 38711862 PMCID: PMC11071118 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Malat1 is a long-noncoding RNA with critical roles in gene regulation and cancer metastasis, however its functional role in stem cells is largely unexplored. We here perform a nuclear knockdown of Malat1 in mouse embryonic stem cells, causing the de-regulation of 320 genes and aberrant splicing of 90 transcripts, some of which potentially affecting the translated protein sequence. We find evidence that Malat1 directly interacts with gene bodies and aberrantly spliced transcripts, and that it locates upstream of down-regulated genes at their putative enhancer regions, in agreement with functional genomics data. Consistent with this, we find these genes affected at both exon and intron levels, suggesting that they are transcriptionally regulated by Malat1. Besides, the down-regulated genes are regulated by specific transcription factors and bear both activating and repressive chromatin marks, suggesting that some of them might be regulated by bivalent promoters. We propose a model in which Malat1 facilitates the transcription of genes involved in chromatid dynamics and mitosis in one pathway, and affects the splicing of transcripts that are themselves involved in RNA processing in a distinct pathway. Lastly, we compare our findings with Malat1 perturbation studies performed in other cell systems and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Aslanzadeh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Laura Stanicek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Marcel Tarbier
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Emilio Mármol-Sánchez
- Science for Life Laboratory and Center for Palaeogenetics. Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Inna Biryukova
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Marc R Friedländer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
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2
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Nguyen TTD, Zayed M, Kim YC, Jeong BH. The First Genetic Characterization of the SPRN Gene in Pekin Ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1588. [PMID: 38891635 PMCID: PMC11171214 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders characterized by an accumulation of misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues. The shadow of prion protein (Sho) encoded by the shadow of prion protein gene (SPRN) is involved in prion disease progress. The interaction between Sho and PrP accelerates the PrPSc conversion rate while the SPRN gene polymorphisms have been associated with prion disease susceptibility in several species. Until now, the SPRN gene has not been investigated in ducks. We identified the duck SPRN gene sequence and investigated the genetic polymorphisms of 184 Pekin ducks. We compared the duck SPRN nucleotide sequence and the duck Sho protein amino acid sequence with those of several other species. Finally, we predicted the duck Sho protein structure and the effects of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using computational programs. We were the first to report the Pekin duck SPRN gene sequence. The duck Sho protein sequence showed 100% identity compared with the chicken Sho protein sequence. We found 27 novel SNPs in the duck SPRN gene. Four amino acid substitutions were predicted to affect the hydrogen bond distribution in the duck Sho protein structure. Although MutPred2 and SNPs&GO predicted that all non-synonymous polymorphisms were neutral or benign, SIFT predicted that four variants, A22T, G49D, A68T, and M105I, were deleterious. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the genetic and structural characteristics of the duck SPRN gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thuy-Duong Nguyen
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-ro, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea (M.Z.)
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammed Zayed
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-ro, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea (M.Z.)
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-ro, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea (M.Z.)
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li J, Niu C, Ai H, Li X, Zhang L, Lang Y, Wang S, Gao F, Mei X, Yu C, Sun L, Huang Y, Zheng L, Wang G, Sun Y, Yang X, Song Z, Bao Y. TSP50 Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis by Regulating TGF-β Signaling Mediated Maintenance of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Integrity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305893. [PMID: 38189580 PMCID: PMC10953580 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is crucial for protecting the intestinal epithelium against invasion by commensal bacteria and pathogens, thereby combating colitis. The investigation revealed that the absence of TSP50 compromised the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier in murine subjects. This disruption facilitated direct contact between intestinal bacteria and the intestinal epithelium, thereby increasing susceptibility to colitis. Mechanistic analysis indicated that TSP50 deficiency in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) triggered aberrant activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway and impeded the differentiation of goblet cells in mice, leading to impairment of mucosal permeability. By inhibiting the TGF-β pathway, the functionality of the intestinal mucosal barrier is successfully restored and mitigated colitis in TSP50-deficient mice. In conclusion, TSP50 played a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier function and exhibited the preventive effect against the development of colitis by regulating the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Chunxue Niu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024China
| | - Huihan Ai
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
- Department of General SurgeryAffiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450000China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Yan Lang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024China
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Xianglin Mei
- Department of PathologyThe Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun130041China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024China
| | - Luguo Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
| | - Yanxin Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Guannan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal UniversityChangchunJilin130024China
| | - Zhenbo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein ScreeningNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130117China
| | - Yongli Bao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine ProductsNortheast Normal UniversityChangchun130024China
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Rethinking the Architecture of Attachment: New Insights into the Role for Oxytocin Signaling. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2022; 3:734-748. [PMID: 36519145 PMCID: PMC9743890 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Social attachments, the enduring bonds between individuals and groups, are essential to health and well-being. The appropriate formation and maintenance of social relationships depend upon a number of affective processes, including stress regulation, motivation, reward, as well as reciprocal interactions necessary for evaluating the affective state of others. A genetic, molecular, and neural circuit level understanding of social attachments therefore provides a powerful substrate for probing the affective processes associated with social behaviors. Socially monogamous species form long-term pair bonds, allowing us to investigate the mechanisms underlying attachment. Now, molecular genetic tools permit manipulations in monogamous species. Studies using these tools reveal new insights into the genetic and neuroendocrine factors that design and control the neural architecture underlying attachment behavior. We focus this discussion on the prairie vole and oxytocinergic signaling in this and related species as a model of attachment behavior that has been studied in the context of genetic and pharmacological manipulations. We consider developmental processes that impact the demonstration of bonding behavior across genetic backgrounds, the modularity of mechanisms underlying bonding behaviors, and the distributed circuitry supporting these behaviors. Incorporating such theoretical considerations when interpreting reverse genetic studies in the context of the rich ethological and pharmacological data collected in monogamous species provides an important framework for studies of attachment behavior in both animal models and studies of human relationships.
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Rau A, Passet B, Castille J, Daniel-Carlier N, Asset A, Lecardonnel J, Moroldo M, Jaffrézic F, Laloë D, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Vilotte JL. Potential genetic robustness of Prnp and Sprn double knockout mouse embryos towards ShRNA-lentiviral inoculation. Vet Res 2022; 53:54. [PMID: 35799279 PMCID: PMC9264527 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shadoo and PrP prion protein family members are thought to be functionally related, but previous knockdown/knockout experiments in early mouse embryogenesis have provided seemingly contradictory results. In particular, Shadoo was found to be indispensable in the absence of PrP in knockdown analyses, but a double-knockout of the two had little phenotypic impact. We investigated this apparent discrepancy by comparing transcriptomes of WT, Prnp0/0 and Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 E6.5 mouse embryos following inoculation by Sprn- or Prnp-ShRNA lentiviral vectors. Our results suggest the possibility of genetic adaptation in Prnp0/0Sprn0/0 mice, thus providing a potential explanation for their previously observed resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. .,BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, INRAE, Université de Liège, Université de Lille, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80203, Péronne, France.
| | - Bruno Passet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Alexandre Asset
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérome Lecardonnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marco Moroldo
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Jaffrézic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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6
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Membrane Domain Localization and Interaction of the Prion-Family Proteins, Prion and Shadoo with Calnexin. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120978. [PMID: 34940479 PMCID: PMC8704586 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is renowned for its infectious conformational isoform PrPSc, capable of templating subsequent conversions of healthy PrPCs and thus triggering the group of incurable diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Besides this mechanism not being fully uncovered, the protein’s physiological role is also elusive. PrPC and its newest, less understood paralog Shadoo are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins highly expressed in the central nervous system. While they share some attributes and neuroprotective actions, opposing roles have also been reported for the two; however, the amount of data about their exact functions is lacking. Protein–protein interactions and membrane microdomain localizations are key determinants of protein function. Accurate identification of these functions for a membrane protein, however, can become biased due to interactions occurring during sample processing. To avoid such artifacts, we apply a non-detergent-based membrane-fractionation approach to study the prion protein and Shadoo. We show that the two proteins occupy similarly raft and non-raft membrane fractions when expressed in N2a cells and that both proteins pull down the chaperone calnexin in both rafts and non-rafts. These indicate their possible binding to calnexin in both types of membrane domains, which might be a necessary requisite to aid the inherently unstable native conformation during their lifetime.
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7
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Pollock NM, Leighton P, Neil G, Allison WT. Transcriptomic analysis of zebrafish prion protein mutants supports conserved cross-species function of the cellular prion protein. Prion 2021; 15:70-81. [PMID: 34139950 PMCID: PMC8216189 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2021.1924557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular Prion Protein (PrPC) is a well-studied protein as the substrate for various progressive untreatable neurodegenerative diseases. Normal functions of PrPC are poorly understood, though recent proteomic and transcriptomic approaches have begun to reveal common themes. We use our compound prp1 and prp2 knockout mutant zebrafish at three days post fertilization to take a transcriptomic approach to investigating potentially conserved PrPC functions during development. Gene ontology analysis shows the biological processes with the largest changes in gene expression include redox processing, transport and cell adhesion. Within these categories several different gene families were prevalent including the solute carrier proteins, cytochrome p450 enzymes and protocadherins. Continuing from previous studies identifying cell adhesion as an important function of PrPC we found that in addition to the protocadherins there was a significant reduction in transcript abundance of both ncam1a and st8sia2. These two genes are involved in the early development of vertebrates. The alterations in cell adhesion transcripts were consistent with past findings in zebrafish and mouse prion protein mutants; however E-cadherin processing after prion protein knockdown failed to reveal any differences compared with wild type in either our double prp1/prp2 mutant fish or after prp1 morpholino knockdown. Our data supports a cross species conserved role for PrPC in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system, particularly by regulating various and important cell adhesion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Mungo Pollock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Patricia Leighton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gavin Neil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - W. Ted Allison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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8
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Salanga CM, Salanga MC. Genotype to Phenotype: CRISPR Gene Editing Reveals Genetic Compensation as a Mechanism for Phenotypic Disjunction of Morphants and Mutants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073472. [PMID: 33801686 PMCID: PMC8036752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward genetic screens have shown the consequences of deleterious mutations; however, they are best suited for model organisms with fast reproductive rates and large broods. Furthermore, investigators must faithfully identify changes in phenotype, even if subtle, to realize the full benefit of the screen. Reverse genetic approaches also probe genotype to phenotype relationships, except that the genetic targets are predefined. Until recently, reverse genetic approaches relied on non-genomic gene silencing or the relatively inefficient, homology-dependent gene targeting for loss-of-function generation. Fortunately, the flexibility and simplicity of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system has revolutionized reverse genetics, allowing for the precise mutagenesis of virtually any gene in any organism at will. The successful integration of insertions/deletions (INDELs) and nonsense mutations that would, at face value, produce the expected loss-of-function phenotype, have been shown to have little to no effect, even if other methods of gene silencing demonstrate robust loss-of-function consequences. The disjunction between outcomes has raised important questions about our understanding of genotype to phenotype and highlights the capacity for compensation in the central dogma. This review describes recent studies in which genomic compensation appears to be at play, discusses the possible compensation mechanisms, and considers elements important for robust gene loss-of-function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy M. Salanga
- Office of the Vice President for Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Matthew C. Salanga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Correspondence:
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Co-invalidation of Prnp and Sprn in FVB/N mice affects reproductive performances and highlight complex biological relationship between PrP and Shadoo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 551:1-6. [PMID: 33713980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Shadoo and PrP belongs to the same protein family, whose biological function remains poorly understood. Previous experiments reported potential functional redundancies or antagonisms between these two proteins, depending on the tissue analysed. While knockdown experiments suggested the requirement of Shadoo in the absence of PrP during early mouse embryogenesis, knockout ones, on the contrary, highlighted little impact, if any, of the double-knockout of these two loci. In the present study, we reinvestigated the phenotype associated with the concomitant knockout of these two genes using newly produced FVB/N Sprn knockout mice. In this genetic background, the combined two genes' knockout induces intra-uterine growth retardations, likely resulting from placental failures highlighted by transcriptomic analyses that revealed potential redundant or antagonist roles of these two proteins in different developmental-related pathways. It also induced an increased perinatal-lethality and ascertained the role of these two loci in the lactation process.
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10
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Sztal TE, Stainier DYR. Transcriptional adaptation: a mechanism underlying genetic robustness. Development 2020; 147:147/15/dev186452. [PMID: 32816903 DOI: 10.1242/dev.186452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations play a crucial role in evolution as they provide the genetic variation that allows evolutionary change. Although some mutations in regulatory elements or coding regions can be beneficial, a large number of them disrupt gene function and reduce fitness. Organisms utilize several mechanisms to compensate for the damaging consequences of genetic perturbations. One such mechanism is the recently identified process of transcriptional adaptation (TA): during this event, mutations that cause mutant mRNA degradation trigger the transcriptional modulation of so-called adapting genes. In some cases, for example when one (or more) of the upregulated genes is functionally redundant with the mutated gene, this process compensates for the loss of the mutated gene's product. Notably, unlike other mechanisms underlying genetic robustness, TA is not triggered by the loss of protein function, an observation that has prompted studies into the machinery of TA and the contexts in which it functions. Here, we review the discovery and current understanding of TA, and discuss how its main features appear to be conserved across species. In light of these findings, we also speculate on the importance of TA in the context of human disease, and provide some recommendations for genome-editing strategies that should be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar E Sztal
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
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Daude N, Kim C, Kang SG, Eskandari-Sedighi G, Haldiman T, Yang J, Fleck SC, Gomez-Cardona E, Han ZZ, Borrego-Ecija S, Wohlgemuth S, Julien O, Wille H, Molina-Porcel L, Gelpi E, Safar JG, Westaway D. Diverse, evolving conformer populations drive distinct phenotypes in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by the same MAPT-P301L mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:1045-1070. [PMID: 32219515 PMCID: PMC7244472 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein accumulation is a common denominator of major dementias, but this process is inhomogeneous, even when triggered by the same germline mutation. We considered stochastic misfolding of human tau conformers followed by templated conversion of native monomers as an underlying mechanism and derived sensitive conformational assays to test this concept. Assessments of brains from aged TgTauP301L transgenic mice revealed a prodromal state and three distinct signatures for misfolded tau. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-MAPT-P301L patients with different clinical phenotypes also displayed three signatures, two resembling those found in TgTauP301L mice. As physicochemical and cell bioassays confirmed diverse tau strains in the mouse and human brain series, we conclude that evolution of diverse tau conformers is intrinsic to the pathogenesis of this uni-allelic form of tauopathy. In turn, effective therapeutic interventions in FTLD will need to address evolving repertoires of misfolded tau species rather than singular, static molecular targets.
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12
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Passet B, Castille J, Makhzami S, Truchet S, Vaiman A, Floriot S, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Vilotte M, Gaillard AL, Helary L, Bertaud M, Andréoletti O, Vaiman D, Calvel P, Daniel-Carlier N, Moudjou M, Beauvallet C, Benharouga M, Laloé D, Mouillet-Richard S, Duchesne A, Béringue V, Vilotte JL. The Prion-like protein Shadoo is involved in mouse embryonic and mammary development and differentiation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6765. [PMID: 32317725 PMCID: PMC7174383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shadoo belongs to the prion protein family, an evolutionary conserved and extensively studied family due to the implication of PrP in Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. However, the biological function of these genes remains poorly understood. While Sprn-knockdown experiments suggested an involvement of Shadoo during mouse embryonic development, Sprn-knockout experiments in 129Pas/C57BL/6J or 129Pas/FVB/NCr mice did not confirm it. In the present study, we analyzed the impact of Sprn gene invalidation in a pure FVB/NJ genetic background, using a zinc finger nuclease approach. The in-depth analysis of the derived knockout transgenic mice revealed a significant increase in embryonic lethality at early post-implantation stages, a growth retardation of young Sprn-knockout pups fed by wild type mice and a lactation defect of Sprn-knockout females. Histological and transcriptional analyses of knockout E7.5 embryos, E14.5 placentas and G7.5 mammary glands revealed specific roles of the Shadoo protein in mouse early embryogenesis, tissue development and differentiation with a potential antagonist action between PrP and Shadoo. This study thus highlights the entanglement between the proteins of the prion family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Passet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Samira Makhzami
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Vaiman
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Floriot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Marthe Vilotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne-Laure Gaillard
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Louise Helary
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maud Bertaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Daniel Vaiman
- Institut Cochin, U1016, INSERM, UMR 8504 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Calvel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Mohammed Moudjou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christian Beauvallet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Denis Laloé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Duchesne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1313-GABI, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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13
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Lee YCG, Ventura IM, Rice GR, Chen DY, Colmenares SU, Long M. Rapid Evolution of Gained Essential Developmental Functions of a Young Gene via Interactions with Other Essential Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2212-2226. [PMID: 31187122 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
New genes are of recent origin and only present in a subset of species in a phylogeny. Accumulated evidence suggests that new genes, like old genes that are conserved across species, can also take on important functions and be essential for the survival and reproductive success of organisms. Although there are detailed analyses of the mechanisms underlying new genes' gaining fertility functions, how new genes rapidly become essential for viability remains unclear. We focused on a young retro-duplicated gene (CG7804, which we named Cocoon) in Drosophila that originated between 4 and 10 Ma. We found that, unlike its evolutionarily conserved parental gene, Cocoon has evolved under positive selection and accumulated many amino acid differences at functional sites from the parental gene. Despite its young age, Cocoon is essential for the survival of Drosophila melanogaster at multiple developmental stages, including the critical embryonic stage, and its expression is essential in different tissues from those of its parental gene. Functional genomic analyses found that Cocoon acquired unique DNA-binding sites and has a contrasting effect on gene expression to that of its parental gene. Importantly, Cocoon binding predominantly locates at genes that have other essential functions and/or have multiple gene-gene interactions, suggesting that Cocoon acquired novel essential function to survival through forming interactions that have large impacts on the gene interaction network. Our study is an important step toward deciphering the evolutionary trajectory by which new genes functionally diverge from parental genes and become essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Chwen G Lee
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Iuri M Ventura
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gavin R Rice
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Serafin U Colmenares
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Manyuan Long
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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14
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Kim YA, Moon H, Park CJ. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of Os8N3 in rice to confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 31446506 PMCID: PMC6708514 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome editing tools are important for functional genomics research and biotechnology applications. Recently, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 (Cas9) system for gene knockout has emerged as the most effective genome-editing tool. It has previously been reported that, in rice plants, knockdown of the Os8N3 gene resulted in enhanced resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), while displaying abnormal pollen development. RESULTS The CRISPR/Cas9 system was employed to knockout rice Os8N3, in order to confer enhanced resistance to Xoo. Analysis of the genotypes and edited Os8N3 in T0, T1, T2, and T3 transgenic rice plants showed that the mutations were transmitted to subsequent generations, and homozygous mutants displayed significantly enhanced resistance to Xoo. Stable transmission of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Os8N3 gene editing without the transferred DNA (T-DNA) was confirmed by segregation in the T1 generation. With respect to many investigated agronomic traits including pollen development, there was no significant difference between homozygous mutants and non-transgenic control plants under greenhouse growth conditions. CONCLUSION Data from this study indicate that the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Os8N3 edition can be successfully employed for non-transgenic crop improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ah Kim
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 South Korea
| | - Hyeran Moon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 South Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 South Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 South Korea
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 South Korea
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15
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Proteasomal Inhibition Redirects the PrP-Like Shadoo Protein to the Nucleus. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7888-7904. [PMID: 31129810 PMCID: PMC6815274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Shadoo protein (Sho) exhibits homology to the hydrophobic region of the cellular isoform of prion protein (PrPC). As prion-infected brains gradually accumulate infectivity-associated isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc), levels of mature endogenous Sho become reduced. To study the regulatory effect of the proteostatic network on Sho expression, we investigated the action of lactacystin, MG132, NH4Cl, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in two cell culture models. In primary mixed neuronal and glial cell cultures (MNGCs) from transgenic mice expressing wild-type Sho from the PrP gene promoter (Tg.Sprn mice), lactacystin- and MG132-mediated inhibition of proteasomal activity shifted the repertoire of Sho species towards unglycosylated forms appearing in the nuclei; conversely, the autophagic modulators NH4Cl and 3-MA did not affect Sho or PrPC glycosylation patterns. Mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells expressing Sho under control of a housekeeping gene promoter treated with MG132 or lactacystin also showed increased nuclear localization of unglycosylated Sho. As two proteasomal inhibitors tested in two cell paradigms caused redirection of Sho to nuclei at the expense of processing through the secretory pathway, our findings define a balanced shift in subcellular localization that thereby differs from the decreases in net Sho species seen in prion-infected brains. Our data are indicative of a physiological pathway to access Sho functions in the nucleus under conditions of impaired proteasomal activity. We also infer that these conditions would comprise a context wherein Sho’s N-terminal nucleic acid–binding RGG repeat region is brought into play.
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16
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Bergen DJM, Kague E, Hammond CL. Zebrafish as an Emerging Model for Osteoporosis: A Primary Testing Platform for Screening New Osteo-Active Compounds. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:6. [PMID: 30761080 PMCID: PMC6361756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is metabolic bone disease caused by an altered balance between bone anabolism and catabolism. This dysregulated balance is responsible for fragile bones that fracture easily after minor falls. With an aging population, the incidence is rising and as yet pharmaceutical options to restore this imbalance is limited, especially stimulating osteoblast bone-building activity. Excitingly, output from large genetic studies on people with high bone mass (HBM) cases and genome wide association studies (GWAS) on the population, yielded new insights into pathways containing osteo-anabolic players that have potential for drug target development. However, a bottleneck in development of new treatments targeting these putative osteo-anabolic genes is the lack of animal models for rapid and affordable testing to generate functional data and that simultaneously can be used as a compound testing platform. Zebrafish, a small teleost fish, are increasingly used in functional genomics and drug screening assays which resulted in new treatments in the clinic for other diseases. In this review we outline the zebrafish as a powerful model for osteoporosis research to validate potential therapeutic candidates, describe the tools and assays that can be used to study bone homeostasis, and affordable (semi-)high-throughput compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. M. Bergen
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Southmead Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chrissy L. Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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17
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Yin H, Xue W, Anderson DG. CRISPR–Cas: a tool for cancer research and therapeutics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16:281-295. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Zheng C, Jin FQ, Trippe BL, Wu J, Chalfie M. Inhibition of cell fate repressors secures the differentiation of the touch receptor neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 2018; 145:dev.168096. [PMID: 30291162 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Terminal differentiation generates the specialized features and functions that allow postmitotic cells to acquire their distinguishing characteristics. This process is thought to be controlled by transcription factors called 'terminal selectors' that directly activate a set of downstream effector genes. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the differentiation of both the mechanosensory touch receptor neurons (TRNs) and the multidendritic nociceptor FLP neurons uses the terminal selectors UNC-86 and MEC-3. The FLP neurons fail to activate TRN genes, however, because a complex of two transcriptional repressors (EGL-44/EGL-46) prevents their expression. Here, we show that the ZEB family transcriptional factor ZAG-1 promotes TRN differentiation not by activating TRN genes but by preventing the expression of EGL-44/EGL-46. As EGL-44/EGL-46 also inhibits the production of ZAG-1, these proteins form a bistable, negative-feedback loop that regulates the choice between the two neuronal fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogu Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Felix Qiaochu Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brian Loeber Trippe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Martin Chalfie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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19
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Leighton PLA, Kanyo R, Neil GJ, Pollock NM, Allison WT. Prion gene paralogs are dispensable for early zebrafish development and have nonadditive roles in seizure susceptibility. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12576-12592. [PMID: 29903907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally folded prion protein (PrPC) and its functions in healthy brains remain underappreciated compared with the intense study of its misfolded forms ("prions," PrPSc) during the pathobiology of prion diseases. This impedes the development of therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's and prion diseases. Disrupting the zebrafish homologs of PrPC has provided novel insights; however, mutagenesis of the zebrafish paralog prp2 did not recapitulate previous dramatic developmental phenotypes, suggesting redundancy with the prp1 paralog. Here, we generated zebrafish prp1 loss-of-function mutant alleles and dual prp1-/-;prp2-/- mutants. Zebrafish prp1-/- and dual prp1-/-;prp2-/- mutants resemble mammalian Prnp knockouts insofar as they lack overt phenotypes, which surprisingly contrasts with reports of severe developmental phenotypes when either prp1 or prp2 is knocked down acutely. Previous studies suggest that PrPC participates in neural cell development/adhesion, including in zebrafish where loss of prp2 affects adhesion and deposition patterns of lateral line neuromasts. In contrast with the expectation that prp1's functions would be redundant to prp2, they appear to have opposing functions in lateral line neurodevelopment. Similarly, loss of prp1 blunted the seizure susceptibility phenotypes observed in prp2 mutants, contrasting the expected exacerbation of phenotypes if these prion gene paralogs were serving redundant roles. In summary, prion mutant fish lack the overt phenotypes previously predicted, and instead they have subtle phenotypes similar to mammals. No evidence was found for functional redundancy in the zebrafish prion gene paralogs, and the phenotypes observed when each gene is disrupted individually are consistent with ancient functions of prion proteins in neurodevelopment and modulation of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L A Leighton
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Richard Kanyo
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Gavin J Neil
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Niall M Pollock
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - W Ted Allison
- From the Department of Biological Sciences and the Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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20
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Millings EJ, De Rosa MC, Fleet S, Watanabe K, Rausch R, Egli D, Li G, Leduc CA, Zhang Y, Fischer SG, Leibel RL. ILDR2 has a negligible role in hepatic steatosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197548. [PMID: 29847571 PMCID: PMC5976177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that Ildr2 knockdown via adenovirally-delivered shRNA causes hepatic steatosis in mice. In the present study we investigated hepatic biochemical and anatomic phenotypes of Cre-mediated Ildr2 knock-out mice. Liver-specific Ildr2 knock-out mice were generated in C57BL/6J mice segregating for a floxed (exon 1) allele of Ildr2, using congenital and acute (10-13-week-old male mice) Cre expression. In addition, Ildr2 shRNA was administered to Ildr2 knock-out mice to test the effects of Ildr2 shRNA, per se, in the absence of Ildr2 expression. RNA sequencing was performed on livers of these knockdown and knockout mice. Congenital and acute liver-specific and hepatocyte-specific knockout mice did not develop hepatic steatosis. However, administration of Ildr2 shRNA to Ildr2 knock-out mice did cause hepatic steatosis, indicating that the Ildr2 shRNA had apparent "off-target" effects on gene(s) other than Ildr2. RNA sequencing and BLAST sequence alignment revealed Dgka as a candidate gene mediating these "off-target" effects. Ildr2 shRNA is 63% homologous to the Dgka gene, and Dgka expression decreased only in mice displaying hepatic steatosis. Dgka encodes diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) alpha, one of a family of DGKs which convert diacylglycerides to phosphatidic acid for second messenger signaling. Dgka knockdown mice would be expected to accumulate diacylglyceride, contributing to the observed hepatic steatosis. We conclude that ILDR2 plays a negligible role in hepatic steatosis. Rather, hepatic steatosis observed previously in Ildr2 knockdown mice was likely due to shRNA targeting of Dgka and/or other "off-target" genes. We propose that the gene candidates identified in this follow-up study may lead to identification of novel regulators of hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Millings
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Fleet
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kazuhisa Watanabe
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Rausch
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dieter Egli
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles A Leduc
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart G Fischer
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center and Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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21
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Agopiantz M, Xandre-Rodriguez L, Jin B, Urbistondoy G, Ialy-Radio C, Chalbi M, Wolf JP, Ziyyat A, Lefèvre B. Growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor α1 (Gfrα1), two mouse oocyte glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, are involved in fertilisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:824-837. [PMID: 28442042 DOI: 10.1071/rd15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Juno, the oocyte receptor for Izumo1, a male immunoglobulin, was discovered. Juno is an essential glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GIP)-anchored protein. This result did not exclude the participation of other GIP-anchored proteins in this process. After bibliographic and database searches we selected five GIP-anchored proteins (Cpm, Ephrin-A4, Gas1, Gfra1 and Rgmb) as potential oocyte candidates participating in fertilisation. Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that only three were present on the mouse ovulated oocyte membrane and, of these, only two were clearly involved in the fertilisation process, namely growth arrest specific 1 (Gas1) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor α1 (Gfrα1). This was demonstrated by evaluating oocyte fertilisability after treatment of oocytes with antibodies against the selected proteins, with their respective short interference RNA or both. Gfrα1 and Gas1 seem to be neither redundant nor synergistic. In conclusion, oocyte Gas1 and Gfrα1 are both clearly involved in fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Agopiantz
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - L Xandre-Rodriguez
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Jin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - G Urbistondoy
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - C Ialy-Radio
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - M Chalbi
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - J-P Wolf
- Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction - CECOS, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, F75014 Paris, France
| | - A Ziyyat
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - B Lefèvre
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
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22
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The function of the cellular prion protein in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 135:159-178. [PMID: 29151170 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The essential role of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in prion disorders such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is well documented. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that PrPC may act as a receptor for protein aggregates and transduce neurotoxic signals in more common neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Although the pathological roles of PrPC have been thoroughly characterized, a general consensus on its physiological function within the brain has not yet been established. Knockout studies in various organisms, ranging from zebrafish to mice, have implicated PrPC in a diverse range of nervous system-related activities that include a key role in the maintenance of peripheral nerve myelination as well as a general ability to protect against neurotoxic stimuli. Thus, the function of PrPC may be multifaceted, with different cell types taking advantage of unique aspects of its biology. Deciphering the cellular function(s) of PrPC and the consequences of its absence is not simply an academic curiosity, since lowering PrPC levels in the brain is predicted to be a powerful therapeutic strategy for the treatment of prion disease. In this review, we outline the various approaches that have been employed in an effort to uncover the physiological and pathological functions of PrPC. While these studies have revealed important clues about the biology of the prion protein, the precise reason for PrPC's existence remains enigmatic.
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23
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Ma Z, Zhu P, Pang M, Guo L, Chang N, Zheng J, Zhu X, Gao C, Huang H, Cui Z, Xiong JW, Peng J, Chen J. A novel inducible mutagenesis screen enables to isolate and clone both embryonic and adult zebrafish mutants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10381. [PMID: 28871129 PMCID: PMC5583359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional genetic screens for recessive mutants are inadequate for studying biological processes in the adult vertebrate due to embryonic lethality. Here, we report that a novel inducible mutagenesis system enables to study gene function in both embryonic and adult zebrafish. This system yields genetic mutants with conditional ectopic over- or under-expression of genes in F1 heterozygotes by utilizing inducible Tet-On transcriptional activation of sense or anti-sense transcripts from entrapped genes by Tol2 transposase-meditated transgenesis. Pilot screens identified 37 phenotypic mutants displaying embryonic defects (34 lines), adult fin regeneration defects (7 lines), or defects at both stages (4 lines). Combination of various techniques (such as: generating a new mutant allele, injecting gene specific morpholino or mRNA etc) confirms that Dox-induced embryonic abnormalities in 10 mutants are due to dysfunction of entrapped genes; and that Dox-induced under-expression of 6 genes causes abnormal adult fin regeneration. Together, this work presents a powerful mutagenesis system for genetic analysis from zebrafish embryos to adults in particular and other model organisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Ma
- Key laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peipei Zhu
- Key laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meijun Pang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- Key laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nannan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiyuan Zheng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ce Gao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environments and Bio-Resources of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zongbin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 8 Dong Hu Nan Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jinrong Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Key laboratory for Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Innovation Center for Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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24
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Zhang QH, Yuen WS, Adhikari D, Flegg JA, FitzHarris G, Conti M, Sicinski P, Nabti I, Marangos P, Carroll J. Cyclin A2 modulates kinetochore-microtubule attachment in meiosis II. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3133-3143. [PMID: 28819014 PMCID: PMC5626527 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201607111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin A2 is a crucial mitotic Cdk regulatory partner that coordinates entry into mitosis and is then destroyed in prometaphase within minutes of nuclear envelope breakdown. The role of cyclin A2 in female meiosis and its dynamics during the transition from meiosis I (MI) to meiosis II (MII) remain unclear. We found that cyclin A2 decreases in prometaphase I but recovers after the first meiotic division and persists, uniquely for metaphase, in MII-arrested oocytes. Conditional deletion of cyclin A2 from mouse oocytes has no discernible effect on MI but leads to disrupted MII spindles and increased merotelic attachments. On stimulation of exit from MII, there is a dramatic increase in lagging chromosomes and an inhibition of cytokinesis. These defects are associated with an increase in microtubule stability in MII spindles, suggesting that cyclin A2 mediates the fidelity of MII by maintaining microtubule dynamics during the rapid formation of the MII spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Zhang
- Development and Stem Cell Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wai Shan Yuen
- Development and Stem Cell Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deepak Adhikari
- Development and Stem Cell Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Flegg
- Monash Academy for Cross and Interdisciplinary Mathematical Applications, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg FitzHarris
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ibtissem Nabti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, England, UK.,Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Petros Marangos
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, England, UK.,Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - John Carroll
- Development and Stem Cell Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, England, UK
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25
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Bergen DJM, Stevenson NL, Skinner REH, Stephens DJ, Hammond CL. The Golgi matrix protein giantin is required for normal cilia function in zebrafish. Biol Open 2017; 6:1180-1189. [PMID: 28546340 PMCID: PMC5576078 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi is essential for glycosylation of newly synthesised proteins including almost all cell-surface and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Giantin, encoded by the golgb1 gene, is a member of the golgin family of proteins that reside within the Golgi stack, but its function remains elusive. Loss of function of giantin in rats causes osteochondrodysplasia; knockout mice show milder defects, notably a cleft palate. In vitro, giantin has been implicated in Golgi organisation, biosynthetic trafficking, and ciliogenesis. Here we show that loss of function of giantin in zebrafish, using either morpholino or knockout techniques, causes defects in cilia function. Giantin morphants have fewer cilia in the neural tube and those remaining are longer. Mutants have the same number of cilia in the neural tube but these cilia are also elongated. Scanning electron microscopy shows that loss of giantin results in an accumulation of material at the ciliary tip, consistent with a loss of function of retrograde intraflagellar transport. Mutants show milder defects than morphants consistent with adaptation to loss of giantin. Summary: Morpholino knockdown of Golgb1/giantin leads to a severe cilopathy phenotype twinned with longer, misshapen cilia. Stable mutants have a very mild phenotype, indicative of compensation, but still have longer cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J M Bergen
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Roderick E H Skinner
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christina L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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26
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Abstract
Several recent studies in a number of model systems including zebrafish, Arabidopsis, and mouse have revealed phenotypic differences between knockouts (i.e., mutants) and knockdowns (e.g., antisense-treated animals). These differences have been attributed to a number of reasons including off-target effects of the antisense reagents. An alternative explanation was recently proposed based on a zebrafish study reporting that genetic compensation was observed in egfl7 mutant but not knockdown animals. Dosage compensation was first reported in Drosophila in 1932, and genetic compensation in response to a gene knockout was first reported in yeast in 1969. Since then, genetic compensation has been documented many times in a number of model organisms; however, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remains limited. In this review, we revisit studies reporting genetic compensation in higher eukaryotes and outline possible molecular mechanisms, which may include both transcriptional and posttranscriptional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. El-Brolosy
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Fremont R, Tewari A, Angueyra C, Khodakhah K. A role for cerebellum in the hereditary dystonia DYT1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28198698 PMCID: PMC5340526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT1 is a debilitating movement disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in torsinA. How these mutations cause dystonia remains unknown. Mouse models which have embryonically targeted torsinA have failed to recapitulate the dystonia seen in patients, possibly due to differential developmental compensation between rodents and humans. To address this issue, torsinA was acutely knocked down in select brain regions of adult mice using shRNAs. TorsinA knockdown in the cerebellum, but not in the basal ganglia, was sufficient to induce dystonia. In agreement with a potential developmental compensation for loss of torsinA in rodents, torsinA knockdown in the immature cerebellum failed to produce dystonia. Abnormal motor symptoms in knockdown animals were associated with irregular cerebellar output caused by changes in the intrinsic activity of both Purkinje cells and neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei. These data identify the cerebellum as the main site of dysfunction in DYT1, and offer new therapeutic targets. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22775.001 Dystonia is the third most common type of movement disorder after Parkinson’s disease and tremor. Patients with dystonia experience prolonged involuntary contractions of their muscles, often causing uncontrollable postures or repetitive movements. Almost thirty years ago, genetic studies revealed that a mutation in the gene that encodes a protein called torsinA causes the most common type of dystonia, called DYT1. Exactly how mutations that affect the torsinA protein give rise to DYT1 remains unclear, and there are still no effective treatments for the disorder. Part of the problem is that we do not fully understand how torsinA works, or which of its many proposed functions is relevant to dystonia. Moreover, attempts to study DYT1 using genetically modified mice have proved largely unsuccessful. This is because mice that simply express the same genetic mutations that cause dystonia in humans do not show the overt symptoms of dystonia. Fremont, Tewari et al. have now generated a mouse ‘model’ that does show symptoms of dystonia, and used these model mice to investigate the role of torsinA in the disorder. Acutely reducing the amount of torsinA protein in a region of the brain called the cerebellum induced the symptoms of dystonia in the mice. Conversely, reducing the amount of torsinA in a different brain area known as the basal ganglia had no such effect, even though both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia contribute to movement. Furthermore, neither manipulation had any effect in juvenile mice, which suggests that, in contrast to humans, young mice can compensate for the loss of torsinA. Fremont, Tewari et al. also found that the loss of torsinA causes the cerebellum to generate incorrect output signals, which in turn trigger the abnormal movements seen in dystonia. In the future, further studies of the model mice could identify the exact changes that occur in neurons following the loss of torsinA from the cerebellum. Understanding these changes could potentially pave the way for developing effective treatments for DYT1 and other dystonias. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22775.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fremont
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Chantal Angueyra
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
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28
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Housden BE, Muhar M, Gemberling M, Gersbach CA, Stainier DYR, Seydoux G, Mohr SE, Zuber J, Perrimon N. Loss-of-function genetic tools for animal models: cross-species and cross-platform differences. Nat Rev Genet 2016; 18:24-40. [PMID: 27795562 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that underlie biological processes has relied extensively on loss-of-function (LOF) analyses. LOF methods target DNA, RNA or protein to reduce or to ablate gene function. By analysing the phenotypes that are caused by these perturbations the wild-type function of genes can be elucidated. Although all LOF methods reduce gene activity, the choice of approach (for example, mutagenesis, CRISPR-based gene editing, RNA interference, morpholinos or pharmacological inhibition) can have a major effect on phenotypic outcomes. Interpretation of the LOF phenotype must take into account the biological process that is targeted by each method. The practicality and efficiency of LOF methods also vary considerably between model systems. We describe parameters for choosing the optimal combination of method and system, and for interpreting phenotypes within the constraints of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Housden
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Muhar
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Matthew Gemberling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 43 Ludwigstrasse, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Geraldine Seydoux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Stephanie E Mohr
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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29
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Daude N, Gapeshina H, Dong B, Winship I, Westaway D. Neuroprotective properties of the PrP-like Shadoo glycoprotein assessed in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia. Prion 2016; 9:376-93. [PMID: 26516793 PMCID: PMC4964864 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical similarities have been noted between the natively unstructured region of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, and a GPI-linked glycoprotein called Shadoo (Sho); these proteins are encoded by the Prnp and Sprn genes, respectively. Both proteins are expressed in the adult central nervous system and they share overlapping partners, including each other, in interactome studies. As prior studies have ascribed neuroprotective properties to the N-terminal region of PrPC, specifically the octarepeat region, we investigated Sho's neuroprotective properties. To this end we assessed Sho-null (Sprn0/0) and hemizygous (Sprn0/+) mice in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model versus wild type mice and also vs. transgene-rescued Sprn0/0-TgSprn mice. Sprn0/0 mice had a tendency to greater fragility in reaching endpoint and deficits in parameters including infarct volume and neurogenesis, with a reciprocal trend noted in transgene-rescued mice; however these effects did not reach significance. Loss of both PrPC and Sho immunostaining occurred in parallel to neuronal loss on the ipsilateral side of MCAO-lesioned animals; while focal elevations in immunostaining in the penumbra region were sometimes evident for PrPC, they were not noted for Sho. Our studies argue against discernible neuroprotective action of Sho in the genetic backgrounds used for this MCAO paradigm. Whether or not the positively charged N-terminal regions in Sho and PrPC fulfil different roles in vivo remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Daude
- a Center for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta ; Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - Hristina Gapeshina
- a Center for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta ; Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - Bin Dong
- b Neurochemical Research Unit; University of Alberta ; Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - Ian Winship
- b Neurochemical Research Unit; University of Alberta ; Edmonton , AB , Canada
| | - David Westaway
- a Center for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta ; Edmonton , AB , Canada
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30
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Nyeste A, Bencsura P, Vida I, Hegyi Z, Homolya L, Fodor E, Welker E. Expression of the Prion Protein Family Member Shadoo Causes Drug Hypersensitivity That Is Diminished by the Coexpression of the Wild Type Prion Protein. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4473-86. [PMID: 26721882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) seems to exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic activities. The toxic activities are associated with the C-terminal globular parts in the absence of the flexible N terminus, specifically the hydrophobic domain (HD) or the central region (CR). The wild type prion protein (PrP-WT), having an intact flexible part, exhibits neuroprotective qualities by virtue of diminishing many of the cytotoxic effects of these mutant prion proteins (PrPΔHD and PrPΔCR) when coexpressed. The prion protein family member Doppel, which possesses a three-dimensional fold similar to the C-terminal part of PrP, is also harmful to neuronal and other cells in various models, a phenotype that can also be eliminated by the coexpression of PrP-WT. In contrast, another prion protein family member, Shadoo (Sho), a natively disordered protein possessing structural features similar to the flexible N-terminal tail of PrP, exhibits PrP-WT-like protective properties. Here, we report that, contrary to expectations, Sho expression in SH-SY5Y or HEK293 cells induces the same toxic phenotype of drug hypersensitivity as PrPΔCR. This effect is exhibited in a dose-dependent manner and is also counteracted by the coexpression of PrP-WT. The opposing effects of Shadoo in different model systems revealed here may be explored to help discern the relationship of the various toxic activities of mutant PrPs with each other and the neurotoxic effects seen in neurodegenerative diseases, such as transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Nyeste
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petra Bencsura
- the Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, and
| | - István Vida
- the Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, and the Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- the Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, and
| | - László Homolya
- the Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, and
| | - Elfrieda Fodor
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ervin Welker
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary, the Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary, and
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31
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Daude N, Lee I, Kim TK, Janus C, Glaves JP, Gapeshina H, Yang J, Sykes BD, Carlson GA, Hood LE, Westaway D. A Common Phenotype Polymorphism in Mammalian Brains Defined by Concomitant Production of Prolactin and Growth Hormone. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149410. [PMID: 26894278 PMCID: PMC4760942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH) are separately controlled and sub-serve different purposes. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that extra-pituitary expression in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is coordinated at mRNA and protein levels. However this was not a uniform effect within populations, such that wide inter-individual variation was superimposed on coordinate PRL/GH expression. Up to 44% of individuals in healthy cohorts of mice and rats showed protein levels above the norm and coordinated expression of PRL and GH transcripts above baseline occurred in the amygdala, frontal lobe and hippocampus of 10% of human subjects. High levels of PRL and GH present in post mortem tissue were often presaged by altered responses in fear conditioning and stress induced hyperthermia behavioral tests. Our data define a common phenotype polymorphism in healthy mammalian brains, and, given the pleiotropic effects known for circulating PRL and GH, further consequences of coordinated CNS over-expression may await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Daude
- Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Inyoul Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States of America
| | - Taek-Kyun Kim
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States of America
| | - Christopher Janus
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States of America
| | - John Paul Glaves
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hristina Gapeshina
- Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brian D. Sykes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - George A. Carlson
- Mclaughlin Research Institute, 1520 23rd Street South, Great Falls, MT, 59405, United States of America
| | - Leroy E. Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Ave North, Seattle, WA, 98109, United States of America
| | - David Westaway
- Center for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Mclaughlin Research Institute, 1520 23rd Street South, Great Falls, MT, 59405, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Allais-Bonnet A, Castille J, Pannetier M, Passet B, Elzaïat M, André M, Montazer-Torbati F, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Vilotte JL, Pailhoux E. A specific role for PRND in goat foetal Leydig cells is suggested by prion family gene expression during gonad development in goats and mice. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:4-15. [PMID: 27047737 PMCID: PMC4794797 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three genes of the prion protein gene family are expressed in gonads. Comparative analyses of their expression patterns in mice and goats revealed constant expression of PRNP and SPRN in both species and in both male and female gonads, but with a weaker expression of SPRN. By contrast, expression of PRND was found to be sex‐dimorphic, in agreement with its role in spermatogenesis. More importantly, our study revealed that PRND seems to be a key marker of foetal Leydig cells specifically in goats, suggesting a yet unknown role for its encoded protein Doppel during gonadal differentiation in nonrodent mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Allais-Bonnet
- Biologie du Développement et Reproduction INRA, UMR 1198 Jouy-en-Josas France; ALLICE Paris France
| | - Johan Castille
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative INRA, UMR 1313 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Maëlle Pannetier
- Biologie du Développement et Reproduction INRA, UMR 1198 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Bruno Passet
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative INRA, UMR 1313 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Maëva Elzaïat
- Biologie du Développement et Reproduction INRA, UMR 1198 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Marjolaine André
- Biologie du Développement et Reproduction INRA, UMR 1198 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative INRA, UMR 1313 Jouy-en-Josas France
| | - Eric Pailhoux
- Biologie du Développement et Reproduction INRA, UMR 1198 Jouy-en-Josas France
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33
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Prion Infectivity Plateaus and Conversion to Symptomatic Disease Originate from Falling Precursor Levels and Increased Levels of Oligomeric PrPSc Species. J Virol 2015; 89:12418-26. [PMID: 26423957 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02142-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In lethal prion neurodegenerative diseases, misfolded prion proteins (PrP(Sc)) replicate by redirecting the folding of the cellular prion glycoprotein (PrP(C)). Infections of different durations can have a subclinical phase with constant levels of infectious particles, but the mechanisms underlying this plateau and a subsequent exit to overt clinical disease are unknown. Using tandem biophysical techniques, we show that attenuated accumulation of infectious particles in presymptomatic disease is preceded by a progressive fall in PrP(C) level, which constricts replication rate and thereby causes the plateau effect. Furthermore, disease symptoms occurred at the threshold associated with increasing levels of small, relatively less protease-resistant oligomeric prion particles (oPrP(Sc)). Although a hypothetical lethal isoform of PrP cannot be excluded, our data argue that diminishing residual PrP(C) levels and continuously increasing levels of oPrP(Sc) are crucial determinants in the transition from presymptomatic to symptomatic prion disease. IMPORTANCE Prions are infectious agents that cause lethal brain diseases; they arise from misfolding of a cell surface protein, PrP(C) to a form called PrP(Sc). Prion infections can have long latencies even though there is no protective immune response. Accumulation of infectious prion particles has been suggested to always reach the same plateau in the brain during latent periods, with clinical disease only occurring when hypothetical toxic forms (called PrP(L) or TPrP) begin to accumulate. We show here that infectivity plateaus arise because PrP(C) precursor levels become downregulated and that the duration of latent periods can be accounted for by the level of residual PrP(C), which transduces a toxic effect, along with the amount of oligomeric forms of PrP(Sc).
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34
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Rossi A, Kontarakis Z, Gerri C, Nolte H, Hölper S, Krüger M, Stainier DYR. Genetic compensation induced by deleterious mutations but not gene knockdowns. Nature 2015; 524:230-3. [PMID: 26168398 DOI: 10.1038/nature14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Ciric D, Richard CA, Moudjou M, Chapuis J, Sibille P, Daude N, Westaway D, Adrover M, Béringue V, Martin D, Rezaei H. Interaction between Shadoo and PrP Affects the PrP-Folding Pathway. J Virol 2015; 89:6287-93. [PMID: 25855735 PMCID: PMC4474288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03429-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prion diseases are characterized by conformational changes of a cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a β-sheet-enriched and aggregated conformer (PrP(Sc)). Shadoo (Sho), a member of the prion protein family, is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and is highly conserved among vertebrates. On the basis of histoanatomical colocalization and sequence similarities, it is suspected that Sho and PrP may be functionally related. The downregulation of Sho expression during prion pathology and the direct interaction between Sho and PrP, as revealed by two-hybrid analysis, suggest a relationship between Sho and prion replication. Using biochemical and biophysical approaches, we demonstrate that Sho forms a 1:1 complex with full-length PrP with a dissociation constant in the micromolar range, and this interaction consequently modifies the PrP-folding pathway. Using a truncated PrP that mimics the C-terminal C1 fragment, an allosteric binding behavior with a Hill number of 4 was observed, suggesting that at least a tetramerization state occurs. A cell-based prion titration assay performed with different concentrations of Sho revealed an increase in the PrP(Sc) conversion rate in the presence of Sho. Collectively, our observations suggest that Sho can affect the prion replication process by (i) acting as a holdase and (ii) interfering with the dominant-negative inhibitor effect of the C1 fragment. IMPORTANCE Since the inception of the prion theory, the search for a cofactor involved in the conversion process has been an active field of research. Although the PrP interactome presents a broad landscape, candidates corresponding to specific criteria for cofactors are currently missing. Here, we describe for the first time that Sho can affect PrP structural dynamics and therefore increase the prion conversion rate. A biochemical characterization of Sho-PrP indicates that Sho acts as an ATP-independent holdase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Ciric
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mohammed Moudjou
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérôme Chapuis
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Sibille
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Daude
- University of Alberta, Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Westaway
- University of Alberta, Centre for Prion and Protein Folding Diseases, Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miguel Adrover
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Vincent Béringue
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Davy Martin
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Human Rezaei
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Pathological Macro-Assemblies and Prion Pathology Group (MAP), UR892, Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Sakudo A, Onodera T. Prion protein (PrP) gene-knockout cell lines: insight into functions of the PrP. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 2:75. [PMID: 25642423 PMCID: PMC4295555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of prion protein (PrP) functions is crucial to fully understand prion diseases. A major approach to studying PrP functions is the use of PrP gene-knockout (Prnp (-/-)) mice. So far, six types of Prnp (-/-) mice have been generated, demonstrating the promiscuous functions of PrP. Recently, other PrP family members, such as Doppel and Shadoo, have been found. However, information obtained from comparative studies of structural and functional analyses of these PrP family proteins do not fully reveal PrP functions. Recently, varieties of Prnp (-/-) cell lines established from Prnp (-/-) mice have contributed to the analysis of PrP functions. In this mini-review, we focus on Prnp (-/-) cell lines and summarize currently available Prnp (-/-) cell lines and their characterizations. In addition, we introduce the recent advances in the methodology of cell line generation with knockout or knockdown of the PrP gene. We also discuss how these cell lines have provided valuable insights into PrP functions and show future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus Nishihara, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Li S, Ju C, Han C, Li Z, Liu W, Ye X, Xu J, Xulong L, Wang X, Chen Z, Meng K, Wan J. Unchanged survival rates of Shadoo knockout mice after infection with mouse-adapted scrapie. Prion 2014; 8:339-43. [PMID: 25495671 DOI: 10.4161/19336896.2014.971574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Shadoo (Sho), a GPI-linked glycoprotein encoded by the Sprn gene with a membrane localization similar to PrP(C), is reduced in the brains of rodents with terminal prion disease. To determine the functional significance of Sho in prion disease pathogenesis, Sho-deficient mice were generated by gene targeting. Sho knockout and control wild-type (WT) mice were infected with themouse-adapted scrapie strains 22L or RML. No significant differences in survival, the incubation period of prion disease or other disease features were observed between Sho mutant and WT mice. In this model of prion disease, Sho removal had no effect on disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- a Institute of Military Veterinary; Academy of Military Medical Science ; Changchun , China
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38
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Halliez S, Passet B, Martin-Lannerée S, Hernandez-Rapp J, Laude H, Mouillet-Richard S, Vilotte JL, Béringue V. To develop with or without the prion protein. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:58. [PMID: 25364763 PMCID: PMC4207017 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The deletion of the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) in mouse, goat, and cattle has no drastic phenotypic consequence. This stands in apparent contradiction with PrPC quasi-ubiquitous expression and conserved primary and tertiary structures in mammals, and its pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases such as prion and Alzheimer's diseases. In zebrafish embryos, depletion of PrP ortholog leads to a severe loss-of-function phenotype. This raises the question of a potential role of PrPC in the development of all vertebrates. This view is further supported by the early expression of the PrPC encoding gene (Prnp) in many tissues of the mouse embryo, the transient disruption of a broad number of cellular pathways in early Prnp−/− mouse embryos, and a growing body of evidence for PrPC involvement in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in various types of mammalian stem cells and progenitors. Finally, several studies in both zebrafish embryos and in mammalian cells and tissues in formation support a role for PrPC in cell adhesion, extra-cellular matrix interactions and cytoskeleton. In this review, we summarize and compare the different models used to decipher PrPC functions at early developmental stages during embryo- and organo-genesis and discuss their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Halliez
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Passet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France
| | - Julia Hernandez-Rapp
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S1124 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Allais-Bonnet A, Pailhoux E. Role of the prion protein family in the gonads. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:56. [PMID: 25364761 PMCID: PMC4207050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prion-gene family comprises four members named PRNP (PRPc), PRND (Doppel), PRNT (PRT), and SPRN (Shadoo). According to species, PRND is located 16–52 kb downstream from the PRNP locus, whereas SPRN is located on another chromosome. The fourth prion-family gene, PRNT, belongs to the same genomic cluster as PRNP and PRND in humans and bovidae. PRNT and PRND possibly resulted from a duplication event of PRND and PRNP, respectively, that occurred early during eutherian species divergence. Although most of the studies concerning the prion-family has been done on PRPc and its involvement in transmissible neurodegenerative disorders, different works report some potential roles of these proteins in the reproductive function of both sexes. Among them, a clear role of PRND, that encodes for the Doppel protein, in male fertility has been demonstrated through gene targeting studies in mice. In other species, Doppel seems to play a role in testis and ovary development but its cellular localization is variable according to the gonadal developmental stage and to the mammalian species considered. For the other three genes, their roles in reproductive function appear ill-defined and/or controversial. The present review aimed to synthesize all the available data on these prion-family members and their relations with reproductive processes, mainly in the gonad of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Allais-Bonnet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Pailhoux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Makzhami S, Passet B, Halliez S, Castille J, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Duchesne A, Vilotte M, Laude H, Mouillet-Richard S, Béringue V, Vaiman D, Vilotte JL. The prion protein family: a view from the placenta. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:35. [PMID: 25364742 PMCID: PMC4207016 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on its developmental pattern of expression, early studies suggested the implication of the mammalian Prion protein PrP, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored ubiquitously expressed and evolutionary conserved glycoprotein encoded by the Prnp gene, in early embryogenesis. However, gene invalidation in several species did not result in obvious developmental abnormalities and it was only recently that it was associated in mice with intra-uterine growth retardation and placental dysfunction. A proposed explanation for this lack of easily detectable developmental-related phenotype is the existence in the genome of one or more gene (s) able to compensate for the absence of PrP. Indeed, two other members of the Prnp gene family have been recently described, Doppel and Shadoo, and the consequences of their invalidation alongside that of PrP tested in mice. No embryonic defect was observed in mice depleted for Doppel and PrP. Interestingly, the co-invalidation of PrP and Shadoo in two independent studies led to apparently conflicting observations, with no apparent consequences in one report and the observation of a developmental defect of the ectoplacental cone that leads to early embryonic lethality in the other. This short review aims at summarizing these recent, apparently conflicting data highlighting the related biological questions and associated implications in terms of animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Makzhami
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Passet
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Halliez
- INRA, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Amandine Duchesne
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marthe Vilotte
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hubert Laude
- INRA, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM, UMR-S1124 Signalisation et Physiopathologie Neurologique, Université Paris Descartes Paris, France
| | - Vincent Béringue
- INRA, U892 Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- Faculté Paris Descartes, UMR8104 CNRS, U1016 INSERM, Institut Cochin Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Vilotte
- INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative Jouy-en-Josas, France
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41
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Wang S, Zhao H, Zhang Y. Advances in research on Shadoo, shadow of prion protein. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mays CE, Kim C, Haldiman T, van der Merwe J, Lau A, Yang J, Grams J, Di Bari MA, Nonno R, Telling GC, Kong Q, Langeveld J, McKenzie D, Westaway D, Safar JG. Prion disease tempo determined by host-dependent substrate reduction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:847-58. [PMID: 24430187 DOI: 10.1172/jci72241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of prion infection can take years or decades to manifest following the initial exposure. Molecular markers of prion disease include accumulation of the misfolded prion protein (PrPSc), which is derived from its cellular precursor (PrPC), as well as downregulation of the PrP-like Shadoo (Sho) glycoprotein. Given the overlapping cellular environments for PrPC and Sho, we inferred that PrPC levels might also be altered as part of a host response during prion infection. Using rodent models, we found that, in addition to changes in PrPC glycosylation and proteolytic processing, net reductions in PrPC occur in a wide range of prion diseases, including sheep scrapie, human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and cervid chronic wasting disease. The reduction in PrPC results in decreased prion replication, as measured by the protein misfolding cyclic amplification technique for generating PrPSc in vitro. While PrPC downregulation is not discernible in animals with unusually short incubation periods and high PrPC expression, slowly evolving prion infections exhibit downregulation of the PrPC substrate required for new PrPSc synthesis and as a receptor for pathogenic signaling. Our data reveal PrPC downregulation as a previously unappreciated element of disease pathogenesis that defines the extensive, presymptomatic period for many prion strains.
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Mays CE, Coomaraswamy J, Watts JC, Yang J, Ko KW, Strome B, Mercer RC, Wohlgemuth SL, Schmitt-Ulms G, Westaway D. Endoproteolytic processing of the mammalian prion glycoprotein family. FEBS J 2013; 281:862-76. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | | | - Joel C. Watts
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Kerry W.S. Ko
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Bob Strome
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Robert C.C. Mercer
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Serene L. Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
- Division of Neurology; Department of Biochemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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Llorens F, Ferrer I, del Río JA. Gene expression resulting from PrPC ablation and PrPC overexpression in murine and cellular models. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:413-23. [PMID: 23949728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) plays a key role in prion diseases when it converts to the pathogenic form scrapie prion protein. Increasing knowledge of its participation in prion infection contrasts with the elusive and controversial data regarding its physiological role probably related to its pleiotropy, cell-specific functions, and cellular-specific milieu. Multiple approaches have been made to the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms and cellular functions modulated by PrP(C) at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Gene expression analyses have been made in several mouse and cellular models with regulated expression of PrP(C) resulting in PrP(C) ablation or PrP(C) overexpression. These analyses support previous functional data and have yielded clues about new potential functions. However, experiments on animal models have shown moderate and varied results which are difficult to interpret. Moreover, studies in cell cultures correlate little with in vivo counterparts. Yet, both animal and cell models have provided some insights on how to proceed in the future by using more refined methods and selected functional experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bellvitge-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain,
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45
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Miranda A, Ramos-Ibeas P, Pericuesta E, Ramirez MA, Gutierrez-Adan A. The role of prion protein in stem cell regulation. Reproduction 2013; 146:R91-9. [PMID: 23740082 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) has been well described as an essential partner of prion diseases due to the existence of a pathological conformation (PrP(Sc)). Recently, it has also been demonstrated that PrP(C) is an important element of the pluripotency and self-renewal matrix, with an increasing amount of evidence pointing in this direction. Here, we review the data that demonstrate its role in the transcriptional regulation of pluripotency, in the differentiation of stem cells into different lineages (e.g. muscle and neurons), in embryonic development, and its involvement in reproductive cells. Also highlighted are recent results from our laboratory that describe an important regulation by PrP(C) of the major pluripotency gene Nanog. Together, these data support the appearance of new strategies to control stemness, which could represent an important advance in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miranda
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Avenida Puerta de Hierro no. 12, Local 10, Madrid 28040, Spain
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46
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Fleisch VC, Leighton PLA, Wang H, Pillay LM, Ritzel RG, Bhinder G, Roy B, Tierney KB, Ali DW, Waskiewicz AJ, Allison WT. Targeted mutation of the gene encoding prion protein in zebrafish reveals a conserved role in neuron excitability. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 55:11-25. [PMID: 23523635 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in healthy brains remains poorly understood, in part because Prnp knockout mice are viable. On the other hand, transient knockdown of Prnp homologs in zebrafish (including two paralogs, prp1 and prp2) has suggested that PrP(C) is required for CNS development, cell adhesion, and neuroprotection. It has been argued that zebrafish Prp2 is most similar to mammalian PrP(C), yet it has remained intransigent to the most thorough confirmations of reagent specificity during knockdown. Thus we investigated the role of prp2 using targeted gene disruption via zinc finger nucleases. Prp2(-/-) zebrafish were viable and did not display overt developmental phenotypes. Back-crossing female prp2(-/-) fish ruled out a role for maternal mRNA contributions. Prp2(-/-) larvae were found to have increased seizure-like behavior following exposure to the convulsant pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), as compared to wild type fish. In situ recordings from intact hindbrains demonstrated that prp2 regulates closing of N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, concomitant with neuroprotection during glutamate excitotoxicity. Overall, the knockout of Prp2 function in zebrafish independently confirmed hypothesized roles for PrP, identifying deeply conserved functions in post-developmental regulation of neuron excitability that are consequential to the etiology of prion and Alzheimer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C Fleisch
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Tóth E, Kulcsár PI, Fodor E, Ayaydin F, Kalmár L, Borsy AÉ, László L, Welker E. The highly conserved, N-terminal (RXXX)8 motif of mouse Shadoo mediates nuclear accumulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1199-211. [PMID: 23360978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP)-known for its central role in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies-has been reported to possess two nuclear localization signals and localize in the nuclei of certain cells in various forms. Although these data are superficially contradictory, it is apparent that nuclear forms of the prion protein can be found in cells in either the healthy or the diseased state. Here we report that Shadoo (Sho)-a member of the prion protein superfamily-is also found in the nucleus of several neural and non-neural cell lines as visualized by using an YFP-Sho construct. This nuclear localization is mediated by the (25-61) fragment of mouse Sho encompassing an (RXXX)8 motif. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the (RXXX)n motif (n=7-8) is a highly conserved and characteristic part of mammalian Shadoo proteins. Experiments to assess if Sho enters the nucleus by facilitated transport gave no decisive results: the inhibition of active processes that require energy in the cell, abolishes nuclear but not nucleolar accumulation. However, the (RXXX)8 motif is not able to mediate the nuclear transport of large fusion constructs exceeding the size limit of the nuclear pore for passive entry. Tracing the journey of various forms of Sho from translation to the nucleus and discerning the potential nuclear function of PrP and Sho requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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Passet B, Halliez S, Béringue V, Laude H, Vilotte JL. The prion protein family: looking outside the central nervous system. Prion 2012; 7:127-30. [PMID: 23154632 PMCID: PMC3609118 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pivotal implication of the host-encoded Prion protein, PrP, in the neuropathology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy is known for decades, its biological role remains mostly elusive. Genetic inactivation is one way to assess such issue but, so far, PrP-knockout mice did not help much. However, recent reports involving (1) further studies of these mice during embryogenesis, (2) knockdown experiments in Zebrafish and (3) knockdown of Shadoo, a protein with PrP-like functional domains, in PrP-knockout mice, all suggested a role of the Prion protein family in early embryogenesis. This view is challenged by the recent report that PrP/Shadoo knockout mice are healthy and fertile. Although puzzling, these apparently contradictory data may on the contrary help at deciphering the Prion protein family role through focusing scientific attention outside the central nervous system and by helping the identification of other loci involved in the genetic robustness associated with PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Passet
- UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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49
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Abstract
The human cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored membrane glycoprotein with two N-glycosylation sites at residues 181 and 197. This protein migrates in several bands by Western blot analysis (WB). Interestingly, PNGase F treatment of human brain homogenates prior to the WB, which is known to remove the N-glycosylations, unexpectedly gives rise to two dominant bands, which are now known as C-terminal (C1) and N-terminal (N1) fragments. This resembles the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer disease (AD), which can be physiologically processed by α-, β-, and γ-secretases. The processing of APP has been extensively studied, while the identity of the cellular proteases involved in the proteolysis of PrP(C) and their possible role in prion biology has remained limited and controversial. Nevertheless, there is a strong correlation between the neurotoxicity caused by prion proteins and the blockade of their normal proteolysis. For example, expression of non-cleavable PrP(C) mutants in transgenic mice generates neurotoxicity, even in the absence of infectious prions, suggesting that PrP(C) proteolysis is physiologically and pathologically important. As many mouse models of prion diseases have recently been developed and the knowledge about the proteases responsible for the PrP(C) proteolysis is accumulating, we examine the historical experimental evidence and highlight recent studies that shed new light on this issue.
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50
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Lau A, Mays CE, Genovesi S, Westaway D. RGG repeats of PrP-like Shadoo protein bind nucleic acids. Biochemistry 2012; 51:9029-31. [PMID: 23121093 DOI: 10.1021/bi301395w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Shadoo (Sho) is a central nervous system glycoprotein with characteristics similar to those of the cellular prion protein PrP(C), each containing a highly conserved hydrophobic domain (HD) and an N-terminal repeat region. Whereas PrP(C) includes histidine-containing octarepeats, the Sho region N-terminal to the HD includes tandem positively charged "RGG boxes", predicted to bind RNA. Here, we demonstrate that Sho binds DNA and RNA in vitro via this arginine-rich region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Lau
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8, Canada
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