1
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Elsayed NS, Wolfe AJ, Burk RD. Urine microbiome in individuals with an impaired immune system. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1308665. [PMID: 38274734 PMCID: PMC10808152 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1308665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of next generation sequencing, it is now appreciated that human urine is not sterile. Recent investigations of the urinary microbiome (urobiome) have provided insights into several urological diseases. Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as non-optimal urine microbiome composition, has been observed in many disorders; however, it is not clear whether this dysbiosis is the cause of urinary tract disorders or a consequence. In addition, immunologically altered disorders are associated with higher rates of urinary tract infections. These disorders include immunoproliferative and immunodeficiency diseases, cancer, and immunosuppressant therapy in transplant recipients. In this review, we examine the current state of knowledge of the urobiome in immunologically altered diseases, its composition and metabolomic consequences. We conclude that more data are required to describe the urobiome in immune altered states, knowledge that could facilitate understanding the role of the urobiome and its pathophysiological effects on urinary tract infections and other disorders of the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha S. Elsayed
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Alan J. Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Epidemiology and Population Health, and Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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2
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Wong P, Cina DP, Sherwood KR, Fenninger F, Sapir-Pichhadze R, Polychronakos C, Lan J, Keown PA. Clinical application of immune repertoire sequencing in solid organ transplant. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100479. [PMID: 36865546 PMCID: PMC9971933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of T cell receptor (TCR) or B cell receptor (BCR) gene utilization may be valuable in monitoring the dynamic changes in donor-reactive clonal populations following transplantation and enabling adjustment in therapy to avoid the consequences of excess immune suppression or to prevent rejection with contingent graft damage and to indicate the development of tolerance. Objective We performed a review of current literature to examine research in immune repertoire sequencing in organ transplantation and to assess the feasibility of this technology for clinical application in immune monitoring. Methods We searched MEDLINE and PubMed Central for English-language studies published between 2010 and 2021 that examined T cell/B cell repertoire dynamics upon immune activation. Manual filtering of the search results was performed based on relevancy and predefined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted based on study and methodology characteristics. Results Our initial search yielded 1933 articles of which 37 met the inclusion criteria; 16 of these were kidney transplant studies (43%) and 21 were other or general transplantation studies (57%). The predominant method for repertoire characterization was sequencing the CDR3 region of the TCR β chain. Repertoires of transplant recipients were found to have decreased diversity in both rejectors and non-rejectors when compared to healthy controls. Rejectors and those with opportunistic infections were more likely to have clonal expansion in T or B cell populations. Mixed lymphocyte culture followed by TCR sequencing was used in 6 studies to define an alloreactive repertoire and in specialized transplant settings to track tolerance. Conclusion Methodological approaches to immune repertoire sequencing are becoming established and offer considerable potential as a novel clinical tool for pre- and post-transplant immune monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paaksum Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Davide P Cina
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen R Sherwood
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Franz Fenninger
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ruth Sapir-Pichhadze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Department of Pediatrics, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and the Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James Lan
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul A Keown
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Louis K, Macedo C, Lefaucheur C, Metes D. Adaptive immune cell responses as therapeutic targets in antibody-mediated organ rejection. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:237-250. [PMID: 35093288 PMCID: PMC8882148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Humoral alloimmunity of organ transplant recipient to donor can lead to antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), causing thousands of organ transplants to fail each year worldwide. However, the mechanisms of adaptive immune cell responses at the basis of humoral alloimmunity have not been entirely understood. In this review, we discuss how recent investigations have uncovered the key contributions of T follicular helper (TFH) and B cells and their coordinated actions in driving donor-specific antibody generation and immune progression towards ABMR. We show how recognition of the role of TFH-B cell interactions may allow the elaboration of improved clinical strategies for immune monitoring and the identification of novel therapeutic targets to tackle ABMR that will ultimately improve organ transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 970, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organ transplantation research has led to the discovery of several interesting individual mechanistic pathways, molecules and potential drug targets but there are still no comprehensive studies that have addressed how these varied mechanisms work in unison to regulate the posttransplant immune response that drives kidney rejection and dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS Systems biology is a rapidly expanding field that aims to integrate existing knowledge of molecular concepts and large-scale genomic and clinical datasets into networks that can be used in cutting edge computational models to define disease mechanisms in a holistic manner. Systems biology approaches have brought a paradigm shift from a reductionist view of biology to a wider agnostic assessment of disease from several lines of evidence. Although the complex nature of the posttransplant immune response makes it difficult to pinpoint mechanisms, systems biology is enabling discovery of unknown biological interactions using the cumulative power of genomic data sets, clinical data and endpoints, and improved computational methods for the systematic deconvolution of this response. SUMMARY An integrative systems biology approach that leverages genomic data from varied technologies, such as DNA sequencing, copy number variation, RNA sequencing, and methylation profiles along with long-term clinical follow-up data has the potential to define a framework that can be mined to provide novel insights for developing therapeutic interventions in organ transplantation.
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5
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Louis K, Bailly E, Macedo C, Lau L, Ramaswami B, Chang A, Chandran U, Landsittel D, Gu X, Chalasani G, Zeevi A, Randhawa P, Singh H, Lefaucheur C, Metes D. T-bet+CD27+CD21- B cells poised for plasma cell differentiation during antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplants. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148881. [PMID: 34032636 PMCID: PMC8262465 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloimmune responses driven by donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) can lead to antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) in organ transplantation. Yet, the cellular states underlying alloreactive B cell responses and the molecular components controlling them remain unclear. Using high-dimensional profiling of B cells in a cohort of 96 kidney transplant recipients, we identified expanded numbers of CD27+CD21– activated memory (AM) B cells that expressed the transcription factor T-bet in patients who developed DSAs and progressed to ABMR. Notably, AM cells were less frequent in DSA+ABMR– patients and at baseline levels in DSA– patients. RNA-Seq analysis of AM cells in patients undergoing ABMR revealed these cells to be poised for plasma cell differentiation and to express restricted IGHV sequences reflective of clonal expansion. In addition to T-bet, AM cells manifested elevated expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 and Blimp1, and upon coculture with autologous T follicular helper cells, differentiated into DSA-producing plasma cells in an IL-21–dependent manner. The frequency of AM cells was correlated with the timing and severity of ABMR manifestations. Importantly, T-bet+ AM cells were detected within kidney allografts along with their restricted IGHV sequences. This study delineates a pivotal role for AM cells in promoting humoral responses and ABMR in organ transplantation and highlights them as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Human Immunology and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bailly
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Human Immunology and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis Lau
- Center for Systems Immunology.,Department of Immunology
| | - Bala Ramaswami
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xinyan Gu
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology
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6
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Salvadori M, Tsalouchos A. Microbiota, renal disease and renal transplantation. World J Transplant 2021; 11:16-36. [PMID: 33816144 PMCID: PMC8009061 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v11.i3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of this frontier review has been to highlight the role of microbiota in healthy subjects and in patients affected by renal diseases with particular reference to renal transplantation. The microbiota has a relevant role in conditioning the healthy status and the diseases. In particular gut microbiota is essential in the metabolism of food and has a relevant role for its relationship with the immune system. The indigenous microbiota in patients with chronic renal failure is completely different than that of the healthy subjects and pathobionts appear. This abnormality in microbiota composition is called dysbiosis and may cause a rapid deterioration of the renal function both for activating the immune system and producing large quantity of uremic toxins. Similarly, after renal trans-plantation the microbiota changes with the appearance of pathobionts, principally in the first period because of the assumption of immunosuppressive drugs and antibiotics. These changes may deeply interfere with the graft outcome causing acute rejection, renal infections, diarrhea, and renal interstitial fibrosis. In addition, change in the microbiota may modify the metabolism of immuno-suppressive drugs causing in some patients the need of modifying the immunosuppressant dosing. The restoration of the indigenous microbiota after transplantation is important, either to avoiding the complications that impair the normal renal graft, and because recent studies have documented the role of an indigenous microbiota in inducing tolerance towards the graft. The use of prebiotics, probiotics, smart bacteria and diet modification may restore the indigenous microbiota, but these studies are just at their beginning and more data are needed to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Salvadori
- Department of Transplantation Renal Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Aris Tsalouchos
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Saints Cosmas and Damian Hospital, Pescia 51017, Italy
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7
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Durlik-Popińska K, Żarnowiec P, Lechowicz Ł, Gawęda J, Kaca W. Antibodies Isolated from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients against Lysine-Containing Proteus mirabilis O3 (S1959) Lipopolysaccharide May React with Collagen Type I. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249635. [PMID: 33348817 PMCID: PMC7767033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are characterized by immune disorders that affect antibody activity. In the present study, using Dot blot and ELISA assay, we showed that patients with rheumatic disease produced significantly more antibodies against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) P. mirabilis O3 compared to healthy donors (p < 0.05), and affinity purified antibodies against LPS O3 may cross-react with collagen type I. It was demonstrated that purified of antibodies isolated from RA patients sera, reacted stronger with the collagen than healthy donors (p = 0.015), and cross-reaction was correlated with level of anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (r = 0.7, p = 0.003). Moreover, using six different lipopolysaccharides were demonstrated the significant correlations in sera reactivity among lysine-containing lipopolysaccharides observed in patients’ sera (p < 0.05). Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) it was shown that unique wavenumbers of sera spectra correlate with reactivity with lipopolysaccharides allowing distinguish patients from healthy blood donors. Antibodies adsorption by synthetic antigens shows that in patients’ group anti-LPS O3 antibodies can be adsorbed by both amides of galacturonic acid and lysine or threonine, which suggests less specificity of antibodies binding with non-carbohydrate LPS component. The observed correlations suggest that non-carbohydrate components of LPS may be an important epitope for less specific anti-LPS antibodies, which might lead to cross-reactions and affect disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Durlik-Popińska
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland; (P.Ż.); (Ł.L.); (W.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulina Żarnowiec
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland; (P.Ż.); (Ł.L.); (W.K.)
| | - Łukasz Lechowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland; (P.Ż.); (Ł.L.); (W.K.)
| | - Józef Gawęda
- Rheumatology Clinic ARTIMED, 25-022 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland; (P.Ż.); (Ł.L.); (W.K.)
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8
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Goodfellow M, Thompson ER, Tingle SJ, Wilson CH. Early versus late removal of urinary catheter after kidney transplantation. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goodfellow
- Institute of Transplantation; The Freeman Hospital; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Emily R Thompson
- Institute of Transplantation; The Freeman Hospital; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Samuel J Tingle
- Institute of Transplantation; The Freeman Hospital; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Colin H Wilson
- Institute of Transplantation; The Freeman Hospital; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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9
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Chong AS, Rothstein D, Safa K, Riella LV. Outstanding questions in transplantation: B cells, alloantibodies, and humoral rejection. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2155-2163. [PMID: 30803121 PMCID: PMC6691724 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, improved immunosuppression has significantly reduced T cell-mediated acute rejection rates, but long-term graft survival rates have seen only marginal improvement. The cause of late graft loss has been under intense investigation, and chronic antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) has been identified as one of the leading causes, thus providing a strong rationale for basic science investigation into donor-specific B cells and antibodies in transplantation and ways to mitigate their pathogenicity. In 2018, the American Society of Transplantation launched a community-wide online discussion of Outstanding Questions in Transplantation, and the topic of B cell biology and donor-specific antibody prevention emerged as a major area of interest to the community, leading to a highly engaged dialogue, with comments from basic and translational scientists as well as physicians (http://community.myast.org/communities/community-home/digestviewer). We have summarized this discussion from a bedside to bench perspective and have organized this review into outstanding questions within the paradigm that AMR is a leading cause of graft loss in the clinic, and points of view that challenge aspects of this paradigm. We also highlight opportunities for basic and translational scientists to contribute to the resolution of these questions, mapping important future directions for the transplant research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago,Corresponding author: Anita S. Chong, PhD, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, Ofc: 773-702-5521; Fax: 773-702-5517;
| | - David Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Kassem Safa
- Transplant Center and Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Leonardo V. Riella
- Schuster Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Pineda S, Sigdel TK, Liberto JM, Vincenti F, Sirota M, Sarwal MM. Characterizing pre-transplant and post-transplant kidney rejection risk by B cell immune repertoire sequencing. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1906. [PMID: 31015506 PMCID: PMC6479061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying immune repertoire in the context of organ transplant provides important information on how adaptive immunity may contribute and modulate graft rejection. Here we characterize the peripheral blood immune repertoire of individuals before and after kidney transplant using B cell receptor sequencing in a longitudinal clinical study. Individuals who develop rejection after transplantation have a more diverse immune repertoire before transplant, suggesting a predisposition for post-transplant rejection risk. Additionally, over 2 years of follow-up, patients who develop rejection demonstrate a specific set of expanded clones that persist after the rejection. While there is an overall reduction of peripheral B cell diversity, likely due to increased general immunosuppression exposure in this cohort, the detection of specific IGHV gene usage across all rejecting patients supports that a common pool of immunogenic antigens may drive post-transplant rejection. Our findings may have clinical implications for the prediction and clinical management of kidney transplant rejection.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Humans
- Immunocompromised Host
- Infant
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/surgery
- Kidney Transplantation
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Genetic/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/immunology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/surgery
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pineda
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Tara K Sigdel
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Juliane M Liberto
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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11
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de Waal GM, Engelbrecht L, Davis T, de Villiers WJS, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy detects lipopolysaccharide and its association with fibrin fibres in Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16798. [PMID: 30429533 PMCID: PMC6235901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic diseases, including those classified as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, or autoimmune, are characterized by persistent inflammation. The origin of this inflammation is mostly unclear, but it is typically mediated by inflammatory biomarkers, such as cytokines, and affected by both environmental and genetic factors. Recently circulating bacterial inflammagens such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been implicated. We used a highly selective mouse monoclonal antibody to detect bacterial LPS in whole blood and/or platelet poor plasma of individuals with Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s type dementia, or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Our results showed that staining is significantly enhanced (P < 0.0001) compared to healthy controls. Aberrant blood clots in these patient groups are characterized by amyloid formation as shown by the amyloid-selective stains thioflavin T and Amytracker™ 480 or 680. Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy (CLEM) illustrated that the LPS antibody staining is located in the same places as where amyloid fibrils may be observed. These data are consistent with the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes (IDDM) hypothesis in which bacterial inflammagens such as LPS are responsible for anomalous blood clotting as part of the aetiology of these chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta M de Waal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Lize Engelbrecht
- Central Analytical Facilities, Fluorescence Microscopy Unit, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Tanja Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Willem J S de Villiers
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, Lancs, M1 7DN, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, Lancs, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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12
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Li X, Wang W, Su Y, Yue Z, Bao J. Inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract of Radix Paeoniae Alba on calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in a rat model. Ren Fail 2017; 39:120-129. [PMID: 28085537 PMCID: PMC6014290 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1254658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the effect of an aqueous extract of Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA) on the formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) stones and the potential mechanism underlying the effect. Materials and methods: An in vitro assay was used to determine whether the RPA extract prevents the formation of CaOx or promotes CaOx dissolution. We also investigated the efficacy of the extract in vivo as a preventive and therapeutic agent for experimentally induced CaOx nephrolithiasis in rats. Various biochemical, molecular, and histological parameters were assessed in kidney tissue and urine at the end of the in vivo experiment. Results: Significant dissolution of formed crystals (8.99 ± 1.43) and inhibition of crystal formation (2.55 ± 0.21) were observed in vitro after treatment with 64 mg/mL of the RPA extract compared with a control treatment (55.10 ± 4.98 and 54.57 ± 5.84, respectively) (p < .05). In preventive protocols, the RPA extract significantly reduced urinary and renal oxalate levels and increased urinary calcium and citrate levels compared to the control. In addition, the RPA preventive protocol significantly decreased osteopontin expression, renal crystallization, and pathological changes compared to the control. These changes were not observed in rats on the therapeutic protocol. Conclusions: RPA is a useful agent that prevents the formation of CaOx kidney stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Li
- a Department of Urology , Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Gansu , China
| | - Wenyun Wang
- b Department of Pediatric Surgery , Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Gansu , China
| | - Yu Su
- c First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University , Gansu Province , China
| | - Zhongjin Yue
- a Department of Urology , Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Gansu , China
| | - Junsheng Bao
- a Department of Urology , Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Gansu Province for Urological Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital , Gansu , China
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Modena BD, Milam R, Harrison F, Cheeseman JA, Abecassis MM, Friedewald J, Kirk AD, Salomon DR. Changes in Urinary Microbiome Populations Correlate in Kidney Transplants With Interstitial Fibrosis and Tubular Atrophy Documented in Early Surveillance Biopsies. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:712-723. [PMID: 27597148 PMCID: PMC5328852 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An unbalanced microbiome may lead to disease by creating aberrant immune responses. A recent association of cellular rejection with the development of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) suggests the role of immune-mediated tissue injury. We hypothesized that developing IFTA correlates with altered urinary tract microbiomes (UMBs). UMBs at two serial time points, 1 and 6-8 months posttransplant, were assessed by 16S microbial ribosomal gene sequencing in 25 patients developing biopsy-proven IFTA compared to 23 transplant patients with normal biopsies and excellent function (TX) and 20 healthy nontransplant controls (HC). Streptococcus, the dominant genera in HC males, was lower in IFTA and TX males at 1 month compared to HCs. At 6-8 months, Streptococcus was further decreased in IFTA males, but normalized in TX. IFTA males and females had increases in number of genera per sample at 6-8 months. UMB composition varied substantially between individuals in all groups. Despite the wide variation in UMBs between individuals, IFTA was associated with a loss in dominant resident urinary microbes in males, and a parallel increase in nonresident, pathogenic bacteria in males and females. UMB changes may contribute to IFTA development by alteration of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Modena
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rachel Milam
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Frank Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Michael M Abecassis
- Northwestern Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - John Friedewald
- Northwestern Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Daniel R Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, Scripps Center for Organ Transplantation, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA
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14
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Barr-Beare E, Saxena V, Hilt EE, Thomas-White K, Schober M, Li B, Becknell B, Hains DS, Wolfe AJ, Schwaderer AL. The Interaction between Enterobacteriaceae and Calcium Oxalate Deposits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139575. [PMID: 26448465 PMCID: PMC4598009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of calcium oxalate crystals and deposits in UTI pathogenesis has not been established. The objectives of this study were to identify bacteria present in pediatric urolithiasis and, using in vitro and in vivo models, to determine the relevance of calcium oxalate deposits during experimental pyelonephritis. Methods Pediatric kidney stones and urine were collected and both cultured and sequenced for bacteria. Bacterial adhesion to calcium oxalate was compared. Murine kidney calcium oxalate deposits were induced by intraperitoneal glyoxalate injection and kidneys were transurethrally inoculated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli to induce pyelonephritis Results E. coli of the family Enterobacteriaceae was identified in patients by calcium oxalate stone culture. Additionally Enterobacteriaceae DNA was sequenced from multiple calcium oxalate kidney stones. E. coli selectively aggregated on and around calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals. Mice inoculated with glyoxalate and uropathogenic E. coli had higher bacterial burdens, increased kidney calcium oxalate deposits and an increased kidney innate immune response compared to mice with only calcium oxalate deposits or only pyelonephritis. Conclusions In a murine model, the presence of calcium oxalate deposits increases pyelonephritis risk, likely due to preferential aggregation of bacteria on and around calcium oxalate crystals. When both calcium oxalate deposits and uropathogenic bacteria were present, calcium oxalate deposit number increased along with renal gene transcription of inner stone core matrix proteins increased. Therefore renal calcium oxalate deposits may be a modifiable risk factor for infections of the kidney and urinary tract. Furthermore, bacteria may be present in calcium oxalate deposits and potentially contribute to calcium oxalate renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Barr-Beare
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vijay Saxena
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Evann E. Hilt
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Krystal Thomas-White
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Megan Schober
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Division of Urology, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Birong Li
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian Becknell
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David S. Hains
- Lebonheur Children’s Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Wolfe
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Schwaderer
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Division of Nephrology, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell infiltrates are common in rejected kidney allografts, yet their composition is still unclear. The aim of our study was to characterize the clonal composition of B-cell infiltrates of rejected human kidney grafts. METHODS We used a molecular approach to characterize the partial B-cell repertoires of 5 failed human kidney grafts with detectable B-cell infiltrates. A comparison between the intragraft and blood repertoire was also conducted for 1 case. RESULTS Redundant sequences were observed in both blood and graft, although the level of clonal amplification was significantly higher for the graft. Somatic hypermutations (SHMs) were also more frequent in sequences found in the graft compared to the blood. The rate of nonsilent mutations was significantly higher in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) compared to framework regions in blood sequences as well as in graft sequences found at low frequency. In contrast, this preferential distribution was lost in sequences found at high frequency in the graft, suggesting a lack of affinity maturation in situ. Lastly, follicular dendritic cells were undetectable in CD20 infiltrates in all samples examined. CONCLUSIONS We provide here evidence that B-cell clones expand and undergo SHMs in situ. However, the even distribution of nonsilent SHM in high-frequency graft sequences together with the absence of follicular dendritic cells do not support the view that infiltrating B cells are part of functional germinal centers.
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16
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Chong AS, Alegre ML. Transplantation tolerance and its outcome during infections and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:80-101. [PMID: 24517427 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward understanding the mechanistic basis of transplantation tolerance in experimental models, which implicates clonal deletion of alloreactive T and B cells, induction of cell-intrinsic hyporesponsiveness, and dominant regulatory cells mediating infectious tolerance and linked suppression. Despite encouraging success in the laboratory, achieving tolerance in the clinic remains challenging, although the basis for these challenges is beginning to be understood. Heterologous memory alloreactive T cells generated by infections prior to transplantation have been shown to be a critical barrier to tolerance induction. Furthermore, infections at the time of transplantation and tolerance induction provide a pro-inflammatory milieu that alters the stability and function of regulatory T cells as well as the activation requirements and differentiation of effector T cells. Thus, infections can result in enhanced alloreactivity, resistance to tolerance induction, and destabilization of the established tolerance state. We speculate that these experimental findings have relevance to the clinic, where infections have been associated with allograft rejection and may be a causal event precipitating the loss of grafts after long periods of stable operational tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms by which infections prevent and destabilize tolerance can lead to therapies that promote stable life-long tolerance in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Chen S, Zhao Q, Qi Y, Liu F, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Chen X, Cheng A. Immunobiological activity and antiviral regulation efforts of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) CD8α during NGVEV and GPV infection. Poult Sci 2015; 94:17-24. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Grover RK, Zhu X, Nieusma T, Jones T, Boreo I, MacLeod AS, Mark A, Niessen S, Kim HJ, Kong L, Assad-Garcia N, Kwon K, Chesi M, Smider VV, Salomon DR, Jelinek DF, Kyle RA, Pyles RB, Glass JI, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Lerner RA. A structurally distinct human mycoplasma protein that generically blocks antigen-antibody union. Science 2014; 343:656-661. [PMID: 24503852 PMCID: PMC3987992 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a broadly reactive antibody-binding protein (Protein M) from human mycoplasma. The crystal structure of the ectodomain of transmembrane Protein M differs from other known protein structures, as does its mechanism of antibody binding. Protein M binds with high affinity to all types of human and nonhuman immunoglobulin G, predominantly through attachment to the conserved portions of the variable region of the κ and λ light chains. Protein M blocks antibody-antigen union, likely because of its large C-terminal domain extending over the antibody-combining site, blocking entry to large antigens. Similar to the other immunoglobulin-binding proteins such as Protein A, Protein M as well as its orthologs in other Mycoplasma species could become invaluable reagents in the antibody field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Grover
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teresa Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isabel Boreo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda S. MacLeod
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam Mark
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sherry Niessen
- The Center for Physiological Proteomics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Helen J. Kim
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leopold Kong
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nacyra Assad-Garcia
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J Craig Venter Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Keehwan Kwon
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J Craig Venter Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Marta Chesi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel R. Salomon
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Diane F. Jelinek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert A. Kyle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B. Pyles
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John I. Glass
- Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy Group, J Craig Venter Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard A. Lerner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pondrom S. You aren’t who you think you are: microbial cells outnumber human cells 10 to one, and could prove to be new players in transplantation. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:3167-8. [PMID: 23198783 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Auld D, Lea W, Davis MI, Simeonov A. Literature Search and Review. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.1003.lr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Doug Auld
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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