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Suah AN, Tran DKV, Khiew SH, Andrade MS, Pollard JM, Jain D, Young JS, Yin D, Chalasani G, Alegre ML, Chong AS. Pregnancy-induced humoral sensitization overrides T cell tolerance to fetus-matched allografts in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140715. [PMID: 33393512 PMCID: PMC7773355 DOI: 10.1172/jci140715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance to semiallogeneic fetuses is necessary to achieving successful first pregnancy and permitting subsequent pregnancies with the same father. Paradoxically, pregnancy is an important cause of sensitization, resulting in the accelerated rejection of offspring-matched allografts. The underlying basis for divergent outcomes following reencounter of the same alloantigens on transplanted organs versus fetuses in postpartum females is incompletely understood. Using a mouse model that allows concurrent tracking of endogenous fetus-specific T and B cell responses in a single recipient, we show that semiallogeneic pregnancies simultaneously induce fetus-specific T cell tolerance and humoral sensitization. Pregnancy-induced antibodies, but not B cells, impeded transplantation tolerance elicited by costimulation blockade to offspring-matched cardiac grafts. Remarkably, in B cell-deficient mice, allogeneic pregnancy enabled the spontaneous acceptance of fetus-matched allografts. The presence of pregnancy-sensitized B cells that cannot secrete antibodies at the time of heart transplantation was sufficient to precipitate rejection and override pregnancy-established T cell tolerance. Thus, while induction of memory B cells and alloantibodies by pregnancies establishes formidable barriers to transplant success for multigravid women, our observations raise the possibility that humoral desensitization will not only improve transplantation outcomes, but also reveal an unexpected propensity of multiparous recipients to achieve tolerance to offspring-matched allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Suah
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dong-Kha V Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stella Hw Khiew
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael S Andrade
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jared M Pollard
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dharmendra Jain
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James S Young
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dengping Yin
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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2
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Hoffman RA, Huang S, Chalasani G, Vallejo AN. Disparate Recruitment and Retention of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells to The Small Intestinal Mucosa between Young and Aged Mice. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1183-1196. [PMID: 34341701 PMCID: PMC8279532 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), a highly specialized class of innate immune cells that serve as rapid sensors of danger signals in circulation or in lymphoid tissue are well studied. However, there remains knowledge gaps about age-dependent changes of pDC function in the intestinal mucosa. Here, we report that under homeostatic conditions, the proportion of pDC expressing C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) in the intestinal intraepithelial cell (iIEC) population is comparable between young (2-4 months) and aged (18-24 months) mice, but the absolute numbers of iIEC and pDC are significantly lower in aged mice. Employing the classic model of acute endotoxemia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we found a decrease in the proportion and absolute number of intraepithelial pDC in both young and aged mice despite the LPS-induced increased expression of the chemokine C-C ligand 25 (CCL25), the ligand of CCR9, in the intestinal mucosa of young mice. In adoptive transfer experiments, a significantly lower number of pDC was retained into the intestinal layer of aged host mice after LPS administration. This was associated with recoverable pDC numbers in the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, co-adoptive transfer of young and aged pDC into young hosts also showed significantly lower retention of aged pDC in the epithelial layer compared to the co-transferred young pDC. Collectively, these data show age-associated changes in mucosal CCL25 gene expression and in pDC number. These may underlie the reported inadequate responses to gastrointestinal pathogens during chronologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulan Huang
- Department of Health Promotion and Development,
| | | | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh,
- Division of Rheumatology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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3
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Louis K, Bailly E, Macedo C, Lau L, Ramaswami B, Chang A, Chandran U, Landsittel D, Gu X, Chalasani G, Zeevi A, Randhawa P, Singh H, Lefaucheur C, Metes D. T-bet+CD27+CD21- B cells poised for plasma cell differentiation during antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplants. JCI Insight 2021; 6:148881. [PMID: 34032636 PMCID: PMC8262465 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.148881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alloimmune responses driven by donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) can lead to antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) in organ transplantation. Yet, the cellular states underlying alloreactive B cell responses and the molecular components controlling them remain unclear. Using high-dimensional profiling of B cells in a cohort of 96 kidney transplant recipients, we identified expanded numbers of CD27+CD21– activated memory (AM) B cells that expressed the transcription factor T-bet in patients who developed DSAs and progressed to ABMR. Notably, AM cells were less frequent in DSA+ABMR– patients and at baseline levels in DSA– patients. RNA-Seq analysis of AM cells in patients undergoing ABMR revealed these cells to be poised for plasma cell differentiation and to express restricted IGHV sequences reflective of clonal expansion. In addition to T-bet, AM cells manifested elevated expression of interferon regulatory factor 4 and Blimp1, and upon coculture with autologous T follicular helper cells, differentiated into DSA-producing plasma cells in an IL-21–dependent manner. The frequency of AM cells was correlated with the timing and severity of ABMR manifestations. Importantly, T-bet+ AM cells were detected within kidney allografts along with their restricted IGHV sequences. This study delineates a pivotal role for AM cells in promoting humoral responses and ABMR in organ transplantation and highlights them as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Human Immunology and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Bailly
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Human Immunology and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis Lau
- Center for Systems Immunology.,Department of Immunology
| | - Bala Ramaswami
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xinyan Gu
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, INSERM UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology
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Louis K, Macedo C, Bailly E, Lau L, Ramaswami B, Marrari M, Landsittel D, Chang A, Chandran U, Fadakar P, Yamada M, Chalasani G, Randhawa P, Zeevi A, Singh H, Lefaucheur C, Metes D. Coordinated Circulating T Follicular Helper and Activated B Cell Responses Underlie the Onset of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2457-2474. [PMID: 32723838 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) has been long recognized as a leading cause of allograft failure after kidney transplantation, the cellular and molecular processes underlying the induction of deleterious donor-specific antibody (DSA) responses remain poorly understood. METHODS Using high-dimensional flow cytometry, in vitro assays, and RNA sequencing, we concomitantly investigated the role of T follicular helper (TFH) cells and B cells during ABMR in 105 kidney transplant recipients. RESULTS There were 54 patients without DSAs; of those with DSAs, ABMR emerged in 20 patients, but not in 31 patients. We identified proliferating populations of circulating TFH cells and activated B cells emerging in blood of patients undergoing ABMR. Although these circulating TFH cells comprised heterogeneous phenotypes, they were dominated by activated (ICOS+PD-1+) and early memory precursor (CCR7+CD127+) subsets, and were enriched for the transcription factors IRF4 and c-Maf. These circulating TFH cells produced large amounts of IL-21 upon stimulation with donor antigen and induced B cells to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells that produced DSAs. Combined analysis of the matched circulating TFH cell and activated B cell RNA-sequencing profiles identified highly coordinated transcriptional programs in circulating TFH cells and B cells among patients with ABMR, which markedly differed from those of patients who did not develop DSAs or ABMR. The timing of expansion of the distinctive circulating TFH cells and activated B cells paralleled emergence of DSAs in blood, and their magnitude was predictive of IgG3 DSA generation, more severe allograft injury, and higher rate of allograft loss. CONCLUSIONS Patients undergoing ABMR may benefit from monitoring and therapeutic targeting of TFH cell-B cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elodie Bailly
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Louis Lau
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bala Ramaswami
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marilyn Marrari
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas Landsittel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Chang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Uma Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul Fadakar
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Masaki Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, Inserm UMR S970, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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5
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Macedo C, Hadi K, Walters J, Elinoff B, Marrari M, Zeevi A, Ramaswami B, Chalasani G, Landsittel D, Shields A, Alloway R, Lakkis FG, Woodle ES, Metes D. Impact of Induction Therapy on Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells and Subsequent Donor-Specific Antibody Formation After Kidney Transplant. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 4:455-469. [PMID: 30899873 PMCID: PMC6409398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cellular events that contribute to generation of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) post-kidney transplantation (KTx) are not well understood. Characterization of such mechanisms could allow tailoring of immunosuppression to benefit sensitized patients. Methods We prospectively monitored circulating T follicular helper (cTFH) cells in KTx recipients who received T-cell depleting (thymoglobulin, n = 54) or T-cell nondepleting (basiliximab, n = 20) induction therapy from pre-KTx to 1 year post-KTx and assessed their phenotypic changes due to induction and DSA occurrence, in addition to healthy controls (n = 13), for a total of 307 blood samples. Results Before KTx, patients displayed comparable levels of resting, central memory cTFH cells with similar polarization to those of healthy controls. Unlike basiliximab induction, thymoglobulin induction significantly depleted cTFH cells, triggered lymphopenia-induced proliferation that skewed cTFH cells toward increased Th1 polarization, effector memory, and elevated programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)int/hi expression, resembling activated phenotypes. Regardless of induction, patients who developed DSA post-KTx, harbored pre-KTx donor-reactive memory interleukin (IL)-21+ cTFH cells and showed higher % cTFH and lower % of T regulatory (TREG) cells post-KTx resulting in elevated cTFH:TREG ratio at DSA occurrence. Conclusion Induction therapy distinctly shapes cTFH cell phenotype post-KTx. Monitoring cTFH cells before and after KTx may help detect those patients prone to DSA generation post-KTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Macedo
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Hadi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Walters
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beth Elinoff
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marilyn Marrari
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bala Ramaswami
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas Landsittel
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adele Shields
- Division of Transplantation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rita Alloway
- Division of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E Steve Woodle
- Division of Transplantation, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Diana Metes
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Boyette LB, Macedo C, Hadi K, Elinoff BD, Walters JT, Ramaswami B, Chalasani G, Taboas JM, Lakkis FG, Metes DM. Phenotype, function, and differentiation potential of human monocyte subsets. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176460. [PMID: 28445506 PMCID: PMC5406034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes have been grouped into classical (CD14++CD16-), non-classical (CD14dimCD16++), and intermediate (CD14++CD16+) subsets. Documentation of normal function and variation in this complement of subtypes, particularly their differentiation potential to dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages, remains incomplete. We therefore phenotyped monocytes from peripheral blood of healthy subjects and performed functional studies on high-speed sorted subsets. Subset frequencies were found to be tightly controlled over time and across individuals. Subsets were distinct in their secretion of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in response to TLR agonists, with classical monocytes being the most producers and non-classical monocytes the least. Monocytes, particularly those of the non-classical subtype, secreted interferon-α (IFN-α) in response to intracellular TLR3 stimulation. After incubation with IL-4 and GM-CSF, classical monocytes acquired monocyte-derived DC (mo-DC) markers and morphology and stimulated allogeneic T cell proliferation in MLR; intermediate and non-classical monocytes did not. After incubation with IL-3 and Flt3 ligand, no subset differentiated to plasmacytoid DC. After incubation with GM-CSF (M1 induction) or macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (M2 induction), all subsets acquired macrophage morphology, secreted macrophage-associated cytokines, and displayed enhanced phagocytosis. From these studies we conclude that classical monocytes are the principal source of mo-DCs, but all subsets can differentiate to macrophages. We also found that monocytes, in particular the non-classical subset, represent an alternate source of type I IFN secretion in response to virus-associated TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B. Boyette
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Camila Macedo
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Hadi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Beth D. Elinoff
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John T. Walters
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bala Ramaswami
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Juan M. Taboas
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fadi G. Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Diana M. Metes
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Abstract
B cells play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of glomerulonephritides and transplant rejection. B cells secrete antibodies that contribute to tissue injury via multiple mechanisms. In addition, B cells contribute to disease pathogenesis in autoimmunity and alloimmunity by presenting antigens as well as providing costimulation and cytokines to T cells. B cells also play an immunomodulatory role in regulating the immune response by secreting cytokines that inhibit disease onset and/or progression. B cell-targeted approaches for treating immune diseases of the kidney and other organs have gained significant momentum. However, much remains to be understood about B-cell biology in order to determine the timing, duration, and context of optimal therapeutic response to B cell-targeted approaches. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted roles of B cells as enhancers and regulators of immunity with relevance to kidney disease and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte), Surgery, and Immunology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte), Surgery, and Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Renal Section, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Ramaswami B, Chalasani G. The end is in sight: targeting sensitization in hematopoietic cell transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:857-8. [PMID: 25762342 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Ramaswami
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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9
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Singh T, Jiang K, Ippolito R, Ramaswami B, Lund F, Chalasani G. B Cell Depletion of Naïve Recipients Enhances Graft Reactive T Cell Responses. Transplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201407151-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Singh T, Ng YH, Ramaswami B, Ippolito R, Chalasani G. Intrinsic MyD88-activation in B cells is necessary for development of alloreactive memory T cells (TRAN3P.902). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.202.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
B cells help alloreactive T cells to differentiate into memory T cells. Since B cells express TLRs, we asked whether MyD88-mediated activation of B cells is required for T cell activation and differentiation to memory T cells. Methods: Irradiated μMTCD45.1 mice were transplanted with bone marrow cells from μMTCD45.1 and wtCD45.2 (μMT+wt) or μMTCD45.1 and MyD88-/-CD45.2 (μMT+MyD88-/-). Differences in congenic background allowed us to confirm that following reconstitution, MyD88 deficiency was essentially restricted to B cells. μMT+MyD88-/- and μMT+wt received Balb/c skin transplants. Results: Rejection of allografts was comparable between μMT+MyD88-/- and μMT+wt chimeras (MST=18 days). μMT+MyD88-/- recipients showed 3-fold more alloreactive IFNγ+ CD4 and CD8 effector T cells when compared to μMT+wt mice at day 14 (p<0.05). IL-10+ B cells were diminished (p<0.005) in μMT+MyD88-/- than in μMT+wt chimeras. CD8 memory precursor T cells (CD44hi CD62Llo CD127hi) in μMT+MyD88-/- showed predominantly Bcl2lo expression in both KLRG1lo memory precursor effector cell (MPEC) and KLRG1hi short-lived effector cell (SLEC) populations. Consistent with these findings, fewer alloreactive CD4 and CD8 IFNγ+ memory T cells were seen in μMT+MyD88-/- (p<0.005) resulting in impaired memory recall (MST = 27 vs. 15 days, p < 0.005) than in μMT+wt chimeras. Conclusions: Intrinsic MyD88-dependent B cell functions are important for alloreactive T cell differentiation into long-lived memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Singh
- 1Medicine (Renal), Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- 1Medicine (Renal), Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Renee Ippolito
- 1Medicine (Renal), Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- 1Medicine (Renal), Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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12
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Ramaswami B, Yoshida O, Ippolito R, Metes D, Zeevi A, Thomson A, Mazariegos G, Chalasani G. Pediatric liver transplant recipients with operational tolerance exhibit features of immune activation and exhaustion (TRAN3P.869). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.202.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Experimental models describe immune exhaustion in liver transplant tolerance. It is not known if immune exhaustion is also occurs in clinical operational tolerance. We tested this in a cross-sectional cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients with stable allograft function in the absence of immunosuppression (Operationally Tolerant, OT) in comparison to those Weaned off Immunosuppression (WI), continued on Maintenance Immunosuppression (MI) and Healthy Controls (HC). Results: In OT recipients, B cell frequencies (p <0.05) were increased and were enriched in both unswitched (p<0.005) and switched memory B cells (CD19+ IgM+ CD27+ and CD19+ IgG+ CD27+) (p<0.05) compard to MI. CD8 T cells in OT showed an increase in effector memory compared to MI (p<0.05). CD4 Treg frequencies were increased in OT compared to MI (p<0.0005). Both CD4 and CD8 T cells in OT showed an increase in cells expressing CD57, indicative of replicative senescence and these were enriched within CD4 central memory and CD8 effector memory when compared to MI (p<0.05). CD57+ T cells upregulated PD1 and 2B4, markers of exhaustion in OT compared to MI (p<0.05). Upon stimulation, IFNγ expression in CD4 T cells and IL-2 expression in CD8 T cells in OT were decreased compared to MI consistent with exhaustion. Moreover, OT showed decreased CD8 frequencies (p<0.05) and high PDL1 expression on monocytes (p<0.0005) suggesting that this population might contribute to T cell exhaustion in these recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osamu Yoshida
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Renee Ippolito
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Diana Metes
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adriana Zeevi
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Angus Thomson
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - George Mazariegos
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- 1Surgery, Thomas E. Starrzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- 2Medicine (Renal), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Zeng Q, Ng YH, Singh T, Jiang K, Sheriff KA, Ippolito R, Zahalka S, Li Q, Randhawa P, Hoffman RA, Ramaswami B, Lund FE, Chalasani G. B cells mediate chronic allograft rejection independently of antibody production. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1052-6. [PMID: 24509079 DOI: 10.1172/jci70084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rejection is the primary cause of long-term failure of transplanted organs and is often viewed as an antibody-dependent process. Chronic rejection, however, is also observed in mice and humans with no detectable circulating alloantibodies, suggesting that antibody-independent pathways may also contribute to pathogenesis of transplant rejection. Here, we have provided direct evidence that chronic rejection of vascularized heart allografts occurs in the complete absence of antibodies, but requires the presence of B cells. Mice that were deficient for antibodies but not B cells experienced the same chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV), which is a pathognomonic feature of chronic rejection, as WT mice; however, mice that were deficient for both B cells and antibodies were protected from CAV. B cells contributed to CAV by supporting splenic lymphoid architecture, T cell cytokine production, and infiltration of T cells into graft vessels. In chimeric mice, in which B cells were present but could not present antigen, both T cell responses and CAV were markedly reduced. These findings establish that chronic rejection can occur in the complete absence of antibodies and that B cells contribute to this process by supporting T cell responses through antigen presentation and maintenance of lymphoid architecture.
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14
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Zhang H, Stolz DB, Chalasani G, Thomson AW. Hepatic B cells are readily activated by Toll-like receptor-4 ligation and secrete less interleukin-10 than lymphoid tissue B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 173:473-9. [PMID: 23617623 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells perform various immunological functions that include production of antibody, presentation of antigens, secretion of multiple cytokines and regulation of immune responses mainly via their secretion of interleukin (IL)-10. While the liver is regarded both as an important immune organ and a tolerogenic environment, little is known about the functional biology of hepatic B cells. In this study we demonstrate that, following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vivo, normal mouse hepatic B cells rapidly increase their surface expression of CD39, CD40, CD80 and CD86, and produce significantly elevated levels of proinflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α compared with splenic B cells. Moreover, LPS-activated hepatic B cells produce very low levels of IL-10 compared with activated splenic B cells that produce comparatively high levels of this immunosuppressive cytokine. Splenic, but not hepatic, B cells inhibited the activation of liver conventional myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). Furthermore, compared with the spleen, the liver exhibited significantly smaller proportions of B1a and marginal zone-like B cells, which have been shown to produce IL-10 upon LPS stimulation. These data suggest that, unlike in the spleen, IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in the liver are not a prominent cell type. Consistent with this, when compared with liver conventional mDCs from B cell-deficient mice, those from B cell-competent wild-type mice displayed enhanced expression of the cell surface co-stimulatory molecule CD86, greater production of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12p40) and reduced secretion of IL-10. These findings suggest that hepatic B cells have the potential to initiate rather than regulate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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15
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Ezzelarab M, Zahorchak A, Lu L, Morelli A, Chalasani G, Demetris A, Lakkis F, Wijkstrom M, Murase N, Humar A, Shapiro R, Cooper D, Thomson A. Regulatory dendritic cell infusion prolongs kidney allograft survival in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:1989-2005. [PMID: 23758811 PMCID: PMC4070451 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We examined the influence of regulatory dendritic cells (DCreg), generated from cytokine-mobilized donor blood monocytes in vitamin D3 and IL-10, on renal allograft survival in a clinically relevant rhesus macaque model. DCreg expressed low MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, but comparatively high levels of programmed death ligand-1 (B7-H1), and were resistant to pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced maturation. They were infused intravenously (3.5-10 × 10(6) /kg), together with the B7-CD28 costimulation blocking agent CTLA4Ig, 7 days before renal transplantation. CTLA4Ig was given for up to 8 weeks and rapamycin, started on Day -2, was maintained with tapering of blood levels until full withdrawal at 6 months. Median graft survival time was 39.5 days in control monkeys (no DC infusion; n = 6) and 113.5 days (p < 0.05) in DCreg-treated animals (n = 6). No adverse events were associated with DCreg infusion, and there was no evidence of induction of host sensitization based on circulating donor-specific alloantibody levels. Immunologic monitoring also revealed regulation of donor-reactive memory CD95(+) T cells and reduced memory/regulatory T cell ratios in DCreg-treated monkeys compared with controls. Termination allograft histology showed moderate combined T cell- and Ab-mediated rejection in both groups. These findings justify further preclinical evaluation of DCreg therapy and their therapeutic potential in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ezzelarab
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A.F. Zahorchak
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - L. Lu
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A.E. Morelli
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G. Chalasani
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A.J. Demetris
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - F.G. Lakkis
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - M. Wijkstrom
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - N. Murase
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A. Humar
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - R. Shapiro
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - D.K.C. Cooper
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - A.W. Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Corresponding author: Angus W. Thomson, PhD DSc, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, W1540 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, Phone: (412) 624-6392,
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16
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Yang C, Chalasani G, Ng YH, Robbins PD. Exosomes released from Mycoplasma infected tumor cells activate inhibitory B cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36138. [PMID: 22558358 PMCID: PMC3338602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas cause numerous human diseases and are common opportunistic pathogens in cancer patients and immunocompromised individuals. Mycoplasma infection elicits various host immune responses. Here we demonstrate that mycoplasma-infected tumor cells release exosomes (myco+ exosomes) that specifically activate splenic B cells and induce splenocytes cytokine production. Induction of cytokines, including the proinflammatory IFN-γ and the anti-inflammatory IL-10, was largely dependent on the presence of B cells. B cells were the major IL-10 producers. In splenocytes from B cell deficient μMT mice, induction of IFN-γ+ T cells by myco+ exosomes was greatly increased compared with wild type splenocytes. In addition, anti-CD3-stimulated T cell proliferation was greatly inhibited in the presence of myco+ exosome-treated B cells. Also, anti-CD3-stimulated T cell signaling was impaired by myco+ exosome treatment. Proteomic analysis identified mycoplasma proteins in exosomes that potentially contribute to the effects. Our results demonstrate that mycoplasma-infected tumor cells release exosomes carrying mycoplasma components that preferentially activate B cells, which in turn, are able to inhibit T cell activity. These results suggest that mycoplasmas infecting tumor cells can exploit the exosome pathway to disseminate their own components and modulate the activity of immune cells, in particular, activate B cells with inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Zecher D, Li Q, Williams AL, Walters JT, Baddoura FK, Chalasani G, Rothstein DM, Shlomchik WD, Demetris AJ, Lakkis FG. Innate immunity alone is not sufficient for chronic rejection but predisposes healed allografts to T cell-mediated pathology. Transpl Immunol 2011; 26:113-8. [PMID: 22226941 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute allograft rejection is dependent on adaptive immunity, but it is unclear whether the same is true for chronic rejection. Here we asked whether innate immunity alone is sufficient for causing chronic rejection of mouse cardiac allografts. METHODS We transplanted primarily vascularized cardiac grafts to recombinase activating gene-knockout (RAG(-/-)) mice that lack T and B cells but have an intact innate immune system. Recipients were left unmanipulated, received adjuvants that stimulate innate immunity, or were reconstituted with B-1 lymphocytes to generate natural IgM antibodies. In a second model, we transplanted cardiac allografts to mice that lack secondary lymphoid tissues (splenectomized aly/aly recipients) and studied the effect of NK cell inactivation on T cell-mediated chronic rejection. RESULTS Acute cardiac allograft rejection was not observed in any of the recipients. Histological analysis of allografts harvested 50 to 90 days after transplantation to RAG(-/-) mice failed to identify chronic vascular or parenchymal changes beyond those observed in control syngeneic grafts. Chronic rejection of cardiac allografts parked in splenectomized aly/aly mice was observed only after the transfer of exogenously activated T cells. NK inactivation throughout the experiment, or during the parking period alone, reduced the severity of T cell-dependent chronic rejection. CONCLUSIONS The innate immune system alone is not sufficient for causing chronic rejection. NK cells predispose healed allografts to T cell-dependent chronic rejection and may contribute to chronic allograft pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zecher
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
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18
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Ding Q, Yeung M, Camirand G, Zeng Q, Akiba H, Yagita H, Chalasani G, Sayegh MH, Najafian N, Rothstein DM. Regulatory B cells are identified by expression of TIM-1 and can be induced through TIM-1 ligation to promote tolerance in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3645-56. [PMID: 21821911 PMCID: PMC3163958 DOI: 10.1172/jci46274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig domain and mucin domain protein 1 (TIM-1) is a costimulatory molecule that regulates immune responses by modulating CD4+ T cell effector differentiation. However, the function of TIM-1 on other immune cell populations is unknown. Here, we show that in vivo in mice, TIM-1 is predominantly expressed on B rather than T cells. Importantly, TIM-1 was expressed by a large majority of IL-10-expressing regulatory B cells in all major B cell subpopulations, including transitional, marginal zone, and follicular B cells, as well as the B cell population characterized as CD1d(hi)CD5+. A low-affinity TIM-1-specific antibody that normally promotes tolerance in mice, actually accelerated (T cell-mediated) immune responsiveness in the absence of B cells. TIM-1+ B cells were highly enriched for IL-4 and IL-10 expression, promoted Th2 responses, and could directly transfer allograft tolerance. Both cytokine expression and number of TIM-1+ regulatory B cells (Bregs) were induced by TIM-1-specific antibody, and this was dependent on IL-4 signaling. Thus, TIM-1 is an inclusive marker for IL-10+ Bregs that can be induced by TIM-1 ligation. These findings suggest that TIM-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for modulating the immune response and provide insight into the signals involved in the generation and induction of Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ding
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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19
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Abstract
B cells are recognized as effector cells in allograft rejection that are dependent upon T cell help to produce alloantibodies causing graft injury. It is not known if B cells can also help T cells differentiate into memory cells in the alloimmune response. We found that in B-cell-deficient hosts, differentiation of alloreactive T cells into effectors was intact whereas their development into memory T cells was impaired. To test if B cell help for T cells was required for their continued differentiation into memory T cells, activated T cells were sorted from alloimmunized mice and transferred either with or without B cells into naïve adoptive hosts. Activated T cells cotransferred with B cells gave rise to more memory T cells than those transferred without B cells and upon recall, mediated accelerated rejection of skin allografts. Cotransfer of B cells led to increased memory T cells by enhancing activated CD4 T-cell proliferation and activated CD8 T-cell survival. These results indicate that B cells help alloreactive T-cell differentiation, proliferation and survival to generate optimal numbers of functional memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Harn Ng
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte) and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Rosemary Hoffman
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte) and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Geetha Chalasani, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST W1554, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. Phone: (412) 383-5924; Fax: (412) 383-9990;
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20
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Abstract
Various lineages of B cells are being increasingly recognized as important players in the etiology and prognosis of both acute and chronic graft rejection. The role of immature, chronically activated B cells, as efficient antigen-presenting cells, supporting recalcitrant cell-mediated graft rejection and late lineage B cells driving humoral rejections, is being increasingly recognized. This review captures the recent literature on this subject and discusses the various roles of the B cell in renal graft rejection and conversely, also in graft tolerance, both in animal and human studies. In addition, novel therapies targeting specific B-cell lineages in graft rejection are also discussed, with a view to developing more targeted therapies for graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Zarkhin
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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21
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Oberbarnscheidt MH, Obhrai JS, Williams AL, Rothstein DM, Shlomchik WD, Chalasani G, Lakkis FG. Type I interferons are not critical for skin allograft rejection or the generation of donor-specific CD8+ memory T cells. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:162-7. [PMID: 19951284 PMCID: PMC2806930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) link innate to adaptive immunity in microbial infection, autoimmune disease and tumor immunity. It is not known whether IFN-I have an equally central role in alloimmunity. Here we tested this possibility by studying skin allograft survival and donor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice that lack the IFN-I receptor (IFN-IR-/-). We found that IFN-IR-/- mice reject fully allogeneic wild-type skin grafts at the same rate as wild-type recipients. Similarly, allograft rejection was not delayed if IFN-IR-/- male skin was transplanted to syngeneic IFN-IR-/- female mice. Quantitation of the male (H-Y)-specific CD8+ T-cell response in these mice revealed normal generation of donor-specific CD8+ effector T cells but fourfold reduction in CD8+ memory T cells. Memory CD8+ T cells generated in the absence of IFN-IR had normal phenotype and recall function, assessed by ex vivo cytokine production and the ability of IFN-IR-/- mice to mount second set rejection. Finally, these memory T cells were maintained at a constant number despite their inability to respond to IFN-1. Our findings indicate that IFN-I cytokines are not critical for acute allograft rejection or for the expansion and differentiation of donor-specific CD8+ T cells into long-lived, functional memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Oberbarnscheidt
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Jagdeep S. Obhrai
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Amanda L. Williams
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - David M. Rothstein
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Departments of Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Warren D. Shlomchik
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Departments of Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | | | - Fadi G. Lakkis
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Address correspondence to: Fadi G. Lakkis, MD, Starzl Transplantation Institute, BST-W1548, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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22
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Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues are the hub of adaptive immune responses wherein rare cognate lymphocytes encounter dendritic cells bearing antigen from peripheral tissues and differentiate into effector and memory cells that eliminate antigen. It is accepted that immune responses against microbial and tumor antigens are initiated within secondary lymphoid tissues. There is less agreement on whether the same principle applies to immune responses to a transplanted organ because an allograft expresses foreign major histocompatibility complex and contains donor antigen presenting cells that could activate T cells directly in situ leading to rejection. Recent studies confirm that although naïve T cells can be primed within the allograft, their differentiation to effect rejection is dependent on secondary lymphoid tissues. Antigen-experienced memory T cells, unlike Naïve T cells, function largely independent of secondary lymphoid tissues to cause allograft rejection. In an alloimmune response, secondary lymphoid tissues support not only immune activation but also immune regulation essential for allograft survival. Here, we will review recent findings and discuss the role of secondary lymphoid tissues in primary and memory alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Harn Ng
- Department of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte), Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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23
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Yang C, Ng YH, Chalasani G, Robbins P. S.93. Characterization of Tumor-derived Exosomes and Their Role in Immunoregulation. Clin Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.03.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Batal I, Chalasani G, Wu C, Shapiro R, Bastacky S, Randhawa P. Deposition of complement product C4d in anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2008; 53:1098-101. [PMID: 19084308 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Batal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The contribution of secondary lymphoid tissue-homing central memory T cells (T(CM)) and peripheral tissue-homing effector memory T cells (T(EM)) to allograft rejection is not known. We tested whether T(EM) is the principal subset responsible for allograft rejection due to the nonlymphoid location of target antigens. Skin allograft rejection was studied after transferring either CD8 T(CM) or T(EM) to wild-type mice and to mice that lack secondary lymphoid tissues. We found that CD8 T(CM) and T(EM) were equally effective at rejecting allografts in wild-type hosts. However, CD8 T(EM) were significantly better than T(CM) at rejecting allografts in the absence of secondary lymphoid tissues. CD8 T(CM) were dependent upon secondary lymphoid tissues more than T(EM) for optimal differentiation into effectors that migrate into the allograft. Recall of either CD8 T(CM) or T(EM) led to accumulation of T(EM) after allograft rejection. These findings indicate that either CD8 T(CM) or T(EM) mediate allograft rejection but T(EM) have an advantage over T(CM) in immune surveillance of peripheral tissues, including transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- Departments of Medicine (Renal-Electrolyte) and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261,Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Geetha Chalasani, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, W1554 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
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26
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Obhrai JS, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Hand TW, Diggs L, Chalasani G, Lakkis FG. Effector T Cell Differentiation and Memory T Cell Maintenance Outside Secondary Lymphoid Organs. J Immunol 2006; 176:4051-8. [PMID: 16547240 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Naive T cell circulation is restricted to secondary lymphoid organs. Effector and memory T cells, in contrast, acquire the ability to migrate to nonlymphoid tissues. In this study we examined whether nonlymphoid tissues contribute to the differentiation of effector T cells to memory cells and the long-term maintenance of memory T cells. We found that CD4, but not CD8, effector T cell differentiation to memory cells is impaired in adoptive hosts that lack secondary lymphoid organs. In contrast, established CD4 and CD8 memory T cells underwent basal homeostatic proliferation in the liver, lungs, and bone marrow, were maintained long-term, and functioned in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs. CD8 memory T cells found in nonlymphoid tissues expressed both central and effector memory phenotypes, whereas CD4 memory T cells displayed predominantly an effector memory phenotype. These findings indicate that secondary lymphoid organs are not necessary for the maintenance and function of memory T cell populations, whereas the optimal differentiation of CD4 effectors to memory T cells is dependent on these organs. The ability of memory T cells to persist and respond to foreign Ag independently of secondary lymphoid tissues supports the existence of nonlymphoid memory T cell pools that provide essential immune surveillance in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep S Obhrai
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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27
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Abstract
Removal of a transplanted organ from its original recipient and retransplanting it into a new host is an important method to study the role of the graft in the rejection process. Here we describe a novel technique of heart retransplantation in the mouse. In this technique, a primarily vascularized heart graft is anastomosed to the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava of a syngeneic or immunodeficient allogeneic mouse, using standard techniques. Either 10 or 70 days later, the same graft is retransplanted into the abdomen of a second mouse by end-to-side anastomosis of the donor (first recipient) aortic and inferior vena cava's cuffs to the second recipient's abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, respectively. A greater than 90% success rate was achieved by using this microsurgical technique. This method should be useful for studying intragraft factors, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury and donor antigen-presenting cells, on the outcomes of transplantations.
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MESH Headings
- Anastomosis, Surgical
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/surgery
- Aorta, Abdominal/transplantation
- Female
- Graft Rejection/etiology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Survival
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Microsurgery
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/etiology
- Splenectomy
- Time Factors
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/methods
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Transplantation, Isogeneic
- Vena Cava, Inferior/surgery
- Vena Cava, Inferior/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Section of Nephrology and Section of Immunobiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 065420, USA.
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28
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Yamada A, Salama AD, Sho M, Najafian N, Ito T, Forman JP, Kewalramani R, Sandner S, Harada H, Clarkson MR, Mandelbrot DA, Sharpe AH, Oshima H, Yagita H, Chalasani G, Lakkis FG, Auchincloss H, Sayegh MH. CD70 Signaling Is Critical for CD28-Independent CD8+T Cell-Mediated Alloimmune Responses In Vivo. J Immunol 2005; 174:1357-64. [PMID: 15661893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.3.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability to reproducibly induce robust and durable transplant tolerance using CD28-B7 pathway blockade is in part related to the persistence of alloreactive effector/memory CD8(+) T cells that are less dependent on this pathway for their cellular activation. We studied the role of the novel T cell costimulatory pathway, CD27-CD70, in alloimmunity in the presence and absence of CD28-B7 signaling. CD70 blockade prolonged survival of fully mismatched vascularized cardiac allografts in wild-type murine recipients, and in CD28-deficient mice induced long-term survival while significantly preventing the development of chronic allograft vasculopathy. CD70 blockade had little effect on CD4(+) T cell function but prevented CD8(+) T cell-mediated rejection, inhibited the proliferation and activation of effector CD8(+) T cells, and diminished the expansion of effector and memory CD8(+) T cells in vivo. Thus, the CD27-CD70 pathway is critical for CD28-independent effector/memory CD8(+) alloreactive T cell activation in vivo. These novel findings have important implications for the development of transplantation tolerance-inducing strategies in primates and humans, in which CD8(+) T cell depletion is currently mandatory.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD27 Ligand
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chronic Disease
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Heart Transplantation/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Isoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterotopic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/physiology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamada
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Tesar BM, Chalasani G, Smith-Diggs L, Baddoura FK, Lakkis FG, Goldstein DR. Direct Antigen Presentation by a Xenograft Induces Immunity Independently of Secondary Lymphoid Organs. J Immunol 2004; 173:4377-86. [PMID: 15383567 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The location of immune activation is controversial during acute allograft rejection and unknown in xenotransplantation. To determine where immune activation to a xenograft occurs, we examined whether splenectomized alymphoplastic mice that possess no secondary lymphoid organs can reject porcine skin xenografts. Our results show that these mice rejected their xenografts, in a T cell-dependent fashion, at the same tempo as wild-type recipients, demonstrating that xenograft rejection is not critically dependent on secondary lymphoid organs. Furthermore, we provide evidence that immune activation in the bone marrow did not take place during xenograft rejection. Importantly, immunity to xenoantigens was only induced after xenotransplantation and not by immunization with porcine spleen cells, as xenografted mutant mice developed an effector response, whereas mutant mice immunized by porcine spleen cells via i.p. injection failed to do so. Moreover, we provide evidence that antixenograft immunity occurred via direct and indirect Ag presentation, as recipient T cells could be stimulated by either donor spleen cells or recipient APCs. Thus, our data provide evidence that direct and indirect Ag presentation by a xenograft induces immunity in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs. These results have important implications for developing relevant xenotransplantation protocols.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, Heterophile/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Heterophile/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/pathology
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interphase/genetics
- Interphase/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/abnormalities
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, SCID
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/pathology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/transplantation
- Splenectomy
- Swine
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous/methods
- Transplantation, Heterologous/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Tesar
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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30
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Chalasani G, Li Q, Konieczny BT, Smith-Diggs L, Wrobel B, Dai Z, Perkins DL, Baddoura FK, Lakkis FG. The allograft defines the type of rejection (acute versus chronic) in the face of an established effector immune response. J Immunol 2004; 172:7813-20. [PMID: 15187165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transplanted organs fail due to either acute or chronic rejection. The prevailing view is that the nature or magnitude of the recipient's immune response to donor Ags determines the type of rejection. In variance with this view, we show in this study that the status of the graft itself plays a dominant role in defining the type of rejection even in the face of an established alloimmune response. Using adoptive transfer mouse models in which the graft is exposed to a constant number of effector lymphocytes, we found that newly transplanted heart allografts are rejected acutely, while healed-in allografts undergo chronic rejection. Acute rejection of healed-in allografts was largely recapitulated by subjecting the grafts to ischemia-reperfusion injury similar to that present in newly transplanted organs. Ischemia-Reperfusion injury altered the outcome of rejection by enhancing the accumulation of effector T cells within the graft. The accumulation of effector T cells in the graft was dependent on the presence of both ischemia-reperfusion injury (inflammation) and alloantigens. These findings demonstrate that the graft plays a dominant role in shaping the outcome of rejection by controlling the trafficking of effector T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Chalasani
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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31
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Chalasani G, Dai Z, Konieczny BT, Baddoura FK, Lakkis FG. Recall and propagation of allospecific memory T cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6175-80. [PMID: 11983909 PMCID: PMC122922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092596999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2001] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The allospecifc T cell population responding to a transplanted organ consists of both naive and memory lymphocytes. Although it is established that naive T cells are activated by antigen within the organized structures of secondary lymphoid organs (the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal lymphoid tissues), it is not clear whether memory T cell activation and propagation depend on homing to these organs. To answer this question, we investigated whether allospecific naive or memory T cells can mediate acute cardiac allograft rejection in mutant mice that lack all of their secondary lymphoid tissues. The results of our experiments demonstrated that antigen-experienced memory T cells have two advantages over naive T cells: (i) memory T cells mount a vigorous immune response that leads to allograft rejection independent of secondary lymphoid organs; and (ii) memory T cells generate more memory T cells without homing to secondary lymphoid organs. These unique properties of memory T cells were further confirmed by showing that memory-like T cells that arise from the homeostatic proliferation of naive T cells in the absence of antigenic stimulation are suboptimal at rejecting allografts and do not generate memory T cells in mice devoid of secondary lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Chalasani
- Section of Nephrology (Department of Medicine) and Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208029, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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32
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Chandrasekar PH, Abraham OC, Klein J, Alangaden G, Chalasani G, Cassells L, Dansey R, Abella S, Karanes C, Peters W, Baynes R. Low infectious morbidity after intensive chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in the outpatient setting for women with breast cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:546-51. [PMID: 11181116 DOI: 10.1086/318715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2000] [Revised: 07/05/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation is increasingly employed in the outpatient setting, yet data on early complications following PBPC transplantation are scant. We evaluated 105 women with high-risk primary or metastatic breast cancer who were treated at a single institution during 1996--1997. The mean duration of neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count, <500 cells/mm(3)) was 7.5 days. Twenty-nine percent of women remained afebrile throughout the neutropenic period. Of the remaining 71%, most (64 of 75) had fever of unknown origin. Infections, mostly of mild severity, occurred in 34% of women; these infections included bacteremia due to gram-positive organisms, catheter site infection, cellulitis, pneumonia, oral candidiasis, herpes simplex virus infection, and vaginitis. Fifty percent of PBPC transplant recipients required hospital admission, usually because of persistent fever; the mean duration of hospitalization was 3 days. No deaths or serious adverse events occurred. Such reduced infectious morbidity may be a consequence of minimal oral and/or gastrointestinal mucositis associated with the conditioning regimen and broad-spectrum antimicrobial prophylaxis used for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Ventilation-perfusion lung scans are routinely performed using Tc-99m labeled MAA particles administered intravenously which are subsequently trapped in the pulmonary artery capillary bed. In the presence of a right-to-left shunt, activity may be seen in the systemic circulation. Right-to-left shunts may be worsened by inducing hypoxemia which causes pulmonary artery constriction, and also by increasing venous return to the heart. In this case, the authors used various maneuvers to increase right-to-left shunting and thereby demonstrated the presence of fixed pulmonary hypertension. These findings suggested that the patient's dyspnea on exertion was not primarily because of left ventricular dysfunction, and proposed coronary bypass surgery was deferred for medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Rees
- Department of Radiology, Hartford Hospital, CT 06115
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