1
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Pollard LW, Boczkowska M, Dominguez R, Ostap EM. Myosin-1C differentially displaces tropomyosin isoforms altering their inhibition of motility. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107539. [PMID: 38971309 PMCID: PMC11338116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Force generation and motility by actomyosin in nonmuscle cells are spatially regulated by ∼40 tropomyosin (Tpm) isoforms. The means by which Tpms are targeted to specific cellular regions and the mechanisms that result in differential activity of myosin paralogs are unknown. We show that Tpm3.1 and Tpm1.7 inhibit Myosin-IC (Myo1C), with Tpm1.7 more effectively reducing the number of gliding filaments than Tpm3.1. Strikingly, cosedimentation and fluorescence microscopy assays revealed that Tpm3.1 is displaced from actin by Myo1C and not by myosin-II. In contrast, Tpm1.7 is only weakly displaced by Myo1C. Unlike other characterized myosins, Myo1C motility is inhibited by Tpm when the Tpm-actin filament is activated by myosin-II. These results point to a mechanism for the exclusion of myosin-I paralogs from cellular Tpm-decorated actin filaments that are activated by other myosins. Additionally, our results suggest a potential mechanism for myosin-induced Tpm sorting in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther W Pollard
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Diensthuber RP, Hartmann FK, Kathmann D, Franz P, Tsiavaliaris G. Switch-2 determines Mg 2+ADP-release kinetics and fine-tunes the duty ratio of Dictyostelium class-1 myosins. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1393952. [PMID: 38887318 PMCID: PMC11181000 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1393952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Though myosins share a structurally conserved motor domain, single amino acid variations of active site elements, including the P-loop, switch-1 and switch-2, which act as nucleotide sensors, can substantially determine the kinetic signature of a myosin, i.e., to either perform fast movement or enable long-range transport and tension generation. Switch-2 essentially contributes to the ATP hydrolysis reaction and determines product release. With few exceptions, class-1 myosin harbor a tyrosine in the switch-2 consensus sequence DIYGFE, at a position where class-2 myosins and a selection of myosins from other classes have a substitution. Here, we addressed the role of the tyrosine in switch-2 of class-1 myosins as potential determinant of the duty ratio. We generated constitutively active motor domain constructs of two class-1 myosins from the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, namely, Myo1E, a high duty ratio myosin and Myo1B, a low duty ratio myosin. In Myo1E we introduced mutation Y388F and in Myo1B mutation F387Y. The detailed functional characterization by steady-state and transient kinetic experiments, combined with in vitro motility and landing assays revealed an almost reciprocal relationship of a number of critical kinetic parameters and equilibrium constants between wild-type and mutants that dictate the lifetime of the strongly actin-attached states of myosin. The Y-to-F mutation increased the duty ratio of Moy1B by almost one order of magnitude, while the introduction of the phenylalanine in switch-2 of Myo1E transformed the myosin into a low duty ratio motor. These data together with structural considerations propose a role of switch-2 in fine-tuning ADP release through a mechanism, where the class-specific tyrosine together with surrounding residues contributes to the coordination of Mg2+ and ADP. Our results highlight the importance of conserved switch-2 residues in class-1 myosins for efficient chemo-mechanical coupling, revealing that switch-2 is important to adjust the duty ratio of the amoeboid class-1 myosins for performing movement, transport or gating functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Georgios Tsiavaliaris
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, OE 4350, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Tsai FC, Guérin G, Pernier J, Bassereau P. Actin-membrane linkers: Insights from synthetic reconstituted systems. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151402. [PMID: 38461706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
At the cell surface, the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane interact reciprocally in a variety of processes related to the remodeling of the cell surface. The actin cytoskeleton has been known to modulate membrane organization and reshape the membrane. To this end, actin-membrane linking molecules play a major role in regulating actin assembly and spatially direct the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane. While studies in cells have provided a wealth of knowledge on the molecular composition and interactions of the actin-membrane interface, the complex molecular interactions make it challenging to elucidate the precise actions of the actin-membrane linkers at the interface. Synthetic reconstituted systems, consisting of model membranes and purified proteins, have been a powerful approach to elucidate how actin-membrane linkers direct actin assembly to drive membrane shape changes. In this review, we will focus only on several actin-membrane linkers that have been studied by using reconstitution systems. We will discuss the design principles of these reconstitution systems and how they have contributed to the understanding of the cellular functions of actin-membrane linkers. Finally, we will provide a perspective on future research directions in understanding the intricate actin-membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ching Tsai
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Gwendal Guérin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer, Paris 75005, France
| | - Julien Pernier
- Tumor Cell Dynamics Unit, Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Physics of Cells and Cancer, Paris 75005, France.
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4
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Miyoshi T, Belyantseva IA, Sajeevadathan M, Friedman TB. Pathophysiology of human hearing loss associated with variants in myosins. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1374901. [PMID: 38562617 PMCID: PMC10982375 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1374901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Deleterious variants of more than one hundred genes are associated with hearing loss including MYO3A, MYO6, MYO7A and MYO15A and two conventional myosins MYH9 and MYH14. Variants of MYO7A also manifest as Usher syndrome associated with dysfunction of the retina and vestibule as well as hearing loss. While the functions of MYH9 and MYH14 in the inner ear are debated, MYO3A, MYO6, MYO7A and MYO15A are expressed in inner ear hair cells along with class-I myosin MYO1C and are essential for developing and maintaining functional stereocilia on the apical surface of hair cells. Stereocilia are large, cylindrical, actin-rich protrusions functioning as biological mechanosensors to detect sound, acceleration and posture. The rigidity of stereocilia is sustained by highly crosslinked unidirectionally-oriented F-actin, which also provides a scaffold for various proteins including unconventional myosins and their cargo. Typical myosin molecules consist of an ATPase head motor domain to transmit forces to F-actin, a neck containing IQ-motifs that bind regulatory light chains and a tail region with motifs recognizing partners. Instead of long coiled-coil domains characterizing conventional myosins, the tails of unconventional myosins have various motifs to anchor or transport proteins and phospholipids along the F-actin core of a stereocilium. For these myosins, decades of studies have elucidated their biochemical properties, interacting partners in hair cells and variants associated with hearing loss. However, less is known about how myosins traffic in a stereocilium using their motor function, and how each variant correlates with a clinical condition including the severity and onset of hearing loss, mode of inheritance and presence of symptoms other than hearing loss. Here, we cover the domain structures and functions of myosins associated with hearing loss together with advances, open questions about trafficking of myosins in stereocilia and correlations between hundreds of variants in myosins annotated in ClinVar and the corresponding deafness phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Division of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Inna A. Belyantseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mrudhula Sajeevadathan
- Division of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Thomas B. Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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5
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Solomatina ES, Nishkomaeva EN, Kovaleva AV, Tvorogova AV, Potashnikova DM, Saidova AA. Parameters of Cell Death and Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells with Altered Expression of Myosin 1C Isoforms. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2024; 514:16-22. [PMID: 38189886 PMCID: PMC11021239 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Myosin 1C is a monomeric myosin motor with a truncated tail domain. Such motors are referred as slow "tension sensors." Three isoforms of myosin 1C differ in short N-termed amino acid sequences, the functional differences between isoforms have not been elucidated. Myosin 1C isoform A was described as a diagnostic marker for prostate cancer, but its role in tumor transformation remains unknown. Based on data on the functions of myosin 1C, we hypothesized the potential role of myosin 1C isoforms in maintaining the tumor phenotype of prostate cancer cells. In our work, we showed that a decrease in the expression level of myosin 1C isoform C leads to an increase in the proliferative activity of prostate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Solomatina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E N Nishkomaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Kovaleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Tvorogova
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D M Potashnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Saidova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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6
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Pedersen RT, Snoberger A, Pyrpassopoulos S, Safer D, Drubin DG, Ostap EM. Endocytic myosin-1 is a force-insensitive, power-generating motor. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202303095. [PMID: 37549220 PMCID: PMC10406613 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated ∼10-fold by phosphorylation and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We, therefore, propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross T.A. Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Snoberger
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Safer
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David G. Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - E. Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Pedersen RTA, Snoberger A, Pyrpassopoulos S, Safer D, Drubin DG, Ostap EM. Endocytic myosin-1 is a force-insensitive, power-generating motor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.21.533689. [PMID: 36993306 PMCID: PMC10055380 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.21.533689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Myosins are required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but their precise molecular roles in this process are not known. This is, in part, because the biophysical properties of the relevant motors have not been investigated. Myosins have diverse mechanochemical activities, ranging from powerful contractility against mechanical loads to force-sensitive anchoring. To better understand the essential molecular contribution of myosin to endocytosis, we studied the in vitro force-dependent kinetics of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic type I myosin called Myo5, a motor whose role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been meticulously studied in vivo. We report that Myo5 is a low-duty-ratio motor that is activated ∼10-fold by phosphorylation, and that its working stroke and actin-detachment kinetics are relatively force-insensitive. Strikingly, the in vitro mechanochemistry of Myo5 is more like that of cardiac myosin than like that of slow anchoring myosin-1s found on endosomal membranes. We therefore propose that Myo5 generates power to augment actin assembly-based forces during endocytosis in cells. Summary Pedersen, Snoberger et al. measure the force-sensitivity of the yeast endocytic the myosin-1 called Myo5 and find that it is more likely to generate power than to serve as a force-sensitive anchor in cells. Implications for Myo5's role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross TA Pedersen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Present address: Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Equal Contribution
| | - Aaron Snoberger
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Equal Contribution
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel Safer
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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8
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Clippinger Schulte SR, Scott B, Barrick SK, Stump WT, Blackwell T, Greenberg MJ. Single-molecule mechanics and kinetics of cardiac myosin interacting with regulated thin filaments. Biophys J 2023; 122:2544-2555. [PMID: 37165621 PMCID: PMC10323011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac cycle is a tightly regulated process wherein the heart generates force to pump blood to the body during systole and then relaxes during diastole. Disruption of this finely tuned cycle can lead to a range of diseases including cardiomyopathies and heart failure. Cardiac contraction is driven by the molecular motor myosin, which pulls regulated thin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner. In some muscle and nonmuscle myosins, regulatory proteins on actin tune the kinetics, mechanics, and load dependence of the myosin working stroke; however, it is not well understood whether or how thin-filament regulatory proteins tune the mechanics of the cardiac myosin motor. To address this critical gap in knowledge, we used single-molecule techniques to measure the kinetics and mechanics of the substeps of the cardiac myosin working stroke in the presence and absence of thin filament regulatory proteins. We found that regulatory proteins gate the calcium-dependent interactions between myosin and the thin filament. At physiologically relevant ATP concentrations, cardiac myosin's mechanics and unloaded kinetics are not affected by thin-filament regulatory proteins. We also measured the load-dependent kinetics of cardiac myosin at physiologically relevant ATP concentrations using an isometric optical clamp, and we found that thin-filament regulatory proteins do not affect either the identity or magnitude of myosin's primary load-dependent transition. Interestingly, at low ATP concentrations at both saturating and physiologically relevant subsaturating calcium concentrations, thin-filament regulatory proteins have a small effect on actomyosin dissociation kinetics, suggesting a mechanism beyond simple steric blocking. These results have important implications for the modeling of cardiac physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Clippinger Schulte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brent Scott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Samantha K Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - W Tom Stump
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thomas Blackwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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9
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Lee LA, Barrick SK, Buvoli AE, Walklate J, Stump WT, Geeves M, Greenberg MJ, Leinwand LA. Distinct effects of two hearing loss-associated mutations in the sarcomeric myosin MYH7b. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104631. [PMID: 36963494 PMCID: PMC10141508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, sarcomeric myosin heavy chain proteins were assumed to be restricted to striated muscle where they function as molecular motors that contract muscle. However, MYH7b, an evolutionarily ancient member of this myosin family, has been detected in mammalian nonmuscle tissues, and mutations in MYH7b are linked to hereditary hearing loss in compound heterozygous patients. These mutations are the first associated with hearing loss rather than a muscle pathology, and because there are no homologous mutations in other myosin isoforms, their functional effects were unknown. We generated recombinant human MYH7b harboring the D515N or R1651Q hearing loss-associated mutation and studied their effects on motor activity and structural and assembly properties, respectively. The D515N mutation had no effect on steady-state actin-activated ATPase rate or load-dependent detachment kinetics but increased actin sliding velocity because of an increased displacement during the myosin working stroke. Furthermore, we found that the D515N mutation caused an increase in the proportion of myosin heads that occupy the disordered-relaxed state, meaning more myosin heads are available to interact with actin. Although we found no impact of the R1651Q mutation on myosin rod secondary structure or solubility, we observed a striking aggregation phenotype when this mutation was introduced into nonmuscle cells. Our results suggest that each mutation independently affects MYH7b function and structure. Together, these results provide the foundation for further study of a role for MYH7b outside the sarcomere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Lee
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha K Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ada E Buvoli
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Walklate
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - W Tom Stump
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leslie A Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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10
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Clippinger Schulte SR, Scott B, Barrick SK, Stump WT, Blackwell T, Greenberg MJ. Single Molecule Mechanics and Kinetics of Cardiac Myosin Interacting with Regulated Thin Filaments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.522880. [PMID: 36711892 PMCID: PMC9881944 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.522880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac cycle is a tightly regulated process wherein the heart generates force to pump blood to the body during systole and then relaxes during diastole. Disruption of this finely tuned cycle can lead to a range of diseases including cardiomyopathies and heart failure. Cardiac contraction is driven by the molecular motor myosin, which pulls regulated thin filaments in a calcium-dependent manner. In some muscle and non-muscle myosins, regulatory proteins on actin tune the kinetics, mechanics, and load dependence of the myosin working stroke; however, it is not well understood whether or how thin filament regulatory proteins tune the mechanics of the cardiac myosin motor. To address this critical gap in knowledge, we used single-molecule techniques to measure the kinetics and mechanics of the substeps of the cardiac myosin working stroke in the presence and absence of thin filament regulatory proteins. We found that regulatory proteins gate the calcium-dependent interactions between myosin and the thin filament. At physiologically relevant ATP concentrations, cardiac myosin's mechanics and unloaded kinetics are not affected by thin filament regulatory proteins. We also measured the load-dependent kinetics of cardiac myosin at physiologically relevant ATP concentrations using an isometric optical clamp, and we found that thin filament regulatory proteins do not affect either the identity or magnitude of myosin's primary load-dependent transition. Interestingly, at low ATP concentrations, thin filament regulatory proteins have a small effect on actomyosin dissociation kinetics, suggesting a mechanism beyond simple steric blocking. These results have important implications for both disease modeling and computational models of muscle contraction. Significance Statement Human heart contraction is powered by the molecular motor β-cardiac myosin, which pulls on thin filaments consisting of actin and the regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin. In some muscle and non-muscle systems, these regulatory proteins tune the kinetics, mechanics, and load dependence of the myosin working stroke. Despite having a central role in health and disease, it is not well understood whether the mechanics or kinetics of β-cardiac myosin are affected by regulatory proteins. We show that regulatory proteins do not affect the mechanics or load-dependent kinetics of the working stroke at physiologically relevant ATP concentrations; however, they can affect the kinetics at low ATP concentrations, suggesting a mechanism beyond simple steric blocking. This has important implications for modeling of cardiac physiology and diseases.
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11
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Diaz-Valencia JD, Estrada-Abreo LA, Rodríguez-Cruz L, Salgado-Aguayo AR, Patiño-López G. Class I Myosins, molecular motors involved in cell migration and cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2022; 16:1-12. [PMID: 34974807 PMCID: PMC8741282 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.2020705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Class I Myosins are a subfamily of motor proteins with ATPase activity and a characteristic structure conserved in all myosins: A N-Terminal Motor Domain, a central Neck and a C terminal Tail domain. Humans have eight genes for these myosins. Class I Myosins have different functions: regulate membrane tension, participate in endocytosis, exocytosis, intracellular trafficking and cell migration. Cell migration is influenced by many cellular components including motor proteins, like myosins. Recently has been reported that changes in myosin expression have an impact on the migration of cancer cells, the formation of infiltrates and metastasis. We propose that class I myosins might be potential markers for future diagnostic, prognostic or even as therapeutic targets in leukemia and other cancers.Abbreviations: Myo1g: Myosin 1g; ALL: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, TH1: Tail Homology 1; TH2: Tail Homology 2; TH3: Tail Homology 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D. Diaz-Valencia
- Immunology and Proteomics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura A. Estrada-Abreo
- Immunology and Proteomics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Cell Biology and Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Metropolitan Autonomous University, México City, Mexico
| | - Leonor Rodríguez-Cruz
- Cell Biology and Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Metropolitan Autonomous University, México City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso R. Salgado-Aguayo
- Rheumatic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Genaro Patiño-López
- Immunology and Proteomics Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Lee LA, Barrick SK, Meller A, Walklate J, Lotthammer JM, Tay JW, Stump WT, Bowman G, Geeves MA, Greenberg MJ, Leinwand LA. Functional divergence of the sarcomeric myosin, MYH7b, supports species-specific biological roles. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102657. [PMID: 36334627 PMCID: PMC9800208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain 7b (MYH7b) is an evolutionarily ancient member of the sarcomeric myosin family, which typically supports striated muscle function. However, in mammals, alternative splicing prevents MYH7b protein production in cardiac and most skeletal muscles and limits expression to a subset of specialized muscles and certain nonmuscle environments. In contrast, MYH7b protein is abundant in python cardiac and skeletal muscles. Although the MYH7b expression pattern diverges in mammals versus reptiles, MYH7b shares high sequence identity across species. So, it remains unclear how mammalian MYH7b function may differ from that of other sarcomeric myosins and whether human and python MYH7b motor functions diverge as their expression patterns suggest. Thus, we generated recombinant human and python MYH7b protein and measured their motor properties to investigate any species-specific differences in activity. Our results reveal that despite having similar working strokes, the MYH7b isoforms have slower actin-activated ATPase cycles and actin sliding velocities than human cardiac β-MyHC. Furthermore, python MYH7b is tuned to have slower motor activity than human MYH7b because of slower kinetics of the chemomechanical cycle. We found that the MYH7b isoforms adopt a higher proportion of myosin heads in the ultraslow, super-relaxed state compared with human cardiac β-MyHC. These findings are supported by molecular dynamics simulations that predict MYH7b preferentially occupies myosin active site conformations similar to those observed in the structurally inactive state. Together, these results suggest that MYH7b is specialized for slow and energy-conserving motor activity and that differential tuning of MYH7b orthologs contributes to species-specific biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Lee
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samantha K. Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Artur Meller
- The Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jonathan Walklate
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey M. Lotthammer
- The Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jian Wei Tay
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W. Tom Stump
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gregory Bowman
- The Center for Science and Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A. Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Boulder, Colorado, USA,BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA,For correspondence: Leslie A. Leinwand
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13
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Gardini L, Woody MS, Kashchuk AV, Goldman YE, Ostap EM, Capitanio M. High-Speed Optical Traps Address Dynamics of Processive and Non-Processive Molecular Motors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2478:513-557. [PMID: 36063333 PMCID: PMC9987584 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2229-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between biological molecules occur on very different time scales, from the minutes of strong protein-protein bonds, down to below the millisecond duration of rapid biomolecular interactions. Conformational changes occurring on sub-ms time scales and their mechanical force dependence underlie the functioning of enzymes (e.g., motor proteins) that are fundamental for life. However, such rapid interactions are beyond the temporal resolution of most single-molecule methods. We developed ultrafast force-clamp spectroscopy (UFFCS), a single-molecule technique based on laser tweezers that allows us to investigate early and very fast dynamics of a variety of enzymes and their regulation by mechanical load. The technique was developed to investigate the rapid interactions between skeletal muscle myosin and actin, and then applied to the study of different biological systems, from cardiac myosin to processive myosin V, microtubule-binding proteins, transcription factors, and mechanotransducer proteins. Here, we describe two different implementations of UFFCS instrumentation and protocols using either acousto- or electro-optic laser beam deflectors, and their application to the study of processive and non-processive motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gardini
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council (INO-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Michael S Woody
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anatolii V Kashchuk
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Yale E Goldman
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marco Capitanio
- LENS, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Actomyosin Complex. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:421-470. [PMID: 36151385 PMCID: PMC9710302 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of cross-bridges between actin and myosin occurs ubiquitously in eukaryotic cells and mediates muscle contraction, intracellular cargo transport, and cytoskeletal remodeling. Myosin motors repeatedly bind to and dissociate from actin filaments in a cycle that transduces the chemical energy from ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force generation. While the general layout of surface elements within the actin-binding interface is conserved among myosin classes, sequence divergence within these motifs alters the specific contacts involved in the actomyosin interaction as well as the kinetics of mechanochemical cycle phases. Additionally, diverse lever arm structures influence the motility and force production of myosin molecules during their actin interactions. The structural differences generated by myosin's molecular evolution have fine-tuned the kinetics of its isoforms and adapted them for their individual cellular roles. In this chapter, we will characterize the structural and biochemical basis of the actin-myosin interaction and explain its relationship with myosin's cellular roles, with emphasis on the structural variation among myosin isoforms that enables their functional specialization. We will also discuss the impact of accessory proteins, such as the troponin-tropomyosin complex and myosin-binding protein C, on the formation and regulation of actomyosin cross-bridges.
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15
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Cook AW, Toseland CP. The roles of nuclear myosin in the DNA damage response. J Biochem 2021; 169:265-271. [PMID: 33035317 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin within the nucleus has often been overlooked due to their importance in cytoplasmic processes and a lack of investigation. However, more recently, it has been shown that their nuclear roles are just as fundamental to cell function and survival with roles in transcription, DNA damage and viral replication. Myosins can act as molecular transporters and anchors that rely on their actin binding and ATPase capabilities. Their roles within the DNA damage response can varies from a transcriptional response, moving chromatin and stabilizing chromosome contacts. This review aims to highlight their key roles in the DNA damage response and how they impact nuclear organization and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Cook
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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16
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Vellino S, Oddou C, Rivier P, Boyault C, Hiriart-Bryant E, Kraut A, Martin R, Coute Y, Knölker HJ, Valverde MA, Albigès-Rizo C, Destaing O. Cross-talk between the calcium channel TRPV4 and reactive oxygen species interlocks adhesive and degradative functions of invadosomes. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211651. [PMID: 33399853 PMCID: PMC7788461 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Invadosomes support cell invasion by coupling both acto-adhesive and extracellular matrix degradative functions, which are apparently antagonistic. β1-integrin dynamics regulate this coupling, but the actual sensing mechanism and effectors involved have not yet been elucidated. Using genetic and reverse genetic approaches combined with biochemical and imaging techniques, we now show that the calcium channel TRPV4 colocalizes with β1-integrins at the invadosome periphery and regulates its activation and the coupling of acto-adhesive and degradative functions. TRPV4-mediated regulation of podosome function depends on its ability to sense reactive oxygen species (ROS) in invadosomes' microenvironment and involves activation of the ROS/calcium-sensitive kinase Ask1 and binding of the motor MYO1C. Furthermore, disease-associated TRPV4 gain-of-function mutations that modulate ECM degradation are also implicated in the ROS response, which provides new perspectives in our understanding of the pathophysiology of TRPV4 channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanela Vellino
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Christiane Oddou
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Paul Rivier
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Cyril Boyault
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Edwige Hiriart-Bryant
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - René Martin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yohann Coute
- Laboratoire EDyP, Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Grenoble-Biologie à Grande Echelle, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Miguel A. Valverde
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Corinne Albigès-Rizo
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Olivier Destaing
- Dynamique des systèmes d'adhérence, Institut for Advanced Biosciences, Centre de Recherche University Grenoble Alpes/INSERM U1209/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité mixte de recherche 5309, La Tronche, France,Correspondence to Olivier Destaing:
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17
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Giese S, Reindl T, Reinke PYA, Zattelman L, Fedorov R, Henn A, Taft MH, Manstein DJ. Mechanochemical properties of human myosin-1C are modulated by isoform-specific differences in the N-terminal extension. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100128. [PMID: 33257319 PMCID: PMC7948490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin-1C is a single-headed, short-tailed member of the myosin class I subfamily that supports a variety of actin-based functions in the cytosol and nucleus. In vertebrates, alternative splicing of the MYO1C gene leads to the production of three isoforms, myosin-1C0, myosin-1C16, and myosin-1C35, that carry N-terminal extensions of different lengths. However, it is not clear how these extensions affect the chemomechanical coupling of human myosin-1C isoforms. Here, we report on the motor activity of the different myosin-1C isoforms measuring the unloaded velocities of constructs lacking the C-terminal lipid-binding domain on nitrocellulose-coated glass surfaces and full-length constructs on reconstituted, supported lipid bilayers. The higher yields of purified proteins obtained with constructs lacking the lipid-binding domain allowed a detailed characterization of the individual kinetic steps of human myosin-1C isoforms in their productive interaction with nucleotides and filamentous actin. Isoform-specific differences include 18-fold changes in the maximum power output per myosin-1C motor and 4-fold changes in the velocity and the resistive force at which maximum power output occurs. Our results support a model in which the isoform-specific N-terminal extensions affect chemomechanical coupling by combined steric and allosteric effects, thereby reducing both the length of the working stroke and the rate of ADP release in the absence of external loads by a factor of 2 for myosin-1C35. As the large change in maximum power output shows, the functional differences between the isoforms are further amplified by the presence of external loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Giese
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Fritz-Hartmann-Centre for Medical Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Theresia Reindl
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Fritz-Hartmann-Centre for Medical Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Y A Reinke
- Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lilach Zattelman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roman Fedorov
- Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnon Henn
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Manuel H Taft
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Fritz-Hartmann-Centre for Medical Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Dietmar J Manstein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Fritz-Hartmann-Centre for Medical Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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18
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Computational Tool for Ensemble Averaging of Single-Molecule Data. Biophys J 2020; 120:10-20. [PMID: 33248132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular motors couple chemical transitions to conformational changes that perform mechanical work in a wide variety of biological processes. Disruption of this coupling can lead to diseases, and therefore there is a need to accurately measure mechanochemical coupling in motors in both health and disease. Optical tweezers with nanometer spatial and millisecond temporal resolution have provided valuable insights into these processes. However, fluctuations due to Brownian motion can make it difficult to precisely resolve these conformational changes. One powerful analysis technique that has improved our ability to accurately measure mechanochemical coupling in motor proteins is ensemble averaging of individual trajectories. Here, we present a user-friendly computational tool, Software for Precise Analysis of Single Molecules (SPASM), for generating ensemble averages of single-molecule data. This tool utilizes several conceptual advances, including optimized procedures for identifying single-molecule interactions and the implementation of a change-point algorithm, to more precisely resolve molecular transitions. Using both simulated and experimental data, we demonstrate that these advances allow for accurate determination of the mechanics and kinetics of the myosin working stroke with a smaller set of data. Importantly, we provide our open-source MATLAB-based program with a graphical user interface that enables others to readily apply these advances to the analysis of their own data.
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19
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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20
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Cook AW, Gough RE, Toseland CP. Nuclear myosins - roles for molecular transporters and anchors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/11/jcs242420. [PMID: 32499319 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.242420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myosin family of molecular motors are well-characterised cytoskeletal proteins. However, myosins are also present in the nucleus, where they have been shown to have roles in transcription, DNA repair and viral infections. Despite their involvement in these fundamental cellular processes, our understanding of these functions and their regulation remains limited. Recently, research on nuclear myosins has been gathering pace, and this Review will evaluate the current state of the field. Here, we will focus on the variation in structure of nuclear myosins, their nuclear import and their roles within transcription, DNA damage, chromatin organisation and viral infections. We will also consider both the biochemical and biophysical properties and restraints that are placed on these multifunctional motors, and how they link to their cytoplasmic counterparts. By highlighting these properties and processes, we show just how integral nuclear myosins are for cellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Cook
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Rosemarie E Gough
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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21
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Single-Molecule Biophysical Techniques to Study Actomyosin Force Transduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32451857 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Inside the cellular environment, molecular motors can work in concert to conduct a variety of important physiological functions and processes that are vital for the survival of a cell. However, in order to decipher the mechanism of how these molecular motors work, single-molecule microscopy techniques have been popular methods to understand the molecular basis of the emerging ensemble behavior of these motor proteins.In this chapter, we discuss various single-molecule biophysical imaging techniques that have been used to expose the mechanics and kinetics of myosins. The chapter should be taken as a general overview and introductory guide to the many existing techniques; however, since other chapters will discuss some of these techniques more thoroughly, the readership should refer to those chapters for further details and discussions. In particular, we will focus on scattering-based single-molecule microscopy methods, some of which have become more popular in the recent years and around which the work in our laboratories has been centered.
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22
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Linari M, Piazzesi G, Pertici I, Dantzig JA, Goldman YE, Lombardi V. Straightening Out the Elasticity of Myosin Cross-Bridges. Biophys J 2020; 118:994-1002. [PMID: 31968230 PMCID: PMC7063436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In a contracting muscle, myosin cross-bridges extending from thick filaments pull the interdigitating thin (actin-containing) filaments during cyclical ATP-driven interactions toward the center of the sarcomere, the structural unit of striated muscle. Cross-bridge attachments in the sarcomere have been reported to exhibit a similar stiffness under both positive and negative forces. However, in vitro measurements on filaments with a sparse complement of heads detected a decrease of the cross-bridge stiffness at negative forces attributed to the buckling of the subfragment 2 tail portion. Here, we review some old and new data that confirm that cross-bridge stiffness is nearly linear in the muscle filament lattice. The implications of high myosin stiffness at positive and negative strains are considered in muscle fibers and in nonmuscle intracellular cargo transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Linari
- PhysioLab, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piazzesi
- PhysioLab, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Irene Pertici
- PhysioLab, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Jody A Dantzig
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yale E Goldman
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Vincenzo Lombardi
- PhysioLab, Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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23
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Ezekian JE, Clippinger SR, Garcia JM, Yang Q, Denfield S, Jeewa A, Dreyer WJ, Zou W, Fan Y, Allen HD, Kim JJ, Greenberg MJ, Landstrom AP. Variant R94C in TNNT2-Encoded Troponin T Predisposes to Pediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy and Sudden Death Through Impaired Thin Filament Relaxation Resulting in Myocardial Diastolic Dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015111. [PMID: 32098556 PMCID: PMC7335540 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Pediatric‐onset restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is associated with high mortality, but underlying mechanisms of disease are under investigated. RCM‐associated diastolic dysfunction secondary to variants in TNNT2‐encoded cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) is poorly described. Methods and Results Genetic analysis of a proband and kindred with RCM identified TNNT2‐R94C, which cosegregated in a family with 2 generations of RCM, ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden death. TNNT2‐R94C was absent among large, population‐based cohorts Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) and predicted to be pathologic by in silico modeling. Biophysical experiments using recombinant human TNNT2‐R94C demonstrated impaired cardiac regulation at the molecular level attributed to reduced calcium‐dependent blocking of myosin's interaction with the thin filament. Computational modeling predicted a shift in the force‐calcium curve for the R94C mutant toward submaximal calcium activation compared within the wild type, suggesting low levels of muscle activation even at resting calcium concentrations and hypercontractility following activation by calcium. Conclusions The pathogenic TNNT2‐R94C variant activates thin‐filament–mediated sarcomeric contraction at submaximal calcium concentrations, likely resulting in increased muscle tension during diastole and hypercontractility during systole. This describes the proximal biophysical mechanism for development of RCM in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Ezekian
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC
| | - Sarah R Clippinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO
| | - Jaquelin M Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO
| | - Qixin Yang
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC
| | - Susan Denfield
- Department of Pediatrics The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Aamir Jeewa
- Department of Pediatrics The Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - William J Dreyer
- Department of Pediatrics The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Wenxin Zou
- Department of Pediatrics The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Department of Pediatrics The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Hugh D Allen
- Department of Pediatrics The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Jeffrey J Kim
- Department of Pediatrics The Lillie Frank Abercrombie Section of Pediatric Cardiology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO
| | - Andrew P Landstrom
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology Department of Pediatrics Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC.,Department of Cell Biology Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC
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24
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Katoh K. FAK-Dependent Cell Motility and Cell Elongation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010192. [PMID: 31940873 PMCID: PMC7017285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic cells show specific substrate selectivity for typical cell–substrate adhesion. However, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) contributes to controlling the regulation of orientation and polarity. When fibroblasts attach to micropatterns, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and FAK are both detected along the inner border between the adhesive micropatterns and the nonadhesive glass surface. FAK likely plays important roles in regulation of cell adhesion to the substrate, as FAK is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that acts as a signal transduction molecule at sites of cell–substrate attachment, called focal adhesions. FAK has been suggested to play a role in the attachment of cells at adhesive micropatterns by affecting cell polarity. Therefore, the localization of FAK might play a key role in recognition of the border of the cell with the adhesive micropattern, thus regulating cell polarity and the cell axis. This review discusses the regulation and molecular mechanism of cell proliferation and cell elongation by FAK and its associated signal transduction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan
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25
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Abstract
The regulation of actin dynamics is essential for various cellular processes. Former evidence suggests a correlation between the function of non-conventional myosin motors and actin dynamics. Here we investigate the contribution of myosin 1b to actin dynamics using sliding motility assays. We observe that sliding on myosin 1b immobilized or bound to a fluid bilayer enhances actin depolymerization at the barbed end, while sliding on myosin II, although 5 times faster, has no effect. This work reveals a non-conventional myosin motor as another type of depolymerase and points to its singular interactions with the actin barbed end. Former evidence suggests a correlation between the function of non-conventional myosin motors and actin dynamics. Here authors use in vitro assays in which they observe that actin sliding on myosin 1b immobilized or bound to a fluid bilayer enhances actin depolymerization at the barbed end.
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26
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Binder BP, Thompson AR, Thomas DD. Atomistic Models from Orientation and Distance Constraints Using EPR of a Bifunctional Spin Label. Biophys J 2019; 117:319-330. [PMID: 31301803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used high-resolution orientation and distance measurements derived from electron paramagnetic resonance of a bifunctional spin label (BSL) to build and refine atomistic models of protein structure. We demonstrate this approach by investigating the effects of nucleotide binding on the structure of myosin's catalytic domain while myosin is in complex with actin. Constraints for orientation of individual helices were obtained in a previous study from continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance of myosin labeled at specific sites with BSLs in oriented muscle fibers. In this study, new distance constraints were derived from double electron-electron resonance on myosin constructs labeled with a BSL specifically at two sites. Using these complementary constraints together, we thoroughly characterize the BSL's rigid, highly stereoselective attachment to protein α-helices, which permits accurate measurements of orientation and distance. We also leverage these measurements to derive a novel, to our knowledge, structural model for myosin-II in complex with actin and MgADP and compare our model to other recent actomyosin structures. The described approach is applicable to any orientable complex (e.g., membranes or filaments) in which site-specific di-Cys mutation is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David D Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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27
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Barrick SK, Clippinger SR, Greenberg L, Greenberg MJ. Computational Tool to Study Perturbations in Muscle Regulation and Its Application to Heart Disease. Biophys J 2019; 116:2246-2252. [PMID: 31126584 PMCID: PMC6588827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Striated muscle contraction occurs when myosin thick filaments bind to thin filaments in the sarcomere and generate pulling forces. This process is regulated by calcium, and it can be perturbed by pathological conditions (e.g., myopathies), physiological adaptations (e.g., β-adrenergic stimulation), and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, it is important to have a methodology to robustly determine the impact of these perturbations and statistically evaluate their effects. Here, we present an approach to measure the equilibrium constants that govern muscle activation, estimate uncertainty in these parameters, and statistically test the effects of perturbations. We provide a MATLAB-based computational tool for these analyses, along with easy-to-follow tutorials that make this approach accessible. The hypothesis testing and error estimation approaches described here are broadly applicable, and the provided tools work with other types of data, including cellular measurements. To demonstrate the utility of the approach, we apply it to elucidate the biophysical mechanism of a mutation that causes familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This approach is generally useful for studying muscle diseases and therapeutic interventions that target muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K Barrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sarah R Clippinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lina Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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28
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Tomko EJ, Galburt EA. Single-molecule approach for studying RNAP II transcription initiation using magnetic tweezers. Methods 2019; 159-160:35-44. [PMID: 30898685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of transcription underlies the ability of cells to modulate genome expression as a function of both internal and external signals and the core process of initiation has features that are shared across all domains of life. Specifically, initiation can be sub-divided into promoter recognition, promoter opening, and promoter escape. However, the molecular players and mechanisms used are significantly different in Eukaryotes and Bacteria. In particular, bacterial initiation requires only the formation of RNA polymerase (RNAP) holoenzyme and proceeds as a series of spontaneous conformational changes while eukaryotic initiation requires the formation of the 31-subunit pre-initiation complex (PIC) and often requires ATP hydrolysis by the Ssl2/XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH. Our mechanistic view of this process in Eukaryotes has recently been improved through a combination of structural and single-molecule approaches which are providing a detailed picture of the structural dynamics that lead to the production of an elongation competent RNAP II and thus, an RNA transcript. Here we provide the methodological details of our single-molecule magnetic tweezers studies of transcription initiation using purified factors from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Tomko
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Eric A Galburt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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29
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Girón-Pérez DA, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Santos-Argumedo L. Class I myosins: Highly versatile proteins with specific functions in the immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:973-981. [PMID: 30821871 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0918-350rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Connections established between cytoskeleton and plasma membrane are essential in cellular processes such as cell migration, vesicular trafficking, and cytokinesis. Class I myosins are motor proteins linking the actin-cytoskeleton with membrane phospholipids. Previous studies have implicated these molecules in cell functions including endocytosis, exocytosis, release of extracellular vesicles and the regulation of cell shape and membrane elasticity. In immune cells, those proteins also are involved in the formation and maintenance of immunological synapse-related signaling. Thus, these proteins are master regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in different scenarios. Although the localization of class I myosins has been described in vertebrates, their functions, regulation, and mechanical properties are not very well understood. In this review, we focused on and summarized the current understanding of class I myosins in vertebrates with particular emphasis in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Girón-Pérez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Zayda Lizbeth Piedra-Quintero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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30
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Woody MS, Greenberg MJ, Barua B, Winkelmann DA, Goldman YE, Ostap EM. Positive cardiac inotrope omecamtiv mecarbil activates muscle despite suppressing the myosin working stroke. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3838. [PMID: 30242219 PMCID: PMC6155018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Omecamtiv mecarbil (OM) is a positive cardiac inotrope in phase-3 clinical trials for treatment of heart failure. Although initially described as a direct myosin activator, subsequent studies are at odds with this description and do not explain OM-mediated increases in cardiac performance. Here we show, via single-molecule, biophysical experiments on cardiac myosin, that OM suppresses myosin's working stroke and prolongs actomyosin attachment 5-fold, which explains inhibitory actions of the drug observed in vitro. OM also causes the actin-detachment rate to become independent of both applied load and ATP concentration. Surprisingly, increased myocardial force output in the presence of OM can be explained by cooperative thin-filament activation by OM-inhibited myosin molecules. Selective suppression of myosin is an unanticipated route to muscle activation that may guide future development of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Woody
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 700A Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6085, USA
| | - Michael J Greenberg
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 700A Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6085, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Bipasha Barua
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Donald A Winkelmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Yale E Goldman
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 700A Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6085, USA.
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 700A Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6085, USA.
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31
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Gardini L, Heissler SM, Arbore C, Yang Y, Sellers JR, Pavone FS, Capitanio M. Dissecting myosin-5B mechanosensitivity and calcium regulation at the single molecule level. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2844. [PMID: 30030431 PMCID: PMC6054644 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin-5B is one of three members of the myosin-5 family of actin-based molecular motors. Despite its fundamental role in recycling endosome trafficking and in collective actin network dynamics, the molecular mechanisms underlying its motility are inherently unknown. Here we combine single-molecule imaging and high-speed laser tweezers to dissect the mechanoenzymatic properties of myosin-5B. We show that a single myosin-5B moves processively in 36-nm steps, stalls at ~2 pN resistive forces, and reverses its directionality at forces >2 pN. Interestingly, myosin-5B mechanosensitivity differs from that of myosin-5A, while it is strikingly similar to kinesin-1. In particular, myosin-5B run length is markedly and asymmetrically sensitive to force, a property that might be central to motor ensemble coordination. Furthermore, we show that Ca2+ does not affect the enzymatic activity of the motor unit, but abolishes myosin-5B processivity through calmodulin dissociation, providing important insights into the regulation of postsynaptic cargoes trafficking in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gardini
- LENS-European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy
| | - Sarah M Heissler
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8015, USA
| | - Claudia Arbore
- LENS-European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8015, USA
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - James R Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-8015, USA
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- LENS-European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics-National Research Council, Largo Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Capitanio
- LENS-European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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32
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Kannan N, Tang VW. Myosin-1c promotes E-cadherin tension and force-dependent recruitment of α-actinin to the epithelial cell junction. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211334. [PMID: 29748378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin II contractility in epithelial cell plays an essential role in tension-dependent adhesion strengthening. One key unsettling question is how cellular contraction transmits force to the nascent cell-cell adhesion when there is no stable attachment between the nascent adhesion complex and actin filament. Here, we show that myosin-1c is localized to the lateral membrane of polarized epithelial cells and facilitates the coupling between actin and cell-cell adhesion. Knockdown of myosin-1c compromised the integrity of the lateral membrane, reduced the generation of tension at E-cadherin, decreased the strength of cell-cell cohesion in an epithelial cell monolayer and prevented force-dependent recruitment of junctional α-actinin. Application of exogenous force to cell-cell adhesions in a myosin-1c-knockdown cell monolayer fully rescued the localization defect of α-actinin, indicating that junction mechanoregulation remains intact in myosin-1c-depleted cells. Our study identifies a role of myosin-1c in force transmission at the lateral cell-cell interface and underscores a non-junctional contribution to tension-dependent junction regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Kannan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801 USA
| | - Vivian W Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801 USA
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33
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Liu C, Kawana M, Song D, Ruppel KM, Spudich JA. Controlling load-dependent kinetics of β-cardiac myosin at the single-molecule level. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:505-514. [PMID: 29867217 PMCID: PMC6092189 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Concepts in molecular tension sensing in biology are growing and have their origins in studies of muscle contraction. In the heart muscle, a key parameter of contractility is the detachment rate of myosin from actin, which determines the time that myosin is bound to actin in a force-producing state and, importantly, depends on the load (force) against which myosin works. Here we measure the detachment rate of single molecules of human β-cardiac myosin and its load dependence. We find that both can be modulated by both small-molecule compounds and cardiomyopathy-causing mutations. Furthermore, effects of mutations can be reversed by introducing appropriate compounds. Our results suggest that activating versus inhibitory perturbations of cardiac myosin are discriminated by the aggregate result on duty ratio, average force, and ultimately average power output and suggest that cardiac contractility can be controlled by tuning the load-dependent kinetics of single myosin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Masataka Kawana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Ruppel
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - James A Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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34
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Abstract
The delivery of intracellular material within cells is crucial for maintaining normal function. Myosins transport a wide variety of cargo, ranging from vesicles to ribonuclear protein particles (RNPs), in plants, fungi, and metazoa. The properties of a given myosin transporter are adapted to move on different actin filament tracks, either on the disordered actin networks at the cell cortex or along highly organized actin bundles to distribute their cargo in a localized manner or move it across long distances in the cell. Transport is controlled by selective recruitment of the myosin to its cargo that also plays a role in activation of the motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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35
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McIntosh BB, Pyrpassopoulos S, Holzbaur ELF, Ostap EM. Opposing Kinesin and Myosin-I Motors Drive Membrane Deformation and Tubulation along Engineered Cytoskeletal Networks. Curr Biol 2018; 28:236-248.e5. [PMID: 29337076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule and actin filament molecular motors such as kinesin-1 and myosin-Ic (Myo1c) transport and remodel membrane-bound vesicles; however, it is unclear how they coordinate to accomplish these tasks. We introduced kinesin-1- and Myo1c-bound giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) into a micropatterned in vitro cytoskeletal matrix modeled after the subcellular architecture where vesicular sorting and membrane remodeling are observed. This array was composed of sparse microtubules intersecting regions dense with actin filaments, and revealed that Myo1c-dependent tethering of GUVs enabled kinesin-1-driven membrane deformation and tubulation. Membrane remodeling at actin/microtubule intersections was modulated by lipid composition and the addition of the Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs-domain (BAR-domain) proteins endophilin or FCH-domain-only (FCHo). Myo1c not only tethered microtubule-transported cargo, but also transported, deformed, and tubulated GUVs along actin filaments in a lipid-composition- and BAR-protein-responsive manner. These results suggest a mechanism for actin-based involvement in vesicular transport and remodeling of intracellular membranes, and implicate lipid composition as a key factor in determining whether vesicles will undergo transport, deformation, or tubulation driven by opposing actin and microtubule motors and BAR-domain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy B McIntosh
- The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Serapion Pyrpassopoulos
- The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
| | - E Michael Ostap
- The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA; Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6085, USA.
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36
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Gurel PS, Kim LY, Ruijgrok PV, Omabegho T, Bryant Z, Alushin GM. Cryo-EM structures reveal specialization at the myosin VI-actin interface and a mechanism of force sensitivity. eLife 2017; 6:e31125. [PMID: 29199952 PMCID: PMC5762158 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive scrutiny of the myosin superfamily, the lack of high-resolution structures of actin-bound states has prevented a complete description of its mechanochemical cycle and limited insight into how sequence and structural diversification of the motor domain gives rise to specialized functional properties. Here we present cryo-EM structures of the unique minus-end directed myosin VI motor domain in rigor (4.6 Å) and Mg-ADP (5.5 Å) states bound to F-actin. Comparison to the myosin IIC-F-actin rigor complex reveals an almost complete lack of conservation of residues at the actin-myosin interface despite preservation of the primary sequence regions composing it, suggesting an evolutionary path for motor specialization. Additionally, analysis of the transition from ADP to rigor provides a structural rationale for force sensitivity in this step of the mechanochemical cycle. Finally, we observe reciprocal rearrangements in actin and myosin accompanying the transition between these states, supporting a role for actin structural plasticity during force generation by myosin VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar S Gurel
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and MechanobiologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Cell Biology and Physiology CenterNational Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Laura Y Kim
- Cell Biology and Physiology CenterNational Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Paul V Ruijgrok
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tosan Omabegho
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Zev Bryant
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Structural BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Gregory M Alushin
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and MechanobiologyThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Ringer P, Colo G, Fässler R, Grashoff C. Sensing the mechano-chemical properties of the extracellular matrix. Matrix Biol 2017; 64:6-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Ušaj M, Henn A. Kinetic adaptation of human Myo19 for active mitochondrial transport to growing filopodia tips. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11596. [PMID: 28912602 PMCID: PMC5599584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins are actin-based molecular motors which are enzymatically adapted for their cellular functions such as transportation and membrane tethering. Human Myo19 affects mitochondrial motility, and promotes their localization to stress-induced filopodia. Therefore, studying Myo19 enzymology is essential to understand how this motor may facilitate mitochondrial motility. Towards this goal, we have purified Myo19 motor domain (Myo19-3IQ) from a human-cell expression system and utilized transient kinetics to study the Myo19-3IQ ATPase cycle. We found that Myo19-3IQ exhibits noticeable conformational changes (isomerization steps) preceding both ATP and ADP binding, which may contribute to nucleotide binding regulation. Notably, the ADP isomerization step and subsequent ADP release contribute significantly to the rate-limiting step of the Myo19-3IQ ATPase cycle. Both the slow ADP isomerization and ADP release prolong the time Myo19-3IQ spend in the strong actin binding state and hence contribute to its relatively high duty ratio. However, the predicted duty ratio is lower than required to support motility as a monomer. Therefore, it may be that several Myo19 motors are required to propel mitochondria movement on actin filaments efficiently. Finally, we provide a model explaining how Myo19 translocation may be regulated by the local ATP/ADP ratio, coupled to the mitochondria presence in the filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Ušaj
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Arnon Henn
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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39
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Zattelman L, Regev R, Ušaj M, Reinke PYA, Giese S, Samson AO, Taft MH, Manstein DJ, Henn A. N-terminal splicing extensions of the human MYO1C gene fine-tune the kinetics of the three full-length myosin IC isoforms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17804-17818. [PMID: 28893906 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYO1C gene produces three alternatively spliced isoforms, differing only in their N-terminal regions (NTRs). These isoforms, which exhibit both specific and overlapping nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, have different expression levels and nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning. To investigate the effect of NTR extensions on the enzymatic behavior of individual isoforms, we overexpressed and purified the three full-length human isoforms from suspension-adapted HEK cells. MYO1CC favored the actomyosin closed state (AMC), MYO1C16 populated the actomyosin open state (AMO) and AMC equally, and MYO1C35 favored the AMO state. Moreover, the full-length constructs isomerized before ADP release, which has not been observed previously in truncated MYO1CC constructs. Furthermore, global numerical simulation analysis predicted that MYO1C35 populated the actomyosin·ADP closed state (AMDC) 5-fold more than the actomyosin·ADP open state (AMDO) and to a greater degree than MYO1CC and MYO1C16 (4- and 2-fold, respectively). On the basis of a homology model of the 35-amino acid NTR of MYO1C35 (NTR35) docked to the X-ray structure of MYO1CC, we predicted that MYO1C35 NTR residue Arg-21 would engage in a specific interaction with post-relay helix residue Glu-469, which affects the mechanics of the myosin power stroke. In addition, we found that adding the NTR35 peptide to MYO1CC yielded a protein that transiently mimics MYO1C35 kinetic behavior. By contrast, NTR35, which harbors the R21G mutation, was unable to confer MYO1C35-like kinetic behavior. Thus, the NTRs affect the specific nucleotide-binding properties of MYO1C isoforms, adding to their kinetic diversity. We propose that this level of fine-tuning within MYO1C broadens its adaptability within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Zattelman
- From the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ronit Regev
- From the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Marko Ušaj
- From the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Patrick Y A Reinke
- the Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, OE 4350, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Giese
- the Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, OE 4350, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Abraham O Samson
- the Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311520, Israel, and
| | - Manuel H Taft
- the Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, OE 4350, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar J Manstein
- the Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, OE 4350, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Arnon Henn
- From the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,
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40
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Scher-Zagier JK, Carlsson AE. Local Turgor Pressure Reduction via Channel Clustering. Biophys J 2017; 111:2747-2756. [PMID: 28002750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary drivers of yeast endocytosis are actin polymerization and curvature-generating proteins, such as clathrin and BAR domain proteins. Previous work has indicated that these factors may not be capable of generating the forces necessary to overcome turgor pressure. Thus local reduction of the turgor pressure, via localized accumulation or activation of solute channels, might facilitate endocytosis. The possible reduction in turgor pressure was calculated numerically, by solving the diffusion equation through a Legendre polynomial expansion. It was found that for a region of increased permeability having radius 45 nm, as few as 60 channels with a spacing of 10 nm could locally decrease the turgor pressure by 50%. We identified a key dimensionless parameter, p = P1a/D, where P1 is the increased permeability, a is the radius of the permeable region, and D is the solute diffusion coefficient. When p > 0.44, the turgor pressure is locally reduced by >50%. An approximate analytic theory was used to generate explicit formulas for the turgor pressure reduction in terms of key parameters. These findings may also be relevant to plants, where the mechanisms that allow endocytosis to proceed despite high turgor pressure are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders E Carlsson
- Department of Physics, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri.
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41
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Chemomechanical regulation of myosin Ic cross-bridges: Deducing the elastic properties of an ensemble from single-molecule mechanisms. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005566. [PMID: 28549064 PMCID: PMC5470724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin Ic is thought to be the principal constituent of the motor that adjusts mechanical responsiveness during adaptation to prolonged stimuli by hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear. In this context myosin molecules operate neither as filaments, as occurs in muscles, nor as single or few molecules, as characterizes intracellular transport. Instead, myosin Ic molecules occur in a complex cluster in which they may exhibit cooperative properties. To better understand the motor’s remarkable function, we introduce a theoretical description of myosin Ic’s chemomechanical cycle based on experimental data from recent single-molecule studies. The cycle consists of distinct chemical states that the myosin molecule stochastically occupies. We explicitly calculate the probabilities of the occupancy of these states and show their dependence on the external force, the availability of actin, and the nucleotide concentrations as required by thermodynamic constraints. This analysis highlights that the strong binding of myosin Ic to actin is dominated by the ADP state for small external forces and by the ATP state for large forces. Our approach shows how specific parameter values of the chemomechanical cycle for myosin Ic result in behaviors distinct from those of other members of the myosin family. Integrating this single-molecule cycle into a simplified ensemble description, we predict that the average number of bound myosin heads is regulated by the external force and nucleotide concentrations. The elastic properties of such an ensemble are determined by the average number of myosin cross-bridges. Changing the binding probabilities and myosin’s stiffness under a constant force results in a mechanical relaxation which is large enough to account for fast adaptation in hair cells. Myosin molecules are biological nanomachines that transduce chemical energy into mechanical work and thus produce directed motion in living cells. These molecules proceed through cyclic reactions in which they change their conformational states upon the binding and release of nucleotides while attaching to and detaching from filaments. The myosin family consists of many distinct members with diverse functions such as muscle contraction, cargo transport, cell migration, and sensory adaptation. How these functions emerge from the biophysical properties of the individual molecules is an open question. We present an approach that integrates recent findings from single-molecule experiments into a thermodynamically consistent description of myosin Ic and demonstrate how the specific parameter values of the cycle result in a distinct function. The free variables of our description are the chemical input and external force, both of which are experimentally accessible and define the cellular environment in which these proteins function. We use this description to predict the elastic properties of an ensemble of molecules and discuss the implications for myosin Ic’s function in the inner ear as a tension regulator mediating adaptation, a hallmark of biological sensory systems. In this situation myosin molecules cooperate in an intermediate regime, neither as a large ensemble as in muscle nor as a single or a few molecules as in intracellular transport.
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42
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Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast is driven by a protein patch containing close to 100 different types of proteins. Among the proteins are 5000-10000 copies of polymerized actin, and successful endocytosis requires growth of the actin network. Since it is not known exactly how actin network growth drives endocytosis, we calculate the spatial distribution of actin growth required to generate the force that drives the process. First, we establish the force distribution that must be supplied by actin growth, by combining membrane-bending profiles obtained via electron microscopy with established theories of membrane mechanics. Next, we determine the profile of actin growth, using a continuum mechanics approach and an iterative procedure starting with an actin growth profile obtained from a linear analysis. The profile has fairly constant growth outside a central hole of radius 45-50 nm, but very little growth in this hole. This growth profile can reproduce the required forces if the actin shear modulus exceeds 80 kPa, and the growing filaments can exert very large polymerization forces. The growth profile prediction could be tested via electron-microscopy or super-resolution experiments in which the turgor pressure is suddenly turned off.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tweten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - P V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - A E Carlsson
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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43
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Geeves MA. Review: The ATPase mechanism of myosin and actomyosin. Biopolymers 2017; 105:483-91. [PMID: 27061920 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are a large family of molecular motors that use the common P-loop, Switch 1 and Switch 2 nucleotide binding motifs to recognize ATP, to create a catalytic site than can efficiently hydrolyze ATP and to communicate the state of the nucleotide pocket to other allosteric binding sites on myosin. The energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to do work against an external load. In this short review I will outline current thinking on the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis and how the energy of ATP hydrolysis is coupled to a series of protein conformational changes that allow a myosin, with the cytoskeleton track actin, to operate as a molecular motor of distinct types; fast movers, processive motors or strain sensors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 483-491, 2016.
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Greenberg MJ, Shuman H, Ostap EM. Measuring the Kinetic and Mechanical Properties of Non-processive Myosins Using Optical Tweezers. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1486:483-509. [PMID: 27844441 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6421-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The myosin superfamily of molecular motors utilizes energy from ATP hydrolysis to generate force and motility along actin filaments in a diverse array of cellular processes. These motors are structurally, kinetically, and mechanically tuned to their specific molecular roles in the cell. Optical trapping techniques have played a central role in elucidating the mechanisms by which myosins generate force and in exposing the remarkable diversity of myosin functions. Here, we present thorough methods for measuring and analyzing interactions between actin and non-processive myosins using optical trapping techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greenberg
- Department of Physiology, The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8231, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Henry Shuman
- Department of Physiology, The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Department of Physiology, The Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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45
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Walklate J, Ujfalusi Z, Geeves MA. Myosin isoforms and the mechanochemical cross-bridge cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:168-74. [PMID: 26792327 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
At the latest count the myosin family includes 35 distinct groups, all of which have the conserved myosin motor domain attached to a neck or lever arm, followed by a highly variable tail or cargo binding region. The motor domain has an ATPase activity that is activated by the presence of actin. One feature of the myosin ATPase cycle is that it involves an association/dissociation with actin for each ATP hydrolysed. The cycle has been described in detail for a large number of myosins from different classes. In each case the cycle is similar, but the balance between the different molecular events in the cycle has been altered to produce a range of very different mechanical activities. Myosin may spend most of the ATPase cycle attached to actin (high duty ratio), as in the processive myosin (e.g. myosin V) or the strain-sensing myosins (e.g. myosin 1c). In contrast, most muscle myosins spend 80% of their ATPase cycle detached from actin. Within the myosin IIs found in human muscle, there are 11 different sarcomeric myosin isoforms, two smooth muscle isoforms as well as three non-muscle isoforms. We have been exploring how the different myosin isoforms have adapted the cross-bridge cycle to generate different types of mechanical activity and how this goes wrong in inherited myopathies. The ideas are outlined here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltan Ujfalusi
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Michael A Geeves
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
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46
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Greenberg MJ, Arpağ G, Tüzel E, Ostap EM. A Perspective on the Role of Myosins as Mechanosensors. Biophys J 2016; 110:2568-2576. [PMID: 27332116 PMCID: PMC4919425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are dynamic systems that generate and respond to forces over a range of spatial and temporal scales, spanning from single molecules to tissues. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in identifying the molecules and pathways responsible for sensing and transducing mechanical signals to short-term cellular responses and longer-term changes in gene expression, cell identity, and tissue development. In this perspective article, we focus on myosin motors, as they not only function as the primary force generators in well-studied mechanobiological processes, but also act as key mechanosensors in diverse functions including intracellular transport, signaling, cell migration, muscle contraction, and sensory perception. We discuss how the biochemical and mechanical properties of different myosin isoforms are tuned to fulfill these roles in an array of cellular processes, and we highlight the underappreciated diversity of mechanosensing properties within the myosin superfamily. In particular, we use modeling and simulations to make predictions regarding how diversity in force sensing affects the lifetime of the actomyosin bond, the myosin power output, and the ability of myosin to respond to a perturbation in force for several nonprocessive myosin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greenberg
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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47
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Kruppa AJ, Kendrick-Jones J, Buss F. Myosins, Actin and Autophagy. Traffic 2016; 17:878-90. [PMID: 27146966 PMCID: PMC4957615 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myosin motor proteins working together with the actin cytoskeleton drive a wide range of cellular processes. In this review, we focus on their roles in autophagy – the pathway the cell uses to ensure homeostasis by targeting pathogens, misfolded proteins and damaged organelles for degradation. The actin cytoskeleton regulated by a host of nucleating, anchoring and stabilizing proteins provides the filament network for the delivery of essential membrane vesicles from different cellular compartments to the autophagosome. Actin networks have also been implicated in structurally supporting the expanding phagophore, moving autophagosomes and enabling efficient fusion with the lysosome. Only a few myosins have so far been shown to play a role in autophagy. Non‐muscle myosin IIA functions in the early stages delivering membrane for the initial formation of the autophagosome, whereas myosin IC and myosin VI are involved in the final stages providing specific membranes for autophagosome maturation and its fusion with the lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina J Kruppa
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - John Kendrick-Jones
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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Greenberg MJ, Shuman H, Ostap EM. Inherent force-dependent properties of β-cardiac myosin contribute to the force-velocity relationship of cardiac muscle. Biophys J 2016; 107:L41-L44. [PMID: 25517169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart adjusts its power output to meet specific physiological needs through the coordination of several mechanisms, including force-induced changes in contractility of the molecular motor, the β-cardiac myosin (βCM). Despite its importance in driving and regulating cardiac power output, the effect of force on the contractility of a single βCM has not been measured. Using single molecule optical-trapping techniques, we found that βCM has a two-step working stroke. Forces that resist the power stroke slow the myosin-driven contraction by slowing the rate of ADP release, which is the kinetic step that limits fiber shortening. The kinetic properties of βCM are affected by load, suggesting that the properties of myosin contribute to the force-velocity relationship in intact muscle and play an important role in the regulation of cardiac power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Greenberg
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry Shuman
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - E Michael Ostap
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute and Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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49
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Structural Analysis of the Myo1c and Neph1 Complex Provides Insight into the Intracellular Movement of Neph1. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1639-54. [PMID: 27044863 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00020-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Myo1c motor functions as a cargo transporter supporting various cellular events, including vesicular trafficking, cell migration, and stereociliary movements of hair cells. Although its partial crystal structures were recently described, the structural details of its interaction with cargo proteins remain unknown. This study presents the first structural demonstration of a cargo protein, Neph1, attached to Myo1c, providing novel insights into the role of Myo1c in intracellular movements of this critical slit diaphragm protein. Using small angle X-ray scattering studies, models of predominant solution conformation of unliganded full-length Myo1c and Myo1c bound to Neph1 were constructed. The resulting structures show an extended S-shaped Myo1c with Neph1 attached to its C-terminal tail. Importantly, binding of Neph1 did not induce a significant shape change in Myo1c, indicating this as a spontaneous process or event. Analysis of interaction surfaces led to the identification of a critical residue in Neph1 involved in binding to Myo1c. Indeed, a point mutant from this site abolished interaction between Neph1 and Myo1c when tested in the in vitro and in live-cell binding assays. Live-cell imaging, including fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, provided further support for the role of Myo1c in intracellular vesicular movement of Neph1 and its turnover at the membrane.
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50
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Abstract
Vertebrate myosin-IC (Myo1c) is a type-1 myosin that links cell membranes to the cytoskeleton via its actin-binding motor domain and its phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2)-binding tail domain. While it is known that Myo1c bound to PtdIns(4,5)P2 in fluid-lipid bilayers can propel actin filaments in an unloaded motility assay, its ability to develop forces against external load on actin while bound to fluid bilayers has not been explored. Using optical tweezers, we measured the diffusion coefficient of single membrane-bound Myo1c molecules by force-relaxation experiments, and the ability of ensembles of membrane-bound Myo1c molecules to develop and sustain forces. To interpret our results, we developed a computational model that recapitulates the basic features of our experimental ensemble data and suggests that Myo1c ensembles can generate forces parallel to lipid bilayers, with larger forces achieved when the myosin works away from the plane of the membrane or when anchored to slowly diffusing regions.
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