1
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Park TS, Hirday R, Quinn R, Jacob SP, Feldman RA, Bose D, Sharma R, Bharti K. Differentiation of monocytes and polarized M1/M2 macrophages from human induced pluripotent stem cells. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102827. [PMID: 38219151 PMCID: PMC10826317 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) into adherent hematopoietic progenitors that release floating CD14+ CD45+ monocytes into the culture medium. We describe steps for iPSC expansion, embryoid body (EB) formation, suspension culture, plating EBs, and recurring harvests of monocytes, a.k.a. "monocyte factory." We then describe detailed procedures for freezing/thawing of monocytes and differentiation into polarized M1 and M2 macrophages. This protocol provides foundation to study iPSC monocytes and their progenies such as macrophages, microglial, and dendritic cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Karlson et al.1 and Panicker et al.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Soon Park
- Ocular Stem Cells and Translational Research (OSCTR) Section, Ophthalmic Genetic and Visual Function Branch (OGVFB), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rishabh Hirday
- Ocular Stem Cells and Translational Research (OSCTR) Section, Ophthalmic Genetic and Visual Function Branch (OGVFB), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Russell Quinn
- Ocular Stem Cells and Translational Research (OSCTR) Section, Ophthalmic Genetic and Visual Function Branch (OGVFB), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheela Panicker Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Vita Therapeutics Inc., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Devika Bose
- Ocular Stem Cells and Translational Research (OSCTR) Section, Ophthalmic Genetic and Visual Function Branch (OGVFB), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Ocular Stem Cells and Translational Research (OSCTR) Section, Ophthalmic Genetic and Visual Function Branch (OGVFB), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kapil Bharti
- Ocular Stem Cells and Translational Research (OSCTR) Section, Ophthalmic Genetic and Visual Function Branch (OGVFB), National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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2
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Jiang JH, Ren RT, Cheng YJ, Li XX, Zhang GR. Immune cells and RBCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: method, progress, prospective challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1327466. [PMID: 38250324 PMCID: PMC10796611 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1327466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood has an important role in the healthcare system, particularly in blood transfusions and immunotherapy. However, the occurrence of outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide and seasonal fluctuations, blood shortages are becoming a major challenge. Moreover, the narrow specificity of immune cells hinders the widespread application of immune cell therapy. To address this issue, researchers are actively developing strategies for differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into blood cells in vitro. The establishment of iPSCs from terminally differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and blood cells is a straightforward process. However, there is need for further refinement of the protocols for differentiating iPSCs into immune cells and red blood cells to ensure their clinical applicability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies and challenges facing the generation of iPSC-derived immune cells and red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-he Jiang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ru-tong Ren
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-jie Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, Anhui, China
| | - Xin-xin Li
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-rong Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Ramalingam S, Kumar A, Krug S, Mohan H, Rao DN, Bishai WR, Chandrasegaran S. CRISPR Correction of the GBA Mutation in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Restores Normal Function to Gaucher Macrophages and Increases Their Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:777-782. [PMID: 37159513 PMCID: PMC10686692 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) GBA gene, which result in macrophage dysfunction. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) editing of the homozygous L444P (1448T→C) GBA mutation in type 2 GD (GBA-/-) human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) yielded both heterozygous (GBA+/-) and homozygous (GBA+/+) isogenic lines. Macrophages derived from GBA-/-, GBA+/- and GBA+/+ hiPSCs showed that GBA mutation correction restores normal macrophage functions: GCase activity, motility, and phagocytosis. Furthermore, infection of GBA-/-, GBA+/- and GBA+/+ macrophages with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain showed that impaired mobility and phagocytic activity were correlated with reduced levels of bacterial engulfment and replication suggesting that GD may be protective against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaprakash Ramalingam
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie Krug
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harikrishnan Mohan
- Pondicherry Biotech Private Limited, Pondicherry Engineering College Campus, Puducherry, India
| | - Desirazu N Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - William R Bishai
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivasan Chandrasegaran
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Crivaro A, Mucci J, Bondar C, Ormazabal M, Vaena E, Delpino M, Rozenfeld P. Bone marrow adipocytes alteration in an in vitro model of Gaucher Disease. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2023; 36:100980. [PMID: 37275240 PMCID: PMC10232844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2023.100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in GBA1 gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Up to now, specific treatment for GD cannot completely reverse bone complications. Bone is composed of different cell types; including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are present on bone surfaces and are derived from local mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Depending on environment conditions, MSCs could differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Mature adipocytes-secreted adipokines and free fatty acids affect both osteoblasts and osteoclasts formation/activity and therefore mediate skeletal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible alterations in GD adipocyte (GD Ad) that could contribute to bone complications. MSCs were grown in adipogenic media in order to evaluate expression of differentiation markers as PPAR-γ. PPAR-γ was observed into the nucleus of GD Ad, indicating that these cells are properly stimulated. However, these cells accumulate lesser lipid droplets (LDs) than Control Ad. In order to study lipid droplet metabolism, we evaluated the lipolysis of these structures by the measurement of free glycerol in culture supernatant. Our results indicated that GD Ad had an alteration in this process, evidenced by an increase in glycerol release. We have also evaluated two enzymes involved in LDs synthesis: fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1). The transcription of these genes was decreased in GD Ad, suggesting a dysfunction in the synthesis of LDs. In conclusion, our results show an alteration in LDs metabolism of GD Ad, independent of adipocyte differentiation process. This alteration would be caused by an increase in lipolysis in early stages of differentiation and also by a reduction of lipid synthesis, which could contribute with the skeletal imbalance in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Crivaro
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - J.M. Mucci
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - C. Bondar
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M. Ormazabal
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - E. Vaena
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M.V. Delpino
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P.A. Rozenfeld
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
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5
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Zhang W, Xiao D, Mao Q, Xia H. Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37433768 PMCID: PMC10336149 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and so on, have suggested that inflammation is not only a result of neurodegeneration but also a crucial player in this process. Protein aggregates which are very common pathological phenomenon in neurodegeneration can induce neuroinflammation which further aggravates protein aggregation and neurodegeneration. Actually, inflammation even happens earlier than protein aggregation. Neuroinflammation induced by genetic variations in CNS cells or by peripheral immune cells may induce protein deposition in some susceptible population. Numerous signaling pathways and a range of CNS cells have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, although they are still far from being completely understood. Due to the limited success of traditional treatment methods, blocking or enhancing inflammatory signaling pathways involved in neurodegeneration are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, and many of them have got exciting results in animal models or clinical trials. Some of them, although very few, have been approved by FDA for clinical usage. Here we comprehensively review the factors affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathogenicity of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also summarize the current strategies, both in animal models and in the clinic, for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- The State Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, P.R. China
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No. 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710062, P.R. China.
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6
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Mubariz F, Saadin A, Lingenfelter N, Sarkar C, Banerjee A, Lipinski MM, Awad O. Deregulation of mTORC1-TFEB axis in human iPSC model of GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152503. [PMID: 37332877 PMCID: PMC10272450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GBA1 gene are the single most frequent genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative changes in GBA1-associated PD have been linked to the defective lysosomal clearance of autophagic substrates and aggregate-prone proteins. To elucidate novel mechanisms contributing to proteinopathy in PD, we investigated the effect of GBA1 mutations on the transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Using PD patients' induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we examined TFEB activity and regulation of the ALP in dopaminergic neuronal cultures generated from iPSC lines harboring heterozygous GBA1 mutations and the CRISPR/Cas9-corrected isogenic controls. Our data showed a significant decrease in TFEB transcriptional activity and attenuated expression of many genes in the CLEAR network in GBA1 mutant neurons, but not in the isogenic gene-corrected cells. In PD neurons, we also detected increased activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1), the main upstream negative regulator of TFEB. Increased mTORC1 activity resulted in excess TFEB phosphorylation and decreased nuclear translocation. Pharmacological mTOR inhibition restored TFEB activity, decreased ER stress and reduced α-synuclein accumulation, indicating improvement of neuronal protiostasis. Moreover, treatment with the lipid substrate reducing compound Genz-123346, decreased mTORC1 activity and increased TFEB expression in the mutant neurons, suggesting that mTORC1-TFEB alterations are linked to the lipid substrate accumulation. Our study unveils a new mechanism contributing to PD susceptibility by GBA1 mutations in which deregulation of the mTORC1-TFEB axis mediates ALP dysfunction and subsequent proteinopathy. It also indicates that pharmacological restoration of TFEB activity could be a promising therapeutic approach in GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Mubariz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Afsoon Saadin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Lingenfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta M. Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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8
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Wang C, Liu J, Li W. 'Off the shelf' immunotherapies: Generation and application of pluripotent stem cell-derived immune cells. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13425. [PMID: 36855955 PMCID: PMC10068955 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, great strides have been made toward the development of immune cell-based therapies in the treatment of refractory malignancies. Primary T cells and NK cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors have achieved tremendous clinical success especially in patients with leukaemia and lymphoma. However, the autologous origin of these effector cells means that a single batch of laboriously engineered cells treats only a certain patient, leading to high cost, ununiform product quality, and risk of delay in treatment, and therefore results in restricted accessibility of these therapies to the overwhelming majority of the patients. Addressing these tricky obstacles calls for the development of universal immune cell products that can be provided 'off the shelf' in a large amount. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), owing to their unique capacity of self-renewal and the potential of multi-lineage differentiation, offer an unlimited cell source to generate uniform and scalable engineered immune cells. This review discusses the major advances in the development of PSC-derived immune cell differentiation approaches and their therapeutic potential in treating both hematologic malignancies and solid tumours. We also consider the potency of PSC-derived immune cells as an alternative therapeutic strategy for other diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, infections, et al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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9
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Huang W, Zhang Y, Zhou R. Induced pluripotent stem cell for modeling Pompe disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1061384. [PMID: 36620633 PMCID: PMC9815144 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pompe disease (PD) is a rare, autosomal recessive, inherited, and progressive metabolic disorder caused by α-glucosidase defect in lysosomes, resulting in abnormal glycogen accumulation. Patients with PD characteristically have multisystem pathological disorders, particularly hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, muscle weakness, and hepatomegaly. Although the pathogenesis and clinical outcomes of PD are well-established, disease-modeling ability, mechanism elucidation, and drug development targeting PD have been substantially limited by the unavailable PD-relevant cell models. This obstacle has been overcome with the help of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming technology, thus providing a powerful tool for cell replacement therapy, disease modeling, drug screening, and drug toxicity assessment. This review focused on the exciting achievement of PD disease modeling and mechanism exploration using iPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Huang
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Regional Children's Medical Center (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Rui Zhou ✉
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10
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iPSC-Derived Macrophages: The Differentiation Protocol Affects Cell Immune Characteristics and Differentiation Trajectories. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416087. [PMID: 36555728 PMCID: PMC9781144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human macrophages from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMacs) is a rapidly developing approach used to create disease models, screen drugs, study macrophage-pathogen interactions and develop macrophage-based cell therapy. To generate iMacs, different types of protocols have been suggested, all thought to result in the generation of similar iMac populations. However, direct comparison of iMacs generated using different protocols has not been performed. We have compared the productivity, the differentiation trajectories and the characteristics of iMacs generated using two widely used protocols: one based on the formation of embryoid bodies and the induction of myeloid differentiation by only two cytokines, interleukin-3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the other utilizing multiple exogenous factors for iMac generation. We report inter-protocol differences in the following: (i) protocol productivity; (ii) dynamic changes in the expression of genes related to inflammation and lipid homeostasis following iMac differentiation and (iii) the transcriptomic profiles of terminally differentiated iMacs, including the expression of genes involved in inflammatory response, antigen presentation and lipid homeostasis. The results document the dependence of fine iMac characteristics on the type of differentiation protocol, which is important for further development of the field, including the development of iMac-based cell therapy.
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11
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Nikolouli E, Reichstein J, Hansen G, Lachmann N. In vitro systems to study inborn errors of immunity using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1024935. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1024935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the exponential progress in the field of genetics could reveal the genetic impact on the onset and progression of several diseases affecting the immune system. This knowledge has led to the discovery of more than 400 monogenic germline mutations, also known as “inborn errors of immunity (IEI)”. Given the rarity of various IEI and the clinical diversity as well as the limited available patients’ material, the continuous development of novel cell-based in vitro models to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases is imperative. Focusing on stem cell technologies, this review aims to provide an overview of the current available in vitro models used to study IEI and which could lay the foundation for new therapeutic approaches. We elaborate in particular on the use of induced pluripotent stem cell-based systems and their broad application in studying IEI by establishing also novel infection culture models. The review will critically discuss the current limitations or gaps in the field of stem cell technology as well as the future perspectives from the use of these cell culture systems.
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12
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Tansey MG, Wallings RL, Houser MC, Herrick MK, Keating CE, Joers V. Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:657-673. [PMID: 35246670 PMCID: PMC8895080 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects peripheral organs as well as the central nervous system and involves a fundamental role of neuroinflammation in its pathophysiology. Neurohistological and neuroimaging studies support the presence of ongoing and end-stage neuroinflammatory processes in PD. Moreover, numerous studies of peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with PD suggest alterations in markers of inflammation and immune cell populations that could initiate or exacerbate neuroinflammation and perpetuate the neurodegenerative process. A number of disease genes and risk factors have been identified as modulators of immune function in PD and evidence is mounting for a role of viral or bacterial exposure, pesticides and alterations in gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. This has led to the hypothesis that complex gene-by-environment interactions combine with an ageing immune system to create the 'perfect storm' that enables the development and progression of PD. We discuss the evidence for this hypothesis and opportunities to harness the emerging immunological knowledge from patients with PD to create better preclinical models with the long-term goal of enabling earlier identification of at-risk individuals to prevent, delay and more effectively treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary K Herrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Williams GP, Schonhoff AM, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Central and Peripheral Inflammation: Connecting the Immune Responses of Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S129-S136. [PMID: 35754290 PMCID: PMC9535591 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has increasingly become a focus of study in regards to Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, both central and peripheral sources of inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. Central inflammation consisting of activated microglia, astroglia, and T cell responses within the PD central nervous system; and peripheral inflammation referring to activated innate cells and T cell signaling in the enteric nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood. This review will highlight important work that further implicates central and peripheral inflammation in playing a role in PD. We also discuss how these two distant inflammations appear related and how that may be mediated by autoantigenic responses to α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Williams
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Aubrey M. Schonhoff
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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14
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Kung PJ, Elsayed I, Reyes-Pérez P, Bandres-Ciga S. Immunogenetic Determinants of Parkinson’s Disease Etiology. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S13-S27. [PMID: 35367971 PMCID: PMC9535568 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly recognised as a systemic disorder in which inflammation might play a causative role rather than being a consequence or an epiphenomenon of the neurodegenerative process. Although growing genetic evidence links the central and peripheral immune system with both monogenic and sporadic PD, our understanding on how the immune system contributes to PD pathogenesis remains a daunting challenge. In this review, we discuss recent literature aimed at exploring the role of known genes and susceptibility loci to PD pathogenesis through immune system related mechanisms. Furthermore, we outline shared genetic etiologies and interrelations between PD and autoimmune diseases and underlining challenges and limitations faced in the translation of relevant allelic and regulatory risk loci to immune-pathological mechanisms. Lastly, with the field of immunogenetics expanding rapidly, we place these insights into a future context highlighting the prospect of immune modulation as a promising disease-modifying strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Jui Kung
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Inas Elsayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
- International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC)-Africa, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Paula Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigacion sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Autonoma de México, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Sara Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Rasaei R, Tyagi A, Rasaei S, Lee SJ, Yang SR, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S, Hong SH. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and macrophage-derived exosomes: therapeutic potential in pulmonary fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:433. [PMID: 36056418 PMCID: PMC9438152 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fatal chronic disease characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix and thickening of the alveolar wall, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. PF is thought to be initiated by the dysfunction and aberrant activation of a variety of cell types in the lung. In particular, several studies have demonstrated that macrophages play a pivotal role in the development and progression of PF through secretion of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines, suggesting that they could be an alternative therapeutic source as well as therapeutic target for PF. In this review, we describe the characteristics, functions, and origins of subsets of macrophages involved in PF and summarize current data on the generation and therapeutic application of macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of fibrotic diseases. Additionally, we discuss the use of macrophage-derived exosomes to repair fibrotic lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Rasaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24431, South Korea
| | - Apoorvi Tyagi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Shima Rasaei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Science, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24431, South Korea
| | - Se-Ran Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehakgil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24431, South Korea. .,Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea. .,KW-Bio Co., Ltd, Wonju, South Korea.
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16
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Arévalo NB, Lamaizon CM, Cavieres VA, Burgos PV, Álvarez AR, Yañez MJ, Zanlungo S. Neuronopathic Gaucher disease: Beyond lysosomal dysfunction. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:934820. [PMID: 35992201 PMCID: PMC9381931 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.934820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited disorder caused by recessive mutations in the GBA1 gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (β-GC). β-GC hydrolyzes glucosylceramide (GluCer) into glucose and ceramide in the lysosome, and the loss of its activity leads to GluCer accumulation in different tissues. In severe cases, enzymatic deficiency triggers inflammation, organomegaly, bone disease, and neurodegeneration. Neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) encompasses two different forms of the disease, characterized by chronic or acute damage to the central nervous system (CNS). The cellular and molecular studies that uncover the pathological mechanisms of nGD mainly focus on lysosomal dysfunction since the lysosome is the key organelle affected in GD. However, new studies show alterations in other organelles that contribute to nGD pathology. For instance, abnormal accumulation of GluCer in lysosomes due to the loss of β-GC activity leads to excessive calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), activating the ER-associated degradation pathway and the unfolded protein response. Recent evidence indicates mitophagy is altered in nGD, resulting in the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, a critical factor in disease progression. Additionally, nGD patients present alterations in mitochondrial morphology, membrane potential, ATP production, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Little is known about potential dysfunction in other organelles of the secretory pathway, such as the Golgi apparatus and exosomes. This review focuses on collecting evidence regarding organelle dysfunction beyond lysosomes in nGD. We briefly describe cellular and animal models and signaling pathways relevant to uncovering the pathological mechanisms and new therapeutic targets in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohela B. Arévalo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian M. Lamaizon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana A. Cavieres
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra R. Álvarez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Faculty, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - María J. Yañez
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, School of Medical Technology, Universidad San Sebastian, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: María J. Yañez
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Silvana Zanlungo
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17
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Phagocytosis of Erythrocytes from Gaucher Patients Induces Phenotypic Modifications in Macrophages, Driving Them toward Gaucher Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147640. [PMID: 35886988 PMCID: PMC9319206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by glucocerebrosidase deficiency leading to the accumulation of sphingolipids in macrophages named “Gaucher’s Cells”. These cells are characterized by deregulated expression of cell surface markers, abnormal secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and iron sequestration. These cells are known to infiltrate tissues resulting in hematological manifestations, splenomegaly, and bone diseases. We have already demonstrated that Gaucher red blood cells exhibit altered properties suggesting their key role in GD clinical manifestations. We hypothesized that Gaucher’s erythrocytes could be prone to premature destruction by macrophages contributing to the formation of altered macrophages and Gaucher-like cells. We conducted in vitro experiments of erythrophagocytosis using erythrocytes from Gaucher’s patients or healthy donors. Our results showed an enhanced erythrophagocytosis of Gaucher red blood cells compared to healthy red blood cells, which is related to erythrocyte sphingolipids overload and reduced deformability. Importantly, we showed elevated expression of the antigen-presenting molecules CD1d and MHC-II and of the iron-regulator hepcidin in macrophages, as well as enhanced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β after phagocytosis of GD erythrocytes. These results strongly suggested that erythrophagocytosis in GD contribute to phenotypic modifications in macrophages. This present study shows that erythrocytes-macrophages interactions may be crucial in GD pathophysiology and pathogenesis.
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18
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Lyadova I, Vasiliev A. Macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells: prospective applications and research gaps. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35725499 PMCID: PMC9207879 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable cell source able to give rise to different cell types of the body. Among the various pathways of iPSC differentiation, the differentiation into macrophages is a recently developed and rapidly growing technique. Macrophages play a key role in the control of host homeostasis. Their dysfunction underlies many diseases, including hereditary, infectious, oncological, metabolic and other disorders. Targeting macrophage activity and developing macrophage-based cell therapy represent promising tools for the treatment of many pathological conditions. Macrophages generated from human iPSCs (iMphs) provide great opportunities in these areas. The generation of iMphs is based on a step-wise differentiation of iPSCs into mesoderm, hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid monocyte-like cells and macrophages. The technique allows to obtain standardizable populations of human macrophages from any individual, scale up macrophage production and introduce genetic modifications, which gives significant advantages over the standard source of human macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages. The spectrum of iMph applications is rapidly growing. iMphs have been successfully used to model hereditary diseases and macrophage-pathogen interactions, as well as to test drugs. iMph use for cell therapy is another promising and rapidly developing area of research. The principles and the details of iMph generation have recently been reviewed. This review systemizes current and prospective iMph applications and discusses the problem of iMph safety and other issues that need to be explored before iMphs become clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrei Vasiliev
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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19
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Hossain MA, Hasegawa-Ogawa M, Manome Y, Igarashi M, Wu C, Suzuki K, Igarashi J, Iwamoto T, Okano HJ, Eto Y. Generation and characterization of motor neuron progenitors and motor neurons using metachromatic leukodystrophy-induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2022; 31:100852. [PMID: 35782608 PMCID: PMC9248224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2022.100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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20
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Sabitha KR, Chandran D, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Delineating the neuropathology of lysosomal storage diseases using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:221-238. [PMID: 35316126 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are inherited metabolic diseases caused due to deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, essential for the normal development of the brain and other organs. Approximately two-thirds of the patients suffering from LSD exhibit neurological deficits and impose an escalating challenge to the medical and scientific field. The advent of iPSC technology has aided researchers in efficiently generating functional neuronal and non-neuronal cells through directed differentiation protocols, as well as in decoding the cellular, subcellular and molecular defects associated with LSDs using two-dimensional cultures and cerebral organoid models. This review highlights the information assembled from patient-derived iPSCs on neurodevelopmental and neuropathological defects identified in LSDs. Multiple studies have identified neural progenitor cell migration and differentiation defects, substrate accumulation, axon growth and myelination defects, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered electrophysiological properties, using patient-derived iPSCs. In addition, these studies have also uncovered defective lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, autophagy and vesicle trafficking and signaling pathways, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier dysfunction, neurodegeneration, gliosis, altered transcriptomes in LSDs. The review also discusses the therapeutic applications such as drug discovery, repurposing of drugs, synergistic effects of drugs, targeted molecular therapies, gene therapy, and transplantation applications of mutation corrected lines identified using patient-derived iPSCs for different LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Divya Chandran
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Texas A&M University College Station, 14736, College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States;
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
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21
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Al-Azzawi ZAM, Arfaie S, Gan-Or Z. GBA1 and The Immune System: A Potential Role in Parkinson's Disease? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S53-S64. [PMID: 36057834 PMCID: PMC9535551 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is clear that the immune system and inflammation have a role in Parkinson's disease (PD), including sporadic PD and some genetic forms such as LRRK2-associated PD. One of the most important genes associated with PD is GBA1, as variants in this gene are found in 5-20% of PD patients in different populations worldwide. Biallelic variants in GBA1 may cause Gaucher disease, a lysosomal storage disorder with involvement of the immune system, and other lines of evidence link GBA1 to the immune system and inflammation. In this review, we discuss these different pieces of evidence and whether the interplay between GBA1 and the immune system may have a role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid A M Al-Azzawi
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Saman Arfaie
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Neuro - Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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22
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Messelodi D, Bertuccio SN, Indio V, Strocchi S, Taddia A, Serravalle S, Bandini J, Astolfi A, Pession A. iPSC-Derived Gaucher Macrophages Display Growth Impairment and Activation of Inflammation-Related Cell Death. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112822. [PMID: 34831047 PMCID: PMC8616237 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by β-glucosidase enzyme deficiency and substrate accumulation, especially in cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Typical features of the disease are the unrestrained activation of inflammatory mechanisms, whose molecular pathways are still unclear. To investigate biological mechanisms underlying the macrophage activation in GD, we derived iPSCs from a healthy donor and a GD patient line and differentiated them into hematopoietic progenitors. While GD iPSCs are able to efficiently give rise to CD33+/CD45+ myeloid progenitors, the maturation towards the CD14+/CD163+ monocyte/macrophages fate resulted enhanced in the GD lines, that in addition displayed a decreased growth potential compared to control cells either in semisolid or in liquid culture. The GD lines growth impairment was associated with a significant upregulation of RIPK3 and MLKL, two key effectors of necroptosis, the inflammation related cell death pathway. The activation of necroptosis, which has already been linked to neuronopathic GD, may play a role in the disease proinflammatory condition and in the identified cell growth defects. Understanding the GD macrophage role in the alteration of mechanisms linked to cellular metabolism imbalance, cell death and inflammation are crucial in identifying new ways to approach the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Messelodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (S.N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvatore Nicola Bertuccio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (S.N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Valentina Indio
- Alma Mater Institute on Healthy Planet, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Ospedale Santa Maria Nuova–IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Alberto Taddia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.M.); (S.N.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvatore Serravalle
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Jessica Bandini
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Pession
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (J.B.); (A.P.)
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Serfecz JC, Saadin A, Santiago CP, Zhang Y, Bentzen SM, Vogel SN, Feldman RA. C5a Activates a Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression Profile in Human Gaucher iPSC-Derived Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9912. [PMID: 34576075 PMCID: PMC8466165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by bi-allelic GBA1 mutations that reduce the activity of the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). GCase catalyzes the conversion of glucosylceramide (GluCer), a ubiquitous glycosphingolipid, to glucose and ceramide. GCase deficiency causes the accumulation of GluCer and its metabolite glucosylsphingosine (GluSph) in a number of tissues and organs. In the immune system, GCase deficiency deregulates signal transduction events, resulting in an inflammatory environment. It is known that the complement system promotes inflammation, and complement inhibitors are currently being considered as a novel therapy for GD; however, the mechanism by which complement drives systemic macrophage-mediated inflammation remains incompletely understood. To help understand the mechanisms involved, we used human GD-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages. We found that GD macrophages exhibit exacerbated production of inflammatory cytokines via an innate immune response mediated by receptor 1 for complement component C5a (C5aR1). Quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA assays showed that in the presence of recombinant C5a (rC5a), GD macrophages secreted 8-10-fold higher levels of TNF-α compared to rC5a-stimulated control macrophages. PMX53, a C5aR1 blocker, reversed the enhanced GD macrophage TNF-α production, indicating that the observed effect was predominantly C5aR1-mediated. To further analyze the extent of changes induced by rC5a stimulation, we performed gene array analysis of the rC5a-treated macrophage transcriptomes. We found that rC5a-stimulated GD macrophages exhibit increased expression of genes involved in TNF-α inflammatory responses compared to rC5a-stimulated controls. Our results suggest that rC5a-induced inflammation in GD macrophages activates a unique immune response, supporting the potential use of inhibitors of the C5a-C5aR1 receptor axis to mitigate the chronic inflammatory abnormalities associated with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn C. Serfecz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.C.S.); (A.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Afsoon Saadin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.C.S.); (A.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Clayton P. Santiago
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Søren M. Bentzen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.Z.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.C.S.); (A.S.); (S.N.V.)
| | - Ricardo A. Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.C.S.); (A.S.); (S.N.V.)
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24
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Lyadova I, Gerasimova T, Nenasheva T. Macrophages Derived From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Diversity of Protocols, Future Prospects, and Outstanding Questions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640703. [PMID: 34150747 PMCID: PMC8207294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMphs) represent a novel and promising model for studying human Mφ function and differentiation and developing new therapeutic strategies based on or oriented at Mφs. iMphs have several advantages over the traditionally used human Mφ models, such as immortalized cell lines and monocyte-derived Mφs. The advantages include the possibility of obtaining genetically identical and editable cells in a potentially scalable way. Various applications of iMphs are being developed, and their number is rapidly growing. However, the protocols of iMph differentiation that are currently used vary substantially, which may lead to differences in iMph differentiation trajectories and properties. Standardization of the protocols and identification of minimum required conditions that would allow obtaining iMphs in a large-scale, inexpensive, and clinically suitable mode are needed for future iMph applications. As a first step in this direction, the current review discusses the fundamental basis for the generation of human iMphs, performs a detailed analysis of the generalities and the differences between iMph differentiation protocols currently employed, and discusses the prospects of iMph applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Srikanth MP, Jones JW, Kane M, Awad O, Park TS, Zambidis ET, Feldman RA. Elevated glucosylsphingosine in Gaucher disease induced pluripotent stem cell neurons deregulates lysosomal compartment through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1081-1094. [PMID: 33656802 PMCID: PMC8235124 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes lysosomal β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Mild mutations in GBA1 cause type 1 non‐neuronopathic GD, whereas severe mutations cause types 2 and 3 neuronopathic GD (nGD). GCase deficiency results in the accumulation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GlcSph). GlcSph is formed by deacylation of GlcCer by the lysosomal enzyme acid ceramidase. Brains from patients with nGD have high levels of GlcSph, a lipid believed to play an important role in nGD, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. To identify these mechanisms, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons from nGD patients. We found that elevated levels of GlcSph activate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1), interfering with lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy, which were restored by incubation of nGD neurons with mTOR inhibitors. We also found that inhibition of acid ceramidase prevented both, mTOR hyperactivity and lysosomal dysfunction, suggesting that these alterations were caused by GlcSph accumulation in the mutant neurons. To directly determine whether GlcSph can cause mTOR hyperactivation, we incubated wild‐type neurons with exogenous GlcSph. Remarkably, GlcSph treatment recapitulated the mTOR hyperactivation and lysosomal abnormalities in mutant neurons, which were prevented by coincubation of GlcSph with mTOR inhibitors. We conclude that elevated GlcSph activates an mTORC1‐dependent pathogenic mechanism that is responsible for the lysosomal abnormalities of nGD neurons. We also identify acid ceramidase as essential to the pathogenesis of nGD, providing a new therapeutic target for treating GBA1‐associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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26
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Rozenfeld PA, Crivaro AN, Ormazabal M, Mucci JM, Bondar C, Delpino MV. Unraveling the mystery of Gaucher bone density pathophysiology. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:76-85. [PMID: 32782168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by pathogenic mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase. Despite the existence of a variety of specific treatments for GD, they cannot completely reverse bone complications. Many studies have evidenced the impairment in bone tissue of GD, and molecular mechanisms of bone density alterations in GD are being studied during the last years and different reports emphasized its efforts trying to unravel why and how bone tissue is affected. The cause of skeletal density affection in GD is a matter of debates between research groups. and there are two opposing hypotheses trying to explain reduced bone mineral density in GD: increased bone resorption versus impaired bone formation. In this review, we discuss the diverse mechanisms of bone alterations implicated in GD revealed until the present, along with a presentation of normal bone physiology and its regulation. With this information in mind, we discuss effectiveness of specific therapies, introduce possible adjunctive therapies and present a novel model for GD-associated bone density pathogenesis. Under the exposed evidence, we may conclude that both sides of the balance of remodeling process are altered. In GD the observed osteopenia/osteoporosis may be the result of contribution of both reduced bone formation and increased bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rozenfeld
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - A N Crivaro
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Ormazabal
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - J M Mucci
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Bondar
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M V Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Av. Córdoba 2351, (C1120ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Thomas R, Moloney EB, Macbain ZK, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Fibroblasts from idiopathic Parkinson's disease exhibit deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity associated with reduced levels of the trafficking receptor LIMP2. Mol Brain 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33468204 PMCID: PMC7816505 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction is a central pathway associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Haploinsufficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase GBA (encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase)) is one of the largest genetic risk factors for developing PD. Deficiencies in the activity of the GCase enzyme have been observed in human tissues from both genetic (harboring mutations in the GBA gene) and idiopathic forms of the disease. To understand the mechanisms behind the deficits of lysosomal GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD, this study utilized a large cohort of fibroblast cells from control subjects and PD patients with and without mutations in the GBA gene (N370S mutation) (control, n = 15; idiopathic PD, n = 31; PD with GBA N370S mutation, n = 6). The current data demonstrates that idiopathic PD fibroblasts devoid of any mutations in the GBA gene also exhibit reduction in lysosomal GCase activity, similar to those with the GBA N370S mutation. This reduced GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD cells was accompanied by decreased expression of the GBA trafficking receptor, LIMP2, and increased ER retention of the GBA protein in these cells. Importantly, in idiopathic PD fibroblasts LIMP2 protein levels correlated significantly with GCase activity, which was not the case in control subjects or in genetic PD GBA N370S cells. In conclusion, idiopathic PD fibroblasts have decreased GCase activity primarily driven by altered LIMP2-mediated transport of GBA to lysosome and the reduced GCase activity exhibited by the genetic GBA N370S derived PD fibroblasts occurs through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Zachary K Macbain
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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28
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Chen IP. Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs) into Osteoclasts. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3854. [PMID: 33659501 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in bone resorption by osteoclasts result in numerous rare genetic bone disorders as well as in some common diseases such as osteoporosis or osteopetrosis. The use of hiPSC-differentiated osteoclasts opens new avenues in this research field by providing an unlimited cell source and overcoming obstacles such as unavailability of human specimens and suitable animal models. Generation of hiPSCs is well established but efficient differentiation of hiPSCs into osteoclasts has been challenging. Published hiPSC-osteoclast differentiation protocols use a hiPSC-OP9 co-culture system or hiPSC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) with multiple cytokines. Our three-stage protocol consists of 1) EB mesoderm differentiation, 2) expansion of myelomonocytic cells and 3) maturation of hiPSC-osteoclasts. We generate uniformly-sized EBs by culturing Accutase-dissociated hiPSCs on Nunclon Sphera microplates and promote EB mesoderm differentiation in a cytokine cocktail for 4 days. For Stage 2, EBs are transferred to gelatin-coated plates and cultured with hM-CSF and hIL-3 to expand the myelomonocytic population. By supplementing with vitamin D, hTGFβ, hM-CSF and hRANKL, cells collected at the end of Stage 2 are differentiated into mature osteoclasts (Stage 3). Compared to other techniques, our protocol does not require a co-culture system; induces EBs into mesoderm differentiation in a homogenous manner; uses less cytokines for differentiation; requires only a short time for osteoclast maturation and produces sufficient numbers of osteoclasts for subsequent molecular analyses. Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ping Chen
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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29
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Franklin H, Clarke BE, Patani R. Astrocytes and microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from human in vitro models. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101973. [PMID: 33309801 PMCID: PMC8052192 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia key fulfil homeostatic and immune functions in the CNS. Dysfunction of these cell types is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding cellular autonomy and early pathogenic changes is a key goal. New human iPSC models will inform on disease mechanisms and therapy development.
Both astrocytes and microglia fulfil homeostatic and immune functions in the healthy CNS. Dysfunction of these cell types have been implicated in the pathomechanisms of several neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the cellular autonomy and early pathological changes in these cell types may inform drug screening and therapy development. While animal models and post-mortem tissue have been invaluable in understanding disease processes, the advent of human in vitro models provides a unique insight into disease biology as a manipulable model system obtained directly from patients. Here, we discuss the different human in vitro models of astrocytes and microglia and outline the phenotypes that have been recapitulated in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Franklin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Benjamin E Clarke
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rickie Patani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.
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30
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Srikanth MP, Feldman RA. Elevated Dkk1 Mediates Downregulation of the Canonical Wnt Pathway and Lysosomal Loss in an iPSC Model of Neuronopathic Gaucher Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1630. [PMID: 33287247 PMCID: PMC7761665 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher Disease (GD), which is the most common lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by bi-allelic mutations in GBA1-a gene that encodes the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). The neuronopathic forms of GD (nGD) are characterized by severe neurological abnormalities that arise during gestation or early in infancy. Using GD-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), we have previously reported that neuronal cells have neurodevelopmental defects associated with the downregulation of canonical Wnt signaling. In this study, we report that GD NPCs display elevated levels of Dkk1, which is a secreted Wnt antagonist that prevents receptor activation. Dkk1 upregulation in mutant NPCs resulted in an increased degradation of β-catenin, and there was a concomitant reduction in lysosomal numbers. Consistent with these results, incubation of the mutant NPCs with recombinant Wnt3a (rWnt3a) was able to outcompete the excess Dkk1, increasing β-catenin levels and rescuing lysosomal numbers. Furthermore, the incubation of WT NPCs with recombinant Dkk1 (rDkk1) phenocopied the mutant phenotype, recapitulating the decrease in β-catenin levels and lysosomal depletion seen in nGD NPCs. This study provides evidence that downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in nGD neuronal cells involves the upregulation of Dkk1. As Dkk1 is an extracellular Wnt antagonist, our results suggest that the deleterious effects of Wnt/β-catenin downregulation in nGD may be ameliorated by the prevention of Dkk1 binding to the Wnt co-receptor LRP6, pointing to Dkk1 as a potential therapeutic target for GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo A. Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
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31
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Mukhopadhyay S, Heinz E, Porreca I, Alasoo K, Yeung A, Yang HT, Schwerd T, Forbester JL, Hale C, Agu CA, Choi YH, Rodrigues J, Capitani M, Jostins-Dean L, Thomas DC, Travis S, Gaffney D, Skarnes WC, Thomson N, Uhlig HH, Dougan G, Powrie F. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages limits bacterial killing driven by prostaglandin E2. J Exp Med 2020; 217:132614. [PMID: 31819956 PMCID: PMC7041704 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and lipid mediators are key regulators of inflammation; but how they are mechanistically linked is poorly understood. Here, Mukhopadhyay et al. show a novel regulation between cytokine IL-10 and lipid mediator PGE2 that functionally connects them to intestinal inflammation. Loss of IL-10 signaling in macrophages (Mφs) leads to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from an infantile-onset IBD patient lacking a functional IL10RB gene. Mφs differentiated from IL-10RB−/− iPSCs lacked IL-10RB mRNA expression, were unable to phosphorylate STAT3, and failed to reduce LPS induced inflammatory cytokines in the presence of exogenous IL-10. IL-10RB−/− Mφs exhibited a striking defect in their ability to kill Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which was rescuable after experimentally introducing functional copies of the IL10RB gene. Genes involved in synthesis and receptor pathways for eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were more highly induced in IL-10RB−/− Mφs, and these Mφs produced higher amounts of PGE2 after LPS stimulation compared with controls. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 synthesis and PGE2 receptor blockade enhanced bacterial killing in Mφs. These results identify a regulatory interaction between IL-10 and PGE2, dysregulation of which may drive aberrant Mφ activation and impaired host defense contributing to IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Kaur Alasoo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Yeung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huei-Ting Yang
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Swiss Precision Dignostics Development Company Limited, Bedford, UK
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica L Forbester
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Melania Capitani
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Jostins-Dean
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - William C Skarnes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | - Nicholas Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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32
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Carrié L, Virazels M, Dufau C, Montfort A, Levade T, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N. New Insights into the Role of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:E1967. [PMID: 32858889 PMCID: PMC7565650 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a deadly skin cancer whose aggressiveness is directly linked to its metastatic potency. Despite remarkable breakthroughs in term of treatments with the emergence of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the prognosis for metastatic patients remains uncertain mainly because of resistances. Better understanding the mechanisms responsible for melanoma progression is therefore essential to uncover new therapeutic targets. Interestingly, the sphingolipid metabolism is dysregulated in melanoma and is associated with melanoma progression and resistance to treatment. This review summarises the impact of the sphingolipid metabolism on melanoma from the initiation to metastatic dissemination with emphasis on melanoma plasticity, immune responses and resistance to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorry Carrié
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Mathieu Virazels
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Carine Dufau
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Anne Montfort
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Thierry Levade
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique, CHU, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Ségui
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm 1037, 2 avenue Hubert Curien, CS 53717, 31037 Toulouse CEDEX 1, France; (L.C.); (M.V.); (C.D.); (A.M.); (T.L.); (B.S.)
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33
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Kido J, Nakamura K, Era T. Role of induced pluripotent stem cells in lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103540. [PMID: 32828964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of metabolism inborn errors caused by defective enzymes in the lysosome, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded substrates. Many characteristic cell features have been revealed in LSDs, including abnormal autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) dramatically boosted research on LSDs, particularly regarding novel opportunities to clarify the disease etiology based on the storage of macromolecules, such as sphingolipids in lysosomes. iPSCs made from LSD patients (LSD-iPSCs) have been differentiated into neurons, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages, with each cell type closely resembling the primary disease phenotypes, providing new tools to probe the disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies. Abnormally accumulated substrates impaired autophagy and mitochondrial and synapse functions in LSD-iPSC-derived neurons. Reducing the accumulation with the treatment of drug candidates improved LSD-iPSC-derived neuron functions. Additionally, iPSC technology can help probe the gene expressions, proteomics, and metabolomics of LSDs. Further, gene repair and the generation of new mutations in causative genes in LSD-iPSCs can be used to understand both the specific roles of causative genes and the contributions of other genetic factors to these phenotypes. Moreover, the development of iPSC-derived organoids as disease models has bridged the gap between studies using cell lines and in vivo animal models. There are some reproducibility issues in iPSC research, however, including genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal abnormalities, DNA mutations, and gene modifications via methylation. In this review, we present the disease and treatment concepts gathered using selected LSD-iPSCs, discuss iPSC research limitations, and set our future research visions. Such studies are expected to further inform and generate insights into LSDs and are important in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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34
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Crivaro A, Bondar C, Mucci JM, Ormazabal M, Feldman RA, Delpino MV, Rozenfeld PA. Gaucher disease-associated alterations in mesenchymal stem cells reduce osteogenesis and favour adipogenesis processes with concomitant increased osteoclastogenesis. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:274-282. [PMID: 32536424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by pathogenic mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase. Until now, treatments for GD cannot completely reverse bone problems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of MSCs from GD patients (GD MSCs) to differentiate towards the osteoblast (GD Ob) and adipocyte (GD Ad) lineages, and their role in osteoclastogenesis. We observed that GD Ob exhibited reduced mineralization, collagen deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), as well as decreased gene expression of RUNX2, COLA1 and ALP. We also evaluated the process of osteoclastogenesis and observed that conditioned media from GD MSCs supernatants induced an increase in the number of osteoclasts. In this model, osteoclastogenesis was induced by RANKL and IL-1β. Furthermore, results showed that in GD MSCs there was a promotion in NLRP3 and PPAR-γ gene expression. Adipogenic differentiation revealed that GD Ad had an increase in PPAR-γ and a reduced RUNX2 gene expression, promoting adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, our results show that GD MSCs exhibited deficient GD Ob differentiation and increased adipogenesis. In addition, we show that GD MSCs promoted increased osteoclastogenesis through RANKL and IL-1β. These changes in GD MSCs are likely to contribute to skeletal imbalance observed in GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crivaro
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Bondar
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - J M Mucci
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Ormazabal
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - R A Feldman
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M V Delpino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - P A Rozenfeld
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina.
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Are Glucosylceramide-Related Sphingolipids Involved in the Increased Risk for Cancer in Gaucher Disease Patients? Review and Hypotheses. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020475. [PMID: 32085512 PMCID: PMC7072201 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of ceramide and its catabolites, i.e., sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate, in the development of malignancies and the response to anticancer regimens have been extensively described. Moreover, an abundant literature points to the effects of glucosylceramide synthase, the mammalian enzyme that converts ceramide to β-glucosylceramide, in protecting tumor cells from chemotherapy. Much less is known about the contribution of β-glucosylceramide and its breakdown products in cancer progression. In this chapter, we first review published and personal clinical observations that report on the increased risk of developing cancers in patients affected with Gaucher disease, an inborn disorder characterized by defective lysosomal degradation of β-glucosylceramide. The previously described mechanistic links between lysosomal β-glucosylceramidase, β-glucosylceramide and/or β-glucosylphingosine, and various hallmarks of cancer are reviewed. We further show that melanoma tumor growth is facilitated in a Gaucher disease mouse model. Finally, the potential roles of the β-glucosylceramidase protein and its lipidic substrates and/or downstream products are discussed.
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Brown RA, Voit A, Srikanth MP, Thayer JA, Kingsbury TJ, Jacobson MA, Lipinski MM, Feldman RA, Awad O. mTOR hyperactivity mediates lysosomal dysfunction in Gaucher's disease iPSC-neuronal cells. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm038596. [PMID: 31519738 PMCID: PMC6826018 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.038596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-allelic GBA1 mutations cause Gaucher's disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder. Neuronopathic manifestations in GD include neurodegeneration, which can be severe and rapidly progressive. GBA1 mutations are also the most frequent genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease. Dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway represents a key pathogenic event in GBA1-associated neurodegeneration. Using an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model of GD, we previously demonstrated that lysosomal alterations in GD neurons are linked to dysfunction of the transcription factor EB (TFEB). TFEB controls the coordinated expression of autophagy and lysosomal genes and is negatively regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). To further investigate the mechanism of autophagy-lysosomal pathway dysfunction in neuronopathic GD, we examined mTORC1 kinase activity in GD iPSC neuronal progenitors and differentiated neurons. We found that mTORC1 is hyperactive in GD cells as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of its downstream protein substrates. We also found that pharmacological inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase enzyme reversed mTORC1 hyperactivation, suggesting that increased mTORC1 activity is mediated by the abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in the mutant cells. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor Torin1 upregulated lysosomal biogenesis and enhanced autophagic clearance in GD neurons, confirming that lysosomal dysfunction is mediated by mTOR hyperactivation. Further analysis demonstrated that increased TFEB phosphorylation by mTORC1 results in decreased TFEB stability in GD cells. Our study uncovers a new mechanism contributing to autophagy-lysosomal pathway dysfunction in GD, and identifies the mTOR complex as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Antanina Voit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Julia A Thayer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tami J Kingsbury
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- University of Maryland Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marlene A Jacobson
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Do J, McKinney C, Sharma P, Sidransky E. Glucocerebrosidase and its relevance to Parkinson disease. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:36. [PMID: 31464647 PMCID: PMC6716912 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, are among the most common known genetic risk factors for the development of Parkinson disease and related synucleinopathies. A great deal is known about GBA1, as mutations in GBA1 are causal for the rare autosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the genetics and cell biology of glucocerebrosidase. A least 495 different mutations, found throughout the 11 exons of the gene are reported, including both common and rare variants. Mutations in GBA1 may lead to degradation of the protein, disruptions in lysosomal targeting and diminished performance of the enzyme in the lysosome. Gaucher disease is phenotypically diverse and has both neuronopathic and non-neuronopathic forms. Both patients with Gaucher disease and heterozygous carriers are at increased risk of developing Parkinson disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, although our understanding of the mechanism for this association remains incomplete. There appears to be an inverse relationship between glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein levels, and even patients with sporadic Parkinson disease have decreased glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase may interact with α-synuclein to maintain basic cellular functions, or impaired glucocerebrosidase could contribute to Parkinson pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal homeostasis, enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress or contributing to mitochondrial impairment. However, the majority of patients with GBA1 mutations never develop parkinsonism, so clearly other risk factors play a role. Treatments for Gaucher disease have been developed that increase visceral glucocerebrosidase levels and decrease lipid storage, although they have yet to properly address the neurological defects associated with impaired glucocerebrosidase. Mouse and induced pluripotent stem cell derived models have improved our understanding of glucocerebrosidase function and the consequences of its deficiency. These models have been used to test novel therapies including chaperone proteins, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and gene therapy approaches that enhance glucocerebrosidase levels and could prove efficacious in the treatment of forms of parkinsonism. Consequently, this rare monogenic disorder, Gaucher disease, provides unique insights directly applicable to our understanding and treatment of Parkinson disease, a common and complex neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Do
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA
| | - Cindy McKinney
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35A, Room 1E623, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3708, USA.
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38
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Insights into GBA Parkinson's disease pathology and therapy with induced pluripotent stem cell model systems. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Haenseler W, Rajendran L. Concise Review: Modeling Neurodegenerative Diseases with Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia. Stem Cells 2019; 37:724-730. [PMID: 30801863 PMCID: PMC6849818 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation of the brain and the consequential immunological responses play pivotal roles in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Microglia, the resident macrophage cells of the brain, have also emerged as key players in neuroinflammation. As primary human microglia from living subjects are normally not accessible to researchers, there is a pressing need for an alternative source of authentic human microglia which allows modeling of neurodegeneration in vitro. Several protocols for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived microglia have recently been developed and provide unlimited access to patient‐derived material. In this present study, we give an overview of iPSC‐derived microglia models in monoculture and coculture systems, their advantages and limitations, and how they have already been used for disease phenotyping. Furthermore, we outline some of the gene engineering tools to generate isogenic controls, the creation of gene knockout iPSC lines, as well as covering reporter cell lines, which could help to elucidate complex cell interaction mechanisms in the microglia/neuron coculture system, for example, microglia‐induced synapse loss. Finally, we deliberate on how said cocultures could aid in personalized drug screening to identify patient‐specific therapies against neurodegeneration. stem cells2019;37:724–730
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Affiliation(s)
- Walther Haenseler
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Lawrence Rajendran
- Systems and Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration, IREM, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.,UK-Dementia Research Institute (UK-DRI), Maurice Wohl Basic & Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Panicker LM, Srikanth MP, Castro-Gomes T, Miller D, Andrews NW, Feldman RA. Gaucher disease iPSC-derived osteoblasts have developmental and lysosomal defects that impair bone matrix deposition. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:811-822. [PMID: 29301038 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by bi-allelic mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Individuals affected by GD have hematologic, visceral and bone abnormalities, and in severe cases there is also neurodegeneration. To shed light on the mechanisms by which mutant GBA1 causes bone disease, we examined the ability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from patients with Types 1, 2 and 3 GD, to differentiate to osteoblasts and carry out bone deposition. Differentiation of GD iPSC to osteoblasts revealed that these cells had developmental defects and lysosomal abnormalities that interfered with bone matrix deposition. Compared with controls, GD iPSC-derived osteoblasts exhibited reduced expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, and bone matrix protein and mineral deposition were defective. Concomitantly, canonical Wnt/β catenin signaling in the mutant osteoblasts was downregulated, whereas pharmacological Wnt activation with the GSK3β inhibitor CHIR99021 rescued GD osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix deposition. Importantly, incubation with recombinant GCase (rGCase) rescued the differentiation and bone-forming ability of GD osteoblasts, demonstrating that the abnormal GD phenotype was caused by GCase deficiency. GD osteoblasts were also defective in their ability to carry out Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, a lysosomal function that is necessary for bone matrix deposition. We conclude that normal GCase enzymatic activity is required for the differentiation and bone-forming activity of osteoblasts. Furthermore, the rescue of bone matrix deposition by pharmacological activation of Wnt/β catenin in GD osteoblasts uncovers a new therapeutic target for the treatment of bone abnormalities in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leelamma M Panicker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Diana Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Norma W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Pacitti D, Privolizzi R, Bax BE. Organs to Cells and Cells to Organoids: The Evolution of in vitro Central Nervous System Modelling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31024259 PMCID: PMC6465581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, the human brain is not just the most complex organ in the human body, but has also been described as "the most complex thing in the universe." The limited availability of human living brain tissue for the study of neurogenesis, neural processes and neurological disorders has resulted in more than a century-long strive from researchers worldwide to model the central nervous system (CNS) and dissect both its striking physiology and enigmatic pathophysiology. The invaluable knowledge gained with the use of animal models and post mortem human tissue remains limited to cross-species similarities and structural features, respectively. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and 3-D organoid technologies has revolutionised the approach to the study of human brain and CNS in vitro, presenting great potential for disease modelling and translational adoption in drug screening and regenerative medicine, also contributing beneficially to clinical research. We have surveyed more than 100 years of research in CNS modelling and provide in this review an historical excursus of its evolution, from early neural tissue explants and organotypic cultures, to 2-D patient-derived cell monolayers, to the latest development of 3-D cerebral organoids. We have generated a comprehensive summary of CNS modelling techniques and approaches, protocol refinements throughout the course of decades and developments in the study of specific neuropathologies. Current limitations and caveats such as clonal variation, developmental stage, validation of pluripotency and chromosomal stability, functional assessment, reproducibility, accuracy and scalability of these models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bridget E. Bax,
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Shi J, Xue C, Liu W, Zhang H. Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Macrophages for Disease Modeling and Functional Genomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 48:e74. [PMID: 30537374 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in many diseases. We describe a protocol and the associated resources for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (IPSDM) and their applications in understanding human macrophage physiology and relevant diseases. The protocol uses an embryoid body-based approach with a combination of serum-free condition for hematopoiesis specification, followed by adherent culture with serum and M-CSF for myeloid expansion and macrophage maturation. The protocol produced an almost pure culture of CD45+ /CD18+ macrophages yielding up to 2 × 107 cells per 6-well plate of iPSCs within 24 days, demonstrating high efficiency, purity, and scalability. The IPSDM and monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) cultured in the same medium were compared at morphological, functional and transcriptomic levels by RNA-sequencing. IPSDM and HMDM showed broadly similar profiles of coding transcriptome, alternative splicing events, and long noncoding RNAs, with advantages and successful applications in disease modeling using patients-derived and CRISPR-edited iPSC lines. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Shi
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Wen Liu
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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43
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Platt FM, d'Azzo A, Davidson BL, Neufeld EF, Tifft CJ. Lysosomal storage diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018. [PMID: 30275469 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0025-4]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of over 70 diseases that are characterized by lysosomal dysfunction, most of which are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. These disorders are individually rare but collectively affect 1 in 5,000 live births. LSDs typically present in infancy and childhood, although adult-onset forms also occur. Most LSDs have a progressive neurodegenerative clinical course, although symptoms in other organ systems are frequent. LSD-associated genes encode different lysosomal proteins, including lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal membrane proteins. The lysosome is the key cellular hub for macromolecule catabolism, recycling and signalling, and defects that impair any of these functions cause the accumulation of undigested or partially digested macromolecules in lysosomes (that is, 'storage') or impair the transport of molecules, which can result in cellular damage. Consequently, the cellular pathogenesis of these diseases is complex and is currently incompletely understood. Several LSDs can be treated with approved, disease-specific therapies that are mostly based on enzyme replacement. However, small-molecule therapies, including substrate reduction and chaperone therapies, have also been developed and are approved for some LSDs, whereas gene therapy and genome editing are at advanced preclinical stages and, for a few disorders, have already progressed to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Neufeld
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Office of the Clinical Director and Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of over 70 diseases that are characterized by lysosomal dysfunction, most of which are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. These disorders are individually rare but collectively affect 1 in 5,000 live births. LSDs typically present in infancy and childhood, although adult-onset forms also occur. Most LSDs have a progressive neurodegenerative clinical course, although symptoms in other organ systems are frequent. LSD-associated genes encode different lysosomal proteins, including lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal membrane proteins. The lysosome is the key cellular hub for macromolecule catabolism, recycling and signalling, and defects that impair any of these functions cause the accumulation of undigested or partially digested macromolecules in lysosomes (that is, 'storage') or impair the transport of molecules, which can result in cellular damage. Consequently, the cellular pathogenesis of these diseases is complex and is currently incompletely understood. Several LSDs can be treated with approved, disease-specific therapies that are mostly based on enzyme replacement. However, small-molecule therapies, including substrate reduction and chaperone therapies, have also been developed and are approved for some LSDs, whereas gene therapy and genome editing are at advanced preclinical stages and, for a few disorders, have already progressed to the clinic.
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45
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Lang J, Cheng Y, Rolfe A, Hammack C, Vera D, Kyle K, Wang J, Meissner TB, Ren Y, Cowan C, Tang H. An hPSC-Derived Tissue-Resident Macrophage Model Reveals Differential Responses of Macrophages to ZIKV and DENV Infection. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:348-362. [PMID: 29983385 PMCID: PMC6092684 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are two closely related flaviviruses that lead to different clinical outcomes. The mechanism for the distinct pathogenesis of ZIKV and DENV is poorly understood. Here, we investigate ZIKV and DENV infection of macrophages using a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived macrophage model and discover key virus-specific responses. ZIKV and DENV productively infect hPSC-derived macrophages. DENV, but not ZIKV, infection of macrophages strongly activates macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) secretion and decreases macrophage migration. Neutralization of MIF leads to improved migratory ability of DENV-infected macrophages. In contrast, ZIKV-infected macrophages exhibit prolonged migration and express low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Mechanistically, ZIKV disrupts the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-MIF positive feedback loop by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our results demonstrate the utility of hPSC-derived macrophages in infectious disease modeling and suggest that the distinct impact of ZIKV and DENV on macrophage immune response may underlie different pathogenesis of Zika and dengue diseases. An hPSC-derived tissue-resident macrophage model for ZIKV and DENV infection ZIKV-, but not DENV-, infected macrophages maintain migratory capacity ZIKV, but not DENV, inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines expression ZIKV disrupts NF-κB-MIF positive feedback loop by inhibiting NF-κB pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Lang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Alyssa Rolfe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Christy Hammack
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA
| | - Daniel Vera
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Kathleen Kyle
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jingying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Torsten B Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Chad Cowan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA.
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46
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Larsen SB, Hanss Z, Krüger R. The genetic architecture of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:21-37. [PMID: 29372317 PMCID: PMC6015629 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is a well-established pathological pathway implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Defects of the complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain have been found in post-mortem brains from sporadic PD patients. Furthermore, several disease-related genes are linked to mitochondrial pathways, such as PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1 and HTRA2 and are associated with mitochondrial impairment. This phenotype can be caused by the dysfunction of mitochondrial quality control machinery at different levels: molecular, organellar or cellular. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response represents the molecular level and implicates various chaperones and proteases. If the molecular level of quality control is not sufficient, the organellar level is required and involves mitophagy and mitochondrial-derived vesicles to sequester whole dysfunctional organelle or parts of it. Only when the impairment is too severe, does it lead to cell death via apoptosis, which defines the cellular level of quality control. Here, we review how currently known PD-linked genetic variants interfere with different levels of mitochondrial quality control. We discuss the graded risk concept of the most recently identified PARK loci (PARK 17-23) and some susceptibility variants in GBA, LRRK2 and SNCA. Finally, the emerging concept of rare genetic variants in candidates genes for PD, such as HSPA9, TRAP1 and RHOT1, complete the picture of the complex genetic architecture of PD that will direct future precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Larsen
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Z Hanss
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - R Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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47
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Frati G, Luciani M, Meneghini V, De Cicco S, Ståhlman M, Blomqvist M, Grossi S, Filocamo M, Morena F, Menegon A, Martino S, Gritti A. Human iPSC-based models highlight defective glial and neuronal differentiation from neural progenitor cells in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 29899471 PMCID: PMC5997994 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological cascade leading from primary storage to neural cell dysfunction and death in metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been poorly elucidated in human-derived neural cell systems. In the present study, we have modeled the progression of pathological events during the differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs to neuroepithelial progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) and mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes at the morphological, molecular, and biochemical level. We showed significant sulfatide accumulation and altered sulfatide composition during the differentiation of MLD iPSC-NPCs into neuronal and glial cells. Changes in sulfatide levels and composition were accompanied by the expansion of the lysosomal compartment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The neuronal and glial differentiation capacity of MLD iPSC-NPCs was significantly impaired. We showed delayed appearance and/or reduced levels of oligodendroglial and astroglial markers as well as reduced number of neurons and disorganized neuronal network. Restoration of a functional Arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme in MLD cells using lentiviral-mediated gene transfer normalized sulfatide levels and composition, globally rescuing the pathological phenotype. Our study points to MLD iPSC-derived neural progeny as a useful in vitro model to assess the impact of ARSA deficiency along NPC differentiation into neurons and glial cells. In addition, iPSC-derived neural cultures allowed testing the impact of ARSA reconstitution/overexpression on disease correction and, importantly, on the biology and functional features of human NPCs, with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Institute Imagine, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Silvia De Cicco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Otfried-Müller Str.23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serena Grossi
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Menegon
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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48
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Borger DK, McMahon B, Roshan Lal T, Serra-Vinardell J, Aflaki E, Sidransky E. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of lysosomal storage disorders. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:691-704. [PMID: 28592657 PMCID: PMC5483008 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided new opportunities to explore the cell biology and pathophysiology of human diseases, and the lysosomal storage disorder research community has been quick to adopt this technology. Patient-derived iPSC models have been generated for a number of lysosomal storage disorders, including Gaucher disease, Pompe disease, Fabry disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, Niemann-Pick types A and C1, and several of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Here, we review the strategies employed for reprogramming and differentiation, as well as insights into disease etiology gleaned from the currently available models. Examples are provided to illustrate how iPSC-derived models can be employed to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders. We also discuss how models of these rare diseases could contribute to an enhanced understanding of more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and discuss key challenges and opportunities in this area of research. Summary: This Review discusses how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide new opportunities to explore the biology and pathophysiology of lysosomal storage diseases, and how iPSCs have illuminated the role of lysosomes in more common disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Borger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin McMahon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamanna Roshan Lal
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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49
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Mukherjee C, Hale C, Mukhopadhyay S. A Simple Multistep Protocol for Differentiating Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Functional Macrophages. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1784:13-28. [PMID: 29761384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7837-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide an alternative new tool overcoming some of the limitations of existing models for human macrophages, such as human macrophage-like cell lines and primary monocyte-derived macrophages. A combination of different cytokines and growth factors can differentiate hiPSCs toward myeloid lineage. Here we describe a simple multistep protocol for differentiating hiPSCs into functional macrophages. This includes derivation of three germ-line containing embryoid bodies (EBs) from iPSCs, generation of myeloid precursors from EBs, and finally maturation of myeloid precursors into functional macrophages. Technical procedure and specific culture conditions associated with each of these steps are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrayana Mukherjee
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hale
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.
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50
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Awad O, Panicker LM, Deranieh RM, Srikanth MP, Brown RA, Voit A, Peesay T, Park TS, Zambidis ET, Feldman RA. Altered Differentiation Potential of Gaucher's Disease iPSC Neuronal Progenitors due to Wnt/β-Catenin Downregulation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1853-1867. [PMID: 29198828 PMCID: PMC5785733 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher’s disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, which encodes acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Severe GBA1 mutations cause neuropathology that manifests soon after birth, suggesting that GCase deficiency interferes with neuronal development. We found that neuronopathic GD induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) exhibit developmental defects due to downregulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and that GD iPSCs’ ability to differentiate to dopaminergic (DA) neurons was strikingly reduced due to early loss of DA progenitors. Incubation of the mutant cells with the Wnt activator CHIR99021 (CHIR) or with recombinant GCase restored Wnt/β-catenin signaling and rescued DA differentiation. We also found that GD NPCs exhibit lysosomal dysfunction, which may be involved in Wnt downregulation by mutant GCase. We conclude that neuronopathic mutations in GCase lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities due to a critical requirement of this enzyme for canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling at early stages of neurogenesis. Neuronopathic GBA1 mutations attenuate canonical Wnt signaling in iPSC-derived NPCs GD NPC differentiation to DA neurons impaired due to early loss of DA progenitors GBA1-mediated lysosomal alterations may be involved in Wnt signal downregulation The Wnt pathway may be a potential new therapeutic target for neuronopathic GD
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Leelamma M Panicker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rania M Deranieh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Manasa P Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert A Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Antanina Voit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tejasvi Peesay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ricardo A Feldman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-1, Room 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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