1
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Sasayama T, Hamada T, Tanaka K, Nagashima H, Yamanishi S, Ueyama T. Potential of GSPT1 as a novel target for glioblastoma therapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:572. [PMID: 39117611 PMCID: PMC11310507 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, the survival rate of which has not significantly improved over the past three decades. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel treatment modalities. We previously reported that G1 to S phase transition 1 (GSPT1) depletion induces delayed cell cycle in primary astrocytes. Herein, we examined the potential of GSPT1 as a novel target for glioblastoma therapy. CC-885, a cereblon modulator that degrades GSPT1 by bridging GSPT1 to the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, was administered to nude mice with transplanted brain tumors of U87 glioblastoma cells. The survival period was significantly longer in CC-885 treated mice than in control mice. Furthermore, we generated GSPT1-knockout (KO) U87 cells and GSPT1-KO U87 cells with stable overexpression of FLAG-tagged GSPT1 (Rescued GSPT1-KO). Mice with transplanted GSPT1-KO U87 cells and Rescued GSPT1-KO U87 cells showed significantly longer and similar survival periods, respectively, as those with wild-type (WT) U87 cells. GSPT1-KO U87 cells showed enhanced apoptosis, detected by cleaved PARP1, compared to WT U87 cells. Brain tumors with transplantation of GSPT1-KO U87 cells also showed enhanced apoptosis compared to those with transplantation of WT and Rescued GSPT1-KO U87 cells. GSPT1 expression was confirmed in patients with glioblastoma. However, the clinical study using 87 glioblastoma samples showed that GSPT1 mRNA levels were not associated with overall survival. Taken together, we propose that GSPT1 is an essential protein for glioblastoma growth, but not its malignant characteristics, and that GSPT1 is a potential target for developing glioblastoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamanishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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2
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Graham K, Lienau P, Bader B, Prechtl S, Naujoks J, Lesche R, Weiske J, Kuehnlenz J, Brzezinka K, Potze L, Zanconato F, Nicke B, Montebaur A, Bone W, Golfier S, Kaulfuss S, Kopitz C, Pilari S, Steuber H, Hayat S, Kamburov A, Steffen A, Schlicker A, Buchgraber P, Braeuer N, Font NA, Heinrich T, Kuhnke L, Nowak-Reppel K, Stresemann C, Steigemann P, Walter AO, Blotta S, Ocker M, Lakner A, von Nussbaum F, Mumberg D, Eis K, Piccolo S, Lange M. Discovery of YAP1/TAZ pathway inhibitors through phenotypic screening with potent anti-tumor activity via blockade of Rho-GTPase signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:1247-1263.e16. [PMID: 38537632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the identification and target deconvolution of small molecule inhibitors of oncogenic Yes-associated protein (YAP1)/TAZ activity with potent anti-tumor activity in vivo. A high-throughput screen (HTS) of 3.8 million compounds was conducted using a cellular YAP1/TAZ reporter assay. Target deconvolution studies identified the geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I) complex as the direct target of YAP1/TAZ pathway inhibitors. The small molecule inhibitors block the activation of Rho-GTPases, leading to subsequent inactivation of YAP1/TAZ and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Multi-parameter optimization resulted in BAY-593, an in vivo probe with favorable PK properties, which demonstrated anti-tumor activity and blockade of YAP1/TAZ signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Graham
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bader
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Prechtl
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Naujoks
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Weiske
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Kuehnlenz
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Brzezinka
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisette Potze
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Zanconato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Nicke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Montebaur
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bone
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Golfier
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaulfuss
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Kopitz
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Pilari
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Steuber
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sikander Hayat
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Atanas Kamburov
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlicker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Buchgraber
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Braeuer
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuria Aiguabella Font
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Heinrich
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Kuhnke
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Nowak-Reppel
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Stresemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Steigemann
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette O Walter
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simona Blotta
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ashley Lakner
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz von Nussbaum
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Eis
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy; IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Lange
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Parise A, Magistrato A. Assessing the mechanism of fast-cycling cancer-associated mutations of Rac1 small Rho GTPase. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4939. [PMID: 38501467 PMCID: PMC10949326 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Rho-GTPases proteins function as molecular switches alternating from an active to an inactive state upon Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding and hydrolysis to Guanosine diphosphate (GDP). Among them, Rac subfamily regulates cell dynamics, being overexpressed in distinct cancer types. Notably, these proteins are object of frequent cancer-associated mutations at Pro29 (P29S, P29L, and P29Q). To assess the impact of these mutations on Rac1 structure and function, we performed extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations on wild-type (wt) and oncogenic isoforms of this protein in GDP- and GTP-bound states. Our results unprecedentedly elucidate that P29Q/S-induced structural and dynamical perturbations of Rac1 core domain weaken the binding of the catalytic site Mg2+ ion, and reduce the GDP residence time within protein, enhancing the GDP/GTP exchange rate and Rac1 activity. This broadens our knowledge of the role of cancer-associated mutations on small GTPases mechanism supplying valuable information for future drug discovery efforts targeting specific Rac1 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Parise
- Consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche (CNR)‐IOM c/o International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS)TriesteItaly
| | - Alessandra Magistrato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle ricerche (CNR)‐IOM c/o International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS)TriesteItaly
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4
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Zhao Q, Shimada I, Nishida N. Real-Time Monitoring of RAS Activity Using In Vitro and In-Cell NMR Spectroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2797:237-252. [PMID: 38570464 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3822-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The activation level of RAS can be determined by GTP hydrolysis rate (khy) and GDP-GTP exchange rates (kex). Either impaired GTP hydrolysis or enhanced GDP-GTP exchange causes the aberrant activation of RAS in oncogenic mutants. Therefore, it is important to quantify the khy and kex for understanding the mechanisms of RAS oncogenesis and drug development. Conventional methods have individually measured the kex and khy of RAS. However, within the intracellular environment, GTP hydrolysis and GDP-GTP exchange reactions occur simultaneously under conditions where GTP concentration is kept constant. In addition, the intracellular activity of RAS is influenced by endogenous regulatory proteins, such as RAS GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) and the guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Here, we describe the in vitro and in-cell NMR methods to estimate the khy and kex simultaneously by measuring the time-dependent changes of the fraction of GTP-bound ratio under the condition of constant GTP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingci Zhao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Noritaka Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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5
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Zhu EY, Schillo JL, Murray SD, Riordan JD, Dupuy AJ. Understanding cancer drug resistance with Sleeping Beauty functional genomic screens: Application to MAPK inhibition in cutaneous melanoma. iScience 2023; 26:107805. [PMID: 37860756 PMCID: PMC10582486 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition is an effective treatment for BRAF-mutant cutaneous melanoma. However, most patients progress on this treatment due to drug resistance. Here, we applied the Sleeping Beauty transposon system to understand how melanoma evades MAPK inhibition. We found that the specific drug resistance mechanisms differed across melanomas in our genetic screens of five cutaneous melanoma cell lines. While drivers that reactivated MAPK were highly conserved, many others were cell-line specific. One such driver, VAV1, activated a de-differentiated transcriptional program like that of hyperactive RAC1, RAC1P29S. To target this mechanism, we showed that an inhibitor of SRC, saracatinib, blunts the VAV1-induced transcriptional reprogramming. Overall, we highlighted the importance of accounting for melanoma heterogeneity in treating cutaneous melanoma with MAPK inhibitors. Moreover, we demonstrated the utility of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system in understanding cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Y. Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jacob L. Schillo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarina D. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jesse D. Riordan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adam J. Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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6
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Motiwala Z, Sandholu AS, Sengupta D, Kulkarni K. Wavelet coherence phase analysis decodes the universal switching mechanism of Ras GTPase superfamily. iScience 2023; 26:107031. [PMID: 37448564 PMCID: PMC10336170 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras superfamily of GTPases regulate critical cellular processes by shuttling between GTP-bound ON and GDP-bound OFF states. This switching mechanism is attributed to the conformational changes in two loops, SWI and SWII, upon GTP binding and hydrolysis. Since these conformational changes vary across the Ras superfamily, there is no generic parameter to define their functional states. A unique wavelet coherence (WC) analysis-based approach developed here shows that the structural changes in switch regions could be mapped onto the wavelet coherence phase couplings (WPCs). Thus, WPCs could serve as unique parameters to define their functional states. Disentanglement of WPCs in oncogenic GTPases shows how breakdown of structural allostery leads to their aberrant function. These observations stand out even for simulated ensemble of switch region conformers. Overall, for the first time, we show that WPCs could unravel the latent structural deviations in Ras proteins to decode their universal switching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenia Motiwala
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anand S. Sandholu
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Durba Sengupta
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Division of Physical and Material Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Kiran Kulkarni
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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7
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Zhang Y, Li G, Zhao Y. Advances in the development of Rho GTPase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 90:117337. [PMID: 37253305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rho guanosine triphosphatases (Rho GTPases), as members of the Ras superfamily, are GDP/GTP binding proteins that behave as molecular switches for the transduction of signals from external stimuli. Rho GTPases play essential roles in a number of cellular processes including cell cycle, cell polarity as well as cell migration. The dysregulations of Rho GTPases are related with various diseases, especially with cancers. Accumulating evidence supports that Rho GTPases play important roles in cancer development and progression. Rho GTPases become potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. And a number of inhibitors targeting Rho GTPases have been developed. In this review, we discuss their structural features, summarize their roles in cancer, and focus on the recent progress of their inhibitors, which are beneficial for the drug discovery targeting Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaxue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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8
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Testicular germ cell tumors: Genomic alternations and RAS-dependent signaling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 183:103928. [PMID: 36717007 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are a common malignancy occurring in young adult men. The various genetic risk factors have been suggested to contribute to TGCT pathogenesis, however, they have a distinct mutational profile with a low rate of somatic point mutations, more frequent chromosomal gains, and aneuploidy. The most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers are RAS oncogenes, while their impact on testicular carcinogenesis and refractory disease is still poorly understood. In this mini-review, we summarize current knowledge on genetic alternations of RAS signaling-associated genes (the single nucleotide polymorphisms and point mutations) in this particular cancer type and highlight their link to chemotherapy resistance mechanisms. We also mention the impact of epigenetic changes on TGCT progression. Lastly, we propose a model for RAS-dependent signaling networks, regulation, cross-talks, and outcomes in TGCTs.
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9
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Senju Y, Hibino E. Moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein merlin: Its conserved and distinct functions from those of ERM proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184076. [PMID: 36302494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Senju
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Emi Hibino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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Ali S, Ali U, Qamar A, Zafar I, Yaqoob M, Ain QU, Rashid S, Sharma R, Nafidi HA, Bin Jardan YA, Bourhia M. Predicting the effects of rare genetic variants on oncogenic signaling pathways: A computational analysis of HRAS protein function. Front Chem 2023; 11:1173624. [PMID: 37153521 PMCID: PMC10160440 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1173624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The HRAS gene plays a crucial role in regulating essential cellular processes for life, and this gene's misregulation is linked to the development of various types of cancers. Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) within the coding region of HRAS can cause detrimental mutations that disrupt wild-type protein function. In the current investigation, we have employed in-silico methodologies to anticipate the consequences of infrequent genetic variations on the functional properties of the HRAS protein. We have discovered a total of 50 nsSNPs, of which 23 were located in the exon region of the HRAS gene and denoting that they were expected to cause harm or be deleterious. Out of these 23, 10 nsSNPs ([G60V], [G60D], [R123P], [D38H], [I46T], [G115R], [R123G], [P11OL], [A59L], and [G13R]) were identified as having the most delterious effect based on results of SIFT analysis and PolyPhen2 scores ranging from 0.53 to 69. The DDG values -3.21 kcal/mol to 0.87 kcal/mol represent the free energy change associated with protein stability upon mutation. Interestingly, we identified that the three mutations (Y4C, T58I, and Y12E) were found to improve the structural stability of the protein. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the structural and dynamic effects of HRAS mutations. Our results showed that the stable model of HRAS had a significantly lower energy value of -18756 kj/mol compared to the initial model of -108915 kj/mol. The RMSD value for the wild-type complex was 4.40 Å, and the binding energies for the G60V, G60D, and D38H mutants were -107.09 kcal/mol, -109.42 kcal/mol, and -107.18 kcal/mol, respectively as compared to wild-type HRAS protein had -105.85 kcal/mol. The result of our investigation presents convincing corroboration for the potential functional significance of nsSNPs in augmenting HRAS expression and adding to the activation of malignant oncogenic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaqat Ali
- Medical Department, DHQ Hospital Bhawalnagr, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Adeem Qamar
- Department of Pathology, Sahiwal Medical College Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Imran Zafar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yaqoob
- Department of Life Sciences, ARID University-Barani Institute of Sciences Burewala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Qurat ul Ain
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Bourhia, ; Rohit Sharma,
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Bourhia, ; Rohit Sharma,
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11
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Immisch L, Papafotiou G, Gallarín Delgado N, Scheuplein V, Paschen A, Blankenstein T, Willimsky G. Targeting the recurrent Rac1P29S neoepitope in melanoma with heterologous high-affinity T cell receptors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119498. [PMID: 36875127 PMCID: PMC9978334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent neoepitopes are cancer-specific antigens common among groups of patients and therefore ideal targets for adoptive T cell therapy. The neoepitope FSGEYIPTV carries the Rac1P29S amino acid change caused by a c.85C>T missense mutation, which is the third most common hotspot mutation in melanoma. Here, we isolated and characterized TCRs to target this HLA-A*02:01-binding neoepitope by adoptive T cell therapy. Peptide immunization elicited immune responses in transgenic mice expressing a diverse human TCR repertoire restricted to HLA-A*02:01, which enabled isolation of high-affinity TCRs. TCR-transduced T cells induced cytotoxicity against Rac1P29S expressing melanoma cells and we observed regression of Rac1P29S expressing tumors in vivo after adoptive T cell therapy (ATT). Here we found that a TCR raised against a heterologous mutation with higher peptide-MHC affinity (Rac2P29L) more efficiently targeted the common melanoma mutation Rac1P29S. Overall, our study provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of Rac1P29S-specific TCR-transduced T cells and reveal a novel strategy by generating more efficient TCRs by heterologous peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Immisch
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - George Papafotiou
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nerea Gallarín Delgado
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivian Scheuplein
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Paschen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Institute of Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Medina JI, Cruz-Collazo A, Maldonado MDM, Matos Gascot T, Borrero-Garcia LD, Cooke M, Kazanietz MG, Hernandez O'Farril E, Vlaar CP, Dharmawardhane S. Characterization of Novel Derivatives of MBQ-167, an inhibitor of the GTP-binding proteins Rac/Cdc42. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1711-1726. [PMID: 36861094 PMCID: PMC9970268 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rac and Cdc42, are homologous GTPases that regulate cell migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression; thus, representing key targets for metastasis therapy. We previously reported on the efficacy of MBQ-167, which blocks both Rac1 and Cdc42 in breast cancer cells and mouse models of metastasis. To identify compounds with increased activity, a panel of MBQ-167 derivatives was synthesized, maintaining its 9-ethyl-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-9H-carbazole core. Similar to MBQ-167, MBQ-168 and EHop-097, inhibit activation of Rac and Rac1B splice variant and breast cancer cell viability, and induce apoptosis. MBQ-167 and MBQ-168 inhibit Rac and Cdc42 by interfering with guanine nucleotide binding, and MBQ-168 is a more effective inhibitor of PAK (1,2,3) activation. EHop-097 acts via a different mechanism by inhibiting the interaction of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Vav with Rac. MBQ-168 and EHop-097 inhibit metastatic breast cancer cell migration, and MBQ-168 promotes loss of cancer cell polarity to result in disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and detachment from the substratum. In lung cancer cells, MBQ-168 is more effective than MBQ-167 or EHop-097 at reducing ruffle formation in response to EGF. Comparable to MBQ-167, MBQ-168 significantly inhibits HER2+ tumor growth and metastasis to lung, liver, and spleen. Both MBQ-167 and MBQ-168 inhibit the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes 3A4, 2C9, and 2C19. However, MBQ-168 is ~10X less potent than MBQ-167 at inhibiting CYP3A4, thus demonstrating its utility in relevant combination therapies. In conclusion, the MBQ-167 derivatives MBQ-168 and EHop-097 are additional promising anti metastatic cancer compounds with similar and distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ailed Cruz-Collazo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Maria del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Tatiana Matos Gascot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Mariana Cooke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo G. Kazanietz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eliud Hernandez O'Farril
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- MBQ Pharma, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Cornelis P. Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- MBQ Pharma, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- MBQ Pharma, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Corresponding Author: Suranganie Dharmawardhane, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Medicine, PO Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067. Phone: 787-758-2525, ext. 1623; E-mail:
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13
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Xu R, Qi L, Ren X, Zhang W, Li C, Liu Z, Tu C, Li Z. Integrated Analysis of TME and Hypoxia Identifies a Classifier to Predict Prognosis and Therapeutic Biomarkers in Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225675. [PMID: 36428766 PMCID: PMC9688460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is one of the rarest but most aggressive cancer. It is important to note that intratumoral hypoxia and tumor microenvironment (TME) infiltration play a significant role in the growth and therapeutic resistance of STS. The goal of this study was therefore to determine whether linking hypoxia-related parameters to TME cells could provide a more accurate prediction of prognosis and therapeutic response. An analysis of 109 hypoxia-related genes and 64 TME cells was conducted in STS. Hypoxia-TME classifier was constructed based on 6 hypoxia prognostic genes and 8 TME cells. As a result, we evaluated the prognosis, tumor, and immune characteristics, as well as the effectiveness of therapies in Hypoxia-TME-defined subgroups. The Lowplus group showed a better prognosis and therapeutic response than any other subgroup. It is possible to unravel these differences based on immune-related molecules and somatic mutations in tumors. Further validation of Hypoxia-TME was done in an additional cohort of 225 STS patients. Additionally, we identified five key genes through differential analysis and RT-qPCR, namely, ACSM5, WNT7B, CA9, MMP13, and RAC3, which could be targeted for therapy. As a whole, the Hypoxia-TME classifier demonstrated a pretreatment predictive value for prognosis and therapeutic outcome, providing new approaches to therapy strategizing for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Chenbei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Zhongyue Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410010, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410010, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Zhu EY, Riordan JD, Vanneste M, Henry MD, Stipp CS, Dupuy AJ. SRC-RAC1 signaling drives drug resistance to BRAF inhibition in de-differentiated cutaneous melanomas. NPJ Precis Oncol 2022; 6:74. [PMID: 36271142 PMCID: PMC9587254 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare gain-of-function mutations in RAC1 drive drug resistance to targeted BRAF inhibition in cutaneous melanoma. Here, we show that wildtype RAC1 is a critical driver of growth and drug resistance, but only in a subset of melanomas with elevated markers of de-differentiation. Similarly, SRC inhibition also selectively sensitized de-differentiated melanomas to BRAF inhibition. One possible mechanism may be the suppression of the de-differentiated state, as SRC and RAC1 maintained markers of de-differentiation in human melanoma cells. The functional differences between melanoma subtypes suggest that the clinical management of cutaneous melanoma can be enhanced by the knowledge of differentiation status. To simplify the task of classification, we developed a binary classification strategy based on a small set of ten genes. Using this gene set, we reliably determined the differentiation status previously defined by hundreds of genes. Overall, our study informs strategies that enhance the precision of BRAFi by discovering unique vulnerabilities of the de-differentiated cutaneous melanoma subtype and creating a practical method to resolve differentiation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Y Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jesse D Riordan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marion Vanneste
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher S Stipp
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam J Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Aoyama M, Ishikawa K, Nemoto S, Hirano H, Watanabe N, Osada H, Watanabe S, Semba K. Lonidamine and domperidone inhibit expansion of transformed cell areas by modulating motility of surrounding nontransformed cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102635. [PMID: 36273581 PMCID: PMC9706533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells intrinsically proliferate in an autonomous manner; however, the expansion of cancer cell areas in a tissue is known to be regulated by surrounding nontransformed cells. Whether these nontransformed cells can be targeted to control the spread of cancer cells is not understood. In this study, we established a system to evaluate the cancer-inhibitory activity of surrounding nontransformed cells and screened chemical compounds that could induce this activity. Our findings revealed that lonidamine (LND) and domperidone (DPD) inhibited expansion of oncogenic foci of KRASG12D-expressing transformed cells, whereas they did not inhibit the proliferation of monocultured KRASG12D-expressing cells. Live imaging revealed that LND and DPD suppressed the movement of nontransformed cells away from the attaching cancer cells. Moreover, we determined that LND and DPD promoted stress fiber formation, and the dominant-negative mutant of a small GTPase RhoA relieved the suppression of focus expansion, suggesting that RhoA-mediated stress fiber formation is involved in the inhibition of the movement of nontransformed cells and focus expansion. In conclusion, we suggest that elucidation of the mechanism of action of LND and DPD may lead to the development of a new type of drug that could induce the anticancer activity of surrounding nontransformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Aoyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan,For correspondence: Megumi Aoyama; Kentaro Semba
| | - Kosuke Ishikawa
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Nemoto
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Osada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan,Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan,For correspondence: Megumi Aoyama; Kentaro Semba
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16
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Kramer DA, Piper HK, Chen B. WASP family proteins: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151244. [PMID: 35667337 PMCID: PMC9357188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family play a central role in regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics in a wide range of cellular processes. Genetic mutations or misregulation of these proteins are tightly associated with many diseases. The WASP-family proteins act by transmitting various upstream signals to their conserved WH2-Central-Acidic (WCA) peptide sequence at the C-terminus, which in turn binds to the Arp2/3 complex to stimulate the formation of branched actin networks at membranes. Despite this common feature, the regulatory mechanisms and cellular functions of distinct WASP-family proteins are very different. Here, we summarize and clarify our current understanding of WASP-family proteins and how disruption of their functions is related to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Kramer
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hannah K Piper
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Baoyu Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, 2437 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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17
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Zhang L, Chen Z, Li W, Liu Q, Wang Y, Chen X, Tian Z, Yang Q, An Y, Zhang Z, Mao H, Tang X, Lv G, Zhao X. Combined Immunodeficiency Caused by a Novel De Novo Gain-of-Function RAC2 Mutation. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1280-1292. [PMID: 35596857 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (RAC2) is a GTPase exclusively expressed in hematopoietic cells that acts as a pivotal regulator of several aspects of cell behavior via various cellular processes. RAC2 undergoes a tightly regulated GTP-binding/GTP-hydrolysis cycle, enabling it to function as a molecular switch. Mutations in RAC2 have been identified in 18 patients with different forms of primary immunodeficiency, ranging from phagocyte defects caused by dominant negative mutations to common variable immunodeficiency resulting from autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations, or severe combined immunodeficiency due to dominant activating gain-of-function mutations. Here, we describe an 11-year-old girl with combined immunodeficiency presenting with recurrent respiratory infections and bronchiectasis. Immunological investigations revealed low T-cell receptor excision circle/K-deleting recombination excision circles numbers, lymphopenia, and low serum immunoglobulin G. Targeted next-generation sequencing identified a novel heterozygous mutation in RAC2, c.86C > G (p.P29R), located in the highly conserved Switch I domain. The mutation resulted in enhanced reactive oxygen species production, elevated F-actin content, and increased RAC2 protein expression in neutrophils, as well as increased cytokine production and a dysregulated phenotype in T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the dominant activating RAC2 mutation led to accelerated apoptosis with augmented intracellular active caspase 3, impaired actin polarization in lymphocytes and neutrophils, and diminished RAC2 polarization in neutrophils. We present a novel RAC2 gain-of-function mutation with implications for immunodeficiency and linked to functional dysregulation, including abnormal apoptosis and cell polarization arising from altered RAC2 expression. Thus, our findings broaden the spectrum of known RAC2 mutations and their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Immunology, Hunan Children's Hospital, The Paediatric Academy of University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Immunology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirui Tian
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuyun Yang
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunfei An
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Lv
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Research InstituteMinistry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and DisordersNational Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders (Chongqing); China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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18
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Zhu EY, Dupuy AJ. Machine learning approach informs biology of cancer drug response. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:184. [PMID: 35581546 PMCID: PMC9112473 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of action for most cancer drugs is not clear. Large-scale pharmacogenomic cancer cell line datasets offer a rich resource to obtain this knowledge. Here, we present an analysis strategy for revealing biological pathways that contribute to drug response using publicly available pharmacogenomic cancer cell line datasets. Methods We present a custom machine-learning based approach for identifying biological pathways involved in cancer drug response. We test the utility of our approach with a pan-cancer analysis of ML210, an inhibitor of GPX4, and a melanoma-focused analysis of inhibitors of BRAFV600. We apply our approach to reveal determinants of drug resistance to microtubule inhibitors. Results Our method implicated lipid metabolism and Rac1/cytoskeleton signaling in the context of ML210 and BRAF inhibitor response, respectively. These findings are consistent with current knowledge of how these drugs work. For microtubule inhibitors, our approach implicated Notch and Akt signaling as pathways that associated with response. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the utility of combining informed feature selection and machine learning algorithms in understanding cancer drug response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-022-04720-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot Y Zhu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,The Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam J Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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19
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Aspenström P. The Role of Fast-Cycling Atypical RHO GTPases in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081961. [PMID: 35454871 PMCID: PMC9029563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For many years, cancer-associated mutations in RHO GTPases were not identified and observations suggesting roles for RHO GTPases in cancer were sparse. Instead, RHO GTPases were considered primarily to regulate cell morphology and cell migration, processes that rely on the dynamic behavior of the cytoskeleton. This notion is in contrast to the RAS proteins, which are famous oncogenes and found to be mutated at high incidence in human cancers. Recent advancements in the tools for large-scale genome analysis have resulted in a paradigm shift and RHO GTPases are today found altered in many cancer types. This review article deals with the recent views on the roles of RHO GTPases in cancer, with a focus on the so-called fast-cycling RHO GTPases. Abstract The RHO GTPases comprise a subfamily within the RAS superfamily of small GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes and have primarily been ascribed roles in regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics in eukaryotic cells. An oncogenic role for the RHO GTPases has been disregarded, as no activating point mutations were found for genes encoding RHO GTPases. Instead, dysregulated expression of RHO GTPases and their regulators have been identified in cancer, often in the context of increased tumor cell migration and invasion. In the new landscape of cancer genomics, activating point mutations in members of the RHO GTPases have been identified, in particular in RAC1, RHOA, and CDC42, which has suggested that RHO GTPases can indeed serve as oncogenes in certain cancer types. This review describes the current knowledge of these cancer-associated mutant RHO GTPases, with a focus on how their altered kinetics can contribute to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Fixing the GAP: the role of RhoGAPs in cancer. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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21
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Scala M, Nishikawa M, Nagata KI, Striano P. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Rac GTPases Dysregulation: What's behind Neuro-RACopathies. Cells 2021; 10:3395. [PMID: 34943902 PMCID: PMC8699292 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate cellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics, playing a pivotal role in cell adhesion, migration, and cell cycle progression. The Rac subfamily of Rho GTPases consists of three highly homologous proteins, Rac 1-3. The proper function of Rac1 and Rac3, and their correct interaction with guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are crucial for neural development. Pathogenic variants affecting these delicate biological processes are implicated in different medical conditions in humans, primarily neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In addition to a direct deleterious effect produced by genetic variants in the RAC genes, a dysregulated GTPase activity resulting from an abnormal function of GEFs and GAPs has been involved in the pathogenesis of distinctive emerging conditions. In this study, we reviewed the current pertinent literature on Rac-related disorders with a primary neurological involvement, providing an overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neuro-RACopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
| | - Koh-ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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22
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Cruz-Collazo A, Ruiz-Calderon JF, Picon H, Borrero-Garcia LD, Lopez I, Castillo-Pichardo L, Del Mar Maldonado M, Duconge J, Medina JI, Bayro MJ, Hernández-O'Farrill E, Vlaar CP, Dharmawardhane S. Efficacy of Rac and Cdc42 Inhibitor MBQ-167 in Triple-negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:2420-2432. [PMID: 34607932 PMCID: PMC8643341 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer, with a high predisposition for locally invasive and metastatic cancer. With the objective to reduce cancer metastasis, we developed small molecule inhibitors to target the drivers of metastasis, the Rho GTPases Rac and Cdc42. Of these, MBQ-167 inhibits both Rac and Cdc42 with IC50s of 103 and 78 nmol/L, respectively; and consequently, inhibits p21-activated kinase (PAK) signaling, metastatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and mammosphere growth; induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis; and decreases HER2-type mammary fatpad tumor growth and metastasis (Humphries-Bickley and colleagues, 2017). Herein, we used nuclear magnetic resonance to show that MBQ-167 directly interacts with Rac1 to displace specific amino acids, and consequently inhibits Rac.GTP loading and viability in TNBC cell lines. Phosphokinome arrays in the MDA-MB-231 human TNBC cells show that phosphorylation status of kinases independent of the Rac/Cdc42/PAK pathway are not significantly changed following 200 nmol/L MBQ-167 treatment. Western blotting shows that initial increases in phospho-c-Jun and phospho-CREB in response to MBQ-167 are not sustained with prolonged exposure, as also confirmed by a decrease in their transcriptional targets. MBQ-167 inhibits tumor growth, and spontaneous and experimental metastasis in immunocompromised (human TNBC) and immunocompetent (mouse TNBC) models. Moreover, per oral administration of MBQ-167 at 100 mg/kg body weight is not toxic to immunocompetent BALB/c mice and has a half-life of 4.6 hours in plasma. These results highlight the specificity, potency, and bioavailability of MBQ-167, and support its clinical potential as a TNBC therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailed Cruz-Collazo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jean F Ruiz-Calderon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Irmaris Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Linette Castillo-Pichardo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Maria Del Mar Maldonado
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge Duconge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Julia I Medina
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Marvin J Bayro
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eliud Hernández-O'Farrill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Cornelis P Vlaar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
- MBQ Pharma, Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico
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23
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Development of a versatile HPLC-based method to evaluate the activation status of small GTPases. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101428. [PMID: 34801548 PMCID: PMC8668980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases cycle between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state to control various cellular events, such as cell proliferation, cytoskeleton organization, and membrane trafficking. Clarifying the guanine nucleotide-bound states of small GTPases is vital for understanding the regulation of small GTPase functions and the subsequent cellular responses. Although several methods have been developed to analyze small GTPase activities, our knowledge of the activities for many small GTPases is limited, partly because of the lack of versatile methods to estimate small GTPase activity without unique probes and specialized equipment. In the present study, we developed a versatile and straightforward HPLC-based assay to analyze the activation status of small GTPases by directly quantifying the amounts of guanine nucleotides bound to them. This assay was validated by analyzing the RAS-subfamily GTPases, including HRAS, which showed that the ratios of GTP-bound forms were comparable with those obtained in previous studies. Furthermore, we applied this assay to the investigation of psychiatric disorder-associated mutations of RHEB (RHEB/P37L and RHEB/S68P), revealing that both mutations cause an increase in the ratio of the GTP-bound form in cells. Mechanistically, loss of sensitivity to TSC2 (a GTPase-activating protein for RHEB) for RHEB/P37L, as well as both decreased sensitivity to TSC2 and accelerated guanine-nucleotide exchange for RHEB/S68P, is involved in the increase of their GTP-bound forms, respectively. In summary, the HPLC-based assay developed in this study provides a valuable tool for analyzing small GTPases for which the activities and regulatory mechanisms are less well understood.
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24
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Bagheri-Yarmand R, Busaidy NL, McBeath E, Danysh BP, Evans KW, Moss TJ, Akcakanat A, Ng PKS, Knippler CM, Golden JA, Williams MD, Multani AS, Cabanillas ME, Shaw KR, Meric-Bernstam F, Shah MH, Ringel MD, Hofmann MC. RAC1 Alterations Induce Acquired Dabrafenib Resistance in Association with Anaplastic Transformation in a Papillary Thyroid Cancer Patient. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4950. [PMID: 34638434 PMCID: PMC8507731 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF-activating mutations are the most frequent driver mutations in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Targeted inhibitors such as dabrafenib have been used in advanced BRAF-mutated PTC; however, acquired resistance to the drug is common and little is known about other effectors that may play integral roles in this resistance. In addition, the induction of PTC dedifferentiation into highly aggressive KRAS-driven anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has been reported. We detected a novel RAC1 (P34R) mutation acquired during dabrafenib treatment in a progressive metastatic lesion with ATC phenotype. To identify a potential functional link between this novel mutation and tumor dedifferentiation, we developed a cell line derived from the metastatic lesion and compared its behavior to isogenic cell lines and primary tumor samples. Our data demonstrated that RAC1 mutations induce changes in cell morphology, reorganization of F-actin almost exclusively at the cell cortex, and changes in cell adhesion properties. We also established that RAC1 amplification, with or without mutation, is sufficient to drive cell proliferation and resistance to BRAF inhibition. Further, we identified polyploidy of chromosome 7, which harbors RAC1, in both the metastatic lesion and its derived cell line. Copy number amplification and overexpression of other genes located on this chromosome, such as TWIST1, EGFR, and MET were also detected, which might also lead to dabrafenib resistance. Our study suggests that polyploidy leading to increased expression of specific genes, particularly those located on chromosome 7, should be considered when analyzing aggressive thyroid tumor samples and in further treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Bagheri-Yarmand
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Naifa L. Busaidy
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Elena McBeath
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Brian P. Danysh
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Kurt W. Evans
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Tyler J. Moss
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Argun Akcakanat
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Patrick K. S. Ng
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Christina M. Knippler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.M.K.); (M.D.R.)
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jalyn A. Golden
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Michelle D. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Asha S. Multani
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Kenna R. Shaw
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigative Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (K.W.E.); (A.A.); (P.K.S.N.); (K.R.S.); (F.M.-B.)
| | - Manisha H. Shah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Matthew D. Ringel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.M.K.); (M.D.R.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Marie Claude Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.B.-Y.); (N.L.B.); (E.M.); (B.P.D.); (J.A.G.); (M.E.C.)
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25
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Floerchinger A, Murphy KJ, Latham SL, Warren SC, McCulloch AT, Lee YK, Stoehr J, Mélénec P, Guaman CS, Metcalf XL, Lee V, Zaratzian A, Da Silva A, Tayao M, Rolo S, Phimmachanh M, Sultani G, McDonald L, Mason SM, Ferrari N, Ooms LM, Johnsson AKE, Spence HJ, Olson MF, Machesky LM, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Mitchell CA, Samuel MS, Croucher DR, Welch HCE, Blyth K, Caldon CE, Herrmann D, Anderson KI, Timpson P, Nobis M. Optimizing metastatic-cascade-dependent Rac1 targeting in breast cancer: Guidance using optical window intravital FRET imaging. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109689. [PMID: 34525350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing drug response within live native tissue provides increased fidelity with regards to optimizing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Here, using longitudinal intravital imaging of a Rac1-Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor mouse coupled with in vivo photoswitching to track intratumoral movement, we help guide treatment scheduling in a live breast cancer setting to impair metastatic progression. We uncover altered Rac1 activity at the center versus invasive border of tumors and demonstrate enhanced Rac1 activity of cells in close proximity to live tumor vasculature using optical window imaging. We further reveal that Rac1 inhibition can enhance tumor cell vulnerability to fluid-flow-induced shear stress and therefore improves overall anti-metastatic response to therapy during transit to secondary sites such as the lung. Collectively, this study demonstrates the utility of single-cell intravital imaging in vivo to demonstrate that Rac1 inhibition can reduce tumor progression and metastases in an autochthonous setting to improve overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Floerchinger
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew T McCulloch
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Young-Kyung Lee
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Janett Stoehr
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cris S Guaman
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Xanthe L Metcalf
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Victoria Lee
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew Da Silva
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Tayao
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sonia Rolo
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Monica Phimmachanh
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ghazal Sultani
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Susan M Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Heather J Spence
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael F Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Laura M Machesky
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia; and the School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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26
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Sakamoto M, Sasaki K, Sugie A, Nitta Y, Kimura T, Gürsoy S, Cinleti T, Iai M, Sengoku T, Ogata K, Suzuki A, Okamoto N, Iwama K, Tsuchida N, Uchiyama Y, Koshimizu E, Fujita A, Hamanaka K, Miyatake S, Mizuguchi T, Taguri M, Ito S, Takahashi H, Miyake N, Matsumoto N. De novo ARF3 variants cause neurodevelopmental disorder with brain abnormality. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:69-81. [PMID: 34346499 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimal Golgi transport system is important for mammalian cells. The adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation factors (ARF) are key proteins for regulating cargo sorting at the Golgi network. In this family, ARF3 mainly works at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and no ARF3-related phenotypes have yet been described in humans. We here report the clinical and genetic evaluations of two unrelated children with de novo pathogenic variants in the ARF3 gene: c.200A > T (p.Asp67Val) and c.296G > T (p.Arg99Leu). Although the affected individuals presented commonly with developmental delay, epilepsy, and brain abnormalities, there were differences in severity, clinical course, and brain lesions. In vitro subcellular localization assays revealed that the p.Arg99Leu mutant localized to Golgi apparatus, similar to the wild-type, whereas the p.Asp67Val mutant tended to show a disperse cytosolic pattern together with abnormally dispersed Golgi localization, similar to that observed in a known dominant negative variant (p.Thr31Asn). Pull-down assays revealed that the p.Asp67Val had a loss-of-function effect and the p.Arg99Leu variant had increased binding of the adaptor protein, Golgi-localized, γ-adaptin ear-containing, ARF-binding protein 1 (GGA1), supporting the gain of function. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that p.Asp67Val transfection led to lethality in flies. In contrast, flies expressing p.Arg99Leu had abnormal rough eye, as observed in the gain-of-function variant p.Gln71Leu. These data indicate that two ARF3 variants, the possibly loss-of-function p.Asp67Val and the gain-of-function p.Arg99Leu, both impair the Golgi transport system. Therefore, it may not be unreasonable that they showed different clinical features like diffuse brain atrophy (p.Asp67Val) and cerebellar hypoplasia (p.Arg99Leu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamune Sakamoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Nitta
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kimura
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Semra Gürsoy
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, S.B.Ü. Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, 35210, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Cinleti
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izumir, 35340, Turkey
| | - Mizue Iai
- Department of Neurology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, 232-8555, Japan
| | - Toru Sengoku
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Molecular Cellular Biology Laboratory, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, 594-1101, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Naomi Tsuchida
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuri Uchiyama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Eriko Koshimizu
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kohei Hamanaka
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Satoko Miyatake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Clinical Genetics Department, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masataka Taguri
- Department of Data Science, Yokohama City University School of Data Science, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Shuuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.,Department of Human Genetics, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, 162-8655, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
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27
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Majolée J, Podieh F, Hordijk PL, Kovačević I. The interplay of Rac1 activity, ubiquitination and GDI binding and its consequences for endothelial cell spreading. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254386. [PMID: 34252134 PMCID: PMC8274835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the Rho GTPase Rac1 is key to the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell spreading and adhesion. It is widely accepted that the inactive form of Rac1 is bound by Rho GDI, which prevents Rac1 activation and Rac1-effector interactions. In addition, GDI-bound Rac1 is protected from proteasomal degradation, in line with data showing that Rac1 ubiquitination occurs exclusively when Rac1 is activated. We set out to investigate how Rac1 activity, GDI binding and ubiquitination are linked. We introduced single amino acid mutations in Rac1 which differentially altered Rac1 activity, and compared whether the level of Rac1 activity relates to Rac1 ubiquitination and GDI binding. Results show that Rac1 ubiquitination and the active Rac1 morphology is proportionally increased with Rac1 activity. Similarly, we introduced lysine-to-arginine mutations in constitutively active Rac1 to inhibit site-specific ubiquitination and analyze this effect on Rac1 signaling output and ubiquitination. These data show that the K16R mutation inhibits GTP binding, and consequently Rac1 activation, signaling and-ubiquitination, while the K147R mutation does not block Rac1 signaling, but does inhibits its ubiquitination. In both sets of mutants, no direct correlation was observed between GDI binding and Rac1 activity or -ubiquitination. Taken together, our data show that a strong, positive correlation exists between Rac1 activity and its level of ubiquitination, but also that GDI dissociation does not predispose Rac1 to ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisca Majolée
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Podieh
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Hordijk
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Igor Kovačević
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gene Regulation, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Liang J, Oyang L, Rao S, Han Y, Luo X, Yi P, Lin J, Xia L, Hu J, Tan S, Tang L, Pan Q, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Liao Q. Rac1, A Potential Target for Tumor Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:674426. [PMID: 34079763 PMCID: PMC8165220 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.674426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac.1) is one of the important members of Rho GTPases. It is well known that Rac1 is a cytoskeleton regulation protein that regulates cell adhesion, morphology, and movement. Rac1 is highly expressed in different types of tumors, which is related to poor prognosis. Studies have shown that Rac1 not only participates in the tumor cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis, but also participates in the regulation of tumor stem cell, thus promoting the occurrence of tumors. Rac1 also plays a key role in anti-tumor therapy and participates in immune escape mediated by the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the good prospects of Rac1 inhibitors in cancer prevention and treatment are exciting. Therefore, Rac1 is considered as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cancer. The necessity and importance of Rac1 are obvious, but it still needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linda Oyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Rao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaqian Han
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pin Yi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinguan Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiming Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Wound Healing in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Wound Healing in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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29
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Rho GTPases: Big Players in Breast Cancer Initiation, Metastasis and Therapeutic Responses. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102167. [PMID: 32992837 PMCID: PMC7600866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, a family of the Ras GTPase superfamily, are key regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. They were originally thought to primarily affect cell migration and invasion; however, recent advances in our understanding of the biology and function of Rho GTPases have demonstrated their diverse roles within the cell, including membrane trafficking, gene transcription, migration, invasion, adhesion, survival and growth. As these processes are critically involved in cancer initiation, metastasis and therapeutic responses, it is not surprising that studies have demonstrated important roles of Rho GTPases in cancer. Although the majority of data indicates an oncogenic role of Rho GTPases, tumor suppressor functions of Rho GTPases have also been revealed, suggesting a context and cell-type specific function for Rho GTPases in cancer. This review aims to summarize recent progresses in our understanding of the regulation and functions of Rho GTPases, specifically in the context of breast cancer. The potential of Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets and prognostic tools for breast cancer patients are also discussed.
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30
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Kogler M, Tortola L, Negri GL, Leopoldi A, El-Naggar AM, Mereiter S, Gomez-Diaz C, Nitsch R, Tortora D, Kavirayani AM, Gapp BV, Rao S, Uribesalgo I, Hoffmann D, Cikes D, Novatchkova M, Williams DA, Trent JM, Ikeda F, Daugaard M, Hagelkruys A, Sorensen PH, Penninger JM. HACE1 Prevents Lung Carcinogenesis via Inhibition of RAC-Family GTPases. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3009-3022. [PMID: 32366477 PMCID: PMC7611202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
HACE1 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with important roles in tumor biology and tissue homeostasis. Loss or mutation of HACE1 has been associated with the occurrence of a variety of neoplasms, but the underlying mechanisms have not been defined yet. Here, we report that HACE1 is frequently mutated in human lung cancer. In mice, loss of Hace1 led to enhanced progression of KRasG12D -driven lung tumors. Additional ablation of the oncogenic GTPase Rac1 partially reduced progression of Hace1-/- lung tumors. RAC2, a novel ubiquitylation target of HACE1, could compensate for the absence of its homolog RAC1 in Hace1-deficient, but not in HACE1-sufficient tumors. Accordingly, ablation of both Rac1 and Rac2 fully averted the increased progression of KRasG12D -driven lung tumors in Hace1-/- mice. In patients with lung cancer, increased expression of HACE1 correlated with reduced levels of RAC1 and RAC2 and prolonged survival, whereas elevated expression of RAC1 and RAC2 was associated with poor prognosis. This work defines HACE1 as a crucial regulator of the oncogenic activity of RAC-family GTPases in lung cancer development. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings reveal that mutation of the tumor suppressor HACE1 disrupts its role as a regulator of the oncogenic activity of RAC-family GTPases in human and murine lung cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/14/3009/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kogler
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luigi Tortola
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gian Luca Negri
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra Leopoldi
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amal M El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Stefan Mereiter
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carlos Gomez-Diaz
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Nitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
- Advanced Medicines Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Davide Tortora
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bianca V Gapp
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuan Rao
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Uribesalgo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Domagoj Cikes
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - David A Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey M Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCentre, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Hormones Secretion and Rho GTPases in Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071859. [PMID: 32664294 PMCID: PMC7408961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) belong to a heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising from hormone secreting cells. These tumors are often associated with a dysfunction of their secretory activity. Neuroendocrine secretion occurs through calcium-regulated exocytosis, a process that is tightly controlled by Rho GTPases family members. In this review, we compiled the numerous mutations and modification of expression levels of Rho GTPases or their regulators (Rho guanine nucleotide-exchange factors and Rho GTPase-activating proteins) that have been identified in NETs. We discussed how they might regulate neuroendocrine secretion.
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32
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High Throughput strategies Aimed at Closing the GAP in Our Knowledge of Rho GTPase Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061430. [PMID: 32526908 PMCID: PMC7348934 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, Rho GTPases have emerged as key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. In humans, there are 20 Rho GTPases and more than 150 regulators that belong to the RhoGEF, RhoGAP, and RhoGDI families. Throughout development, Rho GTPases choregraph a plethora of cellular processes essential for cellular migration, cell–cell junctions, and cell polarity assembly. Rho GTPases are also significant mediators of cancer cell invasion. Nevertheless, to date only a few molecules from these intricate signaling networks have been studied in depth, which has prevented appreciation for the full scope of Rho GTPases’ biological functions. Given the large complexity involved, system level studies are required to fully grasp the extent of their biological roles and regulation. Recently, several groups have tackled this challenge by using proteomic approaches to map the full repertoire of Rho GTPases and Rho regulators protein interactions. These studies have provided in-depth understanding of Rho regulators specificity and have contributed to expand Rho GTPases’ effector portfolio. Additionally, new roles for understudied family members were unraveled using high throughput screening strategies using cell culture models and mouse embryos. In this review, we highlight theses latest large-scale efforts, and we discuss the emerging opportunities that may lead to the next wave of discoveries.
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33
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Foth M, Parkman G, Battistone B, McMahon M. RAC1mutation is not a predictive biomarker for PI3'-kinase-β-selective pathway-targeted therapy. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:719-730. [PMID: 32406574 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutational activation of RAC1 is detected in ~7% of cutaneous melanoma, with the most frequent mutation (RAC1C85T ) encoding for RAC1P29S . RAC1P29S is a fast-cycling GTPase that leads to accumulation of RAC1P29S -GTP, which has potentially pleiotropic regulatory functions in melanoma cell signaling and biology. However, the precise mechanism by which mutationally activated RAC1P29S propagates its pro-tumorigenic effects remains unclear. RAC1-GTP is reported to activate the beta isoform of PI3'-kinase (PIK3CB/PI3Kβ) leading to downstream activation of PI3'-lipid signaling. Hence, we employed both genetic and isoform-selective pharmacological inhibitors to test if RAC1P29S propagates its oncogenic signaling in melanoma through PI3Kβ. We observed that RAC1P29S -expressing melanoma cells were largely insensitive to inhibitors of PI3Kβ. Furthermore, RAC1P29S melanoma cell lines showed variable sensitivity to pan-class 1 (α/β/γ/δ) PI3'-kinase inhibitors, suggesting that RAC1-mutated melanoma cells may not rely on PI3'-lipid signaling for their proliferation. Lastly, we observed that RAC1P29S -expressing cell lines also showed variable sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition of the RAC1 → PAK1 signaling pathway, questioning the relevance of inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of patients with RAC1-mutated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gennie Parkman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | | | - Martin McMahon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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34
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Dysregulation of Rho GTPases in Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051179. [PMID: 32392742 PMCID: PMC7281333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases play central roles in numerous cellular processes, including cell motility, cell polarity, and cell cycle progression, by regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion. Dysregulation of Rho GTPase signaling is observed in a broad range of human cancers, and is associated with cancer development and malignant phenotypes, including metastasis and chemoresistance. Rho GTPase activity is precisely controlled by guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase-activating proteins, and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors. Recent evidence demonstrates that it is also regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of Rho GTPases, and the precise mechanisms controlling their activity in the regulation of cancer progression. In addition, we discuss targeting strategies for the development of new drugs to improve cancer therapy.
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35
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Porazinski S, Parkin A, Pajic M. Rho-ROCK Signaling in Normal Physiology and as a Key Player in Shaping the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1223:99-127. [PMID: 32030687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35582-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-ROCK signaling network has a range of specialized functions of key biological importance, including control of essential developmental processes such as morphogenesis and physiological processes including homeostasis, immunity, and wound healing. Deregulation of Rho-ROCK signaling actively contributes to multiple pathological conditions, and plays a major role in cancer development and progression. This dynamic network is critical in modulating the intricate communication between tumor cells, surrounding diverse stromal cells and the matrix, shaping the ever-changing microenvironment of aggressive tumors. In this chapter, we overview the complex regulation of the Rho-ROCK signaling axis, its role in health and disease, and analyze progress made with key approaches targeting the Rho-ROCK pathway for therapeutic benefit. Finally, we conclude by outlining likely future trends and key questions in the field of Rho-ROCK research, in particular surrounding Rho-ROCK signaling within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Porazinski
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Parkin
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Personalised Cancer Therapeutics Lab, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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36
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Mohan AS, Dean KM, Isogai T, Kasitinon SY, Murali VS, Roudot P, Groisman A, Reed DK, Welf ES, Han SJ, Noh J, Danuser G. Enhanced Dendritic Actin Network Formation in Extended Lamellipodia Drives Proliferation in Growth-Challenged Rac1 P29S Melanoma Cells. Dev Cell 2020; 49:444-460.e9. [PMID: 31063759 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Actin assembly supplies the structural framework for cell morphology and migration. Beyond structure, this actin framework can also be engaged to drive biochemical signaling programs. Here, we describe how the hyperactivation of Rac1 via the P29S mutation (Rac1P29S) in melanoma hijacks branched actin network assembly to coordinate proliferative cues that facilitate metastasis and drug resistance. Upon growth challenge, Rac1P29S-harboring melanoma cells massively upregulate lamellipodia formation by dendritic actin polymerization. These extended lamellipodia form a signaling microdomain that sequesters and phospho-inactivates the tumor suppressor NF2/Merlin, driving Rac1P29S cell proliferation in growth suppressive conditions. These biochemically active lamellipodia require cell-substrate attachment but not focal adhesion assembly and drive proliferation independently of the ERK/MAPK pathway. These data suggest a critical link between cell morphology and cell signaling and reconcile the dichotomy of Rac1's regulation of both proliferation and actin assembly by revealing a mutual signaling axis wherein actin assembly drives proliferation in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathi S Mohan
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin M Dean
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stacy Y Kasitinon
- Children's Research Institute and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vasanth S Murali
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philippe Roudot
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dana K Reed
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Erik S Welf
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sangyoon J Han
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jungsik Noh
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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37
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Tabellini G, Baronio M, Patrizi O, Benevenuto A, Gazzurelli L, Plebani A, Parolini S, Lougaris V. The RAC2-PI3K axis regulates human NK cell maturation and function. Clin Immunol 2019; 208:108257. [PMID: 31491520 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Manuela Baronio
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | - Ornella Patrizi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessio Benevenuto
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Gazzurelli
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Plebani
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy.
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38
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The Rac3 GTPase in Neuronal Development, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091063. [PMID: 31514269 PMCID: PMC6770886 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho family small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are important regulators of the cytoskeleton, and are critical in many aspects of cellular and developmental biology, as well as in pathological processes such as intellectual disability and cancer. Of the three members of the family, Rac3 has a more restricted expression in normal tissues compared to the ubiquitous member of the family, Rac1. The Rac3 polypeptide is highly similar to Rac1, and orthologues of the gene for Rac3 have been found only in vertebrates, indicating the late appearance of this gene during evolution. Increasing evidence over the past few years indicates that Rac3 plays an important role in neuronal development and in tumor progression, with specificities that distinguish the functions of Rac3 from the established functions of Rac1 in these processes. Here, results highlighting the importance of Rac3 in distinct aspects of neuronal development and tumor cell biology are presented, in support of the non-redundant role of different members of the two Rac GTPases in physiological and pathological processes.
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Toyama Y, Kontani K, Katada T, Shimada I. Decreased conformational stability in the oncogenic N92I mutant of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax1595. [PMID: 31457101 PMCID: PMC6685717 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) functions as a molecular switch by cycling between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound state and an active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound state. An oncogenic mutant of Rac1, an N92I mutant, strongly promotes cell proliferation and subsequent oncogenic activities by facilitating the intrinsic GDP dissociation in the inactive GDP-bound state. Here, we used solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the activation mechanism of the N92I mutant. We found that the static structure of the GDP binding site is not markedly perturbed by the mutation, but the overall conformational stability decreases in the N92I mutant, which then facilitates GDP dissociation by lowering the activation energy for the dissociation reaction. On the basis of these results, we proposed the activation mechanism of the N92I mutant, in which the decreased conformational stability plays important roles in its activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Toyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kenji Kontani
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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40
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Lionarons DA, Hancock DC, Rana S, East P, Moore C, Murillo MM, Carvalho J, Spencer-Dene B, Herbert E, Stamp G, Damry D, Calado DP, Rosewell I, Fritsch R, Neubig RR, Molina-Arcas M, Downward J. RAC1 P29S Induces a Mesenchymal Phenotypic Switch via Serum Response Factor to Promote Melanoma Development and Therapy Resistance. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:68-83.e9. [PMID: 31257073 PMCID: PMC6617390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RAC1 P29 is the third most commonly mutated codon in human cutaneous melanoma, after BRAF V600 and NRAS Q61. Here, we study the role of RAC1P29S in melanoma development and reveal that RAC1P29S activates PAK, AKT, and a gene expression program initiated by the SRF/MRTF transcriptional pathway, which results in a melanocytic to mesenchymal phenotypic switch. Mice with ubiquitous expression of RAC1P29S from the endogenous locus develop lymphoma. When expressed only in melanocytes, RAC1P29S cooperates with oncogenic BRAF or with NF1-loss to promote tumorigenesis. RAC1P29S also drives resistance to BRAF inhibitors, which is reversed by SRF/MRTF inhibitors. These findings establish RAC1P29S as a promoter of melanoma initiation and mediator of therapy resistance, while identifying SRF/MRTF as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël A Lionarons
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David C Hancock
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sareena Rana
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Philip East
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher Moore
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Miguel M Murillo
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eleanor Herbert
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Djamil Damry
- Immunity & Cancer Laboratories, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immunity & Cancer Laboratories, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Genetic Manipulation Service, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Molina-Arcas
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Lung Cancer Group, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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41
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Miura N, Ishihara Y, Miura Y, Kimoto M, Miura K. miR-520d-5p can reduce the mutations in hepatoma cancer cells and iPSCs-derivatives. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:587. [PMID: 31202279 PMCID: PMC6570841 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human microRNAs (miRNAs) have diverse functions in biology, and play a role in nearly every biological process. Here we report that miR-520d-5p (520d-5p) causes undifferentiated cancer cells to adopt benign or normal status in vivo in immunodeficient mice via demethylation and P53 upregulation. Further we found that 520-5p causes normal cells to elongate cellular lifetime and mesenchymal stem cell-like status with CD105 positivity. We hypothesized that ectopic 520d-5p expression reduced mutations in undifferentiated type of hepatoma (HLF) cells through synergistic modulation of methylation-related enzymatic expression. Methods To examine whether there were any changes in mutation status in cells treated with 520d-5p, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS) in HLF cells and human iPSC-derivative cells in pre-mesenchymal stem cell status. We analyzed the data using both genome-wide and individual gene function approaches. Results 520d-5p induced a shift towards a wild type or non-malignant phenotype, which was regulated by nucleotide mutations in both HLF cells and iPSCs. Further, 520d-5p reduced mutation levels in both the whole genome and genomic fragment assemblies. Conclusions Cancer cell genomic mutations cannot be repaired in most contexts. However, these findings suggest that applied development of 520d-5p would allow new approaches to cancer research and improve the quality of iPSCs used in regenerative medicine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5786-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Miura
- PEZY-Pharma, Inc., 2-13-14 Hatagasaki, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.,i-Medical Clinic, 3-4-18 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-0031, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ishihara
- Division Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yugo Miura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soka Municipal Hospital, 2-21-1 Soka, Soka, Saitama, 340-8560, Japan
| | - Mai Kimoto
- Hokkaido System Science Co., Ltd., 2-1, Shinkawa Nishi 2-1, Kitaku, Sapporo, 001-0932, Japan
| | - Keigo Miura
- PEZY-Pharma, Inc., 2-13-14 Hatagasaki, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan.
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42
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RAC1 Takes the Lead in Solid Tumors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050382. [PMID: 31027363 PMCID: PMC6562738 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three GTPases, RAC, RHO, and Cdc42, play essential roles in coordinating many cellular functions during embryonic development, both in healthy cells and in disease conditions like cancers. We have presented patterns of distribution of the frequency of RAC1-alteration(s) in cancers as obtained from cBioPortal. With this background data, we have interrogated the various functions of RAC1 in tumors, including proliferation, metastasis-associated phenotypes, and drug-resistance with a special emphasis on solid tumors in adults. We have reviewed the activation and regulation of RAC1 functions on the basis of its sub-cellular localization in tumor cells. Our review focuses on the role of RAC1 in cancers and summarizes the regulatory mechanisms, inhibitory efficacy, and the anticancer potential of RAC1-PAK targeting agents.
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43
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Molinie N, Rubtsova SN, Fokin A, Visweshwaran SP, Rocques N, Polesskaya A, Schnitzler A, Vacher S, Denisov EV, Tashireva LA, Perelmuter VM, Cherdyntseva NV, Bièche I, Gautreau AM. Cortical branched actin determines cell cycle progression. Cell Res 2019; 29:432-445. [PMID: 30971746 PMCID: PMC6796858 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-019-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton generates and senses forces. Here we report that branched actin networks from the cell cortex depend on ARPC1B-containing Arp2/3 complexes and that they are specifically monitored by type I coronins to control cell cycle progression in mammary epithelial cells. Cortical ARPC1B-dependent branched actin networks are regulated by the RAC1/WAVE/ARPIN pathway and drive lamellipodial protrusions. Accordingly, we uncover that the duration of the G1 phase scales with migration persistence in single migrating cells. Moreover, cortical branched actin more generally determines S-phase entry by integrating soluble stimuli such as growth factors and mechanotransduction signals, ensuing from substratum rigidity or stretching of epithelial monolayers. Many tumour cells lose this dependence for cortical branched actin. But the RAC1-transformed tumour cells stop cycling upon Arp2/3 inhibition. Among all genes encoding Arp2/3 subunits, ARPC1B overexpression in tumours is associated with the poorest metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients. Arp2/3 specificity may thus provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Molinie
- BIOC, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Svetlana N Rubtsova
- BIOC, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France.,N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Fokin
- BIOC, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Anna Polesskaya
- BIOC, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Sophie Vacher
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia.,Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia.,Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexis M Gautreau
- BIOC, Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris, Palaiseau, France. .,School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia.
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44
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Cooper J, Giancotti FG. Integrin Signaling in Cancer: Mechanotransduction, Stemness, Epithelial Plasticity, and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:347-367. [PMID: 30889378 PMCID: PMC6684107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrins mediate cell adhesion and transmit mechanical and chemical signals to the cell interior. Various mechanisms deregulate integrin signaling in cancer, empowering tumor cells with the ability to proliferate without restraint, to invade through tissue boundaries, and to survive in foreign microenvironments. Recent studies have revealed that integrin signaling drives multiple stem cell functions, including tumor initiation, epithelial plasticity, metastatic reactivation, and resistance to oncogene- and immune-targeted therapies. Here, we discuss the mechanisms leading to the deregulation of integrin signaling in cancer and its various consequences. We place emphasis on novel functions, determinants of context dependency, and mechanism-based therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cooper
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Filippo G Giancotti
- Department of Cancer Biology and David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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45
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Toyama Y, Kontani K, Katada T, Shimada I. Conformational landscape alternations promote oncogenic activities of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 as revealed by NMR. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8945. [PMID: 30891502 PMCID: PMC6415961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) plays critical roles in the maintenance of cell morphology by cycling between inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound and active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound states. Rac1 P29S mutant is known to strongly promote oncogenesis by facilitating its intrinsic GDP dissociation and thereby increasing the level of the GTP-bound state. Here, we used solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the activation mechanism of the oncogenic P29S mutant. We demonstrate that the conformational landscape is markedly altered in the mutant, and the preexisting equilibrium is shifted toward the conformation with reduced affinity for Mg2+ , a cofactor that is critical for maintaining stable GDP binding. Our results suggest that the alternation of the preexisting conformational equilibrium of proteins is one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying their oncogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Toyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Japan Biological Informatics Consortium (JBiC), Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kenji Kontani
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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46
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Ueyama T. Rho-Family Small GTPases: From Highly Polarized Sensory Neurons to Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020092. [PMID: 30696065 PMCID: PMC6406560 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Rho-family (Rho-family GTPases) have various physiological functions, including cytoskeletal regulation, cell polarity establishment, cell proliferation and motility, transcription, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumorigenesis. A relatively large number of downstream targets of Rho-family GTPases have been reported for in vitro studies. However, only a small number of signal pathways have been established at the in vivo level. Cumulative evidence for the functions of Rho-family GTPases has been reported for in vivo studies using genetically engineered mouse models. It was based on different cell- and tissue-specific conditional genes targeting mice. In this review, we introduce recent advances in in vivo studies, including human patient trials on Rho-family GTPases, focusing on highly polarized sensory organs, such as the cochlea, which is the primary hearing organ, host defenses involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumorigenesis (especially associated with RAC, novel RAC1-GSPT1 signaling, RHOA, and RHOBTB2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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47
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Activated Rho GTPases in Cancer-The Beginning of a New Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123949. [PMID: 30544828 PMCID: PMC6321241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of Rho GTPases in cancer has been a matter of debate since the identification of the first members of this branch of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. The Rho GTPases were ascribed important roles in the cell, although these were restricted to regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell morphogenesis, and cell locomotion, with initially no clear indications of direct involvement in cancer progression. This paradigm has been challenged by numerous observations that Rho-regulated pathways are often dysregulated in cancers. More recently, identification of point mutants in the Rho GTPases Rac1, RhoA, and Cdc42 in human tumors has finally given rise to a new paradigm, and we can now state with confidence that Rho GTPases serve as oncogenes in several human cancers. This article provides an exposé of current knowledge of the roles of activated Rho GTPases in cancers.
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48
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Yin C, Wu C, Du X, Fang Y, Pu J, Wu J, Tang L, Zhao W, Weng Y, Guo X, Chen G, Wang Z. PRL2 Controls Phagocyte Bactericidal Activity by Sensing and Regulating ROS. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2609. [PMID: 30483267 PMCID: PMC6244668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is well-recognized that inflammation enhances leukocyte bactericidal activity, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here we report that PRL2 is sensitive to oxidative stress at inflamed sites. Reduced PRL2 in phagocytes causes increased respiratory burst activity and enhances phagocyte bactericidal activity. PRL2 (Phosphatase Regenerating Liver 2) is highly expressed in resting immune cells, but is markedly downregulated by inflammation. in vitro experiments showed that PRL2 was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a common damage signal at inflamed sites. In response to infection, PRL2 knockout (KO) phagocytes were hyper activated, produced more reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited enhanced bactericidal activity. Mice with PRL2 deficiency in the myeloid cell compartment were resistant to lethal listeria infection and cleared the bacteria more rapidly and effectively. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrated that PRL2 binds to GTPase Rac and regulates ROS production. Rac GTPases were more active in PRL2 (KO) phagocytes than in wild type cells after bacterium infection. Our findings indicate that PRL2 senses ROS at inflamed sites and regulates ROS production in phagocytes. This positive feedback mechanism promotes bactericidal activity of phagocytes and may play an important role in innate anti-bacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cennan Yin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyun Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Du
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juebiao Pu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangjie Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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49
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Costain G, Callewaert B, Gabriel H, Tan TY, Walker S, Christodoulou J, Lazar T, Menten B, Orkin J, Sadedin S, Snell M, Vanlander A, Vergult S, White SM, Scherer SW, Hayeems RZ, Blaser S, Wodak SJ, Chitayat D, Marshall CR, Meyn MS. De novo missense variants in RAC3 cause a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome. Genet Med 2018; 21:1021-1026. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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50
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Hudson LG, Gillette JM, Kang H, Rivera MR, Wandinger-Ness A. Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment Signaling: Convergence on the Rac1 GTPase. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100358. [PMID: 30261690 PMCID: PMC6211091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment for epithelial ovarian cancer is complex and rich in bioactive molecules that modulate cell-cell interactions and stimulate numerous signal transduction cascades. These signals ultimately modulate all aspects of tumor behavior including progression, metastasis and therapeutic response. Many of the signaling pathways converge on the small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)1. In addition to regulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling necessary for tumor cell adhesion, migration and invasion, Rac1 through its downstream effectors, regulates cancer cell survival, tumor angiogenesis, phenotypic plasticity, quiescence, and resistance to therapeutics. In this review we discuss evidence for Rac1 activation within the ovarian tumor microenvironment, mechanisms of Rac1 dysregulation as they apply to ovarian cancer, and the potential benefits of targeting aberrant Rac1 activity in this disease. The potential for Rac1 contribution to extraperitoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Gillette
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Huining Kang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Melanie R Rivera
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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