1
|
Yu M, Wu M, Secundo F, Liu Z. Detection, production, modification, and application of arylsulfatases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108207. [PMID: 37406746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase is a subset of sulfatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl sulfate ester. Arylsulfatase is widely distributed among microorganisms, mammals and green algae, but the arylsulfatase-encoding gene has not yet been found in the genomes of higher plants so far. Arylsulfatase plays an important role in the sulfur flows between nature and organisms. In this review, we present the maturation and catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase, and the recent literature on the expression and production of arylsulfatase in wild-type and engineered microorganisms, as well as the modification of arylsulfatase by genetic engineering are summarized. We focus on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and give an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the researches about arylsulfatase application on the field of agar desulfation, soil sulfur cycle and soil evaluation are also discussed. Finally, the perspectives concerning the future research on arylsulfatase are prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Yu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Meixian Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Finin P, Khan RMN, Oh S, Boshoff HIM, Barry CE. Chemical approaches to unraveling the biology of mycobacteria. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:420-435. [PMID: 37207631 PMCID: PMC10201459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), perhaps more than any other organism, is intrinsically appealing to chemical biologists. Not only does the cell envelope feature one of the most complex heteropolymers found in nature1 but many of the interactions between Mtb and its primary host (we humans) rely on lipid and not protein mediators.2,3 Many of the complex lipids, glycolipids, and carbohydrates biosynthesized by the bacterium still have unknown functions, and the complexity of the pathological processes by which tuberculosis (TB) disease progress offers many opportunities for these molecules to influence the human response. Because of the importance of TB in global public health, chemical biologists have applied a wide-ranging array of techniques to better understand the disease and improve interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Finin
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Naseer Khan
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sangmi Oh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helena I M Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiang MH, Jiang ZY, Zhao WL, Zhang E, Xia L, Kong RM, Zhao Y, Kong W, Liu X, Qu F, Tan W. Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescent and Photoacoustic Dual-Modal Probe for Highly Sensitive Imaging of Sulfatase In Vivo. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2021-2029. [PMID: 37167101 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatase is an important biomarker closely associated with various diseases. However, the state-of-the-art sulfatase probes are plagued with a short absorption/emission wavelength and limited sensitivity. Developing highly sensitive fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging of sulfatase remains a grand challenge. Herein, for the first time, an activatable near-infrared fluorescence/photoacoustic (NIRF/PA) dual-modal probe (Hcy-SA) for visualizing sulfatase activity in living cells and animals is developed. Hcy-SA is composed of a sulfate ester moiety as the recognition unit and a NIR fluorophore hemicyanine (Hcy-OH) as the NIRF/PA reporter. The designed probe exhibits a rapid response, excellent sensitivity, and high specificity for sulfatase detection in vitro. More importantly, cells and in vivo experiments confirm that Hcy-SA can be successfully applied for PA/NIRF dual-modal imaging of sulfatase activity in living sulfatase-overexpressed tumor cells and tumor-bearing animals. This probe can serve as a promising tool for sulfatase-related pathological research and cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hao Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ensheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Lian Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Mei Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Weiheng Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Fengli Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
- Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castronovo S, Helmholz L, Wolff D, Poulsen JS, Nielsen JL, Ternes TA, Schmidt TC, Wick A. Protein fractionation and shotgun proteomics analysis of enriched bacterial cultures shed new light on the enzymatically catalyzed degradation of acesulfame. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119535. [PMID: 36610183 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The removal of organic micropollutants in municipal wastewater treatment is an extensively studied field of research, but the underlying enzymatic processes have only been elucidated to a small extent so far. In order to shed more light on the enzymatic degradation of the artificial sweetener acesulfame (ACE) in this context, we enriched two bacterial taxa which were not yet described to be involved in the degradation of ACE, an unknown Chelatococcus species and Ensifer adhaerens, by incubating activated sludge in chemically defined media containing ACE as sole carbon source. Cell-free lysates were extracted, spiked with ACE and analyzed via target LC-MS/MS, demonstrating for the first time enzymatically catalyzed ACE degradation outside of living cells. Fractionation of the lysate via two-dimensional fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) succeeded in a partial separation of the enzymes catalyzing the initial transformation reaction of ACE from those catalyzing the further transformation pathway. Thereby, an accumulation of the intermediate transformation product acetoacetamide-n-sulfonic acid (ANSA) in the ACE-degrading fractions was achieved, providing first quantitative evidence that the cleavage of the sulfuric ester moiety of ACE is the initial transformation step. The metaproteome of the enrichments was analyzed in the FPLC fractions and in the unfractionated lysate, using shotgun proteomics via UHPLC-HRMS/MS and label-free quantification. The comparison of protein abundances in the FPLC fractions to the corresponding ACE degradation rates revealed a metallo-β-lactamase fold metallo-hydrolase as most probable candidate for the enzyme catalyzing the initial transformation from ACE to ANSA. This enzyme was by far the most abundant of all detected proteins and amounted to a relative protein abundance of 91% in the most active fraction after the second fractionation step. Moreover, the analysis of the unfractionated lysate resulted in a list of further proteins possibly involved in the transformation of ACE, most striking a highly abundant amidase likely catalyzing the further transformation of ANSA, and an ABC transporter substrate-binding protein that may be involved in the uptake of ACE into the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Castronovo
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Lissa Helmholz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - David Wolff
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wallabregue AD, Bolland H, Faulkner S, Hammond EM, Conway SJ. Two Color Imaging of Different Hypoxia Levels in Cancer Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2572-2583. [PMID: 36656915 PMCID: PMC9896549 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) occurs in a range of biological contexts, including plants, bacterial biofilms, and solid tumors; it elicits responses from these biological systems that impact their survival. For example, conditions of low oxygen make treating tumors more difficult and have a negative impact on patient prognosis. Therefore, chemical probes that enable the study of biological hypoxia are valuable tools to increase the understanding of disease-related conditions that involve low oxygen levels, ultimately leading to improved diagnosis and treatment. While small-molecule hypoxia-sensing probes exist, the majority of these image only very severe hypoxia (<1% O2) and therefore do not give a full picture of heterogeneous biological hypoxia. Commonly used antibody-based imaging tools for hypoxia are less convenient than small molecules, as secondary detection steps involving immunostaining are required. Here, we report the synthesis, electrochemical properties, photophysical analysis, and biological validation of a range of indolequinone-based bioreductive fluorescent probes. We show that these compounds image different levels of hypoxia in 2D and 3D cell cultures. The resorufin-based probe 2 was activated in conditions of 4% O2 and lower, while the Me-Tokyo Green-based probe 4 was only activated in severe hypoxia─0.5% O2 and less. Simultaneous application of these compounds in spheroids revealed that compound 2 images similar levels of hypoxia to pimonidazole, while compound 4 images more extreme hypoxia in a manner analogous to EF5. Compounds 2 and 4 are therefore useful tools to study hypoxia in a cellular setting and represent convenient alternatives to antibody-based imaging approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine
L. D. Wallabregue
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Hannah Bolland
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- Oxford
Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K.,
| | - Stuart J. Conway
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Gao G, Zhou X. Research Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes Based on 1,3-Dichloro-7-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-2(9 H)-acridone (DDAO). CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
7
|
Alebouyeh S, Weinrick B, Achkar JM, García MJ, Prados-Rosales R. Feasibility of novel approaches to detect viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the spectrum of the tuberculosis disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:965359. [PMID: 36072954 PMCID: PMC9441758 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.965359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and is manifested as a continuum spectrum of infectious states. Both, the most common and clinically asymptomatic latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and the symptomatic disease, active tuberculosis (TB), are at opposite ends of the spectrum. Such binary classification is insufficient to describe the existing clinical heterogeneity, which includes incipient and subclinical TB. The absence of clinically TB-related symptoms and the extremely low bacterial burden are features shared by LTBI, incipient and subclinical TB states. In addition, diagnosis relies on cytokine release after antigenic T cell stimulation, yet several studies have shown that a high proportion of individuals with immunoreactivity never developed disease, suggesting that they were no longer infected. LTBI is estimated to affect to approximately one fourth of the human population and, according to WHO data, reactivation of LTBI is the main responsible of TB cases in developed countries. Assuming the drawbacks associated to the current diagnostic tests at this part of the disease spectrum, properly assessing individuals at real risk of developing TB is a major need. Further, it would help to efficiently design preventive treatment. This quest would be achievable if information about bacterial viability during human silent Mtb infection could be determined. Here, we have evaluated the feasibility of new approaches to detect viable bacilli across the full spectrum of TB disease. We focused on methods that specifically can measure host-independent parameters relying on the viability of Mtb either by its direct or indirect detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Alebouyeh
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jacqueline M. Achkar
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria J. García
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria J. García,
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health and Microbiology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Rafael Prados-Rosales,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genome-Wide Study of Drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Intra-Host Evolution during Treatment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071440. [PMID: 35889159 PMCID: PMC9318467 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strains has become a global public health problem, while, at the same time, there has been development of new antimicrobial agents. The main goals of this study were to determine new variants associated with drug resistance in MTB and to observe which polymorphisms emerge in MTB genomes after anti-tuberculosis treatment. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 152 MTB isolates including 70 isolates as 32 series of pre- and post-treatment MTB. Based on genotypes and phenotypic drug susceptibility, we conducted phylogenetic convergence-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) with streptomycin-, isoniazid-, rifampicin-, ethambutol-, fluoroquinolones-, and aminoglycosides-resistant MTB against susceptible ones. GWAS revealed statistically significant associations of SNPs within Rv2820c, cyp123 and indels in Rv1269c, Rv1907c, Rv1883c, Rv2407, Rv3785 genes with resistant MTB phenotypes. Comparisons of serial isolates showed that treatment induced different patterns of intra-host evolution. We found indels within Rv1435c and ppsA that were not lineage-specific. In addition, Beijing-specific polymorphisms within Rv0036c, Rv0678, Rv3433c, and dop genes were detected in post-treatment isolates. The appearance of Rv3785 frameshift insertion in 2 post-treatment strains compared to pre-treatment was also observed. We propose that the insertion within Rv3785, which was a GWAS hit, might affect cell wall biosynthesis and probably mediates a compensatory mechanism in response to treatment. These results may shed light on the mechanisms of MTB adaptation to chemotherapy and drug resistance formation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Asiimwe N, Al Mazid MF, Jeong YT, Lee J, Lee JS. The discovery of penta-peptides inhibiting the activity of the formylglycine-generating enzyme and their potential antibacterial effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18884-18888. [PMID: 35873338 PMCID: PMC9241360 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylglycine-generating enzyme is a key regulator that converts sulfatase into an active form. Despite its key role in many diseases, enzyme activity inhibitors have not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated penta-peptide ligands for FGE activity inhibition and discovered two hit peptides. In addition, the lead peptides also showed potential antibacterial effects in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Taek Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine South Korea
| | - Juyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University South Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong B, He Z, Li Y, Xu X, Wang C, Zeng J. Improved Conventional and New Approaches in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:924410. [PMID: 35711765 PMCID: PMC9195135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.924410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Timely diagnosis and effective treatment are essential in the control of TB. Conventional smear microscopy still has low sensitivity and is unable to reveal the drug resistance of this bacterium. The traditional culture-based diagnosis is time-consuming, since usually the results are available after 3–4 weeks. Molecular biology methods fail to differentiate live from dead M. tuberculosis, while diagnostic immunology methods fail to distinguish active from latent TB. In view of these limitations of the existing detection techniques, in addition to the continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB, in recent years there has been an increase in the demand for simple, rapid, accurate and economical point-of-care approaches. This review describes the development, evaluation, and implementation of conventional diagnostic methods for TB and the rapid new approaches for the detection of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Dong
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqun He
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Keller LJ, Lakemeyer M, Bogyo M. Integration of bioinformatic and chemoproteomic tools for the study of enzyme conservation in closely related bacterial species. Methods Enzymol 2022; 664:1-22. [PMID: 35331369 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a commonly utilized technique to globally characterize the endogenous activity of multiple enzymes within a related family. While it has been used extensively to identify enzymes that are differentially active across various mammalian tissues, recent efforts have expanded this technique to studying bacteria. As ABPP is applied to diverse sets of bacterial strains found in microbial communities, there is also an increasing need for robust tools for assessing the conservation of enzymes across closely related bacterial species and strains. In this chapter, we detail the integration of gel-based ABPP with basic bioinformatic tools to enable the analysis of enzyme activity, distribution, and homology. We use as an example the family of serine hydrolases identified in the skin commensal bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Keller
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Markus Lakemeyer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu H, Guo Y, Zhu W, Havener K, Zheng X. Recent advances in 1,8-naphthalimide-based small-molecule fluorescent probes for organelles imaging and tracking in living cells. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
13
|
Babin B, Fernandez-Cuervo G, Sheng J, Green O, Ordonez AA, Turner ML, Keller LJ, Jain SK, Shabat D, Bogyo M. Chemiluminescent Protease Probe for Rapid, Sensitive, and Inexpensive Detection of Live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:803-814. [PMID: 34079897 PMCID: PMC8161474 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a top-ten cause of death worldwide. Successful treatment is often limited by insufficient diagnostic capabilities, especially at the point of care in low-resource settings. The ideal diagnostic must be fast, be cheap, and require minimal clinical resources while providing high sensitivity, selectivity, and the ability to differentiate live from dead bacteria. We describe here the development of a fast, luminescent, and affordable sensor of Hip1 (FLASH) for detecting and monitoring drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). FLASH is a selective chemiluminescent substrate for the Mtb protease Hip1 that, when processed, produces visible light that can be measured with a high signal-to-noise ratio using inexpensive sensors. FLASH is sensitive to fmol of recombinant Hip1 enzyme in vitro and can detect as few as thousands of Mtb cells in culture or in human sputum samples within minutes. The probe is highly selective for Mtb compared to other nontuberculous mycobacteria and can distinguish live from dead cells. Importantly, FLASH can be used to measure antibiotic killing of Mtb in culture with greatly accelerated timelines compared to traditional protocols. Overall, FLASH has the potential to enhance both TB diagnostics and drug resistance monitoring in resource-limited settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett
M. Babin
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gabriela Fernandez-Cuervo
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ori Green
- School
of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center
for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Center
for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Mitchell L. Turner
- Center
for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Center
for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Laura J. Keller
- Department
of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center
for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Center
for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
- Department
of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Doron Shabat
- School
of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department
of Pathology, Stanford University School
of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kumar G, Narayan R, Kapoor S. Chemical Tools for Illumination of Tuberculosis Biology, Virulence Mechanisms, and Diagnosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15308-15332. [PMID: 33307693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases and begs the scientific community to up the ante for research and exploration of completely novel therapeutic avenues. Chemical biology-inspired design of tunable chemical tools has aided in clinical diagnosis, facilitated discovery of therapeutics, and begun to enable investigation of virulence mechanisms at the host-pathogen interface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This Perspective highlights chemical tools specific to mycobacterial proteins and the cell lipid envelope that have furnished rapid and selective diagnostic strategies and provided unprecedented insights into the function of the mycobacterial proteome and lipidome. We discuss chemical tools that have enabled elucidating otherwise intractable biological processes by leveraging the unique lipid and metabolite repertoire of mycobacterial species. Some of these probes represent exciting starting points with the potential to illuminate poorly understood aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis, particularly the host membrane-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rishikesh Narayan
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Ponda 403 401, Goa, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India.,Wadhwani Research Center for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fluorescent probes for investigating peptidoglycan biosynthesis in mycobacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 57:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
16
|
Keller LJ, Lentz CS, Chen YE, Metivier RJ, Weerapana E, Fischbach MA, Bogyo M. Characterization of Serine Hydrolases Across Clinical Isolates of Commensal Skin Bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis Using Activity-Based Protein Profiling. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:930-938. [PMID: 32298574 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial genus Staphylococcus comprises diverse species that colonize the skin as commensals but can also cause infection. Previous work identified a family of serine hydrolases termed fluorophoshonate-binding hydrolases (Fphs) in the pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, one of which, FphB, functions as a virulence factor. Using a combination of bioinformatics and activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), we identify homologues of these enzymes in the related commensal bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis. Two of the S. aureus Fph enzymes were not identified in S. epidermidis. Using ABPP, we identified several candidate hydrolases that were not previously identified in S. aureus that may be functionally related to the Fphs. Interestingly, the activity of the Fphs vary across clinical isolates of S. epidermidis. Biochemical characterization of the FphB homologue in S. epidermidis (SeFphB) suggests it is a functional homologue of FphB in S. aureus, but our preliminary studies suggest it may not have a role in colonization in vivo. This potential difference in biological function between the Fphs of closely related staphylococcal species may provide mechanisms for specific inhibition of S. aureus infection without perturbing commensal communities of related bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Y. Erin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Metivier
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michael A. Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li W, Yin S, Gong X, Xu W, Yang R, Wan Y, Yuan L, Zhang X. Achieving the ratiometric imaging of steroid sulfatase in living cells and tissues with a two-photon fluorescent probe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1349-1352. [PMID: 31904042 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08672b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel two-photon ratiometric fluorescence assay was proposed for monitoring endogenous steroid sulfatase (STS) activity, which could be applied for the ratiometric imaging of STS activity in the endoplasmic reticulum of living cells and tissues and also could be used to distinguish estrogen-dependent tumor cells from other types of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng Y, Xie J, Lee KH, Gaur RL, Song A, Dai T, Ren H, Wu J, Sun Z, Banaei N, Akin D, Rao J. Rapid and specific labeling of single live Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a dual-targeting fluorogenic probe. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/454/eaar4470. [PMID: 30111644 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health crisis and a leading cause of infection-related death globally. Although in high demand, imaging technologies that enable rapid, specific, and nongenetic labeling of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remain underdeveloped. We report a dual-targeting strategy to develop a small molecular probe (CDG-DNB3) that can fluorescently label single bacilli within 1 hour. CDG-DNB3 fluoresces upon activation of the β-lactamase BlaC, a hydrolase naturally expressed in Mtb, and the fluorescent product is retained through covalent modification of the Mtb essential enzyme decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase (DprE1). This dual-targeting probe not only discriminates live from dead Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) but also shows specificity for Mtb over other bacterial species including 43 nontuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). In addition, CDG-DNB3 can image BCG phagocytosis in real time, as well as Mtb in patients' sputum. Together with a low-cost, self-driven microfluidic chip, we have achieved rapid labeling and automated quantification of live BCG. This labeling approach should find many potential applications for research toward TB pathogenesis, treatment efficacy assessment, and diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cheng
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinghang Xie
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyun Lee
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Rajiv L Gaur
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aiguo Song
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tingting Dai
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongjun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jiannan Wu
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, P. R. China
| | - Niaz Banaei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tian Z, Yan Q, Feng L, Deng S, Wang C, Cui J, Wang C, Zhang Z, James TD, Ma X. A far-red fluorescent probe for sensing laccase in fungi and its application in developing an effective biocatalyst for the biosynthesis of antituberculous dicoumarin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3951-3954. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01579e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A far-red fluorescent probe for sensing laccase in fungi and its application in developing an effective biocatalyst for the biosynthesis of antituberculous dicoumarin.
Collapse
|
20
|
van Loo B, Bayer CD, Fischer G, Jonas S, Valkov E, Mohamed MF, Vorobieva A, Dutruel C, Hyvönen M, Hollfelder F. Balancing Specificity and Promiscuity in Enzyme Evolution: Multidimensional Activity Transitions in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:370-387. [PMID: 30497259 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly proficient, promiscuous enzymes can be springboards for functional evolution, able to avoid loss of function during adaptation by their capacity to promote multiple reactions. We employ a systematic comparative study of structure, sequence, and substrate specificity to track the evolution of specificity and reactivity between promiscuous members of clades of the alkaline phosphatase (AP) superfamily. Construction of a phylogenetic tree of protein sequences maps out the likely transition zone between arylsulfatases (ASs) and phosphonate monoester hydrolases (PMHs). Kinetic analysis shows that all enzymes characterized have four chemically distinct phospho- and sulfoesterase activities, with rate accelerations ranging from 1011- to 1017-fold for their primary and 109- to 1012-fold for their promiscuous reactions, suggesting that catalytic promiscuity is widespread in the AP-superfamily. This functional characterization and crystallography reveal a novel class of ASs that is so similar in sequence to known PMHs that it had not been recognized as having diverged in function. Based on analysis of snapshots of catalytic promiscuity "in transition", we develop possible models that would allow functional evolution and determine scenarios for trade-off between multiple activities. For the new ASs, we observe largely invariant substrate specificity that would facilitate the transition from ASs to PMHs via trade-off-free molecular exaptation, that is, evolution without initial loss of primary activity and specificity toward the original substrate. This ability to bypass low activity generalists provides a molecular solution to avoid adaptive conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bert van Loo
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Bayer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Jonas
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Valkov
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Anastassia Vorobieva
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Celine Dutruel
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| | - Florian Hollfelder
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1GA , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hou J, Qian M, Zhao H, Li Y, Liao Y, Han G, Xu Z, Wang F, Song Y, Liu Y. A near-infrared ratiometric/turn-on fluorescent probe for in vivo imaging of hydrogen peroxide in a murine model of acute inflammation. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:169-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
22
|
Kolbe K, Veleti SK, Johnson EE, Cho YW, Oh S, Barry CE. Role of Chemical Biology in Tuberculosis Drug Discovery and Diagnosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:458-466. [PMID: 29364647 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical techniques to study biological systems (often referred to currently as chemical biology) has become a powerful tool for both drug discovery and the development of novel diagnostic strategies. In tuberculosis, such tools have been applied to identifying drug targets from hit compounds, matching high-throughput screening hits against large numbers of isolated protein targets and identifying classes of enzymes with important functions. Metabolites unique to mycobacteria have provided important starting points for the development of innovative tools. For example, the unique biology of trehalose has provided both novel diagnostic strategies as well as probes of in vivo biological processes that are difficult to study any other way. Other mycobacterial metabolites are potentially valuable starting points and have the potential to illuminate new aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sri Kumar Veleti
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Emma E. Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Young-Woo Cho
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sangmi Oh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yoon HY, Kim HJ, Jang S, Hong JI. Detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. AMB Express 2017; 7:150. [PMID: 28697587 PMCID: PMC5503846 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial arylsulfatases are crucial to biosynthesis in many microorganisms, as bacteria often utilize aryl sulfates as a source of sulfur. The bacterial sulfatases are associated with pathogenesis and are applied in many areas such as industry and agriculture. We developed an activity-based probe 1 for detection of bacterial sulfatase activity through liquid- and solid-phase colony-based assays. Probe 1 is hydrolyzed by sulfatase to generate fluorescent N-methyl isoindole, which is polymerized to form colored precipitates. These fluorescent and colorimetric properties of probe 1 induced upon treatment of sulfatases were successfully utilized for liquid-phase sulfatase activity assays for colonies and lysates of Klebsiella aerogenes, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium smegmatis. In addition, probe 1 allowed solid-phase colony-based assays of K. aerogenes through the formation of insoluble colored precipitates, thus enabling accurate staining of target colonies under heterogeneous conditions.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yoon HY, Hong JI. Sulfatase activity assay using an activity-based probe by generation of N -methyl isoindole under reducing conditions. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
Progress and prospects for small-molecule probes of bacterial imaging. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 12:472-8. [PMID: 27315537 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is an essential tool for the exploration of cell growth, division, transcription and translation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes alike. Despite the rapid development of techniques to study bacteria, the size of these organisms (1-10 μm) and their robust and largely impenetrable cell envelope present major challenges in imaging experiments. Fusion-based strategies, such as attachment of the protein of interest to a fluorescent protein or epitope tag, are by far the most common means for examining protein localization and expression in prokaryotes. While valuable, the use of genetically encoded tags can result in mislocalization or altered activity of the desired protein, does not provide a readout of the catalytic state of enzymes and cannot enable visualization of many other important cellular components, such as peptidoglycan, lipids, nucleic acids or glycans. Here, we highlight the use of biomolecule-specific small-molecule probes for imaging in bacteria.
Collapse
|
26
|
Optical visualization and quantification of enzyme activity using dynamic droplet lenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3821-3825. [PMID: 28348236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618807114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe an approach to measuring enzyme activity based on the reconfiguration of complex emulsions. Changes in the morphology of these complex emulsions, driven by enzyme-responsive surfactants, modulate the transmission of light through a sample. Through this method we demonstrate how simple photodetector measurements may be used to monitor enzyme kinetics. This approach is validated by quantitative measurements of enzyme activity for three different classes of enzymes (amylase, lipase, and sulfatase), relying on two distinct mechanisms for coupling droplet morphology to enzyme activity (host-guest interactions with uncaging and molecular cleavage).
Collapse
|
27
|
Tallman KR, Levine SR, Beatty KE. Small-Molecule Probes Reveal Esterases with Persistent Activity in Dormant and Reactivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:936-944. [PMID: 27690385 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the deadliest bacterial pathogen in the world. An estimated one-third of humans harbor Mtb in a dormant state. These asymptomatic, latent infections impede tuberculosis eradication due to the long-term potential for reactivation. Dormant Mtb has reduced enzymatic activity, but hydrolases that remain active facilitate pathogen survival. We targeted Mtb esterases, a diverse set of enzymes in the serine hydrolase family, and studied their activities using both activity-based probes (ABPs) and fluorogenic esterase substrates. These small-molecule probes revealed functional esterases in active, dormant, and reactivating cultures. Using ABPs, we identified five esterases that remained active in dormant Mtb, including LipM (Rv2284), LipN (Rv2970c), CaeA (Rv2224c), Rv0183, and Rv1683. Three of these, CaeA, Rv0183, and Rv1683, were catalytically active in all three culture conditions. Fluorogenic probes additionally revealed LipH (Rv1399c), Culp1 (Rv1984c), and Rv3036c esterase activity in dormant and active cultures. Esterases with persistent activity are potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for Mtb-infected individuals with latent or active tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Tallman
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code CL3B, 2730 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Samantha R. Levine
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code CL3B, 2730 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code CL3B, 2730 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tallman KR, Levine SR, Beatty KE. Profiling Esterases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using Far-Red Fluorogenic Substrates. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1810-5. [PMID: 27177211 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-activated, fluorogenic probes are powerful tools for studying bacterial pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In prior work, we reported two 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one) (DDAO)-derived acetoxymethyl ether probes for esterase and lipase detection. Here, we report four-carbon (C4) and eight-carbon (C8) acyloxymethyl ether derivatives, which are longer-chain fluorogenic substrates. These new probes demonstrate greater stability and lipase reactivity than the two-carbon (C2) acetoxymethyl ether-masked substrates. We used these new C4 and C8 probes to profile esterases and lipases from Mtb. The C8-masked probes revealed a new esterase band in gel-resolved Mtb lysates that was not present in lysates from nonpathogenic M. bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin), a close genetic relative. We identified this Mtb-specific enzyme as the secreted esterase Culp1 (Rv1984c). Our C4- and C8-masked probes also produced distinct Mtb banding patterns in lysates from Mtb-infected macrophages, demonstrating the potential of these probes for detecting Mtb esterases that are active during infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Tallman
- Program in Chemical Biology and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Samantha R. Levine
- Program in Chemical Biology and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Program in Chemical Biology and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hingorani DV, Montano LA, Randtke EA, Lee YS, Cárdenas-Rodríguez J, Pagel MD. A single diamagnetic catalyCEST MRI contrast agent that detects cathepsin B enzyme activity by using a ratio of two CEST signals. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:130-8. [PMID: 26633584 PMCID: PMC4882611 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CatalyCEST MRI can detect enzyme activity by monitoring the change in chemical exchange with water after a contrast agent is cleaved by an enzyme. Often these molecules use paramagnetic metals and are delivered with an additional non-responsive reference molecule. To improve this approach for molecular imaging, a single diamagnetic agent with enzyme-responsive and enzyme-unresponsive CEST signals was synthesized and characterized. The CEST signal from the aryl amide disappeared after cleavage of a dipeptidyl ligand with cathepsin B, while a salicylic acid moiety was largely unresponsive to enzyme activity. The ratiometric comparison of the two CEST signals from the same agent allowed for concentration independent measurements of enzyme activity. The chemical exchange rate of the salicylic acid moiety was unchanged after enzyme catalysis, which further validated that this moiety was enzyme-unresponsive. The temperature dependence of the chemical exchange rate of the salicylic acid moiety was non-Arrhenius, suggesting a two-step chemical exchange mechanism for salicylic acid. The good detection sensitivity at low saturation power facilitates clinical translation, along with the potentially low toxicity of a non-metallic MRI contrast agent. The modular design of the agent constitutes a platform technology that expands the variety of agents that may be employed by catalyCEST MRI for molecular imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina V. Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, George Palade 310, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
| | - Luis A. Montano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward A. Randtke
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Mark D. Pagel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85724-5024, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Levine SR, Beatty KE. Synthesis of a far-red fluorophore and its use as an esterase probe in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1835-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08764c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new esterase-activatable probe expands the toolkit for staining living cells with a far-red fluorescent carbazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Levine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine
- Oregon Health & Science University
- Portland, USA
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine
- Oregon Health & Science University
- Portland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chiorazzo MG, Bloch NB, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A(2) Activatable Fluorophores for Cancer Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2360-70. [PMID: 26426140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activatable fluorophores selective to cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to image triple negative breast cancer cells. The activatable constructs were synthesized by esterification of a small molecule fluorophore with a fatty acid resulting in ablated fluorescence. Selectivity for cPLA2 was generated through the choice of fluorophore and fatty acid. Esterification with arachidonic acid was sufficient to impart specificity to cPLA2 when compared to esterification with palmitic acid. In vitro analysis of probes incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes demonstrated that a nonselective phospholipase (sPLA2 group IB) was able to hydrolyze both arachidonate and palmitate coupled fluorophores resulting in the generation of fluorescence. Of the four fluorophores tested, DDAO (7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one)) was observed to perform optimally in vitro and was analyzed further in 4175-Luc+ cells, a metastatic triple negative human breast cancer cell line expressing high levels of cPLA2. In contrast to the in vitro analysis, DDAO arachidonate was shown to activate selectively in 4175-Luc+ cells compared to the control DDAO palmitate as measured by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated with fluorescence spectroscopy. The addition of two agents known to activate cPLA2 enhanced DDAO arachidonate fluorescence without inducing any change to DDAO palmitate. Inhibition of cPLA2 resulted in reduced fluorescence of DDAO arachidonate but not DDAO palmitate. Together, we report the synthesis of a cPLA2 selective activatable fluorophore capable of detecting cPLA2 in triple negative breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Chiorazzo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Noah B Bloch
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hoshino Y, Suzuki K. Differential diagnostic assays for discriminating mycobacteria, especially for nontuberculous mycobacteria: what does the future hold? Future Microbiol 2015; 10:205-16. [PMID: 25689533 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria infections are an important medical problem, and many are regarded as emerging and re-emerging diseases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 8.6 million cases and 1.3 million deaths in 2012. In addition, the incidence of nontuberculous Mycobacterium infection has significantly increased, especially among developed countries. Although phenotypical appearances such as culture characteristics and/or susceptibility to anti-Mycobacterium drugs are variable between different mycobacterial species, early diagnosis is crucial in terms of patient treatment and clinical outcome. In this manuscript, we describe the development of diagnostic techniques, from the classical/conventional to the most recent advances, and provide an overview of the future direction of discrimination procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hoshino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aoba, Higashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Debieu S, Romieu A. Dual enzyme-responsive “turn-on” fluorescence sensing systems based on in situ formation of 7-hydroxy-2-iminocoumarin scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10348-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We herein report a novel class of dual enzyme-responsive fluorogenic probes based on two orthogonal deprotection reactions via the “covalent assembly” principle. Sensing of two different enzymes (hydrolase and nitroreductase) through domino reactions, producing the push–pull backbone of a fluorescent 3-substituted 7-hydroxy-2-iminocoumarin dye, is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Debieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne
- UMR 6302
- CNRS
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne
- UMR 6302
- CNRS
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté
- 21078 Dijon
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee JS, Yoo YH, Kang J, Han WS, Lee JK, Yoon CN. Proteome reactivity profiling for the discrimination of pathogenic bacteria. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4347-50. [PMID: 24643251 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diverse proteome reactivity profiles were obtained using small-molecule electrophiles. Based on the cross-reactivity profile, each protein generated a unique reactivity fingerprint. Here, we report the first proteome reactivity signature-based discrimination of 11 bacteria. Perfect differentiation of 11 bacteria can be achieved using 2 benzyl-halide probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seoul, 136-791, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tallman KR, Beatty KE. Far-red fluorogenic probes for esterase and lipase detection. Chembiochem 2014; 16:70-5. [PMID: 25469918 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic enzyme probes go from a dark to a bright state following hydrolysis and can provide a sensitive, real-time readout of enzyme activity. They are useful for examining enzymatic activity in bacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Herein, we describe two fluorogenic esterase probes derived from the far-red fluorophore 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one) (DDAO). These probes offer enhanced optical properties compared to existing esterase probes because the hydrolysis product, DDAO, excites above 600 nm while retaining a good quantum yield (ϕ=0.40). We validated both probes with a panel of commercially available enzymes alongside known resorufin- and fluorescein-derived esterase substrates. Furthermore, we used these probes to reveal esterase activity in protein gel-resolved mycobacterial lysates. These probes represent new tools for esterase detection and characterization and should find use in a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Tallman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, CL3B, Portland, OR 97201 (USA)
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cheng Y, Xie H, Sule P, Hassounah H, Graviss EA, Kong Y, Cirillo JD, Rao J. Fluorogenic probes with substitutions at the 2 and 7 positions of cephalosporin are highly BlaC-specific for rapid Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9360-4. [PMID: 24989449 PMCID: PMC4499257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are either time consuming or require expensive instruments and are thus are not suitable for point-of-care diagnosis. The design, synthesis, and evaluation of fluorogenic probes with high specificity for BlaC, a biomarker expressed by Mtb, are described. The fluorogenic probe CDG-3 is based on cephalosporin with substitutions at the 2 and 7 positions and it demonstrates over 120,000-fold selectivity for BlaC over TEM-1 Bla, the most common β-lactamase. CDG-3 can detect 10 colony-forming units of the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG in human sputum in the presence of high levels of contaminating β-lactamases expressed by other clinically prevalent bacterial strains. In a trial with 50 clinical samples, CDG-3 detected tuberculosis with 90% sensitivity and 73% specificity relative to Mtb culture within one hour, thus demonstrating its potential as a low-cost point-of-care test for use in resource-limited areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Departments of Radiology and Chemistry, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5484 (USA)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheng Y, Xie H, Sule P, Hassounah H, Graviss EA, Kong Y, Cirillo JD, Rao J. Fluorogenic Probes with Substitutions at the 2 and 7 Positions of Cephalosporin are Highly BlaC-Specific for RapidMycobacterium tuberculosisDetection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
38
|
Smith EL, Bertozzi CR, Beatty KE. An expanded set of fluorogenic sulfatase activity probes. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1101-5. [PMID: 24764280 PMCID: PMC4084507 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorogenic probes that are activated by an enzymatic transformation are ideally suited for profiling enzyme activities in biological systems. Here, we describe two fluorogenic enzyme probes, 3-O-methylfluorescein-sulfate and resorufin-sulfate, that can be used to detect sulfatases in mycobacterial lysates. Both probes were validated with a set of commercial sulfatases and used to reveal species-specific sulfatase banding patterns in a gel-resolved assay of mycobacterial lysates. The fluorogenic probes described here are suitable for various assays and provide a starting point for creating new sulfatase probes with improved selectivity for mycobacterial sulfatases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Smith
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, B84 Hildebrand Hall, #1460, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, B84 Hildebrand Hall, #1460, Berkeley, CA 94720 (USA)
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, L334, Portland, OR 97239 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lavis LD, Raines RT. Bright building blocks for chemical biology. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:855-66. [PMID: 24579725 PMCID: PMC4006396 DOI: 10.1021/cb500078u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule fluorophores manifest the ability of chemistry to solve problems in biology. As we noted in a previous review (Lavis, L. D.; Raines, R. T. ACS Chem. Biol. 2008, 3, 142-155), the extant collection of fluorescent probes is built on a modest set of "core" scaffolds that evolved during a century of academic and industrial research. Here, we survey traditional and modern synthetic routes to small-molecule fluorophores and highlight recent biological insights attained with customized fluorescent probes. Our intent is to inspire the design and creation of new high-precision tools that empower chemical biologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Farm Research
Campus, Howard Hughes Medical
Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United
States
| | - Ronald T. Raines
- Departments
of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University
of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tai CH, Lu CP, Wu SH, Lo LC. Synthesis and evaluation of turn-on fluorescent probes for imaging steroid sulfatase activities in cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6116-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01282h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A self-immobilizing probe with the coumarin moiety is designed to detect the human steroid sulfatase intracellularly by fluorescence turn-on imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Tai
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Lu
- Department of Food Science
- Fu Jen Catholic University
- New Taipei City 205, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry
- Academia Sinica
| | - Lee-Chiang Lo
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 106, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|