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Senju Y, Hibino E. Moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein merlin: Its conserved and distinct functions from those of ERM proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184076. [PMID: 36302494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Senju
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Emi Hibino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
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2
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Barik GK, Sahay O, Paul D, Santra MK. Ezrin gone rogue in cancer progression and metastasis: An enticing therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188753. [PMID: 35752404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer as it remains the most complicated, devastating, and enigmatic aspect of cancer. Several decades of extensive research have identified several key players closely associated with metastasis. Among these players, cytoskeletal linker Ezrin (the founding member of the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family) was identified as a critical promoter of metastasis in pediatric cancers in the early 21st century. Ezrin was discovered 40 years ago as a aminor component of intestinal epithelial microvillus core protein, which is enriched in actin-containing cell surface structures. It controls gastric acid secretion and plays diverse physiological roles including maintaining cell polarity, regulating cell adhesion, cell motility and morphogenesis. Extensive research for more than two decades evinces that Ezrin is frequently dysregulated in several human cancers. Overexpression, altered subcellular localization and/or aberrant activation of Ezrin are closely associated with higher metastatic incidence and patient mortality, thereby justifying Ezrin as a valuable prognostic biomarker in cancer. Ezrin plays multifaceted role in multiple aspects of cancer, with its significant contribution in the complex metastatic cascade, through reorganizing the cytoskeleton and deregulating various cellular signaling pathways. Current preclinical studies using genetic and/or pharmacological approaches reveal that inactivation of Ezrin results in significant inhibition of Ezrin-mediated tumor growth and metastasis as well as increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we discuss the recent advances illuminating the molecular mechanisms responsible for Ezrin dysregulation in cancer and its pleiotropic role in cancer progression and metastasis. We also highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancers. More importantly, we put forward some potential questions, which we strongly believe, will stimulate both basic and translational research to better understand Ezrin-mediated malignancy, ultimately leading to the development of Ezrin-targeted cancer therapy for the betterment of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Barik
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Osheen Sahay
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Debasish Paul
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Yuan O, Ugale A, de Marchi T, Anthonydhason V, Konturek-Ciesla A, Wan H, Eldeeb M, Drabe C, Jassinskaja M, Hansson J, Hidalgo I, Velasco-Hernandez T, Cammenga J, Magee JA, Niméus E, Bryder D. A somatic mutation in moesin drives progression into acute myeloid leukemia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9987. [PMID: 35442741 PMCID: PMC9020775 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises when leukemia-initiating cells, defined by a primary genetic lesion, acquire subsequent molecular changes whose cumulative effects bypass tumor suppression. The changes that underlie AML pathogenesis not only provide insights into the biology of transformation but also reveal novel therapeutic opportunities. However, backtracking these events in transformed human AML samples is challenging, if at all possible. Here, we approached this question using a murine in vivo model with an MLL-ENL fusion protein as a primary molecular event. Upon clonal transformation, we identified and extensively verified a recurrent codon-changing mutation (Arg295Cys) in the ERM protein moesin that markedly accelerated leukemogenesis. Human cancer-associated moesin mutations at the conserved arginine-295 residue similarly enhanced MLL-ENL-driven leukemogenesis. Mechanistically, the mutation interrupted the stability of moesin and conferred a neomorphic activity to the protein, which converged on enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity. Thereby, our studies demonstrate a critical role of ERM proteins in AML, with implications also for human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouyang Yuan
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Amol Ugale
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tommaso de Marchi
- Division of Surgery, Oncology, and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Solvegatan 19, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vimala Anthonydhason
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 1F, 413 90, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Konturek-Ciesla
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Haixia Wan
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Eldeeb
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Caroline Drabe
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Jassinskaja
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jenny Hansson
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jörg Cammenga
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey A. Magee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma Niméus
- Division of Surgery, Oncology, and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Solvegatan 19, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Entrégatan 7, 222 42 Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bryder
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medical, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Dent P, Booth L, Poklepovic A, Von Hoff D, Martinez J, Zhou Y, Hancock JF. Osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cells activate ERBB2 and YAP/TAZ and are killed by neratinib. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114642. [PMID: 34077739 PMCID: PMC11082938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We performed additional mechanistic analyses to redefine neratinib biology and determined the mechanisms by which the multi-kinase inhibitor neratinib interacted with the thymidylate synthase inhibitor pemetrexed to kill NSCLC cells expressing either mutant KRAS (G12S; Q61H; G12A; G12C) or mutant NRAS (Q61K) or mutant ERBB1 (L858R; L858R T790M; exon 19 deletion). Neratinib rapidly reduced KRASG12V and RAC1G12V nanoclustering which was followed by KRASG12V, but not RAC1G12V, being extensively mislocalized away from the plasma membrane. This correlated with reduced levels of, and reorganized membrane localization of phosphatidylserine and cholesterol. Reduced nanoclustering was not associated with inactivation of ERBB1, Merlin or Ezrin. The drug combination killed cells expressing mutant KRAS, NRAS or mutant ERBB1 proteins. Afatinib or osimertinib resistant cells were killed with a similar efficacy to non-resistant cells. Compared to osimertinib-resistant cells, sensitive cells had less ERBB2 Y1248 phosphorylation. In osimertinib resistant H1975 cells, the drug combination was less capable of inactivating AKT, mTOR, STAT3, STAT5, ERK1/2 whereas it gained the ability to inactivate ERBB3. In resistant H1650 cells, the drug combination was less capable of inactivating JAK2 and STAT5. Sensitive cells exhibited elevated basal phosphorylation of YAP and TAZ. In resistant cells, portions of YAP and TAZ were localized in the nucleus. [Neratinib + pemetrexed] increased phosphorylation of YAP and TAZ, caused their nuclear exit, and enhanced ERBB2 degradation. Thus, neratinib targets an unidentified protein whose functional inhibition directly results in RAS inactivation and tumor cell killing. Our data prove that, albeit indirectly, oncogenic RAS proteins are druggable by neratinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
| | - Laurence Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Andrew Poklepovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Daniel Von Hoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - John F Hancock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGEN), Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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Shin TH, Ketebo AA, Lee DY, Lee S, Kang SH, Basith S, Manavalan B, Kwon DH, Park S, Lee G. Decrease in membrane fluidity and traction force induced by silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:21. [PMID: 33430909 PMCID: PMC7802323 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoparticles are being increasingly used in biomedical applications owing to their unique physical and chemical properties and small size. However, their biophysical assessment and evaluation of side-effects remain challenging. We addressed this issue by investigating the effects of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate [MNPs@SiO2(RITC)] on biophysical aspects, such as membrane fluidity and traction force of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. We further extended our understanding on the biophysical effects of nanoparticles on cells using a combination of metabolic profiling and transcriptomic network analysis. Results Overdose (1.0 μg/µL) treatment with MNPs@SiO2(RITC) induced lipid peroxidation and decreased membrane fluidity in HEK293 cells. In addition, HEK293 cells were morphologically shrunk, and their aspect ratio was significantly decreased. We found that each traction force (measured in micropillar) was increased, thereby increasing the total traction force in MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated HEK293 cells. Due to the reduction in membrane fluidity and elevation of traction force, the velocity of cell movement was also significantly decreased. Moreover, intracellular level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner upon treatment with MNPs@SiO2(RITC). To understand these biophysical changes in cells, we analysed the transcriptome and metabolic profiles and generated a metabotranscriptomics network, which revealed relationships among peroxidation of lipids, focal adhesion, cell movement, and related genes and metabolites. Furthermore, in silico prediction of the network showed increment in the peroxidation of lipids and suppression of focal adhesion and cell movement. Conclusion Taken together, our results demonstrated that overdose of MNPs@SiO2(RITC) impairs cellular movement, followed by changes in the biophysical properties of cells, thus highlighting the need for biophysical assessment of nanoparticle-induced side-effects. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdurazak Aman Ketebo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungah Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandran Manavalan
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyeon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Cui Y, Ma L, Schacke S, Yin JC, Hsueh YP, Jin H, Morrison H. Merlin cooperates with neurofibromin and Spred1 to suppress the Ras-Erk pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3793-3806. [PMID: 33331896 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras-Erk pathway is frequently overactivated in human tumors. Neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2 (NF1, NF2) are characterized by multiple tumors of Schwann cell origin. The NF1 tumor suppressor neurofibromin is a principal Ras-GAP accelerating Ras inactivation, whereas the NF2 tumor suppressor merlin is a scaffold protein coordinating multiple signaling pathways. We have previously reported that merlin interacts with Ras and p120RasGAP. Here, we show that merlin can also interact with the neurofibromin/Spred1 complex via merlin-binding sites present on both proteins. Further, merlin can directly bind to the Ras-binding domain (RBD) and the kinase domain (KiD) of Raf1. As the third component of the neurofibromin/Spred1 complex, merlin cannot increase the Ras-GAP activity; rather, it blocks Ras binding to Raf1 by functioning as a 'selective Ras barrier'. Merlin-deficient Schwann cells require the Ras-Erk pathway activity for proliferation. Accordingly, suppression of the Ras-Erk pathway likely contributes to merlin's tumor suppressor activity. Taken together, our results, and studies by others, support targeting or co-targeting of this pathway as a therapy for NF2 inactivation-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lin Ma
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany.,College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Stephan Schacke
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jiani C Yin
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), 07745 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Germany
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7
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Shin TH, Lee DY, Ketebo AA, Lee S, Manavalan B, Basith S, Ahn C, Kang SH, Park S, Lee G. Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Decrease Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migratory Activity by Reducing Membrane Fluidity and Impairing Focal Adhesion. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9101475. [PMID: 31627375 PMCID: PMC6835988 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For stem cell-based therapies, the fate and distribution of stem cells should be traced using non-invasive or histological methods and a nanomaterial-based labelling agent. However, evaluation of the biophysical effects and related biological functions of nanomaterials in stem cells remains challenging. Here, we aimed to investigate the biophysical effects of nanomaterials on stem cells, including those on membrane fluidity, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, and traction force, using micropillars of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) labelled with silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles incorporating rhodamine B isothiocyanate (MNPs@SiO2(RITC)). Furthermore, to evaluate the biological functions related to these biophysical changes, we assessed the cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, intracellular cytoskeleton, and the migratory activity of MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-treated hBM-MSCs. Compared to that in the control, cell viability decreased by 10% and intracellular ROS increased by 2-fold due to the induction of 20% higher peroxidized lipid in hBM-MSCs treated with 1.0 µg/µL MNPs@SiO2(RITC). Membrane fluidity was reduced by MNPs@SiO2(RITC)-induced lipid oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, cell shrinkage with abnormal formation of focal adhesions and ~30% decreased total traction force were observed in cells treated with 1.0 µg/µL MNPs@SiO2(RITC) without specific interaction between MNPs@SiO2(RITC) and cytoskeletal proteins. Furthermore, the migratory activity of hBM-MSCs, which was highly related to membrane fluidity and cytoskeletal abnormality, decreased significantly after MNPs@SiO2(RITC) treatment. These observations indicated that the migratory activity of hBM-MSCs was impaired by MNPs@SiO2(RITC) treatment due to changes in stem-cell biophysical properties and related biological functions, highlighting the important mechanisms via which nanoparticles impair migration of hBM-MSCs. Our findings indicate that nanoparticles used for stem cell trafficking or clinical applications should be labelled using optimal nanoparticle concentrations to preserve hBM-MSC migratory activity and ensure successful outcomes following stem cell localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Da Yeon Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | | | - Seungah Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea.
| | | | - Shaherin Basith
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Chanyoung Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Korea.
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.
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8
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Lu N, Malemud CJ. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153792. [PMID: 31382554 PMCID: PMC6696446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42), respectively. There are also several atypical forms of ERK, including ERK3, ERK4, ERK5 and ERK7. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been implicated in many and diverse cellular events, including proliferation, growth, differentiation, cell migration, cell survival, metabolism and transcription. ERK1/2 is activated (i.e., phosphorylated) in the cytosol and subsequently translocated to the nucleus, where it activates transcription factors including, but not limited to, ETS, c-Jun, and Fos. It is not surprising that the ERK1/2 signaling cascade has been implicated in many pathological conditions, namely, cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation, and osteoporosis. This narrative review examines many of the cellular events in which the ERK1/2 signaling cascade plays a critical role. It is anticipated that agents designed to inhibit ERK1/2 activation or p-ERK1/2 activity will be developed for the treatment of those diseases characterized by dysregulated gene expression through ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles J Malemud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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The NF2 tumor suppressor merlin interacts with Ras and RasGAP, which may modulate Ras signaling. Oncogene 2019; 38:6370-6381. [PMID: 31312020 PMCID: PMC6756068 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor NF2/merlin underlies neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and some sporadic tumors. Previous studies have established that merlin mediates contact inhibition of proliferation; however, the exact mechanisms remain obscure and multiple pathways have been implicated. We have previously reported that merlin inhibits Ras and Rac activity during contact inhibition, but how merlin regulates Ras activity has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that merlin can directly interact with both Ras and p120RasGAP (also named RasGAP). While merlin does not increase the catalytic activity of RasGAP, the interactions with Ras and RasGAP may fine-tune Ras signaling. In vivo, loss of RasGAP in Schwann cells, unlike the loss of merlin, failed to promote tumorigenic growth in an orthotopic model. Therefore, modulation of Ras signaling through RasGAP likely contributes to, but is not sufficient to account for, merlin’s tumor suppressor activity. Our study provides new insight into the mechanisms of merlin-dependent Ras regulation and may have additional implications for merlin-dependent regulation of other small GTPases.
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10
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Schultz K, Grieger (Lindner) C, Li Y, Urbánek P, Ruschel A, Minnich K, Bruder D, Gereke M, Sechi A, Herrlich P. Gamma secretase dependent release of the CD44 cytoplasmic tail upregulates IFI16 in cd44-/- tumor cells, MEFs and macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207358. [PMID: 30540779 PMCID: PMC6291121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adhesion molecule and co-receptor of receptor tyrosine kinases, CD44, is expressed in all cells of the immune system, but also in numerous non-immune cells. CD44 plays roles in the cellular response to different pathogens. The molecular actions of CD44 during these processes are by and large still unknown. The CD44 molecule undergoes a sequential proteolytic cleavage which leads to the release of a soluble intracellular domain (CD44-ICD). Previous reports had shown that the CD44-ICD is taken up into the nucleus where it enhances transcription of specific target genes. By RNA profiling we identified a CD44-dependent transcriptional increase of interferon-responsive genes, among them IFI16. IFI16 is important in the innate immune response. It senses and binds pathogenic DNA and, together with cGAS, activates the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway and induces the expression of genes relevant for the response, e.g. IFN-β. Our results show that the enhancement of IFI16 expression depended on CD44 cleavage. A CD44-negative tumor cell line, embryonic fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived macrophages from cd44-/- mice were reduced in their response to IFN-γ, to viral DNA fragments and to Listeria monocytogenes infection. We could rescue the deficiency of CD44 negative RPM-MC cells and cd44-/- MEFs by expressing only the soluble CD44-ICD in the absence of any other CD44 domain. Expression of the CD44-ICD carrying a mutation that prevented the uptake into the nucleus, could not rescue the absence of CD44. This molecular aspect of regulation by CD44 may explain part of the immune phenotypes of mice with cd44 gene disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schultz
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Immune Regulation Group, Braunschweig, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Yong Li
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Pavel Urbánek
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Ruschel
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Minnich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Immune Regulation Group, Braunschweig, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gereke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Immune Regulation Group, Braunschweig, Germany
- Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Dept. of Cell Biology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Herrlich
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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11
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Riecken LB, Zoch A, Wiehl U, Reichert S, Scholl I, Cui Y, Ziemer M, Anderegg U, Hagel C, Morrison H. CPI-17 drives oncogenic Ras signaling in human melanomas via Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin family proteins. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78242-78254. [PMID: 27793041 PMCID: PMC5346635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactive Ras signaling has strong oncogenic effects causing several different forms of cancer. Hyperactivity is frequently induced by mutations within Ras itself, which account for up to 30% of all human cancers. In addition, hyperactive Ras signaling can also be triggered independent of Ras by either mutation or by misexpression of various upstream regulators and immediate downstream effectors. We have previously reported that C-kinase potentiated protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor of 17 kDa (CPI-17) can drive Ras activity and promote tumorigenic transformation by inhibition of the tumor suppressor Merlin. We now describe an additional element of this oncogenic mechanism in the form of the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) protein family, which exhibits opposing roles in Ras activity control. Thus, CPI-17 drives Ras activity and tumorigenesis in a two-fold way; inactivation of the tumor suppressor merlin and activation of the growth promoting ERM family. The in vivo significance of this oncogenic switch is highlighted by demonstrating CPI-17's involvement in human melanoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ansgar Zoch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wiehl
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Reichert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingmar Scholl
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Yan Cui
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mirjana Ziemer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Hagel
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
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12
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Regulation of ErbB2 localization and function in breast cancer cells by ERM proteins. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25443-60. [PMID: 27029001 PMCID: PMC5041916 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERM protein family is implicated in processes such as signal transduction, protein trafficking, cell proliferation and migration. Consequently, dysregulation of ERM proteins has been described to correlate with carcinogenesis of different cancer types. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a novel functional interaction between ERM proteins and the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase in breast cancer cells. We show that the ERM proteins ezrin and radixin are associated with ErbB2 receptors at the plasma membrane, and depletion or functional inhibition of ERM proteins destabilizes the interaction of ErbB2 with ErbB3, Hsp90 and Ebp50. Accompanied by the dissociation of this protein complex, binding of ErbB2 to the ubiquitin-ligase c-Cbl is increased, and ErbB2 becomes dephosphorylated, ubiquitinated and internalized. Furthermore, signaling via Akt- and Erk-mediated pathways is impaired upon ERM inhibition. Finally, interference with ERM functionality leads to receptor degradation and reduced cellular levels of ErbB2 and ErbB3 receptors in breast cancer cells.
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13
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Chen Y, Chuan HL, Yu SY, Li CZ, Wu ZB, Li GL, Zhang YZ. A Novel Invasive-Related Biomarker in Three Subtypes of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas. World Neurosurg 2017; 100:514-521. [PMID: 28093347 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify biomarkers key to invasiveness of the 3 subtypes of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) and provide a guidance for therapeutic decision making and identification of potential adjuvant drugs. METHODS Fifty NFPA tumor tissues obtained from transsphenoidal surgery were used in the study. Three invasive NFPAs and 4 noninvasive NFPAs were used for gene expression microarray analyses. In addition, there are 5 invasive NFPAs and 4 noninvasive NFPAs used for proteomic analyses. Invasive-related biomarkers were identified by bioinformatics analysis by integrating the transcriptomics and proteomics data sets. All 3 subtypes of NFPAs (null cell adenomas, oncocytomas, and gonadotroph adenomas) were used to validate differentially expressed candidate biomarkers by means of quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The level of EZR was downregulated in pituitary adenoma cell line GH3 to investigate the invasive effect of EZR on GH3 cells by using the RNA interference technique. RESULTS Eight genes involved in the invasion function were found by bioinformatics analysis, and the EZR gene was identified as a novel invasive-related biomarker in the 3 subtypes of NFPAs. The expression level of EZR was found higher in terms of invasiveness than the noninvasive ones of the 3 subtypes of NFPAs. Moreover, the knockdown of EZR inhibited the invasion of GH3 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS EZR is a novel biomarker in terms of invasion among the 3 subtypes of NFPAs, and it is a promising guide for therapeutic decision making as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Li Chuan
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Yu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chu-Zhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Bao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Lin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ya-Zhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Goto Y, Kojima S, Kurozumi A, Kato M, Okato A, Matsushita R, Ichikawa T, Seki N. Regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase-1 (WWP1) by microRNA-452 inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1135-44. [PMID: 27070713 PMCID: PMC4865980 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNA-224 (miR-224) and microRNA-452 (miR-452) are closely located on the human chromosome Xq28 region. miR-224 functions as a tumour suppressor by targeting tumour protein D52 (TPD52) in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we aimed to investigate the functional significance of miR-452 in PCa cells. Methods: Functional studies of PCa cells were performed using transfection with mature miRNAs or siRNAs. Genome-wide gene expression analysis, in silico analysis, and dual-luciferase reporter assays were applied to identify miRNA targets. The association between miR-452 levels and overall patient survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: Expression of miR-452 was significantly downregulated in PCa tissues. Transfection with mature miR-452 inhibited the migration and invasion of PCa cells. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that low expression of miR-452 predicted a short duration of progression to castration-resistant PCa. WW domain-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase-1 (WWP1) was a direct target of miR-452, and knockdown of WWP1 inhibited the migration and invasion of PCa cells. WWP1 was upregulated in PCa clinical specimens. Conclusions: Regulation of the miR-452–WWP1 axis contributed to PCa cell migration and invasion, and elucidation of downstream signalling of this axis will provide new insights into the mechanisms of PCa oncogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Goto
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Satoko Kojima
- Department of Urology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Centre, Chiba 299-0111, Japan
| | - Akira Kurozumi
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kato
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okato
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsushita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Department of Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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15
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Petrilli AM, Fernández-Valle C. Role of Merlin/NF2 inactivation in tumor biology. Oncogene 2016; 35:537-48. [PMID: 25893302 PMCID: PMC4615258 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Merlin (Moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein, also known as schwannomin) is a tumor suppressor protein encoded by the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene NF2. Loss of function mutations or deletions in NF2 cause neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a multiple tumor forming disease of the nervous system. NF2 is characterized by the development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas. Patients with NF2 can also develop schwannomas on other cranial and peripheral nerves, as well as meningiomas and ependymomas. The only potential treatment is surgery/radiosurgery, which often results in loss of function of the involved nerve. There is an urgent need for chemotherapies that slow or eliminate tumors and prevent their formation in NF2 patients. Interestingly NF2 mutations and merlin inactivation also occur in spontaneous schwannomas and meningiomas, as well as other types of cancer including mesothelioma, glioma multiforme, breast, colorectal, skin, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, hepatic and prostate cancer. Except for malignant mesotheliomas, the role of NF2 mutation or inactivation has not received much attention in cancer, and NF2 might be relevant for prognosis and future chemotherapeutic approaches. This review discusses the influence of merlin loss of function in NF2-related tumors and common human cancers. We also discuss the NF2 gene status and merlin signaling pathways affected in the different tumor types and the molecular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis, progression and pharmacological resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M. Petrilli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Cristina Fernández-Valle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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16
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Harwood JL, Alexander JH, Mayerson JL, Scharschmidt TJ. Targeted Chemotherapy in Bone and Soft-Tissue Sarcoma. Orthop Clin North Am 2015; 46:587-608. [PMID: 26410647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Historically surgical intervention has been the mainstay of therapy for bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, augmented with adjuvant radiation for local control. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy revolutionized the treatment of many sarcomas, classic treatment regimens are fraught with side effects while outcomes have plateaued. However, since the approval of imatinib in 2002, research into targeted chemotherapy has increased exponentially. With targeted therapies comes the potential for decreased side effects and more potent, personalized treatment options. This article reviews the evolution of medical knowledge regarding sarcoma, the basic science of sarcomatogenesis, and the major targets and pathways now being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Harwood
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John H Alexander
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Joel L Mayerson
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Thomas J Scharschmidt
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, 725 Prior Hall, 376 West 10 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Hartmann M, Parra LM, Ruschel A, Böhme S, Li Y, Morrison H, Herrlich A, Herrlich P. Tumor Suppressor NF2 Blocks Cellular Migration by Inhibiting Ectodomain Cleavage of CD44. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:879-90. [PMID: 25652588 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-15-0020-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ectodomain cleavage (shedding) of transmembrane proteins by metalloproteases (MMP) generates numerous essential signaling molecules, but its regulation is not totally understood. CD44, a cleaved transmembrane glycoprotein, exerts both antiproliferative or tumor-promoting functions, but whether proteolysis is required for this is not certain. CD44-mediated contact inhibition and cellular proliferation are regulated by counteracting CD44 C-terminal interacting proteins, the tumor suppressor protein merlin (NF2) and ERM proteins (ezrin, radixin, moesin). We show here that activation or overexpression of constitutively active merlin or downregulation of ERMs inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced [as well as serum, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)] CD44 cleavage by the metalloprotease ADAM10, whereas overexpressed ERM proteins promoted cleavage. Merlin- and ERM-modulated Ras or Rac activity was not required for this function. However, latrunculin (an actin-disrupting toxin) or an ezrin mutant which is unable to link CD44 to actin, inhibited CD44 cleavage, identifying a cytoskeletal C-terminal link as essential for induced CD44 cleavage. Cellular migration, an important tumor property, depended on CD44 and its cleavage and was inhibited by merlin. These data reveal a novel function of merlin and suggest that CD44 cleavage products play a tumor-promoting role. Neuregulin, an EGF ligand released by ADAM17 from its pro-form NRG1, is predominantly involved in regulating cellular differentiation. In contrast to CD44, release of neuregulin from its pro-form was not regulated by merlin or ERM proteins. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton however, also inhibited NRG1 cleavage. This current study presents one of the first examples of substrate-selective cleavage regulation. IMPLICATIONS Investigating transmembrane protein cleavage and their regulatory pathways have provided new molecular insight into their important role in cancer formation and possible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hartmann
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Liseth M Parra
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany. Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne Ruschel
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Böhme
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrlich
- Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Peter Herrlich
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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18
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Riecken LB, Tawamie H, Dornblut C, Buchert R, Ismayel A, Schulz A, Schumacher J, Sticht H, Pohl KJ, Cui Y, Reis A, Morrison H, Abou Jamra R. Inhibition of RAS Activation Due to a Homozygous Ezrin Variant in Patients with Profound Intellectual Disability. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:270-8. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Björn Riecken
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Hasan Tawamie
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Carsten Dornblut
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Amina Ismayel
- Praxis of Pediatrics; Jesser El Sheghour; Idlib Syria
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | | | - Heinrich Sticht
- Bioinformatics; Institute of Biochemistry; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Katja J. Pohl
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Yan Cui
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Helen Morrison
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
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19
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Romanov VS, Brichkina AI, Morrison H, Pospelova TV, Pospelov VA, Herrlich P. Novel mechanism of JNK pathway activation by adenoviral E1A. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2176-86. [PMID: 24742962 PMCID: PMC4039154 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenoviral oncoprotein E1A influences cellular regulation by interacting with a number of cellular proteins. In collaboration with complementary oncogenes, E1A fully transforms primary cells. As part of this action, E1A inhibits transcription of c-Jun:Fos target genes while promoting that of c-Jun:ATF2-dependent genes including jun. Both c-Jun and ATF2 are hyperphosphorylated in response to E1A. In the current study, E1A was fused with the ligand binding domain of the estrogen receptor (E1A-ER) to monitor the immediate effect of E1A activation. With this approach we now show that E1A activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the upstream kinases MKK4 and MKK7, as well as the small GTPase Rac1. Activation of the JNK pathway requires the N-terminal domain of E1A, and, importantly, is independent of transcription. In addition, it requires the presence of ERM proteins. Downregulation of signaling components upstream of JNK inhibits E1A-dependent JNK/c-Jun activation. Taking these findings together, we show that E1A activates the JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway upstream of Rac1 in a transcription-independent manner, demonstrating a novel mechanism of E1A action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily S Romanov
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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20
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Escobar-Restrepo JM, Hajnal A. An intimate look at LET-23 EGFR trafficking in the vulval cells of live C. elegans larvae. WORM 2014; 3:e965605. [PMID: 26430550 PMCID: PMC4588154 DOI: 10.4161/21624046.2014.965605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Precise cell fate specification is essential for organ formation. A simple view is that one or several signal sending cells emit a ligand to a group of signal receiving cells that express the corresponding receptor, which transduces the signal through intracellular enzyme pathways. All these events must be spatio-temporally regulated to achieve the proper strength, duration and output of the signaling pathways. In particular, the production and secretion of the ligand has to be coordinated with the expression and accessibility of the receptor in the signal receiving cells. Furthermore, removal of the ligand or receptor is key to achieve proper signal termination and prevent excess cell differentiation and proliferation. Improper regulation of any of these events may cause developmental defects and human disease. C. elegans is an excellent model to systematically identify genes that control the localization and activity of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) homolog LET-23. To identify regulators of LET-23 trafficking, Haag et al. observed LET-23 localization in the vulva precursor cells (VPCs) of RNAi treated larvae by live fluorescent microscopy. In this comment, we provide an overview of the newly identified regulators of LET-23 trafficking and discuss the role of the Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin homolog ERM-1 as a temporal regulator of EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Escobar-Restrepo
- University of Zurich; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences; Winterthurerstrasse; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alex Hajnal
- University of Zurich; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences; Winterthurerstrasse; Zurich, Switzerland
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