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Tang TMS, Luk LYP. Towards controlling activity of a peptide asparaginyl ligase (PAL) by lumazine synthetase compartmentalization. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38832470 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs) hold significant potential in protein bioconjugation due to their excellent kinetic properties and broad substrate compatibility. However, realizing their full potential in biocatalytic applications requires precise control of their activity. Inspired by nature, we aimed to compartmentalize a representative PAL, OaAEP1-C247A, within protein containers to create artificial organelles with substrate sorting capability. Two encapsulation approaches were explored using engineered lumazine synthases (AaLS). The initial strategy involved tagging the PAL with a super-positively charged GFP(+36) for encapsulation into the super-negatively charged AaLS-13 variant, but it resulted in undesired truncation of the enzyme. The second approach involved genetic fusion of the OaAEP1-C247A with a circularly permutated AaLS variant (cpAaLS) and its co-production with AaLS-13, which successfully enabled compartmentalization of the PAL within a patch-work protein cage. Although the caged PAL retained its activity, it was significantly reduced compared to the free enzyme (∼30-40-fold), likely caused by issues related to OaAEP1-C247A stability and folding. Nevertheless, these findings demonstrated the feasibility of the AaLS encapsulation approach and encourage further optimization in the design of peptide-ligating artificial organelles in E. coli, aiming for a more effective and stable system for protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Simon Tang
- School of Chemistry & Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Room 1.54, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry & Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Room 1.54, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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2
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He Y, Zou P, Lu J, Lu Y, Yuan S, Zheng X, Liu J, Zeng C, Liu L, Tang L, Fang Z, Hu X, Liu Q, Zhou S. CD4+ T-Cell Legumain Deficiency Attenuates Hypertensive Damage via Preservation of TRAF6. Circ Res 2024; 134:9-29. [PMID: 38047378 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells are central to the immune responses contributing to hypertension. LGMN (legumain) is highly expressed in T cells; however, its role in the pathogenesis of hypertension remains unclear. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with hypertension, and cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells were sorted for gene expression and Western blotting analysis. TLGMNKO (T cell-specific LGMN-knockout) mice (Lgmnf/f/CD4Cre), regulatory T cell (Treg)-specific LGMN-knockout mice (Lgmnf/f/Foxp3YFP Cre), and RR-11a (LGMN inhibitor)-treated C57BL/6 mice were infused with Ang II (angiotensin II) or deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt to establish hypertensive animal models. Flow cytometry, 4-dimensional label-free proteomics, coimmunoprecipitation, Treg suppression, and in vivo Treg depletion or adoptive transfer were used to delineate the functional importance of T-cell LGMN in hypertension development. RESULTS LGMN mRNA expression was increased in CD4+ T cells isolated from hypertensive patients and mice, was positively correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and was negatively correlated with serum IL (interleukin)-10 levels. TLGMNKO mice exhibited reduced Ang II-induced or deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced hypertension and target organ damage relative to wild-type (WT) mice. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of LGMN blocked Ang II-induced or deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced immunoinhibitory Treg reduction in the kidneys and blood. Anti-CD25 antibody depletion of Tregs abolished the protective effects against Ang II-induced hypertension in TLGMNKO mice, and LGMN deletion in Tregs prevented Ang II-induced hypertension in mice. Mechanistically, endogenous LGMN impaired Treg differentiation and function by directly interacting with and facilitating the degradation of TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6) via chaperone-mediated autophagy, thereby inhibiting NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) activation. Adoptive transfer of LGMN-deficient Tregs reversed Ang II-induced hypertension, whereas depletion of TRAF6 in LGMN-deficient Tregs blocked the protective effects. CONCLUSIONS LGMN deficiency in T cells prevents hypertension and its complications by promoting Treg differentiation and function. Specifically targeting LGMN in Tregs may be an innovative approach for hypertension treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhu He
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pu Zou
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junmi Lu
- Pathology (J. Lu), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yufei Lu
- Division of Physical Therapy Education, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (Y.L.)
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Nephrology (S.Y.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xialei Zheng
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenfei Fang
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinqun Hu
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Departments of Cardiology (Y.H., P.Z., X.Z., J. Liu, C.Z., L.L., L.T., Z.F., X.H., Q.L., S.Z.), The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3
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Li D. Structure and Function of the Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Transamidase, a Transmembrane Complex Catalyzing GPI Anchoring of Proteins. Subcell Biochem 2024; 104:425-458. [PMID: 38963495 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58843-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring of proteins is a ubiquitous posttranslational modification in eukaryotic cells. GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play critical roles in enzymatic, signaling, regulatory, and adhesion processes. Over 20 enzymes are involved in GPI synthesis, attachment to client proteins, and remodeling after attachment. The GPI transamidase (GPI-T), a large complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, catalyzes the attachment step by replacing a C-terminal signal peptide of proproteins with GPI. In the last three decades, extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism of the transamidation reaction, the components of the GPI-T complex, the role of each subunit, and the substrate specificity. Two recent studies have reported the three-dimensional architecture of GPI-T, which represent the first structures of the pathway. The structures provide detailed mechanisms for assembly that rationalizes previous biochemical results and subunit-dependent stability data. While the structural data confirm the catalytic role of PIGK, which likely uses a caspase-like mechanism to cleave the proproteins, they suggest that unlike previously proposed, GPAA1 is not a catalytic subunit. The structures also reveal a shared cavity for GPI binding. Somewhat unexpectedly, PIGT, a single-pass membrane protein, plays a crucial role in GPI recognition. Consistent with the assembly mechanisms and the active site architecture, most of the disease mutations occur near the active site or the subunit interfaces. Finally, the catalytic dyad is located ~22 Å away from the membrane interface of the GPI-binding site, and this architecture may confer substrate specificity through topological matching between the substrates and the elongated active site. The research conducted thus far sheds light on the intricate processes involved in GPI anchoring and paves the way for further mechanistic studies of GPI-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianfan Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China.
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4
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Wang P, Du S, Guo C, Ni Z, Huang Z, Deng N, Bao H, Deng W, Lu J, Kong S, Zhang H, Wang H. The presence of blastocyst within the uteri facilitates lumenal epithelium transformation for implantation via upregulating lysosome proteostasis activity. Autophagy 2024; 20:58-75. [PMID: 37584546 PMCID: PMC10761037 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2247747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ACTB: actin beta; AREG: amphiregulin; ATP6V0A4: ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A4; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CLDN1: claudin 1; CTSB: cathepsin B; DEGs: differentially expressed genes; E2: 17β-estradiol; ESR: estrogen receptor; GATA2: GATA binding protein 2; GLA: galactosidase, alpha; GO: gene ontology; HBEGF: heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor; IGF1R: insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; Ihh: Indian hedgehog; ISH: in situ hybridization; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LCM: laser capture microdissection; Le: lumenal epithelium; LGMN: legumain; LIF: leukemia inhibitory factor; LIFR: LIF receptor alpha; MSX1: msh homeobox 1; MUC1: mucin 1, transmembrane; P4: progesterone; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PCA: principal component analysis; PPT1: palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1; PGR: progesterone receptor; PSP: pseudopregnancy; PTGS2/COX2: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; qPCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; SP: pregnancy; TFEB: transcription factor EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peike Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shuailin Du
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhangli Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ziying Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Na Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Haili Bao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shuangbo Kong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Krummenacher D, He W, Kuhn B, Schnider C, Beurier A, Brom V, Sivasothy T, Marty C, Tosstorff A, Hewings DS, Mesch S, Pinard E, Brändlin M, Hochstrasser R, Westwood P, Rothe J, Kronenberger A, Morandi F, Gutbier S, Schuler A, Heer D, Gloria LE, Joedicke L, Rudolph MG, Müller L, Grüninger F, Baumann K, Kaniyappan S, Manevski N, Bartels B. Discovery of Orally Available and Brain Penetrant AEP Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:17026-17043. [PMID: 38090813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most widespread form of dementia, with one of the pathological hallmarks being the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). These tangles consist of phosphorylated Tau fragments. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) is a key Tau cleaving enzyme that generates aggregation-prone Tau fragments. Inhibition of AEP to reduce the level of toxic Tau fragment formation could represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we report the first orthosteric, selective, orally bioavailable, and brain penetrant inhibitors with an irreversible binding mode. We outline the development of the series starting from reversible molecules and demonstrate the link between inhibition of AEP and reduction of Tau N368 fragment both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Krummenacher
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Weiping He
- WuXi AppTec (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan East Lake High-Tech Development Zone, 666 GaoXin Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
| | - Bernd Kuhn
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schnider
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Angélica Beurier
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Brom
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Thulase Sivasothy
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Christine Marty
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Tosstorff
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - David S Hewings
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Mesch
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Pinard
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Mathis Brändlin
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Remo Hochstrasser
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Paul Westwood
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Judith Rothe
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Kronenberger
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Federica Morandi
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Schuler
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Heer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Ludivine Esteves Gloria
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Joedicke
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Rudolph
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Müller
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Grüninger
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Karlheinz Baumann
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Senthilvelrajan Kaniyappan
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Manevski
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Björn Bartels
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
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Bandi DR, Chitturi CMK, Aswathanarayan JB, Veeresh PKM, Bovilla VR, Sukocheva OA, Devi PS, Natraj SM, Madhunapantula SV. Pigmented Microbial Extract (PMB) from Exiguobacterium Species MB2 Strain (PMB1) and Bacillus subtilis Strain MB1 (PMB2) Inhibited Breast Cancer Cells Growth In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17412. [PMID: 38139241 PMCID: PMC10743659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be one of the major causes of cancer deaths in women. Progress has been made in targeting hormone and growth factor receptor-positive BCs with clinical efficacy and success. However, little progress has been made to develop a clinically viable treatment for the triple-negative BC cases (TNBCs). The current study aims to identify potent agents that can target TNBCs. Extracts from microbial sources have been reported to contain pharmacological agents that can selectively inhibit cancer cell growth. We have screened and identified pigmented microbial extracts (PMBs) that can inhibit BC cell proliferation by targeting legumain (LGMN). LGMN is an oncogenic protein expressed not only in malignant cells but also in tumor microenvironment cells, including tumor-associated macrophages. An LGMN inhibition assay was performed, and microbial extracts were evaluated for in vitro anticancer activity in BC cell lines, angiogenesis assay with chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), and tumor xenograft models in Swiss albino mice. We have identified that PMB from the Exiguobacterium (PMB1), inhibits BC growth more potently than PMB2, from the Bacillus subtilis strain. The analysis of PMB1 by GC-MS showed the presence of a variety of fatty acids and fatty-acid derivatives, small molecule phenolics, and aldehydes. PMB1 inhibited the activity of oncogenic legumain in BC cells and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. PMB1 reduced the angiogenesis and inhibited BC cell migration. In mice, intraperitoneal administration of PMB1 retarded the growth of xenografted Ehrlich ascites mammary tumors and mitigated the proliferation of tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity in vivo. In summary, our findings demonstrate the high antitumor potential of PMB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa R. Bandi
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Viswavidyalayam, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India; (D.R.B.); (P.S.D.)
| | - Ch M. Kumari Chitturi
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Viswavidyalayam, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India; (D.R.B.); (P.S.D.)
| | - Jamuna Bai Aswathanarayan
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India;
| | - Prashant Kumar M. Veeresh
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (P.K.M.V.); (V.R.B.); (S.M.N.)
| | - Venugopal R. Bovilla
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (P.K.M.V.); (V.R.B.); (S.M.N.)
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Potireddy Suvarnalatha Devi
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Viswavidyalayam, Tirupati 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India; (D.R.B.); (P.S.D.)
| | - Suma M. Natraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (P.K.M.V.); (V.R.B.); (S.M.N.)
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR) Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India; (P.K.M.V.); (V.R.B.); (S.M.N.)
- Special Interest Group (SIG) in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (CBCSC), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore 570015, Karnataka, India
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7
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Yan L, Han X, Zhang M, Fu Y, Yang F, Li Q, Cheng T. Integrative analysis of TBI data reveals Lgmn as a key player in immune cell-mediated ferroptosis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:747. [PMID: 38057699 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a central nervous system disease caused by external trauma, which has complex pathological and physiological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between immune cell infiltration and ferroptosis post-TBI. METHODS This study utilized the GEO database to download TBI data and performed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FRDEGs) analysis. DEGs were further analyzed for enrichment using the DAVID 6.8. Immunoinfiltration cell analysis was performed using the ssGSEA package and the Timer2.0 tool. The WGCNA analysis was then used to explore the gene modules in the data set associated with differential expression of immune cell infiltration and to identify the hub genes. The tidyverse package and corrplot package were used to calculate the correlations between hub genes and immune cell infiltration and ferroptosis-marker genes. The miRDB and TargetScan databases were used to predict complementary miRNAs for the Hub genes selected from the WGCNA analysis, and the DIANA-LncBasev3 tool was used to identify target lncRNAs for the miRNAs, constructing an mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network. RESULTS A total of 320 DEGs and 21 FRDEGs were identified in GSE128543. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the DEGs after TBI were primarily associated with inflammation and immune response. Xcell and ssGSEA immune infiltration cell analysis showed significant infiltration of T cell CD4+ central memory, T cell CD4+ Th2, B cell memory, B cell naive, monocyte, macrophage, and myeloid dendritic cell activated. The WGCNA analysis identified two modules associated with differentially expressed immune cells and identified Lgmn as a hub gene associated with immune infiltrating cells. Lgmn showed significant correlation with immune cells and ferroptosis-marker genes, including Gpx4, Hspb1, Nfe2l2, Ptgs2, Fth1, and Tfrc. Finally, an mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network was constructed using Lgmn. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that there is a certain correlation between ferroptosis and immune infiltrating cells in brain tissue after TBI, and that Lgmn plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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8
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Qiu Y, Lei C, Zeng J, Xie Y, Cao Y, Yuan Q, Su H, Zhang Z, Zhang C. Asparagine endopeptidase protects podocytes in adriamycin-induced nephropathy by regulating actin dynamics through cleaving transgelin. Mol Ther 2023; 31:3337-3354. [PMID: 37689970 PMCID: PMC10638058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common glomerular disorder causing end-stage renal diseases worldwide. Central to the pathogenesis of FSGS is podocyte dysfunction, which is induced by diverse insults. However, the mechanism governing podocyte injury and repair remains largely unexplored. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a lysosomal protease, regulates substrates by residue-specific cleavage or degradation. We identified the increased AEP expression in the primary proteinuria model which was induced by adriamycin (ADR) to mimic human FSGS. In vivo, global AEP knockout mice manifested increased injury-susceptibility of podocytes in ADR-induced nephropathy (ADRN). Podocyte-specific AEP knockout mice exhibited much more severe glomerular lesions and podocyte injury after ADR injection. In contrast, podocyte-specific augmentation of AEP in mice protected against ADRN. In vitro, knockdown and overexpression of AEP in human podocytes revealed the cytoprotection of AEP as a cytoskeleton regulator. Furthermore, transgelin, an actin-binding protein regulating actin dynamics, was cleaved by AEP, and, as a result, removed its actin-binding regulatory domain. The truncated transgelin regulated podocyte actin dynamics and repressed podocyte hypermotility, compared to the native full-length transgelin. Together, our data reveal a link between lysosomal protease AEP and podocyte cytoskeletal homeostasis, which suggests a potential therapeutic role for AEP in proteinuria disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chuntao Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Jieyu Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yaru Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yiling Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China.
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9
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Khan H, Shaikh F, Syed MH, Mamdani M, Saposnik G, Qadura M. Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Metabolites 2023; 13:919. [PMID: 37623863 PMCID: PMC10456624 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery stenosis (CAS), an atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery, is one of the leading causes of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebrovascular attacks (CVA). The atherogenic process of CAS affects a wide range of physiological processes, such as inflammation, endothelial cell function, smooth muscle cell migration and many more. The current gold-standard test for CAS is Doppler ultrasound; however, there is yet to be determined a strong, clinically validated biomarker in the blood that can diagnose patients with CAS and/or predict adverse outcomes in such patients. In this comprehensive literature review, we evaluated all of the current research on plasma and serum proteins that are current contenders for biomarkers for CAS. In this literature review, 36 proteins found as potential biomarkers for CAS were categorized in to the following nine categories based on protein function: (1) Inflammation and Immunity, (2) Lipid Metabolism, (3) Haemostasis, (4) Cardiovascular Markers, (5) Markers of Kidney Function, (6) Bone Health, (7) Cellular Structure, (8) Growth Factors, and (9) Hormones. This literature review is the most up-to-date and current comprehensive review of research on biomarkers of CAS, and the only review that demonstrated the several pathways that contribute to the initiation and progression of the disease. With this review, future studies can determine if any new markers, or a panel of the proteins explored in this study, may be contenders as diagnostic or prognostic markers for CAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Khan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (H.K.); (F.S.); (M.H.S.)
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Farah Shaikh
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (H.K.); (F.S.); (M.H.S.)
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Muzammil H. Syed
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (H.K.); (F.S.); (M.H.S.)
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Muhammad Mamdani
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.M.); (G.S.)
- Temerty Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Education in Medicine (T-CAIREM), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (M.M.); (G.S.)
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, 55 Queen St E, Toronto, ON M5C 1R6, Canada
| | - Mohammad Qadura
- Division of Vascular Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (H.K.); (F.S.); (M.H.S.)
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, 55 Queen St E, Toronto, ON M5C 1R6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
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10
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Abstract
A variant originated from Oldenlandia affinis asparaginyl ligase, OaAEP1-C247A, has emerged as an ideal tool for protein labeling. However, its preparation was laborious and time-consuming. It is recombinantly produced as a zymogen, requiring acid activation and four chromatographic steps; despite these extensive steps, the catalytically active enzyme exhibited only moderate purity. Here, we report a novel preparation protocol, in which the cap and catalytically active core domains are produced as separate entities. The active enzyme can be obtained in two chromatographic steps, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), with no acid activation required, thereby shortening the purification procedure from at least 2 days to less than 6 h. In addition to the original C247A mutation which enhanced reaction with various amino nucleophiles, an extra D29E mutation was introduced to prevent self-cleavage, which led to noticeable improvements in homogeneity and activity of the enzyme. Indeed, the resulting "split AEP" (i.e., core domain of OaAEP1-D29E/C247A) exhibited improved catalytic efficiency constant (kcat/KM) that was found to be ∼3-fold higher than that of the original acid-activated counterpart (OaAEP1-C247A). Furthermore, we described a protein labeling protocol that couples the enzymatic reaction with an irreversible chemical transformation, thereby enabling high conversion of labeled protein with a lowered amount of reagent. Precisely, an alternative Asn-Cys-Leu (NCL) recognition sequence was used for substrate recognition. As the byproduct contains an N-terminal cysteine, it can be transformed into an inert 1,2 aminothiol motif by reacting with formylphenyl boronic acid (FPBA). Finally, the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of asparaginyl ligase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Ma
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T M Tang
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T Dickerson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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11
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Hemu X, Chan NY, Liew HT, Hu S, Zhang X, Serra A, Lescar J, Liu CF, Tam JP. Substrate-binding glycine residues are major determinants for hydrolase and ligase activity of plant legumains. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1534-1545. [PMID: 36843268 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs) are useful tools for precision modifications of proteins and live-cell surfaces by ligating peptides after Asn/Asp (Asx). They share high sequence and structural similarity to plant legumains that are generally known as asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs), thus making it challenging to identify PALs from AEPs. In this study, we investigate 875 plant species from algae to seed plants with available sequence data in public databases to identify new PALs. We conducted evolutionary trace analysis on 1500 plant legumains, including eight known PALs, to identify key residues that could differentiate ligases and proteases, followed by recombinant expression and functional validation of 16 novel legumains. Previously, we showed that the substrate-binding sequences flanking the catalytic site can strongly influence the enzymatic direction of a legumain and which we named as ligase-activity determinants (LADs). Here, we show that two conserved substrate-binding Gly residues of LADs are critical, but negative determinants for ligase activity. Our results suggest that specific glycine residues are molecular determinants to identify PALs and AEPs as two different legumain subfamilies, accounting for c. 1% and 88%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ning-Yu Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Side Hu
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637921, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Aida Serra
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- Neuroscience Area, +Pec Proteomics Research Group (+PPRG), Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRB Lleida), University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure, 80, Lleida, 25198, Spain
| | - Julien Lescar
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637921, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore City, 637921, Singapore
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12
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Ramos-Guzmán CA, Ruiz-Pernía JJ, Zinovjev K, Tuñón I. Unveiling the Mechanistic Singularities of Caspases: A Computational Analysis of the Reaction Mechanism in Human Caspase-1. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4348-4361. [PMID: 37066044 PMCID: PMC10088814 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine proteases in charge of breaking a peptide bond next to an aspartate residue. Caspases constitute an important family of enzymes involved in cell death and inflammatory processes. A plethora of diseases, including neurological and metabolic diseases and cancer, are associated with the poor regulation of caspase-mediated cell death and inflammation. Human caspase-1 in particular carries out the transformation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine pro-interleukin-1β into its active form, a key process in the inflammatory response and then in many diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Despite its importance, the reaction mechanism of caspases has remained elusive. The standard mechanistic proposal valid for other cysteine proteases and that involves the formation of an ion pair in the catalytic dyad is not supported by experimental evidence. Using a combination of classical and hybrid DFT/MM simulations, we propose a reaction mechanism for the human caspase-1 that explains experimental observations, including mutagenesis, kinetic, and structural data. In our mechanistic proposal, the catalytic cysteine, Cys285, is activated after a proton transfer to the amide group of the scissile peptide bond, a process facilitated by hydrogen-bond interactions with Ser339 and His237. The catalytic histidine does not directly participate in any proton transfer during the reaction. After formation of the acylenzyme intermediate, the deacylation step takes place through the activation of a water molecule by the terminal amino group of the peptide fragment formed during the acylation step. The overall activation free energy obtained from our DFT/MM simulations is in excellent agreement with the value derived from the experimental rate constant, 18.7 vs 17.9 kcal·mol-1, respectively. Simulations of the H237A mutant support our conclusions and agree with the reported reduced activity observed for this caspase-1 variant. We propose that this mechanism can explain the reactivity of all cysteine proteases belonging to the CD clan and that differences with respect to other clans could be related to the larger preference showed by enzymes of the CD clan for charged residues at position P1. This mechanism would avoid the free energy penalty associated with the formation of an ion pair. Finally, our structural description of the reaction process can be useful to assist in the design of inhibitors of caspase-1, a target in the treatment of several human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Ramos-Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Instituto de Materiales Avanzados, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló, Spain
| | | | - Kirill Zinovjev
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Iñaki Tuñón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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13
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Holzner C, Böttinger K, Blöchl C, Huber CG, Dahms SO, Dall E, Brandstetter H. Legumain Functions as a Transient TrkB Sheddase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065394. [PMID: 36982466 PMCID: PMC10049731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While primarily found in endo-lysosomal compartments, the cysteine protease legumain can also translocate to the cell surface if stabilized by the interaction with the RGD-dependent integrin receptor αVβ3. Previously, it has been shown that legumain expression is inversely related to BDNF-TrkB activity. Here we show that legumain can conversely act on TrkB-BDNF by processing the C-terminal linker region of the TrkB ectodomain in vitro. Importantly, when in complex with BDNF, TrkB was not cleaved by legumain. Legumain-processed TrkB was still able to bind BDNF, suggesting a potential scavenger function of soluble TrkB towards BDNF. The work thus presents another mechanistic link explaining the reciprocal TrkB signaling and δ-secretase activity of legumain, with relevance for neurodegeneration.
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14
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Wilkinson IVL, Castro-Falcón G, Roda-Serrat MC, Purdy TN, Straetener J, Brauny MM, Maier L, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Christensen LP, Sieber SA, Hughes CC. The Cyanobacterial "Nutraceutical" Phycocyanobilin Inhibits Cysteine Protease Legumain. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200455. [PMID: 36538283 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The blue biliprotein phycocyanin, produced by photo-autotrophic cyanobacteria including spirulina (Arthrospira) and marketed as a natural food supplement or "nutraceutical," is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activity. These diverse biological activities have been specifically attributed to the phycocyanin chromophore, phycocyanobilin (PCB). However, the mechanism of action of PCB and the molecular targets responsible for the beneficial properties of PCB are not well understood. We have developed a procedure to rapidly cleave the PCB pigment from phycocyanin by ethanolysis and then characterized it as an electrophilic natural product that interacts covalently with thiol nucleophiles but lacks any appreciable cytotoxicity or antibacterial activity against common pathogens and gut microbes. We then designed alkyne-bearing PCB probes for use in chemical proteomics target deconvolution studies. Target identification and validation revealed the cysteine protease legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase, AEP) to be a target of PCB. Inhibition of this target may account for PCB's diverse reported biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V L Wilkinson
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria C Roda-Serrat
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Trevor N Purdy
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jan Straetener
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brauny
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbiome-Host-Interaction Lab, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Maier
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Microbiome-Host-Interaction Lab, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars P Christensen
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124, Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Chu Y, Shi D, Wang N, Ren L, Liu N, Hu F, Meng W, Hong SJ, Bai X. Clonorchis sinensis legumain promotes migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells via regulating tumor-related molecules. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:71. [PMID: 36797792 PMCID: PMC9933405 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clonorchis sinensis infection causes serious pathological changes in the bile duct and is highly correlated with cholangiocarcinoma. The excretory-secretory products (ESP) of C. sinensis play a critical role in the oncogenesis and progression of cholangiocarcinoma, while the components and precise mechanism remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the function of C. sinensis legumain (Cslegumain) in promoting the invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells and the mechanism involved. METHODS The structural and molecular characteristics of Cslegumain were predicted and analyzed using the online program Phyre2. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining were performed to test the transcriptional level of Cslegumain and its localization in the adult. Native Cslegumain was detected by western blotting assay. The effects of Cslegumain on the proliferation, invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells were checked using CCK-8 assay, Matrigel transwell assay and scratch wound healing assay. Expression levels of tumor-related molecules regulated by Cslegumain were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting assay. RESULTS Cslegumain showed high similarity with human legumain in the secondary and tertiary structures and displayed higher transcriptional levels in the adult worm than in the metacercariae. Native Cslegumain was detected in a catalytic form and was localized mainly in the intestine of the C. sinensis adult and epithelial cells of the intrahepatic bile duct. After transfection into RBE cells, Cslegumain showed high ability in promoting the invasion and migration but not the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma RBE cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of some molecules including E-cadherin and N-cadherin were downregulated, while the levels of α-actinin 4, β-catenin and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that Cslegumain showed very similar structures as those of human legumain and could promote the invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells by regulating some tumor-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Chu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Doufei Shi
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Department of Geriatric Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Lebin Ren
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Naiguo Liu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengai Hu
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Meng
- grid.452240.50000 0004 8342 6962Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603 Shandong People’s Republic of China
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Department of Medical Environmental Biology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 156-756 Republic of Korea
| | - Xuelian Bai
- Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256603, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Hemu X, Zhang X, Chang HY, Poh JE, Tam JP. Consensus design and engineering of an efficient and high-yield peptide asparaginyl ligase for protein cyclization and ligation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102997. [PMID: 36764523 PMCID: PMC10017362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant legumains are Asn/Asp-specific endopeptidases that have diverse functions in plants. Peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs) are a special legumain subtype that primarily catalyze peptide bond formation rather than hydrolysis. PALs are versatile protein engineering tools but are rarely found in nature. To overcome this limitation, here we describe a two-step method to design and engineer a high-yield and efficient recombinant PAL based on commonly found asparaginyl endopeptidases. We first constructed a consensus sequence derived from 1500 plant legumains to design the evolutionarily stable legumain conLEG that could be produced in E. coli with 20-fold higher yield relative to that for natural legumains. We then applied the ligase-activity determinant hypothesis to exploit conserved residues in PAL substrate-binding pockets and convert conLEG into conPAL1-3. Functional studies showed that conLEG is primarily a hydrolase, whereas conPALs are ligases. Importantly, conPAL3 is a superefficient and broadly active PAL for protein cyclization and ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Yi Chang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin En Poh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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17
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Khan SU, Khan IM, Khan MU, Ud Din MA, Khan MZ, Khan NM, Liu Y. Role of LGMN in tumor development and its progression and connection with the tumor microenvironment. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1121964. [PMID: 36825203 PMCID: PMC9942682 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Legumain (LGMN) has been demonstrated to be overexpressed not just in breast, prostatic, and liver tumor cells, but also in the macrophages that compose the tumor microenvironment. This supports the idea that LGMN is a pivotal protein in regulating tumor development, invasion, and dissemination. Targeting LGMN with siRNA or chemotherapeutic medicines and peptides can suppress cancer cell proliferation in culture and reduce tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, legumain can be used as a marker for cancer detection and targeting due to its expression being significantly lower in normal cells compared to tumors or tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Tumor formation is influenced by aberrant expression of proteins and alterations in cellular architecture, but the tumor microenvironment is a crucial deciding factor. Legumain (LGMN) is an in vivo-active cysteine protease that catalyzes the degradation of numerous proteins. Its precise biological mechanism encompasses a number of routes, including effects on tumor-associated macrophage and neovascular endothelium in the tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this work is to establish a rationale for thoroughly investigating the function of LGMN in the tumor microenvironment and discovering novel tumor early diagnosis markers and therapeutic targets by reviewing the function of LGMN in tumor genesis and progression and its relationship with tumor milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safir Ullah Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China,*Correspondence: Ibrar Muhammad Khan, ; Yong Liu,
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, International Research Center for X Polymers, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar Ud Din
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan KPK, Dera IsmailKhan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture, Dera IsmailKhan, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Muhammad Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Embryo Development and Reproduction Regulation, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, School of Biological and Food Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China,*Correspondence: Ibrar Muhammad Khan, ; Yong Liu,
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18
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Wleklik K, Borek S. Vacuolar Processing Enzymes in Plant Programmed Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021198. [PMID: 36674706 PMCID: PMC9862320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are plant cysteine proteases that are subjected to autoactivation in an acidic pH. It is presumed that VPEs, by activating other vacuolar hydrolases, are in control of tonoplast rupture during programmed cell death (PCD). Involvement of VPEs has been indicated in various types of plant PCD related to development, senescence, and environmental stress responses. Another pathway induced during such processes is autophagy, which leads to the degradation of cellular components and metabolite salvage, and it is presumed that VPEs may be involved in the degradation of autophagic bodies during plant autophagy. As both PCD and autophagy occur under similar conditions, research on the relationship between them is needed, and VPEs, as key vacuolar proteases, seem to be an important factor to consider. They may even constitute a potential point of crosstalk between cell death and autophagy in plant cells. This review describes new insights into the role of VPEs in plant PCD, with an emphasis on evidence and hypotheses on the interconnections between autophagy and cell death, and indicates several new research opportunities.
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19
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Solberg R, Lunde NN, Forbord KM, Okla M, Kassem M, Jafari A. The Mammalian Cysteine Protease Legumain in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415983. [PMID: 36555634 PMCID: PMC9788469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase or δ-secretase) is the only known mammalian asparaginyl endopeptidase and is primarily localized to the endolysosomal system, although it is also found extracellularly as a secreted protein. Legumain is involved in the regulation of diverse biological processes and tissue homeostasis, and in the pathogenesis of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. In addition to its proteolytic activity that leads to the degradation or activation of different substrates, legumain has also been shown to have a nonproteolytic ligase function. This review summarizes the current knowledge about legumain functions in health and disease, including kidney homeostasis, hematopoietic homeostasis, bone remodeling, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrosis, aging and senescence, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, this review addresses the effects of some marketed drugs on legumain. Expanding our knowledge on legumain will delineate the importance of this enzyme in regulating physiological processes and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor Solberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Martin Forbord
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Meshail Okla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
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20
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Chen B, Wang M, Qiu J, Liao K, Zhang W, Lv Q, Ma C, Qian Z, Shi Z, Liang R, Lin Y, Ye J, Qiu Y, Lin Y. Cleavage of tropomodulin-3 by asparagine endopeptidase promotes cancer malignancy by actin remodeling and SND1/RhoA signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:209. [PMID: 35765111 PMCID: PMC9238189 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Abnormal proliferation and migration of cells are hallmarks of cancer initiation and malignancy. Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) has specific substrate cleavage ability and plays a pro-cancer role in a variety of cancers. However, the underlying mechanism of AEP in cancer proliferation and migration still remains unclear.
Methods
Co-immunoprecipitation and following mass spectrometry were used to identify the substrate of AEP. Western blotting was applied to measure the expression of proteins. Single cell/nuclear-sequences were done to detect the heterogeneous expression of Tmod3 in tumor tissues. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry assays, colony formation assay, Transwell assay and scratch wound-healing assay were performed as cellular functional experiments. Mouse intracranial xenograft tumors were studied in in vivo experiments.
Results
Here we showed that AEP cleaved a ubiquitous cytoskeleton regulatory protein, tropomodulin-3 (Tmod3) at asparagine 157 (N157) and produced two functional truncations (tTmod3-N and tTmod3-C). Truncated Tmod3 was detected in diverse tumors and was found to be associated with poor prognosis of high-grade glioma. Functional studies showed that tTmod3-N and tTmod3-C enhanced cancer cell migration and proliferation, respectively. Animal models further revealed the tumor-promoting effects of AEP truncated Tmod3 in vivo. Mechanistically, tTmod3-N was enriched in the cell cortex and competitively inhibited the pointed-end capping effect of wild-type Tmod3 on filamentous actin (F-actin), leading to actin remodeling. tTmod3-C translocated to the nucleus, where it interacted with Staphylococcal Nuclease And Tudor Domain Containing 1 (SND1), facilitating the transcription of Ras Homolog Family Member A/Cyclin Dependent Kinases (RhoA/CDKs).
Conclusion
The newly identified AEP-Tmod3 protease signaling axis is a novel “dual-regulation” mechanism of tumor cell proliferation and migration. Our work provides new clues to the underlying mechanisms of cancer proliferation and invasive progression and evidence for targeting AEP or Tmod3 for therapy.
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21
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Hu S, El Sahili A, Kishore S, Wong YH, Hemu X, Goh BC, Zhipei S, Wang Z, Tam JP, Liu CF, Lescar J. Structural basis for proenzyme maturation, substrate recognition, and ligation by a hyperactive peptide asparaginyl ligase. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4936-4949. [PMID: 36099055 PMCID: PMC9709980 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptide ligases are versatile enzymes that can be utilized for precise protein conjugation for bioengineering applications. Hyperactive peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs), such as butelase-1, belong to a small class of enzymes from cyclotide-producing plants that can perform site-specific, rapid ligation reactions after a target peptide asparagine/aspartic acid (Asx) residue binds to the active site of the ligase. How PALs specifically recognize their polypeptide substrates has remained elusive, especially at the prime binding side of the enzyme. Here we report crystal structures that capture VyPAL2, a catalytically efficient PAL from Viola yedoensis, in an activated state, with and without a bound substrate. The bound structure shows one ligase with the N-terminal polypeptide tail from another ligase molecule trapped at its active site, revealing how Asx inserts in the enzyme's S1 pocket and why a hydrophobic residue is required at the P2' position. Besides illustrating the anchoring role played by P1 and P2' residues, these results uncover a role for the Gatekeeper residue at the surface of the S2 pocket in shifting the nonprime portion of the substrate and, as a result, the activity toward ligation or hydrolysis. These results suggest a picture for proenzyme maturation in the vacuole and will inform the rational design of peptide ligases with tailored specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Srujana Kishore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwa Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Boon Chong Goh
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore City, 138602, Singapore
| | - Sang Zhipei
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
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22
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Elamin T, Brandstetter H, Dall E. Legumain Activity Is Controlled by Extended Active Site Residues and Substrate Conformation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12548. [PMID: 36293424 PMCID: PMC9604545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine protease with strict specificity for cleaving after asparagine residues. By sequence comparison, legumain belongs to MEROPS clan CD of the cysteine proteases, which indicates its structural and mechanistic relation to caspases. Contrasting caspases, legumain harbors a pH-dependent ligase activity in addition to the protease activity. Although we already have a significant body of knowledge on the catalytic activities of legumain, many mechanistic details are still elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that extended active site residues and substrate conformation are steering legumain activities. Biochemical experiments and bioinformatics analysis showed that the catalytic Cys189 and His148 residues are regulated by sterically close Glu190, Ser215 and Asn42 residues. While Glu190 serves as an activity brake, Ser215 and Asn42 have a favorable effect on legumain protease activity. Mutagenesis studies using caspase-9 as model enzyme additionally showed that a similar Glu190 activity brake is also implemented in the caspases. Furthermore, we show that the substrate's conformational flexibility determines whether it will be hydrolyzed or ligated by legumain. The functional understanding of the extended active site residues and of substrate prerequisites will allow us to engineer proteases with increased enzymatic activity and better ligase substrates, with relevance for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elfriede Dall
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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23
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Elamin T, Santos NP, Briza P, Brandstetter H, Dall E. Structural and functional studies of legumain-mycocypin complexes revealed a competitive, exosite-regulated mode of interaction. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102502. [PMID: 36116553 PMCID: PMC9579014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Under pathophysiologic conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, the endolysosomal cysteine protease legumain was found to translocate to the cytosol, the nucleus, and the extracellular space. These noncanonical localizations demand for a tight regulation of legumain activity, which is in part conferred by protein inhibitors. While there is a significant body of knowledge on the interaction of human legumain with endogenous cystatins, only little is known on its regulation by fungal mycocypins. Mycocypins are characterized by (i) versatile, plastic surface loops allowing them to inhibit different classes of enzymes and (ii) a high resistance toward extremes of pH and temperature. These properties make mycocypins attractive starting points for biotechnological and medical applications. In this study, we show that mycocypins utilize an adaptable reactive center loop to target the active site of legumain in a substrate-like manner. The interaction was further stabilized by variable, isoform-specific exosites, converting the substrate recognition into inhibition. Additionally, we found that selected mycocypins were capable of covalent complex formation with legumain by forming a disulfide bond to the active site cysteine. Furthermore, our inhibition studies with other clan CD proteases suggested that mycocypins may serve as broad-spectrum inhibitors of clan CD proteases. Our studies uncovered the potential of mycocypins as a new scaffold for drug development, providing the basis for the design of specific legumain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Elamin
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Naiá P Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elfriede Dall
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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24
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Wang D, Ma Z, Wang T. Letter by Wang et al Regarding Article, "Legumain Is an Endogenous Modulator of Integrin αvβ3 Triggering Vascular Degeneration, Dissection, and Rupture". Circulation 2022; 146:e142-e143. [PMID: 36095060 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China (D.W., T.W.)
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China (Z.M.)
| | - Ti Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China (D.W., T.W.)
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25
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The Asparaginyl Endopeptidase Legumain: An Emerging Therapeutic Target and Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810223. [PMID: 36142134 PMCID: PMC9499314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is incurable dementia closely associated with aging. Most cases of AD are sporadic, and very few are inherited; the pathogenesis of sporadic AD is complex and remains to be elucidated. The asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) or legumain is the only recognized cysteine protease that specifically hydrolyzes peptide bonds after asparagine residues in mammals. The expression level of AEPs in healthy brains is far lower than that of peripheral organs. Recently, growing evidence has indicated that aging may upregulate and overactivate brain AEPs. The overactivation of AEPs drives the onset of AD through cleaving tau and amyloid precursor proteins (APP), and SET, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The AEP-mediated cleavage of these peptides enhances amyloidosis, promotes tau hyperphosphorylation, and ultimately induces neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Upregulated AEPs and related deleterious reactions constitute upstream events of amyloid/tau toxicity in the brain, and represent early pathological changes in AD. Thus, upregulated AEPs are an emerging drug target for disease modification and a potential biomarker for predicting preclinical AD. However, the presence of the blood–brain barrier greatly hinders establishing body-fluid-based methods to measure brain AEPs. Research on AEP-activity-based imaging probes and our recent work suggest that the live brain imaging of AEPs could be used to evaluate its predictive efficacy as an AD biomarker. To advance translational research in this area, AEP imaging probes applicable to human brain and AEP inhibitors with good druggability are urgently needed.
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26
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Clostridium novyi’s Alpha-Toxin Changes Proteome and Phosphoproteome of HEp-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179939. [PMID: 36077344 PMCID: PMC9456407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
C. novyi type A produces the alpha-toxin (TcnA) that belongs to the large clostridial glucosylating toxins (LCGTs) and is able to modify small GTPases by N-acetylglucosamination on conserved threonine residues. In contrast, other LCGTs including Clostridioides difficile toxin A and toxin B (TcdA; TcdB) modify small GTPases by mono-o-glucosylation. Both modifications inactivate the GTPases and cause strong effects on GTPase-dependent signal transduction pathways and the consequent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton leading to cell rounding and finally cell death. However, the effect of TcnA on target cells is largely unexplored. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive screening approach of TcnA treated HEp-2 cells and analyzed their proteome and their phosphoproteome using LC-MS-based methods. With this data-dependent acquisition (DDA) approach, 5086 proteins and 9427 phosphosites could be identified and quantified. Of these, 35 proteins were found to be significantly altered after toxin treatment, and 1832 phosphosites were responsive to TcnA treatment. By analyzing the TcnA-induced proteomic effects of HEp-2 cells, 23 common signaling pathways were identified to be altered, including Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling, Epithelial Adherens Junction Signaling, and Signaling by Rho Family GTPases. All these pathways are also regulated after application of TcdA or TcdB of C. difficile. After TcnA treatment the regulation on phosphorylation level was much stronger compared to the proteome level, in terms of both strength of regulation and the number of regulated phosphosites. Interestingly, various signaling pathways such as Signaling by Rho Family GTPases or Integrin Signaling were activated on proteome level while being inhibited on phosphorylation level or vice versa as observed for the Role of BRCA1 in DNA Damage Response. ZIP kinase, as well as Calmodulin-dependent protein kinases IV & II, were observed as activated while Aurora-A kinase and CDK kinases tended to be inhibited in cells treated with TcnA based on their substrate regulation pattern.
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27
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Liu C, Wang J, Zheng Y, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Liu Z, Lin C, Wan Y, Wen Y, Liu C, Yuan M, Zeng YA, Yan Z, Ge G, Chen J. Autocrine pro-legumain promotes breast cancer metastasis via binding to integrin αvβ3. Oncogene 2022; 41:4091-4103. [PMID: 35854065 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanism of metastasis is poorly understood. Expression of legumain (LGMN), an endo-lysosomal cysteine protease, positively correlates with breast cancer metastatic progression and poor prognosis. Here, we report that LGMN is secreted in the zymogen form by motile breast cancer cells. Through binding to cell surface integrin αvβ3 via an RGD motif, the autocrine pro-LGMN activates FAK-Src-RhoA signaling in cancer cells and promotes cancer cell migration and invasion independent of LGMN protease activity. Either silencing LGMN expression or mutationally abolishing pro-LGMN‒αvβ3 interaction significantly inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and breast cancer metastasis in vivo. Finally, we developed a monoclonal antibody against LGMN RGD motif, which blocks pro-LGMN‒αvβ3 binding, and effectively suppresses cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and breast cancer metastasis in vivo. Thus, disruption of pro-LGMN‒integrin αvβ3 interaction may be a potentially promising strategy for treating breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - JunLei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - YaJuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - ZhengHang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - ZhaoYuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - ChangDong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - YaoYing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - YaTing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - ChunYe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - MengYa Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - ZhanJun Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
| | - GaoXiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - JianFeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
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28
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Molecular and in vivo studies of a glutamate-class prolyl-endopeptidase for coeliac disease therapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4446. [PMID: 35915115 PMCID: PMC9343461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestion of gluten generates toxic peptides, among which a highly immunogenic proline-rich 33-mer from wheat α-gliadin, that trigger coeliac disease. Neprosin from the pitcher plant is a reported prolyl endopeptidase. Here, we produce recombinant neprosin and its mutants, and find that full-length neprosin is a zymogen, which is self-activated at gastric pH by the release of an all-β pro-domain via a pH-switch mechanism featuring a lysine plug. The catalytic domain is an atypical 7+8-stranded β-sandwich with an extended active-site cleft containing an unprecedented pair of catalytic glutamates. Neprosin efficiently degrades both gliadin and the 33-mer in vitro under gastric conditions and is reversibly inactivated at pH > 5. Moreover, co-administration of gliadin and the neprosin zymogen at the ratio 500:1 reduces the abundance of the 33-mer in the small intestine of mice by up to 90%. Neprosin therefore founds a family of eukaryotic glutamate endopeptidases that fulfils requisites for a therapeutic glutenase. Celiac disease is characterized by intolerance to gluten, a cereal protein. Here, the authors show that neprosin, a glutamate peptidase from the pitcher plant, efficiently cleaves gluten components under physiological conditions in vitro and in the gut of mice.
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Zhang M, Zhu J, Wang W, Jiang Z. Active legumain promotes invasion and migration of neuroblastoma by regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:676-685. [PMID: 35800070 PMCID: PMC9214917 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a commonly occurring malignancy in children. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an adaptive change in promoting tumor metastasis. As an important factor in regulating tumor metastasis, whether legumain could promote metastasis of NB by EMT is still unexplored. Legumain is the active form of prolegumain, abundant in tumor plasma. So in the current study, different forms of legumain were identified in NB. Second, correlation analysis of N-cadherin and active legumain was identified by western blot analysis. Third, legumain gene amplification or gene knockdown were proceeded to examine the effect of legumain on EMT by scratch and transwell assay; meanwhile, active mature legumain or its asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) inhibitor was also added in. Finally, legumain can be detected differently in NB cells. Changes in legumain could influence NB metastasis by regulating EMT markers (e.g., N-cadherin, vimentin, and slug). Besides, the effect of legumain on EMT by its AEP activity was proved by intervention experiment of AEP gene transfection and gene knockdown experiments or adding recombinant human legumain suspension or specific inhibitor of AEP in NB cells (p < 0.05). These results suggest that legumain can promote invasion and migration of NB by regulating EMT, and EMT of NB is regulated by AEP activity of legumain, which can be inhibited by a specific AEP inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Emergency & Trauma Surgery, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital , Shanghai 201318 , P. R. China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Emergency & Trauma Surgery, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital , Shanghai 201318 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Emergency & Trauma Surgery, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital , Shanghai 201318 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiteng Jiang
- Colloge of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences , Shanghai 201318 , P. R. China
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Calugi L, Lenci E, Bianchini F, Contini A, Trabocchi A. Modular synthesis of 2,4-diaminoanilines as CNS drug-like non-covalent inhibitors of asparagine endopeptidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 63:116746. [PMID: 35430537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is a pH-dependent endolysosomal cysteine protease that cleaves its substrates after asparagine residues. Recent studies showed that it possesses δ-secretase activity and that it is implicated in numerous neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Following evidence of aryl-morpholines as useful asparagine endopeptidase inhibitors, a series of morpholinoanilines with diverse substituents at ortho position were synthesized in view of improving the potency and scope of this molecular scaffold, allowing to identify ethyl 2-isonipecotate-4-morpholinoaniline possessing inhibition potency in the nanomolar range. CNS MPO (CNS MultiParameter Optimization) calculations revealed that most of the compounds developed in this work show physicochemical parameters in the desirable range for CNS drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Calugi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences ''Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale 8 Morgagni 50, I-50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Contini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Xu Y, Jia G, Li T, Zhou Z, Luo Y, Chao Y, Bao J, Su Z, Qu Q, Li D. Molecular insights into biogenesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor proteins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2617. [PMID: 35551457 PMCID: PMC9098846 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are coated with an abundance of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor proteins (GPI-APs) that play crucial roles in fertilization, neurogenesis, and immunity. The removal of a hydrophobic signal peptide and covalent attachment of GPI at the new carboxyl terminus are catalyzed by an endoplasmic reticulum membrane GPI transamidase complex (GPI-T) conserved among all eukaryotes. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human GPI-T at a global 2.53-Å resolution, revealing an equimolar heteropentameric assembly. Structure-based mutagenesis suggests a legumain-like mechanism for the recognition and cleavage of proprotein substrates, and an endogenous GPI in the structure defines a composite cavity for the lipid substrate. This elongated active site, stemming from the membrane and spanning an additional ~22-Å space toward the catalytic dyad, is structurally suited for both substrates which feature an amphipathic pattern that matches this geometry. Our work presents an important step towards the mechanistic understanding of GPI-AP biosynthesis. GPI-T catalyzes the committed step in GPI anchor protein biogenesis. Here, Xu et al. report the cryo-EM structure of the human GPI-T, revealing critical elements within an elongated, shared active site which is topologically arranged for substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 320 Yueyang Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowen Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610044, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 320 Yueyang Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 320 Yueyang Road, 200030, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Chao
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 320 Yueyang Road, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoming Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610044, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianhui Qu
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dianfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 320 Yueyang Road, 200030, Shanghai, China.
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Study on activation mechanism and cleavage sites of recombinant butelase-1 zymogen derived from Clitoria ternatea. Biochimie 2022; 199:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kovalyova Y, Bak DW, Gordon EM, Fung C, Shuman JHB, Cover TL, Amieva MR, Weerapana E, Hatzios SK. An infection-induced oxidation site regulates legumain processing and tumor growth. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:698-705. [PMID: 35332331 PMCID: PMC9246868 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-00992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a defining feature of most cancers, including those that stem from carcinogenic infections1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can drive tumor formation2–4, yet the molecular oxidation events that contribute to tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that inactivation of a single, redox-sensitive cysteine in the host protease legumain, which is oxidized during infection with the gastric cancer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori, accelerates tumor growth. By using chemical proteomics to map cysteine reactivity in human gastric cells, we determined that H. pylori infection induces oxidation of legumain at Cys219. Legumain oxidation dysregulates intracellular legumain processing and decreases the activity of the enzyme in H. pylori-infected cells. We further show that the site-specific loss of Cys219 reactivity increases tumor growth and mortality in a xenograft model. Our findings establish a link between an infection-induced oxidation site and tumorigenesis while underscoring the importance of cysteine reactivity in tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekaterina Kovalyova
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel W Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Connie Fung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer H B Shuman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy L Cover
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Manuel R Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Stavroula K Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Pan L, Bai P, Weng X, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen S, Ma X, Hu K, Sun A, Ge J. Legumain Is an Endogenous Modulator of Integrin αvβ3 Triggering Vascular Degeneration, Dissection, and Rupture. Circulation 2022; 145:659-674. [PMID: 35100526 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is closely related to extracellular matrix degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transformation from contractile to synthetic type. LGMN (legumain) degrades extracellular matrix components directly or by activating downstream signals. The role of LGMN in VSMC differentiation and the occurrence of TAD remains elusive. METHODS Microarray datasets concerning vascular dissection or aneurysm were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differentially expressed genes. Four-week-old male Lgmn knockout mice (Lgmn-/-), macrophage-specific Lgmn knockout mice (LgmnF/F;LysMCre), and RR-11a-treated C57BL/6 mice were given BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate; 1 g/kg/d) in drinking water for 4 weeks for TAD modeling. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to recapitulate transcriptome profile changes. Cell interaction was examined in macrophage and VSMC coculture system. The reciprocity of macrophage-derived LGMN with integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs was tested by coimmunoprecipitation assay and colocalization analyses. RESULTS Microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database indicated upregulated LGMN in aorta from patients with TAD and mice with angiotensin II-induced AAA. Elevated LGMN was evidenced in aorta and sera from patients with TAD and mice with BAPN-induced TAD. BAPN-induced TAD progression was significantly ameliorated in Lgmn-deficient or inhibited mice. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn alleviated BAPN-induced extracellular matrix degradation. Unbiased profiler polymerase chain reaction array and Gene Ontology analysis displayed that LGMN regulated VSMC phenotype transformation. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn ameliorated VSMC phenotypic switch in BAPN-treated mice. Macrophage-derived LGMN inhibited VSMC differentiation in vitro as assessed by macrophages and the VSMC coculture system. Macrophage-derived LGMN bound to integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs and blocked integrin αvβ3, thereby attenuating Rho GTPase activation, downregulating VSMC differentiation markers and eventually exacerbating TAD development. ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitor Y-27632 reversed the protective role of LGMN depletion in vascular dissection. CONCLUSIONS LGMN signaling may be a novel target for the prevention and treatment of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Peiyuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xinyu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (Y.C.)
| | - Siqin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xiurui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Aijun Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Junbo Ge
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
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Structure of human glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:203-209. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Asparaginyl endopeptidase protects against podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy through cleaving cofilin-1. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:184. [PMID: 35217650 PMCID: PMC8881581 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPodocyte injury and loss are critical events in diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) protects against podocyte injury through modulating the dynamics of the cytoskeleton. AEP was highly upregulated in diabetic glomeruli and hyperglycemic stimuli treated-podocytes; however, AEP gene knockout and its compound inhibitor treatment accelerated DN in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, whereas specific induction of AEP in glomerular cells attenuated podocyte injury and renal function deterioration. In vitro, elevated AEP was involved in actin cytoskeleton maintenance and anti-apoptosis effects. Mechanistically, we found that AEP directly cleaved the actin-binding protein cofilin-1 after the asparagine 138 (N138) site. The protein levels of endogenous cofilin-1 1-138 fragments were upregulated in diabetic podocytes, consistent with the changes in AEP levels. Importantly, we found that cofilin-1 1-138 fragments were remarkably unphosphorylated than full-length cofilin-1, indicating the enhanced cytoskeleton maintenance activity of cofilin-1 1-138. Then we validated cofilin-1 1-138 could rescue podocytes from cytoskeleton disarrangement and injury in diabetic conditions. Taken together, our data suggest a protective role of elevated AEP in podocyte injury during DN progression through cleaving cofilin-1 to maintain podocyte cytoskeleton dynamics and defend damage.
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li X, Huo F, Zhang Y, Cheng F, Yin C. Enzyme-activated Prodrugs and Their Release Mechanisms for Treatment of Cancer. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5504-5519. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00922f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-activated prodrugs have received a lot of attention in recent years. These prodrugs have low toxicity to cells before they are activated, and when they interact with specific enzymes, they...
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Mills-Goodlet R, Johnson L, Hoppe IJ, Regl C, Geppert M, Schenck M, Huber S, Hauser M, Ferreira F, Hüsing N, Huber CG, Brandstetter H, Duschl A, Himly M. The nanotopography of SiO 2 particles impacts the selectivity and 3D fold of bound allergens. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:20508-20520. [PMID: 34854455 PMCID: PMC8675021 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05958k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A detailed description of the changes that occur during the formation of protein corona represents a fundamental question in nanoscience, given that it not only impacts the behaviour of nanoparticles but also affects the bound proteins. Relevant questions include whether proteins selectively bind particles, whether a specific orientation is preferred for binding, and whether particle binding leads to a modulation of their 3D fold. For allergens, it is important to answer these questions given that all these effects can modify the allergenic response of atopic individuals. These potential impacts on the bound allergen are closely related to the specific properties of the involved nanoparticles. One important property influencing the formation of protein corona is the nanotopography of the particles. Herein, we studied the effect of nanoparticle porosity on allergen binding using mesoporous and non-porous SiO2 NPs. We investigated (i) the selectivity of allergen binding from a mixture such as crude pollen extract, (ii) whether allergen binding results in a preferred orientation, (iii) the influence of binding on the conformation of the allergen, and (iv) how the binding affects the allergenic response. Nanotopography was found to play a major role in the formation of protein corona, impacting the physicochemical and biological properties of the NP-bound allergen. The porosity of the surface of the SiO2 nanoparticles resulted in a higher binding capacity with pronounced selectivity for (preferentially) binding the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1. Furthermore, the binding of Bet v 1 to the mesoporous rather than the non-porous SiO2 nanoparticles influenced the 3D fold of the protein, resulting in at least partial unfolding. Consequently, this conformational change influenced the allergenic response, as observed by mediator release assays employing the sera of patients and immune effector cells. For an in-depth understanding of the bio-nano interactions, the properties of the particles need to be considered not only regarding the identity and morphology of the material, but also their nanotopography, given that porosity may greatly influence the structure, and hence the biological behaviour of the bound proteins. Thus, thorough structural investigations upon the formation of protein corona are important when considering immunological outcomes, as particle binding can influence the allergenic response elicited by the bound allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Litty Johnson
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Isabel J Hoppe
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mark Geppert
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Milena Schenck
- Dept. Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Huber
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Michael Hauser
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Dept. Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Himly
- Dept. Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria.
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Liew HT, To J, Zhang X, Hemu X, Chan NY, Serra A, Sze SK, Liu CF, Tam JP. The legumain McPAL1 from Momordica cochinchinensis is a highly stable Asx-specific splicing enzyme. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101325. [PMID: 34710371 PMCID: PMC8600085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumains, also known as asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs), cleave peptide bonds after Asn/Asp (Asx) residues. In plants, certain legumains also have ligase activity that catalyzes biosynthesis of Asx-containing cyclic peptides. An example is the biosynthesis of MCoTI-I/II, a squash family-derived cyclic trypsin inhibitor, which involves splicing to remove the N-terminal prodomain and then N-to-C-terminal cyclization of the mature domain. To identify plant legumains responsible for the maturation of these cyclic peptides, we have isolated and characterized a legumain involved in splicing, McPAL1, from Momordica cochinchinensis (Cucurbitaceae) seeds. Functional studies show that recombinantly expressed McPAL1 displays a pH-dependent, trimodal enzymatic profile. At pH 4 to 6, McPAL1 selectively catalyzed Asp-ligation and Asn-cleavage, but at pH 6.5 to 8, Asn-ligation predominated. With peptide substrates containing N-terminal Asn and C-terminal Asp, such as is found in precursors of MCoTI-I/II, McPAL1 mediates proteolysis at the Asn site and then ligation at the Asp site at pH 5 to 6. Also, McPAL1 is an unusually stable legumain that is tolerant of heat and high pH. Together, our results support that McPAL1 is a splicing legumain at acidic pH that can mediate biosynthesis of MCoTI-I/II. We purport that the high thermal and pH stability of McPAL1 could have applications for protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ning-Yu Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aida Serra
- IMDEA Food Research Institute, +Pec Proteomics, Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Old Cantoblanco Hospital, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Proteored - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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41
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Xia Y, To J, Chan N, Hu S, Liew HT, Balamkundu S, Zhang X, Lescar J, Bhattacharjya S, Tam JP, Liu C. N
γ
‐Hydroxyasparagine: A Multifunctional Unnatural Amino Acid That is a Good P1 Substrate of Asparaginyl Peptide Ligases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Xia
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Ning‐Yu Chan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Singapore 138602 Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - James P. Tam
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
| | - Chuan‐Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Singapore
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Xia Y, To J, Chan NY, Hu S, Liew HT, Balamkundu S, Zhang X, Lescar J, Bhattacharjya S, Tam JP, Liu CF. N γ -Hydroxyasparagine: A Multifunctional Unnatural Amino Acid That is a Good P1 Substrate of Asparaginyl Peptide Ligases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22207-22211. [PMID: 34396662 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl asparaginyl ligases (PALs) are powerful tools for peptide macrocyclization. Herein, we report that a derivative of Asn, namely Nγ -hydroxyasparagine or Asn(OH), is an unnatural P1 substrate of PALs. By Asn(OH)-mediated cyclization, we prepared cyclic peptides as new matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) inhibitors displaying the hydroxamic acid moiety of Asn(OH) as the key pharmacophore. The most potent cyclic peptide (Ki =2.8±0.5 nM) was built on the hyperstable tetracyclic scaffold of rhesus theta defensin-1. The Asn(OH) residue in the cyclized peptides can also be readily oxidized to Asp. By this approach, we synthesized several bioactive Asp-containing cyclic peptides (MCoTI-II, kB2, SFTI, and integrin-targeting RGD peptides) that are otherwise difficult targets for PAL-catalyzed cyclization owing to unfavorable kinetics of the P1-Asp substrates. This study demonstrates that substrate engineering is a useful strategy to expand the application of PAL ligation in the synthesis of therapeutic cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyin Xia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ning-Yu Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Heng Tai Liew
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Seetharamsing Balamkundu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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43
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Dall E, Stanojlovic V, Demir F, Briza P, Dahms SO, Huesgen PF, Cabrele C, Brandstetter H. The Peptide Ligase Activity of Human Legumain Depends on Fold Stabilization and Balanced Substrate Affinities. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11885-11896. [PMID: 34621593 PMCID: PMC8491156 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein modification by enzymatic breaking and forming of peptide bonds significantly expands the repertoire of genetically encoded protein sequences. The dual protease-ligase legumain exerts the two opposing activities within a single protein scaffold. Primarily localized to the endolysosomal system, legumain represents a key enzyme in the generation of antigenic peptides for subsequent presentation on the MHCII complex. Here we show that human legumain catalyzes the ligation and cyclization of linear peptides at near-neutral pH conditions, where legumain is intrinsically unstable. Conformational stabilization significantly enhanced legumain's ligase activity, which further benefited from engineering the prime substrate recognition sites for improved affinity. Additionally, we provide evidence that specific legumain activation states allow for differential regulation of its activities. Together these results set the basis for engineering legumain proteases and ligases with applications in biotechnology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Dall
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatih Demir
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sven O. Dahms
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pitter F. Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Functional Analysis of the GPI Transamidase Complex by Screening for Amino Acid Mutations in Each Subunit. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185462. [PMID: 34576938 PMCID: PMC8465894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor modification is a posttranslational modification of proteins that has been conserved in eukaryotes. The biosynthesis and transfer of GPI to proteins are carried out in the endoplasmic reticulum. Attachment of GPI to proteins is mediated by the GPI-transamidase (GPI-TA) complex, which recognizes and cleaves the C-terminal GPI attachment signal of precursor proteins. Then, GPI is transferred to the newly exposed C-terminus of the proteins. GPI-TA consists of five subunits: PIGK, GPAA1, PIGT, PIGS, and PIGU, and the absence of any subunit leads to the loss of activity. Here, we analyzed functionally important residues of the five subunits of GPI-TA by comparing conserved sequences among homologous proteins. In addition, we optimized the purification method for analyzing the structure of GPI-TA. Using purified GPI-TA, preliminary single particle images were obtained. Our results provide guidance for the structural and functional analysis of GPI-TA.
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45
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Delta- and beta- secretases crosstalk amplifies the amyloidogenic pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102113. [PMID: 34166772 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a newly identified delta-secretase, simultaneously cleaves both APP and Tau, promoting Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies. However, its pathological role in AD remains incompletely understood. Here we show that delta-secretase cleaves BACE1, a rate-limiting protease in amyloid-β (Aβ) generation, escalating its enzymatic activity and enhancing senile plaques deposit in AD. Delta-secretase binds BACE1 and cuts it at N294 residue in an age-dependent manner and elevates its protease activity. The cleaved N-terminal motif is active even under neutral pH and associates with senile plaques in human AD brains. Subcellular fractionation reveals that delta-secretase and BACE1 reside in the endo-lysosomes. Interestingly, truncated BACE1 enzymatic domain (1-294) augments delta-secretase enzymatic activity and accelerates Aβ production, facilitating AD pathologies and cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Uncleavable BACE1 (N294A) inhibits delta-secretase activity and Aβ production and decreases AD pathologies in 5XFAD mice, ameliorating cognitive dysfunctions. Hence, delta- and beta- secretases' crosstalk aggravates each other's roles in AD pathogenesis.
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46
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Tang TMS, Luk LYP. Asparaginyl endopeptidases: enzymology, applications and limitations. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5048-5062. [PMID: 34037066 PMCID: PMC8209628 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00608h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEP) are cysteine proteases found in mammalian and plant cells. Several AEP isoforms from plant species were found to exhibit transpeptidase activity which is integral for the key head-to-tail cyclisation reaction during the biosynthesis of cyclotides. Since many plant AEPs exhibit excellent enzyme kinetics for peptide ligation via a relatively short substrate recognition sequence, they have become appealing tools for peptide and protein modification. In this review, research focused on the enzymology of AEPs and their applications in polypeptide cyclisation and labelling will be presented. Importantly, the limitations of using AEPs and opportunities for future research and innovation will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Simon Tang
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis Y P Luk
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. and Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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47
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Zhang D, Wang Z, Hu S, Balamkundu S, To J, Zhang X, Lescar J, Tam JP, Liu CF. pH-Controlled Protein Orthogonal Ligation Using Asparaginyl Peptide Ligases. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8704-8712. [PMID: 34096285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs) catalyze transpeptidation at the Asn residue of a short Asn-Xaa1-Xaa2 tripeptide motif. Due to their high catalytic activity toward the P1-Asn substrates at around neutral pH, PALs have been used extensively for peptide ligation at asparaginyl junctions. PALs also bind to aspartyl substrates, but only when the γCOOH of P1-Asp remains in its neutral, protonated form, which usually requires an acidic pH. However, this limits the availability of the amine nucleophile and, consequently, the ligation efficiency at aspartyl junctions. Because of this perceived inefficiency, the use of PALs for Asp-specific ligation remains largely unexplored. We found that PAL enzymes, such as VyPAL2, display appreciable catalytic activities toward P1-Asp substrates at pH 4-5, which are at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of sortase A, making them practically useful for both intra- and intermolecular ligations. This also allows sequential ligations, first at Asp and then at Asn junctions, because the newly formed aspartyl peptide bond is resistant to the ligase at the pH used for asparaginyl ligation in the second step. Using this pH-controlled orthogonal ligation method, we dually labeled truncated sfGFP with a cancer-targeting peptide and a doxorubicin derivative at the respective N- and C-terminal ends in the N-to-C direction. In addition, a fluorescein tag and doxorubicin derivative were tagged to an EGFR-targeting affibody in the C-to-N direction. This study shows that the pH-dependent catalytic activity of PAL enzymes can be exploited to prepare multifunction protein biologics for pharmacological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingpeng Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | | | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
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48
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Martinez-Castillero M, Then C, Altarriba J, Srihi H, López-Carbonell D, Díaz C, Martinez P, Hermida M, Varona L. Detection of Genomic Regions with Pleiotropic Effects for Growth and Carcass Quality Traits in the Rubia Gallega Cattle Breed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061682. [PMID: 34200089 PMCID: PMC8227173 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The breeding scheme in the Rubia Gallega cattle population is based upon traits measured in farms and slaughterhouses. We have developed a ssGWAS by backsolving the SNP effects after implementing a ssGBLUP. The results showed an apparent heterogeneity of the additive genetic variance across the genome. Some of the genomic regions explaining the most of this additive variance were shared across traits, indicating the presence of pleiotropic effects, which were reflected in their genetic correlations. Abstract The breeding scheme in the Rubia Gallega cattle population is based upon traits measured in farms and slaughterhouses. In recent years, genomic evaluation has been implemented by using a ssGBLUP (single-step Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction). This procedure can reparameterized to perform ssGWAS (single-step Genome Wide Association Studies) by backsolving the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify genomic regions associated with the genetic variability in growth and carcass quality traits. We implemented a ssGBLUP by using a database that included records for Birth Weight (BW-327,350 records-), Weaning Weight (WW-83,818-), Cold Carcass Weight (CCW-91,621-), Fatness (FAT-91,475-) and Conformation (CON-91,609-). The pedigree included 464,373 individuals, 2449 of which were genotyped. After a process of filtering, we ended up using 43,211 SNP markers. We used the GBLUP and SNPBLUP model equivalences to obtain the effects of the SNPs and then calculated the percentage of variance explained by the regions of the genome between 1 Mb. We identified 7 regions of the genome for CCW; 8 regions for BW, WW, FAT and 9 regions for CON, which explained the percentage of variance above 0.5%. Furthermore, a number of the genome regions had pleiotropic effects, located at: BTA1 (131–132 Mb), BTA2 (1–11 Mb), BTA3 (32–33 Mb), BTA6 (36–38 Mb), BTA16 (24–26 Mb), and BTA 21 (56–57 Mb). These regions contain, amongst others, the following candidate genes: NCK1, MSTN, KCNA3, LCORL, NCAPG, and RIN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martinez-Castillero
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.T.); (J.A.); (H.S.); (D.L.-C.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Then
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.T.); (J.A.); (H.S.); (D.L.-C.); (L.V.)
| | - Juan Altarriba
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.T.); (J.A.); (H.S.); (D.L.-C.); (L.V.)
| | - Houssemeddine Srihi
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.T.); (J.A.); (H.S.); (D.L.-C.); (L.V.)
| | - David López-Carbonell
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.T.); (J.A.); (H.S.); (D.L.-C.); (L.V.)
| | - Clara Díaz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paulino Martinez
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Miguel Hermida
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.M.); (M.H.)
| | - Luis Varona
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (C.T.); (J.A.); (H.S.); (D.L.-C.); (L.V.)
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Zhao J, Fan R, Jia F, Huang Y, Huang Z, Hou Y, Hu SQ. Enzymatic Properties of Recombinant Ligase Butelase-1 and Its Application in Cyclizing Food-Derived Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5976-5985. [PMID: 34003638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Butelase-1 is an efficient ligase from Clitoria ternatea with wide applications in the food and biopharmaceutical fields. This research aimed to achieve high-efficiency expression of butelase-1 and explore its application in food-derived angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. The recombinant butelase-1 zymogen was prepared at a yield of 100 mg/L in Escherichia coli and successfully activated at pH 4.5, resulting in a 6973.8 U/L yield of activated butelase-1 with a specific activity of 348.69 U/mg and a catalytic efficiency of 9956 M-1 s-1. Activated butelase-1 exhibited considerable resistance to Tween-20, Triton X-100, and methanol. The "traceless" cyclization of ACE inhibitory peptides was realized using activated butelase-1, which resulted in higher stability and ACE inhibitory activity than those of the linear peptides. Our work proposed an efficient method for the preparation of butelase-1 and provided a promising model for its application in food fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhao
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Renshui Fan
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Jia
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanbo Huang
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Song-Qing Hu
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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50
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Zhang W, Lin Y. The Mechanism of Asparagine Endopeptidase in the Progression of Malignant Tumors: A Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051153. [PMID: 34068767 PMCID: PMC8151911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), also called legumain, is currently the only known cysteine protease that specifically cleaves peptide bonds in asparaginyl residue in the mammalian genome. Since 2003, AEP has been reported to be widely expressed in a variety of carcinomas and is considered a potential therapeutic target. In the following years, researchers intensively investigated the substrates of AEP and the mechanism of AEP in partial tumors. With the identification of substrate proteins such as P53, integrin αvβ3, MMP-2, and MMP-9, the biochemical mechanism of AEP in carcinomas is also more precise. This review will clarify the probable mechanisms of AEP in the progression of breast carcinoma, glioblastoma, gastric carcinoma, and epithelial ovarian carcinoma. This review will also discuss the feasibility of targeted therapy with AEP inhibitor (AEPI) in these carcinomas.
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