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Wirjanata G, Lin J, Dziekan JM, El Sahili A, Chung Z, Tjia S, Binte Zulkifli NE, Boentoro J, Tham R, Jia LS, Go KD, Yu H, Partridge A, Olsen D, Prabhu N, Sobota RM, Nordlund P, Lescar J, Bozdech Z. Identification of an inhibitory pocket in falcilysin provides a new avenue for malaria drug development. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:743-759.e8. [PMID: 38593807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Identification of new druggable protein targets remains the key challenge in the current antimalarial development efforts. Here we used mass-spectrometry-based cellular thermal shift assay (MS-CETSA) to identify potential targets of several antimalarials and drug candidates. We found that falcilysin (FLN) is a common binding partner for several drug candidates such as MK-4815, MMV000848, and MMV665806 but also interacts with quinoline drugs such as chloroquine and mefloquine. Enzymatic assays showed that these compounds can inhibit FLN proteolytic activity. Their interaction with FLN was explored systematically by isothermal titration calorimetry and X-ray crystallography, revealing a shared hydrophobic pocket in the catalytic chamber of the enzyme. Characterization of transgenic cell lines with lowered FLN expression demonstrated statistically significant increases in susceptibility toward MK-4815, MMV000848, and several quinolines. Importantly, the hydrophobic pocket of FLN appears amenable to inhibition and the structures reported here can guide the development of novel drugs against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grennady Wirjanata
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jianqing Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Labs & Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138648 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerzy Michal Dziekan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zara Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Seth Tjia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Josephine Boentoro
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Roy Tham
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Lai Si Jia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Ka Diam Go
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Han Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | - David Olsen
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Radoslaw M Sobota
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pär Nordlund
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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Moréra S, Vigouroux A, Aumont-Nicaise M, Ahmar M, Meyer T, El Sahili A, Deicsics G, González-Mula A, Li S, Doré J, Sirigu S, Legrand P, Penot C, André F, Faure D, Soulère L, Queneau Y, Vial L. A highly conserved ligand-binding site for AccA transporters of antibiotic and quorum-sensing regulator in Agrobacterium leads to a different specificity. Biochem J 2024; 481:93-117. [PMID: 38058289 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants genetically modified by the pathogenic Agrobacterium strain C58 synthesize agrocinopines A and B, whereas those modified by the pathogenic strain Bo542 produce agrocinopines C and D. The four agrocinopines (A, B, C and D) serve as nutrients by agrobacteria and signaling molecule for the dissemination of virulence genes. They share the uncommon pyranose-2-phosphate motif, represented by the l-arabinopyranose moiety in agrocinopines A/B and the d-glucopyranose moiety in agrocinopines C/D, also found in the antibiotic agrocin 84. They are imported into agrobacterial cytoplasm via the Acc transport system, including the solute-binding protein AccA coupled to an ABC transporter. We have previously shown that unexpectedly, AccA from strain C58 (AccAC58) recognizes the pyranose-2-phosphate motif present in all four agrocinopines and agrocin 84, meaning that strain C58 is able to import agrocinopines C/D, originating from the competitor strain Bo542. Here, using agrocinopine derivatives and combining crystallography, affinity and stability measurements, modeling, molecular dynamics, in vitro and vivo assays, we show that AccABo542 and AccAC58 behave differently despite 75% sequence identity and a nearly identical ligand binding site. Indeed, strain Bo542 imports only compounds containing the d-glucopyranose-2-phosphate moiety, and with a lower affinity compared with strain C58. This difference in import efficiency makes C58 more competitive than Bo542 in culture media. We can now explain why Agrobacterium/Allorhizobium vitis strain S4 is insensitive to agrocin 84, although its genome contains a conserved Acc transport system. Overall, our work highlights AccA proteins as a case study, for which stability and dynamics drive specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Moréra
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mohammed Ahmar
- Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246; Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Thibault Meyer
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Deicsics
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Almudena González-Mula
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sizhe Li
- Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246; Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jeanne Doré
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Serena Sirigu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio Group, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio Group, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Camille Penot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François André
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Denis Faure
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246; Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Yves Queneau
- Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246; Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Vial
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69622 Lyon, France
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Chung Z, Lin J, Wirjanata G, Dziekan JM, El Sahili A, Preiser PR, Bozdech Z, Lescar J. Identification and structural validation of purine nucleoside phosphorylase from Plasmodium falciparum as a target of MMV000848. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105586. [PMID: 38141766 PMCID: PMC10911062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
About 247 million cases of malaria occurred in 2021 with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the majority of 619,000 deaths. In the absence of a widely available vaccine, chemotherapy remains crucial to prevent, treat, and contain the disease. The efficacy of several drugs currently used in the clinic is likely to suffer from the emergence of resistant parasites. A global effort to identify lead compounds led to several initiatives such as the Medicine for Malaria Ventures (MMV), a repository of compounds showing promising efficacy in killing the parasite in cell-based assays. Here, we used mass spectrometry coupled with cellular thermal shift assay to identify putative protein targets of MMV000848, a compound with an in vitro EC50 of 0.5 μM against the parasite. Thermal shift assays showed a strong increase of P. falciparum purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PfPNP) melting temperature by up to 15 °C upon incubation with MMV000848. Binding and enzymatic assays returned a KD of 1.52 ± 0.495 μM and an IC50 value of 21.5 ± 2.36 μM. The inhibition is competitive with respect to the substrate, as confirmed by a cocrystal structure of PfPNP bound with MMV000848 at the active site, determined at 1.85 Å resolution. In contrast to transition states inhibitors, MMV000848 specifically inhibits the parasite enzyme but not the human ortholog. An isobologram analysis shows subadditivity with immucillin H and with quinine respectively, suggesting overlapping modes of action between these compounds. These results point to PfPNP as a promising antimalarial target and suggest avenues to improve inhibitor potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building (EMB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianqing Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building (EMB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Grennady Wirjanata
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerzy M Dziekan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building (EMB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter R Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building (EMB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building (EMB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Chua N, Wong YH, El Sahili A, Liu CF, Lescar J. On the design of a constitutively active peptide asparaginyl ligase for facile protein conjugation. FEBS Open Bio 2023. [PMID: 36788723 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs) are precision tools for peptide cyclization, cell-surface labelling, protein semi-synthesis and protein conjugation. PALs are expressed as inactive proenzymes requiring low pH activation. During activation, a large portion of the cap domain of the proenzyme that covers the substrate binding site is proteolytically removed, exposing the active site to solvent and releasing a population of heterogenous active enzymes. The availability of a readily active ligase not requiring acid-activation and subsequent purification of active forms would facilitate manufacturing and streamline applications. Here, we engineered the OaAEP1b-C247A hyperactive ligase via serial truncations along the linker connecting the cap and core domain of the proenzyme. Recombinant expression of the truncated constructs was carried out in E. coli. Following a solubilization/refolding protocol, one truncated construct termed "OaAEP1b-C247A-𝚫351" could be overexpressed in the insoluble fraction, purified, and displayed a level of ligase activity comparable to the acid-activated OaAEP1b-C247A enzyme. This constitutively active protein can be stored for up to two years at -80°C and readily used for peptide cyclization and protein conjugation. We were able to express and purify a stable constitutively active asparaginyl ligase that can be stored for months without significant activity loss. The removal of the low pH proenzyme activation step eliminates the heterogeneity introduced by this procedure. The yield of purified recombinant active ligase that can be routinely obtained per 100 millilitres of E. coli cell culture is about 0.9 mg. This recombinant active ligase can be used to carry out protein conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niying Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University. 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921
| | - Yee Hwa Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University. 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University. 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921
| | - Chuan Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University. 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University. 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921
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5
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Hu S, El Sahili A, Kishore S, Wong YH, Hemu X, Goh BC, Zhipei S, Wang Z, Tam JP, Liu CF, Lescar J. Structural basis for proenzyme maturation, substrate recognition, and ligation by a hyperactive peptide asparaginyl ligase. Plant Cell 2022; 34:4936-4949. [PMID: 36099055 PMCID: PMC9709980 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peptide ligases are versatile enzymes that can be utilized for precise protein conjugation for bioengineering applications. Hyperactive peptide asparaginyl ligases (PALs), such as butelase-1, belong to a small class of enzymes from cyclotide-producing plants that can perform site-specific, rapid ligation reactions after a target peptide asparagine/aspartic acid (Asx) residue binds to the active site of the ligase. How PALs specifically recognize their polypeptide substrates has remained elusive, especially at the prime binding side of the enzyme. Here we report crystal structures that capture VyPAL2, a catalytically efficient PAL from Viola yedoensis, in an activated state, with and without a bound substrate. The bound structure shows one ligase with the N-terminal polypeptide tail from another ligase molecule trapped at its active site, revealing how Asx inserts in the enzyme's S1 pocket and why a hydrophobic residue is required at the P2' position. Besides illustrating the anchoring role played by P1 and P2' residues, these results uncover a role for the Gatekeeper residue at the surface of the S2 pocket in shifting the nonprime portion of the substrate and, as a result, the activity toward ligation or hydrolysis. These results suggest a picture for proenzyme maturation in the vacuole and will inform the rational design of peptide ligases with tailored specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Side Hu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Srujana Kishore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwa Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
| | - Xinya Hemu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Boon Chong Goh
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore City, 138602, Singapore
| | - Sang Zhipei
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Chuan-Fa Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 637551, Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore City, 636921, Singapore
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Ku Z, Xie X, Lin J, Gao P, El Sahili A, Su H, Liu Y, Ye X, Li X, Fan X, Goh BC, Xiong W, Boyd H, Muruato AE, Deng H, Xia H, Jing Z, Kalveram BK, Menachery VD, Zhang N, Lescar J, Shi PY, An Z. Engineering SARS-CoV-2 cocktail antibodies into a bispecific format improves neutralizing potency and breadth. bioRxiv 2022. [PMID: 35132410 PMCID: PMC8820655 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.01.478504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One major limitation of neutralizing antibody-based COVID-19 therapy is the requirement of costly cocktails to reduce antibody resistance. We engineered two bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) using distinct designs and compared them with parental antibodies and their cocktail. Single molecules of both bsAbs block the two epitopes targeted by parental antibodies on the receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, bsAb with the IgG-(scFv)2 design (14-H-06) but not the CrossMAb design (14-crs-06) increases antigen-binding and virus-neutralizing activities and spectrum against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including the Omicron, than the cocktail. X-ray crystallography and computational simulations reveal distinct neutralizing mechanisms for individual cocktail antibodies and suggest higher inter-spike crosslinking potentials by 14-H-06 than 14-crs-06. In mouse models of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and the Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, 14-H-06 exhibits higher or equivalent therapeutic efficacy than the cocktail. Rationally engineered bsAbs represent a cost-effective alternative to antibody cocktails and a promising strategy to improve potency and breadth.
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Gharbi-Ayachi A, El Sahili A, Lescar J. Purification of Dengue and Zika Virus Non-structural Protein 5 for Crystallization and Screening of Antivirals. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2409:47-61. [PMID: 34709635 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1879-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dengue Virus (DENV) and ZIKA Virus (ZIKV) are two important human pathogens that belong to the Flavivirus genus of positive strand RNA viruses. Symptoms of DENV infections range from asymptomatic or mild fever to life-threatening forms, while ZIKV can lead to teratogenic effects such as microcephaly in newborns and neurological disease like the Guillain-Barré syndrome.Non-Structural Protein 5 (NS5) is the largest and most conserved enzyme across flaviviruses and hence constitutes a prime target for developing pan-flavivirus antiviral inhibitors. NS5 results from the gene fusion between a methyltransferase at the N-terminus of the protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) at the C-terminal end. The NS5 protein plays key roles in replication and modification of viral RNA and its inhibition by potent antiviral drugs could prevent severe symptoms associated with infections.We have optimized purification and crystallization protocols to obtain active recombinant proteins suitable for structure-based drug discovery for both the full-length NS5 protein and the polymerase domain of NS5 from DENV and ZIKV .
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Gharbi-Ayachi
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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Poh WH, Lin J, Colley B, Müller N, Goh BC, Schleheck D, El Sahili A, Marquardt A, Liang Y, Kjelleberg S, Lescar J, Rice SA, Klebensberger J. The SiaABC threonine phosphorylation pathway controls biofilm formation in response to carbon availability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241019. [PMID: 33156827 PMCID: PMC7647112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of bacterial biofilms in chronic human infections calls for novel anti-biofilm strategies targeting the regulation of biofilm development. However, the regulation of biofilm development is very complex and can include multiple, highly interconnected signal transduction/response pathways, which are incompletely understood. We demonstrated previously that in the opportunistic, human pathogen P. aeruginosa, the PP2C-like protein phosphatase SiaA and the di-guanylate cyclase SiaD control the formation of macroscopic cellular aggregates, a type of suspended biofilms, in response to surfactant stress. In this study, we demonstrate that the SiaABC proteins represent a signal response pathway that functions through a partner switch mechanism to control biofilm formation. We also demonstrate that SiaABCD functionality is dependent on carbon substrate availability for a variety of substrates, and that upon carbon starvation, SiaB mutants show impaired dispersal, in particular with the primary fermentation product ethanol. This suggests that carbon availability is at least one of the key environmental cues integrated by the SiaABCD system. Further, our biochemical, physiological and crystallographic data reveals that the phosphatase SiaA and its kinase counterpart SiaB balance the phosphorylation status of their target protein SiaC at threonine 68 (T68). Crystallographic analysis of the SiaA-PP2C domain shows that SiaA is present as a dimer. Dynamic modelling of SiaA with SiaC suggested that SiaA interacts strongly with phosphorylated SiaC and dissociates rapidly upon dephosphorylation of SiaC. Further, we show that the known phosphatase inhibitor fumonisin inhibits SiaA mediated phosphatase activity in vitro. In conclusion, the present work improves our understanding of how P. aeuruginosa integrates specific environmental conditions, such as carbon availability and surfactant stress, to regulate cellular aggregation and biofilm formation. With the biochemical and structural characterization of SiaA, initial data on the catalytic inhibition of SiaA, and the interaction between SiaA and SiaC, our study identifies promising targets for the development of biofilm-interference drugs to combat infections of this aggressive opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee-Han Poh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianqing Lin
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brendan Colley
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicolai Müller
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Boon Chong Goh
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Schleheck
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andreas Marquardt
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yang Liang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A. Rice
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- The ithree Institute, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janosch Klebensberger
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
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9
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Hemu X, El Sahili A, Hu S, Zhang X, Serra A, Goh BC, Darwis DA, Chen MW, Sze SK, Liu CF, Lescar J, Tam JP. Turning an Asparaginyl Endopeptidase into a Peptide Ligase. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Hemu
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Side Hu
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Aida Serra
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- IMDEA Food Research Institute, Carr. de Canto Blanco, 8, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Boon Chong Goh
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, SMART, 1 CREATE Way, Singapore 138602
| | - Dina A. Darwis
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Ming Wei Chen
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Chuan-fa Liu
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Julien Lescar
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - James P. Tam
- Synzymes and Natural Products Center (SYNC), School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
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10
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Ong ST, Bajaj S, Tanner MR, Chang SC, Krishnarjuna B, Ng XR, Morales RAV, Chen MW, Luo D, Patel D, Yasmin S, Ng JJH, Zhuang Z, Nguyen HM, El Sahili A, Lescar J, Patil R, Charman SA, Robins EG, Goggi JL, Tan PW, Sadasivam P, Ramasamy B, Hartimath SV, Dhawan V, Bednenko J, Colussi P, Wulff H, Pennington MW, Kuyucak S, Norton RS, Beeton C, Chandy KG. Modulation of Lymphocyte Potassium Channel K V1.3 by Membrane-Penetrating, Joint-Targeting Immunomodulatory Plant Defensin. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:720-736. [PMID: 32832873 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe a cysteine-rich, membrane-penetrating, joint-targeting, and remarkably stable peptide, EgK5, that modulates voltage-gated KV1.3 potassium channels in T lymphocytes by a distinctive mechanism. EgK5 enters plasma membranes and binds to KV1.3, causing current run-down by a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-dependent mechanism. EgK5 exhibits selectivity for KV1.3 over other channels, receptors, transporters, and enzymes. EgK5 suppresses antigen-triggered proliferation of effector memory T cells, a subset enriched among pathogenic autoreactive T cells in autoimmune disease. PET-CT imaging with 18F-labeled EgK5 shows accumulation of the peptide in large and small joints of rodents. In keeping with its arthrotropism, EgK5 treats disease in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. It was also effective in treating disease in a rat model of atopic dermatitis. No signs of toxicity are observed at 10-100 times the in vivo dose. EgK5 shows promise for clinical development as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seow Theng Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Saumya Bajaj
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Mark R Tanner
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shih Chieh Chang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xuan Rui Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Rodrigo A V Morales
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ming Wei Chen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy Jun Heng Ng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Hai M Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine building, Singapore 636921
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Institute of Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine building, Singapore 636921
| | - Rahul Patil
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Edward G Robins
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A Star), Singapore 138667.,Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, NUS Clinical Imaging Research Centre (CIRC), Centre for Life Sciences, Singapore 117599
| | - Julian L Goggi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A Star), Singapore 138667
| | - Peng Wen Tan
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A Star), Singapore 138667
| | - Pragalath Sadasivam
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A Star), Singapore 138667
| | - Boominathan Ramasamy
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A Star), Singapore 138667
| | - Siddana V Hartimath
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A Star), Singapore 138667
| | - Vikas Dhawan
- Peptides International, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky 40269, United States.,AmbioPharm Inc., North Augusta, South Carolina 29842, United States
| | - Janna Bednenko
- TetraGenetics Inc, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, United States
| | - Paul Colussi
- TetraGenetics Inc, Arlington, Massachusetts 02474, United States
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael W Pennington
- Peptides International, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky 40269, United States.,AmbioPharm Inc., North Augusta, South Carolina 29842, United States
| | - Serdar Kuyucak
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christine Beeton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - K George Chandy
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
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11
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Pan J, Qian X, Lattmann S, El Sahili A, Yeo TH, Jia H, Cressey T, Ludeke B, Noton S, Kalocsay M, Fearns R, Lescar J. Structure of the human metapneumovirus polymerase phosphoprotein complex. Nature 2019; 577:275-279. [PMID: 31698413 PMCID: PMC6949429 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cause severe respiratory diseases in infants and elder adults1. Neither a vaccine nor an effective antiviral therapy exists to control RSV or HMPV infections. During viral genome replication and transcription, the tetrameric phosphoprotein P serves as a crucial adaptor between the nucleoprotein-RNA (N-RNA) template and the L protein, which has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), GDP polyribonucleotidyltransferase (PRNTase) and cap-specific methyltransferases (MTases) activities2,3. How P interacts with L and mediates association with the free form of N and with the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is not clear for HMPV or other prominent human pathogens including measles, Ebola and rabies viruses. Here, we report a cryo-EM reconstruction showing the ring-shaped structure of the polymerase and capping domains of HMPV L, bound with a tetramer of P. The connector and MTase domains are mobile with respect to the core. The putative priming loop important for initiation of RNA synthesis is fully retracted, leaving space in the active-site cavity for RNA elongation. P interacts extensively with the N-terminal region of L, burying more than 4,016 Å2 of molecular surface area in the interface. Two of the four helices forming the coiled-coil tetramerization domain of P, and long C-terminal extensions projecting from these two helices, wrap around the L protein like tentacles. The structural versatility of the four P protomers, which are largely disordered in their free state, demonstrates an example of a “folding-upon-partner-binding” mechanism for carrying-out P adaptor functions. The structure shows that P has the potential to modulate multiple functions of L and should accelerate the design of specific antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Pan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Xinlei Qian
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Lattmann
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tiong Han Yeo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huan Jia
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tessa Cressey
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Ludeke
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Noton
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Li SZ, Vigouroux A, Ahmar M, El Sahili A, Soulère L, Sago L, Cornu D, Moréra S, Queneau Y. Synthesis of a non-natural glucose-2-phosphate ester able to dupe the acc system of Agrobacterium fabrum. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1090-1096. [PMID: 30632589 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The first non-natural derivative of the rare d-glucose-2-phosphate (G2P), namely glucose-2-(O-lactic acid phosphate) (G2LP), has been synthesized. When used as sole carbon source, G2LP enables bacterial growth of the plant pathogenic strain Agrobacterium fabrum C58 (formerly referred to as Agrobacterium tumefaciens). X-ray crystallography and affinity measurements investigations reveal that G2LP binds the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) AccA similarly to the natural compounds and with the same affinity. Moreover, enzymatic assays show that it is able to serve as substrate of the phosphodiesterase AccF. The properties found for G2LP demonstrate that the very unusual glucose-2-phosphoryl residue, present in G2LP, can be used as structural feature for designing non-natural systems fully compatible with the Acc cascade of A. fabrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Zhe Li
- Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, 1 Rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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13
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Zhong W, Koay A, Ngo A, Li Y, Nah Q, Wong YH, Chionh YH, Ng HQ, Koh-Stenta X, Poulsen A, Foo K, McBee M, Choong ML, El Sahili A, Kang C, Matter A, Lescar J, Hill J, Dedon P. Targeting the Bacterial Epitranscriptome for Antibiotic Development: Discovery of Novel tRNA-(N 1G37) Methyltransferase (TrmD) Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:326-335. [PMID: 30682246 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial tRNA modification synthesis pathways are critical to cell survival under stress and thus represent ideal mechanism-based targets for antibiotic development. One such target is the tRNA-(N1G37) methyltransferase (TrmD), which is conserved and essential in many bacterial pathogens. Here we developed and applied a widely applicable, radioactivity-free, bioluminescence-based high-throughput screen (HTS) against 116350 compounds from structurally diverse small-molecule libraries to identify inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa TrmD ( PaTrmD). Of 285 compounds passing primary and secondary screens, a total of 61 TrmD inhibitors comprised of more than 12 different chemical scaffolds were identified, all showing submicromolar to low micromolar enzyme inhibitor constants, with binding affinity confirmed by thermal stability and surface plasmon resonance. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) competition assays suggested that compounds in the pyridine-pyrazole-piperidine scaffold were substrate SAM-competitive inhibitors. This was confirmed in structural studies, with nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and crystal structures of PaTrmD showing pyridine-pyrazole-piperidine compounds bound in the SAM-binding pocket. Five hits showed cellular activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria, while one compound, a SAM-noncompetitive inhibitor, exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The results of this HTS expand the repertoire of TrmD-inhibiting molecular scaffolds that show promise for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhe Zhong
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 636921 Singapore
| | - Ann Koay
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Anna Ngo
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Qianhui Nah
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Yee Hwa Wong
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 636921 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Yok Hian Chionh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Hui Qi Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Xiaoying Koh-Stenta
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Klement Foo
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Megan McBee
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
| | - Meng Ling Choong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 636921 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Congbao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Alex Matter
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Julien Lescar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, 636921 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, 31 Biopolis Way, #03-01 Nanos, 138669 Singapore
| | - Peter Dedon
- Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, 138602 Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Vigouroux A, El Sahili A, Lang J, Aumont-Nicaise M, Dessaux Y, Faure D, Moréra S. Structural basis for high specificity of octopine binding in the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18033. [PMID: 29269740 PMCID: PMC5740067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium pathogens of octopine- and nopaline-types force host plants to produce either octopine or nopaline compounds, which they use as nutrients. Two Agrobacterium ABC-transporters and their cognate periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) OccJ and NocT import octopine and nopaline/octopine, respectively. Here, we show that both octopine transport and degradation confer a selective advantage to octopine-type A. tumefaciens when it colonizes plants. We report the X-ray structures of the unliganded PBP OccJ and its complex with octopine as well as a structural comparison with NocT and the related PBP LAO from Salmonella enterica, which binds amino acids (lysine, arginine and ornithine). We investigated the specificity of OccJ, NocT and LAO using several ligands such as amino acids, octopine, nopaline and octopine analogues. OccJ displays a high selectivity and nanomolar range affinity for octopine. Altogether, the structural and affinity data allowed to define an octopine binding signature in PBPs and to construct a OccJ mutant impaired in octopine binding, a selective octopine-binding NocT and a non-selective octopine-binding LAO by changing one single residue in these PBPs. We proposed the PBP OccJ as a major trait in the ecological specialization of octopine-type Agrobacterium pathogens when they colonize and exploit the plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Vigouroux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.,NTU Institute for Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
| | - Julien Lang
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.,IPS2, INRA, 91 190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Yves Dessaux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS CEA Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.
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15
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Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that the yearly number of dengue cases averages 390 million. This mosquito-borne virus disease is endemic in over 100 countries and will probably continue spreading, given the observed trend in global warming. So far, there is no antiviral drug available against dengue, but a vaccine has been recently marketed. Dengue virus also serves as a prototype for the study of other pathogenic flaviviruses that are emerging, like West Nile virus and Zika virus. Upon viral entry into the host cell and fusion of the viral lipid membrane with the endosomal membrane, the viral RNA is released and expressed as a polyprotein, that is then matured into three structural and seven non-structural (NS) proteins. The envelope, membrane and capsid proteins form the viral particle while NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-NS4B and NS5 assemble inside a cellular replication complex, which is embedded in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles. In addition to their roles in RNA replication within the infected cell, NS proteins help the virus escape the host innate immunity and reshape the host-cell inner structure. This review focuses on recent progress in characterizing the structure and functions of NS5, a protein responsible for the replication and capping of viral RNA that represents a promising drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Institute for Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
| | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Institute for Structural Biology, Experimental Medicine Building, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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16
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Lim SP, Noble CG, Seh CC, Soh TS, El Sahili A, Chan GKY, Lescar J, Arora R, Benson T, Nilar S, Manjunatha U, Wan KF, Dong H, Xie X, Shi PY, Yokokawa F. Potent Allosteric Dengue Virus NS5 Polymerase Inhibitors: Mechanism of Action and Resistance Profiling. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005737. [PMID: 27500641 PMCID: PMC4976923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses comprise major emerging pathogens such as dengue virus (DENV) or Zika virus (ZIKV). The flavivirus RNA genome is replicated by the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain of non-structural protein 5 (NS5). This essential enzymatic activity renders the RdRp attractive for antiviral therapy. NS5 synthesizes viral RNA via a “de novo” initiation mechanism. Crystal structures of the flavivirus RdRp revealed a “closed” conformation reminiscent of a pre-initiation state, with a well ordered priming loop that extrudes from the thumb subdomain into the dsRNA exit tunnel, close to the “GDD” active site. To-date, no allosteric pockets have been identified for the RdRp, and compound screening campaigns did not yield suitable drug candidates. Using fragment-based screening via X-ray crystallography, we found a fragment that bound to a pocket of the apo-DENV RdRp close to its active site (termed “N pocket”). Structure-guided improvements yielded DENV pan-serotype inhibitors of the RdRp de novo initiation activity with nano-molar potency that also impeded elongation activity at micro-molar concentrations. Inhibitors exhibited mixed inhibition kinetics with respect to competition with the RNA or GTP substrate. The best compounds have EC50 values of 1–2 μM against all four DENV serotypes in cell culture assays. Genome-sequencing of compound-resistant DENV replicons, identified amino acid changes that mapped to the N pocket. Since inhibitors bind at the thumb/palm interface of the RdRp, this class of compounds is proposed to hinder RdRp conformational changes during its transition from initiation to elongation. This is the first report of a class of pan-serotype and cell-active DENV RdRp inhibitors. Given the evolutionary conservation of residues lining the N pocket, these molecules offer insights to treat other serious conditions caused by flaviviruses. Dengue virus (DENV) is the world’s most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease and nearly 40% of the world’s population is at risk of infection. Currently, no specific drugs are available to treat dengue or other flaviviral diseases. DENV NS5 is a large protein of 900 amino acids composed of two domains with key enzymatic activities for viral RNA replication in the host cell and constitutes a prime target for the design of anti-viral inhibitors. We performed a fragment-based screening by X-ray crystallography targeting the DENV NS5 polymerase and identified an allosteric binding pocket at the base of the thumb subdomain close to the enzyme active site. Potent inhibitors active in both DENV polymerase biochemical and cell-based assays were developed through structure-guided design. Resistant virus replicons grown in the presence of the inhibitor, harbored amino acid changes that mapped to the compound binding site. The proposed mode of action for this class of inhibitors is by impeding RdRp protein conformational changes during the transition from initiation to elongation phase of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tingjin Sherryl Soh
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Julien Lescar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,UPMC UMRS CR7-CNRS ERL 8255-INSERM U1135 Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Rishi Arora
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy Benson
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shahul Nilar
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | | | - Kah Fei Wan
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | | | - Xuping Xie
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, Singapore
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Qian X, Hamid FM, El Sahili A, Darwis DA, Wong YH, Bhushan S, Makeyev EV, Lescar J. Functional Evolution in Orthologous Cell-encoded RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9295-309. [PMID: 26907693 PMCID: PMC4861493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.685933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic organisms encode more than one RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) that probably emerged as a result of gene duplication. Such RdRP paralogs often participate in distinct RNA silencing pathways and show characteristic repertoires of enzymatic activities in vitro However, to what extent members of individual paralogous groups can undergo functional changes during speciation remains an open question. We show that orthologs of QDE-1, an RdRP component of the quelling pathway in Neurospora crassa, have rapidly diverged in evolution at the amino acid sequence level. Analyses of purified QDE-1 polymerases from N. crassa (QDE-1(Ncr)) and related fungi, Thielavia terrestris (QDE-1(Tte)) and Myceliophthora thermophila (QDE-1(Mth)), show that all three enzymes can synthesize RNA, but the precise modes of their action differ considerably. Unlike their QDE-1(Ncr) counterpart favoring processive RNA synthesis, QDE-1(Tte) and QDE-1(Mth) produce predominantly short RNA copies via primer-independent initiation. Surprisingly, a 3.19 Å resolution crystal structure of QDE-1(Tte) reveals a quasisymmetric dimer similar to QDE-1(Ncr) Further electron microscopy analyses confirm that QDE-1(Tte) occurs as a dimer in solution and retains this status upon interaction with a template. We conclude that divergence of orthologous RdRPs can result in functional innovation while retaining overall protein fold and quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Qian
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fursham M Hamid
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abbas El Sahili
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dina Amallia Darwis
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Hwa Wong
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shashi Bhushan
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugene V Makeyev
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore, the Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom, and
| | - Julien Lescar
- From the Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673 Singapore, Singapore, UPMC UMRS CR7-CNRS ERL 8255-INSERM U1135 Centre d' Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75031 Paris, France
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18
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El Sahili A, Kwasiborski A, Mothe N, Velours C, Legrand P, Moréra S, Faure D. Natural Guided Genome Engineering Reveals Transcriptional Regulators Controlling Quorum-Sensing Signal Degradation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141718. [PMID: 26554837 PMCID: PMC4640858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum-quenching (QQ) are natural or engineered processes disrupting the quorum-sensing (QS) signalling which controls virulence and persistence (e.g. biofilm) in numerous bacteria. QQ involves different enzymes including lactonases, amidases, oxidases and reductases which degrade the QS molecules such as N-acylhomoserine lactones (NAHL). Rhodococcus erythropolis known to efficiently degrade NAHL is proposed as a biocontrol agent and a reservoir of QQ-enzymes for biotechnology. In R. erythropolis, regulation of QQ-enzymes remains unclear. In this work, we performed genome engineering on R. erythropolis, which is recalcitrant to reverse genetics, in order to investigate regulation of QQ-enzymes at a molecular and structural level with the aim to improve the QQ activity. Deep-sequencing of the R. erythropolis enhanced variants allowed identification of a punctual mutation in a key-transcriptional factor QsdR (Quorum sensing degradation Regulation) which regulates the sole QQ-lactonase QsdA identified so far. Using biophysical and structural studies on QsdR, we demonstrate that QQ activity can be improved by modifying the regulation of QQ-enzymes degrading QS signal. This modification requiring the change of only one amino-acid in a transcriptional factor leads to an enhanced R. erythropolis in which the QS-signal degradation pathway is strongly activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas El Sahili
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Anthony Kwasiborski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mothe
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Velours
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- * E-mail: (SM); (DF)
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, CEA, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- * E-mail: (SM); (DF)
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19
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El Sahili A, Li SZ, Lang J, Virus C, Planamente S, Ahmar M, Guimaraes BG, Aumont-Nicaise M, Vigouroux A, Soulère L, Reader J, Queneau Y, Faure D, Moréra S. A Pyranose-2-Phosphate Motif Is Responsible for Both Antibiotic Import and Quorum-Sensing Regulation in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005071. [PMID: 26244338 PMCID: PMC4526662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periplasmic binding proteins (PBPs) in association with ABC transporters select and import a wide variety of ligands into bacterial cytoplasm. They can also take up toxic molecules, as observed in the case of the phytopathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58. This organism contains a PBP called AccA that mediates the import of the antibiotic agrocin 84, as well as the opine agrocinopine A that acts as both a nutrient and a signalling molecule for the dissemination of virulence genes through quorum-sensing. Here, we characterized the binding mode of AccA using purified agrocin 84 and synthetic agrocinopine A by X-ray crystallography at very high resolution and performed affinity measurements. Structural and affinity analyses revealed that AccA recognizes an uncommon and specific motif, a pyranose-2-phosphate moiety which is present in both imported molecules via the L-arabinopyranose moiety in agrocinopine A and the D-glucopyranose moiety in agrocin 84. We hypothesized that AccA is a gateway allowing the import of any compound possessing a pyranose-2-phosphate motif at one end. This was structurally and functionally confirmed by experiments using four synthetic compounds: agrocinopine 3'-O-benzoate, L-arabinose-2-isopropylphosphate, L-arabinose-2-phosphate and D-glucose-2-phosphate. By combining affinity measurements and in vivo assays, we demonstrated that both L-arabinose-2-phosphate and D-glucose-2-phosphate, which are the AccF mediated degradation products of agrocinopine A and agrocin 84 respectively, interact with the master transcriptional regulator AccR and activate the quorum-sensing signal synthesis and Ti plasmid transfer in A. tumefaciens C58. Our findings shed light on the role of agrocinopine and antibiotic agrocin 84 on quorum-sensing regulation in A. tumefaciens and reveal how the PBP AccA acts as vehicle for the importation of both molecules by means of a key-recognition motif. It also opens future possibilities for the rational design of antibiotic and anti-virulence compounds against A. tumefaciens or other pathogens possessing similar PBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas El Sahili
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Si-Zhe Li
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Bât J. Verne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Lang
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cornelia Virus
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sara Planamente
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mohammed Ahmar
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Bât J. Verne, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Protein-Protein Interaction Platform, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Bât J. Verne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - John Reader
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yves Queneau
- Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, ICBMS, Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE-Lyon, Bât J. Verne, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail: (YQ); (DF); (SM)
| | - Denis Faure
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail: (YQ); (DF); (SM)
| | - Solange Moréra
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CNRS CEA University Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail: (YQ); (DF); (SM)
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