1
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Xing Q, Chang D, Xie S, Zhao X, Zhang H, Wang X, Bai X, Dong C. BCL6 is required for the thymic development of TCRαβ +CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocyte lineage. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk4348. [PMID: 38335269 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
TCRαβ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα+ αβ IELs) are a specialized subset of T cells in the gut epithelium that develop from thymic agonist selected IEL precursors (IELps). The molecular mechanisms underlying the selection and differentiation of this T cell type in the thymus are largely unknown. Here, we found that Bcl6 deficiency in αβ T cells resulted in the near absence of CD8αα+ αβ IELs. BCL6 was expressed by approximately 50% of CD8αα+ αβ IELs and by the majority of thymic PD1+ IELps after agonist selection. Bcl6 deficiency blocked early IELp generation in the thymus, and its expression in IELps was induced by thymic TCR signaling in an ERK-dependent manner. As a result of Bcl6 deficiency, the precursors of IELps among CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased apoptosis during agonist selection and impaired IELp differentiation and maturation. Together, our results elucidate BCL6 as a crucial transcription factor during the thymic development of CD8αα+ αβ IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xing
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dehui Chang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyuan Xie
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Research Unit of Immune Regulation and Immune Diseases of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Westlake University School of Medicine-affiliated Hangzhou First Hospital, Hangzhou 310024, China
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2
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Son A, Baral I, Falduto GH, Schwartz DM. Locus of (IL-9) control: IL9 epigenetic regulation in cellular function and human disease. Exp Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s12276-024-01241-y. [PMID: 38825637 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multifunctional cytokine with roles in a broad cross-section of human diseases. Like many cytokines, IL-9 is transcriptionally regulated by a group of noncoding regulatory elements (REs) surrounding the IL9 gene. These REs modulate IL-9 transcription by forming 3D loops that recruit transcriptional machinery. IL-9-promoting transcription factors (TFs) can bind REs to increase locus accessibility and permit chromatin looping, or they can be recruited to already accessible chromatin to promote transcription. Ample mechanistic and genome-wide association studies implicate this interplay between IL-9-modulating TFs and IL9 cis-REs in human physiology, homeostasis, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), via Bonomea 265, Trieste, 34136, Italy
| | - Ishita Baral
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guido H Falduto
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Isvoranu G, Chiritoiu-Butnaru M. Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369743. [PMID: 38638431 PMCID: PMC11024325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an immunostimulatory cytokine which belongs to the common gamma-chain family of cytokines. It plays an import role in the development, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, in particular T and natural killer (NK) cells. Since its discovery in 2000, IL-21 has been shown to regulate both adaptive and immune responses associates with key role in antiviral and antitumor responses. Recent advances indicate IL-21 as a promising target for cancer treatment and encouraging results were obtained in preclinical studies which investigated the potency of IL-21 alone or in combination with other therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitory molecules, oncolytic virotherapy, and adoptive cell transfer. Furthermore, IL-21 showed antitumor effects in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer, with minimal side effects in several clinical trials. In the present review, we will outline the recent progress in IL-21 research, highlighting the potential of IL-21 based therapy as single agent or in combination with other drugs to enhance cancer treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghita Isvoranu
- Department of Animal Husbandry,” Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marioara Chiritoiu-Butnaru
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Niese ML, Pajulas AL, Rostron CR, Cheung CCL, Krishnan MS, Zhang J, Cannon AM, Kaplan MH. TL1A priming induces a multi-cytokine Th9 cell phenotype that promotes robust allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00025-4. [PMID: 38493956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The Th9 subset of T lymphocytes secretes the pleiotropic cytokine IL-9 which has functions in allergic airway disease, helminth infections, and tumor immunity. We and others have shown presence of Th cells that secrete IL-9 and type 2 cytokines in mouse and human allergic inflammation. However, the cytokines that promote a multi-cytokine secreting phenotype have not been defined. TNF superfamily members promote IL-9 production, and the TNF superfamily member TL1A signals through its receptor DR3 to potently increase IL-9. Here we demonstrate that TL1A increases expression of IL-9 and IL-13 as well as the frequency of IL-9 and IL-13 co-expressing cells in murine Th9 cell cultures, inducing a robust multi-cytokine phenotype. Mechanistically, this is linked to histone modifications allowing for increased accessibility at the Il9 and Il13 loci. We further show that TL1A alters the transcription factor network underlying expression of IL-9 and IL-13 in Th9 cells and increases binding of transcription factors to Il9 and Il13 loci. TL1A-priming enhances the pathogenicity of Th9 cells in murine models of allergic airway disease (AAD) through the increased expression of IL-9 and IL-13. Lastly, in both chronic and memory recall models of AAD, blockade of TL1A signaling decreases the multi-cytokine Th9 cell population and attenuates the allergic phenotype. Taken together, these data demonstrate that TL1A promotes the development of multi-cytokine Th9 cells that drive allergic airway diseases and that targeting pathogenic T helper cell-promoting cytokines could be an effective approach for modifying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Niese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Abigail L Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cameron R Rostron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cherry C L Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maya S Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anthony M Cannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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5
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Roostaee A, Yaghobi R, Afshari A, Jafarinia M. Regulatory role of T helper 9/interleukin-9: Transplantation view. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26359. [PMID: 38420400 PMCID: PMC10900956 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
T helper 9 (Th9) cells, a subset of CD4+ T helper cells, have emerged as a valuable target for immune cell therapy due to their potential to induce immunomodulation and tolerance. The Th9 cells mainly produce interleukin (IL)-9 and are known for their defensive effects against helminth infections, allergic and autoimmune responses, and tumor suppression. This paper explores the mechanisms involved in the generation and differentiation of Th9 cells, including the cytokines responsible for their polarization and stabilization, the transcription factors necessary for their differentiation, as well as the role of Th9 cells in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer immunotherapies. Recent research has shown that the differentiation of Th9 cells is coregulated by the transcription factors transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), IL-4, and PU.1, which are also known to secrete IL-10 and IL-21. Multiple cell types, such as T and B cells, mast cells, and airway epithelial cells, are influenced by IL-9 due to its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Roostaee
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Jafarinia
- Department of Biology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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6
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Bensussen A, Torres-Magallanes JA, Álvarez-Buylla ER, de Álvarez-Buylla ER. Hybrid lineages of CD4 + T cells: a handbook update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344078. [PMID: 38312841 PMCID: PMC10834732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes have been classified into several lineages, according to their gene expression profiles and their effector responses. Interestingly, recent evidence is showing that many lineages could yield hybrid phenotypes with unique properties and functions. It has been reported that such hybrid lineages might underlie pathologies or may function as effector cells with protection capacities against molecular threats. In this work, we reviewed the characteristics of the hybrid lineages reported in the literature, in order to identify the expression profiles that characterize them and the markers that could be used to identify them. We also review the differentiation cues that elicit their hybrid origin and what is known about their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bensussen
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - José Antonio Torres-Magallanes
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Epigenética, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena Roces de Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Mexico
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7
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Lee WH, Hong KJ, Li H, Lee GR. Transcription Factor Id1 Plays an Essential Role in Th9 Cell Differentiation by Inhibiting Tcf3 and Tcf4. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2305527. [PMID: 37867222 PMCID: PMC10724384 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
T helper type 9 (Th9) cells play important roles in immune responses by producing interleukin-9 (IL-9). Several transcription factors are responsible for Th9 cell differentiation; however, transcriptional regulation of Th9 cells is not fully understood. Here, it is shown that Id1 is an essential transcriptional regulator of Th9 cell differentiation. Id1 is induced by IL-4 and TGF-β. Id1-deficient naïve CD4 T cells fail to differentiate into Th9 cells, and overexpression of Id1 induce expression of IL-9. Mass spectrometry analysis reveals that Id1 interacts with Tcf3 and Tcf4 in Th9 cells. In addition, RNA-sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and transient reporter assay reveal that Tcf3 and Tcf4 bind to the promoter region of the Il9 gene to suppress its expression, and that Id1 inhibits their function, leading to Th9 differentiation. Finally, Id1-deficient Th9 cells ameliorate airway inflammation in an animal model of asthma. Thus, Id1 is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in Th9 cell differentiation by inhibiting Tcf3 and Tcf4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Ho Lee
- Department of Life ScienceSogang University35 Baekbeom‐roMapo‐guSeoul04107South Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Hong
- Department of Life ScienceSogang University35 Baekbeom‐roMapo‐guSeoul04107South Korea
| | - Hua‐Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine280 Chongqing South Rd, Building #5‐602Shanghai200025China
| | - Gap Ryol Lee
- Department of Life ScienceSogang University35 Baekbeom‐roMapo‐guSeoul04107South Korea
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8
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Khantakova JN, Sennikov SV. T-helper cells flexibility: the possibility of reprogramming T cells fate. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1284178. [PMID: 38022605 PMCID: PMC10646684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1284178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various disciplines cooperate to find novel approaches to cure impaired body functions by repairing, replacing, or regenerating cells, tissues, or organs. The possibility that a stable differentiated cell can reprogram itself opens the door to new therapeutic strategies against a multitude of diseases caused by the loss or dysfunction of essential, irreparable, and specific cells. One approach to cell therapy is to induce reprogramming of adult cells into other functionally active cells. Understanding the factors that cause or contribute to T cell plasticity is not only of clinical importance but also expands the knowledge of the factors that induce cells to differentiate and improves the understanding of normal developmental biology. The present review focuses on the advances in the conversion of peripheral CD4+ T cells, the conditions of their reprogramming, and the methods proposed to control such cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N. Khantakova
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology” (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
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9
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Leonard WJ, Lin JX. Strategies to therapeutically modulate cytokine action. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:827-854. [PMID: 37542128 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the regulation of cytokine activity is extraordinarily important both physiologically and pathologically. Cytokine and/or cytokine receptor engineering is being widely investigated to safely and effectively modulate cytokine activity for therapeutic benefit. IL-2 in particular has been extensively engineered, to create IL-2 variants that differentially exhibit activities on regulatory T cells to potentially treat autoimmune disease versus effector T cells to augment antitumour effects. Additionally, engineering approaches are being applied to many other cytokines such as IL-10, interferons and IL-1 family cytokines, given their immunosuppressive and/or antiviral and anticancer effects. In modulating the actions of cytokines, the strategies used have been broad, including altering affinities of cytokines for their receptors, prolonging cytokine half-lives in vivo and fine-tuning cytokine actions. The field is rapidly expanding, with extensive efforts to create improved therapeutics for a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Zhao Y, Bi Q, Wei Y, Wang R, Wang G, Fu G, Ran Z, Lu J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Jin R, Nie Y. A DNA vaccine (EG95-PT1/2/3-IL2) encoding multi-epitope antigen and IL-2 provokes efficient and long-term immunity to echinococcosis. J Control Release 2023; 361:402-416. [PMID: 37527761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a highly prevalent global zoonosis, and vaccines are required. The commercial vaccine based on a protein-based subunit (EG95), however, is limited by its insufficient cellular immunity, a short protection period, and limited prevention against novel mutant strains. Herein, we applied bioinformatics to develop a DNA vaccine (pEG95-IL2) expressing both multi-epitope-based antigens (EG95-PT1/2/3) and an IL-2 adjuvant to regulate T cell differentiation and memory cell response. EG95-PT1/2/3 was screened with hierarchical structure prediction from the epitope conformation of B cells with high confidence across various species to guarantee immunogenicity. Importantly, cationic arginine-rich lipid nanoparticles (RNP) were utilized as a delivery vehicle to form lipoplexes that had a transfection efficiency of nearly two orders of magnitude greater than that of commercial reagents (Lipofectamine 2000 and polyethyleneimine) with both immune and nonimmune cells (DC2.4 and L929 cells, respectively). RNP/pEG95-IL2 lipoplexes displayed a robust and long-term antigen expression, as well as adjuvant effects during the immunization. Consequently, intramuscular injection of RNP/pEG95-IL2 elicited similar humoral immune responses and significantly greater cellular responses in mice when compared with those of the commercial vaccine. In addition, the inoculation protocol of RNP/pEG95-IL2 with sequential booster further strengthens cellular immunity in comparison with the homologous booster. Those findings provide a promising strategy for improving plasmid vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qunjie Bi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Fu
- Chongqing Auleon Biological Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Chongqing Auleon Biological Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Heyang Zhang
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rongrong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Nie
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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11
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Tuazon JA, Read KA, Sreekumar BK, Roettger JE, Yaeger MJ, Varikuti S, Pokhrel S, Jones DM, Warren RT, Powell MD, Rasheed MN, Duncan EG, Childs LM, Gowdy KM, Oestreich KJ. Eos Promotes TH2 Differentiation by Interacting with and Propagating the Activity of STAT5. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:365-376. [PMID: 37314436 PMCID: PMC10524986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Ikaros zinc-finger transcription factor Eos has largely been associated with sustaining the immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells. Paradoxically, Eos has more recently been implicated in promoting proinflammatory responses in the dysregulated setting of autoimmunity. However, the precise role of Eos in regulating the differentiation and function of effector CD4+ T cell subsets remains unclear. In this study, we find that Eos is a positive regulator of the differentiation of murine CD4+ TH2 cells, an effector population that has been implicated in both immunity against helminthic parasites and the induction of allergic asthma. Using murine in vitro TH2 polarization and an in vivo house dust mite asthma model, we find that EosKO T cells exhibit reduced expression of key TH2 transcription factors, effector cytokines, and cytokine receptors. Mechanistically, we find that the IL-2/STAT5 axis and its downstream TH2 gene targets are one of the most significantly downregulated pathways in Eos-deficient cells. Consistent with these observations, we find that Eos forms, to our knowledge, a novel complex with and supports the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5. Collectively, these data define a regulatory mechanism whereby Eos propagates STAT5 activity to facilitate TH2 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A. Tuazon
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210; USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210; USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210; USA
| | | | - Jack E. Roettger
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210; USA
| | - Michael J. Yaeger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Sanjay Varikuti
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Devin M. Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, 43210; USA
| | - Robert T. Warren
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Michael D. Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | - Mustafa N. Rasheed
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322; USA
| | | | - Lauren M. Childs
- Department of Mathematics; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061; USA
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
| | - Kenneth J. Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology; The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute; The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210; USA
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12
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Son A, Meylan F, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Kaul Z, Sylvester M, Falduto GH, Vazquez E, Haque T, Kitakule MM, Wang C, Manthiram K, Qi CF, Cheng J, Gurram RK, Zhu J, Schwartzberg P, Milner JD, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA, Schwartz DM. Dynamic chromatin accessibility licenses STAT5- and STAT6-dependent innate-like function of T H9 cells to promote allergic inflammation. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1036-1048. [PMID: 37106040 PMCID: PMC10247433 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a major global health issue. Interleukin (IL)-9-producing helper T (TH9) cells promote allergic inflammation, yet TH9 cell effector functions are incompletely understood because their lineage instability makes them challenging to study. Here we found that resting TH9 cells produced IL-9 independently of T cell receptor (TCR) restimulation, due to STAT5- and STAT6-dependent bystander activation. This mechanism was seen in circulating cells from allergic patients and was restricted to recently activated cells. STAT5-dependent Il9/IL9 regulatory elements underwent remodeling over time, inactivating the locus. A broader 'allergic TH9' transcriptomic and epigenomic program was also unstable. In vivo, TH9 cells induced airway inflammation via TCR-independent, STAT-dependent mechanisms. In allergic patients, TH9 cell expansion was associated with responsiveness to JAK inhibitors. These findings suggest that TH9 cell instability is a negative checkpoint on bystander activation that breaks down in allergy and that JAK inhibitors should be considered for allergic patients with TH9 cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran Son
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francoise Meylan
- Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- TCR Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zenia Kaul
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - McKella Sylvester
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Guido H Falduto
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Estefania Vazquez
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamara Haque
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Moses M Kitakule
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chujun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chen-Feng Qi
- Pathology Core, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rama K Gurram
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Schwartzberg
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela A Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Xue C, Yao Q, Gu X, Shi Q, Yuan X, Chu Q, Bao Z, Lu J, Li L. Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:204. [PMID: 37208335 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and cancer progression. Insights into the structures and functions of the JAK-STAT pathway have led to the development and approval of diverse drugs for the clinical treatment of diseases. Currently, drugs have been developed to mainly target the JAK-STAT pathway and are commonly divided into three subtypes: cytokine or receptor antibodies, JAK inhibitors, and STAT inhibitors. And novel agents also continue to be developed and tested in preclinical and clinical studies. The effectiveness and safety of each kind of drug also warrant further scientific trials before put into being clinical applications. Here, we review the current understanding of the fundamental composition and function of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. We also discuss advancements in the understanding of JAK-STAT-related pathogenic mechanisms; targeted JAK-STAT therapies for various diseases, especially immune disorders, and cancers; newly developed JAK inhibitors; and current challenges and directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinfan Yao
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingmiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengyi Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Vinokurova D, Apetoh L. The Emerging Role of IL-9 in the Anticancer Effects of Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040670. [PMID: 37189417 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-1 blockade rescues failing anticancer immune responses, resulting in durable remissions in some cancer patients. Cytokines such as IFNγ and IL-2 contribute to the anti-tumor effect of PD-1 blockade. IL-9 was identified over the last decade as a cytokine demonstrating a potent ability to harness the anticancer functions of innate and adaptive immune cells in mice. Recent translational investigations suggest that the anticancer activity of IL-9 also extends to some human cancers. Increased T cell-derived IL-9 was proposed to predict the response to anti-PD-1 therapy. Preclinical investigations accordingly revealed that IL-9 could synergize with anti-PD-1 therapy in eliciting anticancer responses. Here, we review the findings suggesting an important contribution of IL-9 in the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy and discuss their clinical relevance. We will also discuss the role of host factors like the microbiota and TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the regulation of IL-9 secretion and anti-PD-1 treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Vinokurova
- UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM, 21000 Dijon, France
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- Brown Center for Immunotherapy, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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15
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Jiang Y, Jin X, Chi Z, Bai Y, Manthiram K, Mudd P, Zhu K, Wang L, Schwartzberg PL, Han Y, Gao X, Lu L, Xu Q. Protein phosphatase 2A propels follicular T helper cell development in lupus. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103028. [PMID: 37001432 PMCID: PMC10327577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are important for generating humoral immune responses by helping B cells form germinal centers (GCs) and the production of high-affinity antibodies. However, aberrant Tfh cell expansion also contributes to the generation of self-reactive autoantibodies and promotes autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PP2A Cα) expression levels are elevated in peripheral T cells of SLE patients and positively correlate with autoantibody titers and disease activity. Here, we demonstrate a critical role of PP2A in Tfh differentiation by using T cell restricted PP2A Cα deficient mice. We observed impaired Tfh differentiation and GC response in two different classical Tfh induction models. Mechanistic studies revealed that downregulation of protein translation of the Tfh lineage transcription factor BCL6 in PP2A deficient T cells. Importantly, we found that PP2A deficiency by either gene knockout or chemical inhibition alleviated lupus severity in mice. Lastly, we confirmed a positive correlation between PP2A Cα and BCL6 protein levels in human CD4+ T cells from patients with SLE. In summary, our study revealed a critical role of PP2A in regulating Tfh cells and suggests it is a potential therapeutic target for lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xuexiao Jin
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhexu Chi
- International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China; Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yadan Bai
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Kalpana Manthiram
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Mudd
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lie Wang
- Department of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yongmei Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, PR China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study of the Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, PR China
| | - Linrong Lu
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Qin Xu
- Institute of Immunology, and Department of Rheumatology in Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology (LISB), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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16
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Read KA, Jones DM, Pokhrel S, Hales EDS, Varkey A, Tuazon JA, Eisele CD, Abdouni O, Saadey A, Leonard MR, Warren RT, Powell MD, Boss JM, Hemann EA, Yount JS, Xin G, Ghoneim HE, Lio CWJ, Freud AG, Collins PL, Oestreich KJ. Aiolos represses CD4 + T cell cytotoxic programming via reciprocal regulation of T FH transcription factors and IL-2 sensitivity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1652. [PMID: 36964178 PMCID: PMC10039023 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During intracellular infection, T follicular helper (TFH) and T helper 1 (TH1) cells promote humoral and cell-mediated responses, respectively. Another subset, CD4-cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD4-CTLs), eliminate infected cells via functions typically associated with CD8+ T cells. The mechanisms underlying differentiation of these populations are incompletely understood. Here, we identify the transcription factor Aiolos as a reciprocal regulator of TFH and CD4-CTL programming. We find that Aiolos deficiency results in downregulation of key TFH transcription factors, and consequently reduced TFH differentiation and antibody production, during influenza virus infection. Conversely, CD4-CTL programming is elevated, including enhanced Eomes and cytolytic molecule expression. We further demonstrate that Aiolos deficiency allows for enhanced IL-2 sensitivity and increased STAT5 association with CD4-CTL gene targets, including Eomes, effector molecules, and IL2Ra. Thus, our collective findings identify Aiolos as a pivotal regulator of CD4-CTL and TFH programming and highlight its potential as a target for manipulating CD4+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Devin M Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Srijana Pokhrel
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Emily D S Hales
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aditi Varkey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jasmine A Tuazon
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Caprice D Eisele
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Omar Abdouni
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abbey Saadey
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Melissa R Leonard
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Combined Anatomic Pathology Residency/PhD Program, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Robert T Warren
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael D Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emily A Hemann
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hazem E Ghoneim
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chan-Wang J Lio
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aharon G Freud
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patrick L Collins
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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17
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Khokhar M, Purohit P, Gadwal A, Tomo S, Bajpai NK, Shukla R. The Differentially Expressed Genes Responsible for the Development of T Helper 9 Cells From T Helper 2 Cells in Various Disease States: Immuno-Interactomics Study. JMIR BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 4:e42421. [PMID: 38935935 PMCID: PMC11135241 DOI: 10.2196/42421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T helper (Th) 9 cells are a novel subset of Th cells that develop independently from Th2 cells and are characterized by the secretion of interleukin (IL)-9. Studies have suggested the involvement of Th9 cells in variable diseases such as allergic and pulmonary diseases (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive airway disease, chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, and pulmonary hypoplasia), metabolic diseases (eg, acute leukemia, myelocytic leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, pancreatic cancer), neuropsychiatric disorders (eg, Alzheimer disease), autoimmune diseases (eg, Graves disease, Crohn disease, colitis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, atopic dermatitis, eczema), and infectious diseases (eg, tuberculosis, hepatitis). However, there is a dearth of information on its involvement in other metabolic, neuropsychiatric, and infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify significant differentially altered genes in the conversion of Th2 to Th9 cells, and their regulating microRNAs (miRs) from publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus data sets of the mouse model using in silico analysis to unravel various pathogenic pathways involved in disease processes. METHODS Using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified from 2 publicly available data sets (GSE99166 and GSE123501) we performed functional enrichment and network analyses to identify pathways, protein-protein interactions, miR-messenger RNA associations, and disease-gene associations related to significant differentially altered genes implicated in the conversion of Th2 to Th9 cells. RESULTS We extracted 260 common downregulated, 236 common upregulated, and 634 common DEGs from the expression profiles of data sets GSE99166 and GSE123501. Codifferentially expressed ILs, cytokines, receptors, and transcription factors (TFs) were enriched in 7 crucial Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and Gene Ontology. We constructed the protein-protein interaction network and predicted the top regulatory miRs involved in the Th2 to Th9 differentiation pathways. We also identified various metabolic, allergic and pulmonary, neuropsychiatric, autoimmune, and infectious diseases as well as carcinomas where the differentiation of Th2 to Th9 may play a crucial role. CONCLUSIONS This study identified hitherto unexplored possible associations between Th9 and disease states. Some important ILs, including CCL1 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 1), CCL20 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 20), IL-13, IL-4, IL-12A, and IL-9; receptors, including IL-12RB1, IL-4RA (interleukin 9 receptor alpha), CD53 (cluster of differentiation 53), CD6 (cluster of differentiation 6), CD5 (cluster of differentiation 5), CD83 (cluster of differentiation 83), CD197 (cluster of differentiation 197), IL-1RL1 (interleukin 1 receptor-like 1), CD101 (cluster of differentiation 101), CD96 (cluster of differentiation 96), CD72 (cluster of differentiation 72), CD7 (cluster of differentiation 7), CD152 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4), CD38 (cluster of differentiation 38), CX3CR1 (chemokine [C-X3-C motif] receptor 1), CTLA2A (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 2 alpha), CTLA28, and CD196 (cluster of differentiation 196); and TFs, including FOXP3 (forkhead box P3), IRF8 (interferon regulatory factor 8), FOXP2 (forkhead box P2), RORA (RAR-related orphan receptor alpha), AHR (aryl-hydrocarbon receptor), MAF (avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog), SMAD6 (SMAD family member 6), JUN (Jun proto-oncogene), JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), EP300 (E1A binding protein p300), ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6), BTAF1 (B-TFIID TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1), BAFT (basic leucine zipper transcription factor), NOTCH1 (neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1), GATA3 (GATA binding protein 3), SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1), BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7), and PPARG (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were able to identify significant differentially altered genes in the conversion of Th2 to Th9 cells. We identified some common miRs that could target the DEGs. The scarcity of studies on the role of Th9 in metabolic diseases highlights the lacunae in this field. Our study provides the rationale for exploring the role of Th9 in various metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive disease, ischemic stroke, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, obesity, adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma and glioma, malignant neoplasm of stomach, melanoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and stomach carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Purvi Purohit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ashita Gadwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sojit Tomo
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Bajpai
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ravindra Shukla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
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18
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Chai H, Tjong H, Li P, Liao W, Wang P, Wong CH, Ngan CY, Leonard WJ, Wei CL, Ruan Y. ChIATAC is an efficient strategy for multi-omics mapping of 3D epigenomes from low-cell inputs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:213. [PMID: 36639381 PMCID: PMC9839710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Connecting genes to their cis-regulatory elements has been enabled by genome-wide mapping of chromatin interactions using proximity ligation in ChIA-PET, Hi-C, and their derivatives. However, these methods require millions of input cells for high-quality data and thus are unsuitable for many studies when only limited cells are available. Conversely, epigenomic profiling via transposase digestion in ATAC-seq requires only hundreds to thousands of cells to robustly map open chromatin associated with transcription activity, but it cannot directly connect active genes to their distal enhancers. Here, we combine proximity ligation in ChIA-PET and transposase accessibility in ATAC-seq into ChIATAC to efficiently map interactions between open chromatin loci in low numbers of input cells. We validate ChIATAC in Drosophila cells and optimize it for mapping 3D epigenomes in human cells robustly. Applying ChIATAC to primary human T cells, we reveal mechanisms that topologically regulate transcriptional programs during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxi Chai
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Harianto Tjong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chee Hong Wong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Yijun Ruan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China.
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19
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Lu M, Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Evolution of developmental and comparative immunology in poultry: The regulators and the regulated. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104525. [PMID: 36058383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Avian has a unique immune system that evolved in response to environmental pressures in all aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses, including localized and circulating lymphocytes, diversity of immunoglobulin repertoire, and various cytokines and chemokines. All of these attributes make birds an indispensable vertebrate model for studying the fundamental immunological concepts and comparative immunology. However, research on the immune system in birds lags far behind that of humans, mice, and other agricultural animal species, and limited immune tools have hindered the adequate application of birds as disease models for mammalian systems. An in-depth understanding of the avian immune system relies on the detailed studies of various regulated and regulatory mediators, such as cell surface antigens, cytokines, and chemokines. Here, we review current knowledge centered on the roles of avian cell surface antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and beyond. Moreover, we provide an update on recent progress in this rapidly developing field of study with respect to the availability of immune reagents that will facilitate the study of regulatory and regulated components of poultry immunity. The new information on avian immunity and available immune tools will benefit avian researchers and evolutionary biologists in conducting fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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20
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CD4+IL9+ (Th9) cells as the major source of IL-9, potentially modulate Th17/Treg mediated host immune response during experimental cerebral malaria. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:240-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Park SA, Lim YJ, Ku WL, Zhang D, Cui K, Tang LY, Chia C, Zanvit P, Chen Z, Jin W, Wang D, Xu J, Liu O, Wang F, Cain A, Guo N, Nakatsukasa H, Wu C, Zhang YE, Zhao K, Chen W. Opposing functions of circadian protein DBP and atypical E2F family E2F8 in anti-tumor Th9 cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6069. [PMID: 36241625 PMCID: PMC9568563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9)-producing CD4+ T helper cells (Th9) have been implicated in allergy/asthma and anti-tumor immunity, yet molecular insights on their differentiation from activated T cells, driven by IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), is still lacking. Here we show opposing functions of two transcription factors, D-binding protein (DBP) and E2F8, in controlling Th9 differentiation. Specifically, TGF-β and IL-4 signaling induces phosphorylation of the serine 213 site in the linker region of the Smad3 (pSmad3L-Ser213) via phosphorylated p38, which is necessary and sufficient for Il9 gene transcription. We identify DBP and E2F8 as an activator and repressor, respectively, for Il9 transcription by pSmad3L-Ser213. Notably, Th9 cells with siRNA-mediated knockdown for Dbp or E2f8 promote and suppress tumor growth, respectively, in mouse tumor models. Importantly, DBP and E2F8 also exhibit opposing functions in regulating human TH9 differentiation in vitro. Thus, our data uncover a molecular mechanism of Smad3 linker region-mediated, opposing functions of DBP and E2F8 in Th9 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Park
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Yun-Ji Lim
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Wai Lim Ku
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Systemic Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Systemic Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Liu-Ya Tang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Cheryl Chia
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Junji Xu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Ousheng Liu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Fu Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Alexander Cain
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Nancy Guo
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Systemic Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - WanJun Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
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22
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Zhao H, Gu Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Zhan Y, Zhao X, Cao Z. IL-9 neutralizing antibody suppresses allergic inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935943. [PMID: 36172190 PMCID: PMC9510626 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is mainly mediated by IgE after specific individuals are exposed to allergens. It is a common nasal mucosa disease of non-infectious chronic inflammatory disease and is often accompanied by asthma and conjunctivitis. In the study of allergic asthma, it was found that IL-9 participates in the pathogenic development of asthma. Because asthma and allergic rhinitis have the same airway and the same disease, it is inferred that IL-9 may also play an important role in allergic rhinitis. BALB/c mice received intranasal stimulation of ovalbumin (OVA) treatment at different times. The nasal mucosa of the mice were then sliced and stained with Sirius red and Toluidine blue, and eosinophils and mast cells in the mucosa were counted. ELISA was used to detect the expression of OVA-IgE in peripheral blood. The Th2 cell fraction in the mouse spleen was detected by flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 and their mRNA in mucosa were detected by real-time PCR and flow cytometry bead array analysis. Finally, the expression changes of Thymic stromal lymphopoietin related proteins and its mRNA, JAK1/2, and STAT5 proteins were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. After the intervention with the IL-9 neutralizing antibody, the symptoms of allergic rhinitis in mice were significantly reduced. The expression of OVA-IgE in the peripheral blood of mice was inhibited, the fraction of Th2 cells in the spleen decreased, the related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) were inhibited, and their functions decreased. The TSLP-OX40/OX40L signal pathway and JAK1/2-STAT5 signal are inhibited. IL-9 neutralizing antibody has a good therapeutic effect on the mouse model of allergic rhinitis, which may be related to the TSLP-OX40/OX40L pathway and JAK1/2-STAT5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhaowei Gu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Zhaowei Gu,
| | - Yunxiu Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Zhan
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Key Laboratory of Research and Application of Animal Models for Environmental and Metabolic Diseases, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiwei Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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23
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ZC3H4 regulates infiltrating monocytes, attenuating pulmonary fibrosis through IL-10. Respir Res 2022; 23:204. [PMID: 35962397 PMCID: PMC9375388 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicosis is a pulmonary fibrosis-associated disease caused by the inhalation of large amounts of free silicon dioxide (SiO2) that mainly manifests as early inflammation and late pulmonary fibrosis. As macrophage precursors, monocytes accumulate in the lung during early inflammation, but their role in the development of silicosis is unclear. Single-cell sequencing (cell numbers = 25,002), Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA and cell functional experiments were used to explore the specific effects of monocytes on fibroblasts. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to specifically knock down ZC3H4, a novel member of the CCCH zinc finger protein family, and was combined with pharmacological methods to explore the mechanism by which ZC3H4 affects chemokine and cytokine secretion. The results indicated that (1) SiO2 induced an infiltrating phenotype in monocytes; (2) infiltrating monocytes inhibited the activation, viability and migration of fibroblasts by regulating IL-10 but not IL-8; and (3) SiO2 downregulated IL-10 via ZC3H4-induced autophagy. This study revealed that ZC3H4 regulated the secretion function of monocytes, which, in turn, inhibited fibroblast function in early inflammation through autophagy signaling, thereby reducing pulmonary fibrosis. These findings provide a new idea for the clinical treatment of silicosis.
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24
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Chakraborty S, Khamaru P, Bhattacharyya A. Regulation of immune cell metabolism in health and disease: Special focus on T and B cell subsets. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1729-1746. [PMID: 35900141 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a dynamic process and keeps changing from time to time according to the demand of a particular cell to meet its bio-energetic requirement. Different immune cells rely on distinct metabolic programs which allow the cell to balance its requirements for energy, molecular biosynthesis, and effector activity. In the aspect of infection and cancer immunology, effector T and B cells get exhausted and help tumor cells to evade immunosurveillance. On the other hand, T cells become hyperresponsive in the scenario of autoimmune diseases. In this article, we have explored the uniqueness and distinct metabolic features of key CD4+ T and B helper cell subsets, CD4+ T, B regulatory cell subsets and CD8+ T cells regarding health and disease. Th1 cells rely on glycolysis and glutaminolysis; inhibition of these metabolic pathways promotes Th1 cells in Treg population. However, Th2 cells are also dependent on glycolysis but an abundance of lactate within TME shifts their metabolic dependency to fatty acid metabolism. Th17 cells depend on HIF-1α mediated glycolysis, ablation of HIF-1α reduces Th17 cells but enhance Treg population. In contrast to effector T cells which are largely dependent on glycolysis for their differentiation and function, Treg cells mainly rely on FAO for their function. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the metabolic fates of immune cells and how it facilitates their differentiation and function for different disease models. Targeting metabolic pathways to restore the functionality of immune cells in diseased conditions can lead to potent therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Poulomi Khamaru
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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25
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Jin D, Jiang Y, Chang L, Wei J, Sun J. New therapeutic strategies based on biasing IL-2 mutants for cancers and autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108935. [PMID: 35732097 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory multifunctional cytokine. High-dose IL-2 was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1990s for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. However, the short half-life of IL-2 and its toxicity caused by high-dose IL-2 limit the clinical use of IL-2. Recently, the development of cell-type-selective engineered IL-2 products become a hot research filed, mainly because IL-2 stimulates both regulatory T cells (Treg) and effector T cells (Teff) in vivo. The selective effect of IL-2 on Treg and Teff can be improved by designing biased IL-2 mutants, which showed reduced toxicity while being more effective in stimulating anti-tumor effector immunity or ameliorating autoimmune diseases. In this review we summarize the biological properties of IL-2 mutants reported so far. The design process and principle of IL-2 mutants, IL-2 mutant antibody complexes and IL-2 fusion proteins were discussed, which provided research basis for the design and application of IL-2 mutants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfu Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina
| | - Yaxin Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina
| | - Jing Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina.
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PRChina.
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26
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Oh S, Li K, Prince A, Wheeler ML, Hamade H, Nguyen C, Michelsen KS, Underhill DM. Pathogen size alters C-type lectin receptor signaling in dendritic cells to influence CD4 Th9 cell differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110567. [PMID: 35354044 PMCID: PMC9052946 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dectin-1 recognizes β-glucan in fungal cell walls, and activation of Dectin-1 in dendritic cells (DCs) influences immune responses against fungi. Although many studies have shown that DCs activated via Dectin-1 induce different subsets of T helper cells according to different cytokine milieus, the mechanisms underlying such differences remain unknown. By harnessing polymorphic Candida albicans and polystyrene beads of different sizes, we find that target size influences production of cytokines that control differentiation of T helper cell subsets. Hyphal C. albicans and large beads activate DCs but cannot be phagocytosed due to their sizes, which prolongs the duration of Dectin-1 signaling. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that expression of Il33 is significantly increased by larger targets, and increased IL-33 expression promotes TH9 responses. Expression of IL-33 is regulated by the Dectin-1-SYK-PLCγ-CARD9-ERK pathway. Altogether, our study demonstrates that size of fungi can be a determining factor in how DCs induce context-appropriate adaptive immune responses. Oh et al. show that dendritic cells exposed to C. albicans hyphae more strongly induce IL-9-producing T cells compared with cells exposed to yeast. They find that this TH9 response is driven in large part by Dectin-1 sensing microbe size, leading to elevated production of IL-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seeun Oh
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kai Li
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Alexander Prince
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Matthew L Wheeler
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hussein Hamade
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kathrin S Michelsen
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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27
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Cai M, Chen N. The Roles of IRF-8 in Regulating IL-9-Mediated Immunologic Mechanisms in the Development of DLBCL: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:817069. [PMID: 35211408 PMCID: PMC8860898 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) is a transcription suppressor that functions through associations with other transcription factors, contributing to the growth and differentiation of bone marrow cells and the activation of macrophages. IRF-8 expression profoundly affects pathogenic processes ranging from infections to blood diseases. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multipotent cytokine that acts on a variety of immune cells by binding to the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) and is involved in a variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other pathogen-mediated immune regulatory diseases. Studies have shown that IL-9 levels are significantly increased in the serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and IL-9 levels are correlated with the DLBCL prognostic index. The activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex is a dimeric transcription factor that plays a critical role in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oncogene-induced transformation, and invasion by controlling basic and induced transcription of several genes containing the AP-1 locus. The AP-1 complex is involved in many cancers, including hematological tumors. In this report, we systematically review the precise roles of IL-9, IRF-8, and AP-1 in tumor development, particularly with regard to DLBCL. Finally, the recent progress in IRF-8 and IL-9 research is presented; the possible relationship among IRF-8, IL-9, and AP-1 family members is analyzed; and future research prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cai
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China
| | - Na Chen
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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28
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Canaria DA, Clare MG, Yan B, Campbell CB, Ismaio ZA, Anderson NL, Park S, Dent AL, Kazemian M, Olson MR. IL-1β promotes IL-9-producing Th cell differentiation in IL-2-limiting conditions through the inhibition of BCL6. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032618. [PMID: 36389679 PMCID: PMC9663844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T helper cells, termed Th9 cells, differentiate from naïve precursor cells in response to a combination of cytokine and cell surface receptor signals that are elevated in inflamed tissues. After differentiation, Th9 cells accumulate in these tissues where they exacerbate allergic and intestinal disease or enhance anti-parasite and anti-tumor immunity. Previous work indicates that the differentiation of Th9 cells requires the inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TGF-β and is also dependent of the T cell growth factor IL-2. While the roles of IL-4 and TGF-β-mediated signaling are relatively well understood, how IL-2 signaling contributes to Th9 cell differentiation outside of directly inducing the Il9 locus remains less clear. We show here that murine Th9 cells that differentiate in IL-2-limiting conditions exhibit reduced IL-9 production, diminished NF-kB activation and a reduced NF-kB-associated transcriptional signature, suggesting that IL-2 signaling is required for optimal NF-kB activation in Th9 cells. Interestingly, both IL-9 production and the NF-kB transcriptional signature could be rescued by addition of the NF-kB-activating cytokine IL-1β to IL-2-limiting cultures. IL-1β was unique among NF-kB-activating factors in its ability to rescue Th9 differentiation as IL-2 deprived Th9 cells selectively induced IL-1R expression and IL-1β/IL-1R1 signaling enhanced the sensitivity of Th9 cells to limiting amounts of IL-2 by suppressing expression of the Th9 inhibitory factor BCL6. These data shed new light on the intertwined nature of IL-2 and NF-kB signaling pathways in differentiating Th cells and elucidate the potential mechanisms that promote Th9 inflammatory function in IL-2-limiting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alejandro Canaria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Maia G Clare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Charlotte B Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zachariah A Ismaio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicole L Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sungtae Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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29
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Nash A, Aghlara-Fotovat S, Hernandez A, Scull C, Veiseh O. Clinical translation of immunomodulatory therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113896. [PMID: 34324885 PMCID: PMC8567306 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapeutics represent a unique class of drug products that have tremendous potential to rebalance malfunctioning immune systems and are quickly becoming one of the fastest-growing areas in the pharmaceutical industry. For these drugs to become mainstream medicines, they must provide greater therapeutic benefit than the currently used treatments without causing severe toxicities. Immunomodulators, cell-based therapies, antibodies, and viral therapies have all achieved varying amounts of success in the treatment of cancers and/or autoimmune diseases. However, many challenges related to precision dosing, off-target effects, and manufacturing hurdles will need to be addressed before we see widespread adoption of these therapies in the clinic. This review provides a perspective on the progress of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive therapies to date and discusses the opportunities and challenges for clinical translation of the next generation of immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Nash
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston TX, United States
| | | | - Andrea Hernandez
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston TX, United States
| | | | - Omid Veiseh
- Rice University, Department of Bioengineering, Houston TX, United States.
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Canaria DA, Yan B, Clare MG, Zhang Z, Taylor GA, Boone DL, Kazemian M, Olson MR. STAT5 Represses a STAT3-Independent Th17-like Program during Th9 Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1265-1274. [PMID: 34348976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-9-producing Th cells, termed Th9 cells, contribute to immunity against parasites and cancers but have detrimental roles in allergic disease and colitis. Th9 cells differentiate in response to IL-4 and TGF-β, but these signals are insufficient to drive Th9 differentiation in the absence of IL-2. IL-2-induced STAT5 activation is required for chromatin accessibility within Il9 enhancer and promoter regions and directly transactivates the Il9 locus. STAT5 also suppresses gene expression during Th9 cell development, but these roles are less well defined. In this study, we demonstrate that human allergy-associated Th9 cells exhibited a signature of STAT5-mediated gene repression that is associated with the silencing of a Th17-like transcriptional signature. In murine Th9 cell differentiation, blockade of IL-2/STAT5 signaling induced the expression of IL-17 and the Th17-associated transcription factor Rorγt. However, IL-2-deprived Th9 cells did not exhibit a significant Th17- or STAT3-associated transcriptional signature. Consistent with these observations, differentiation of IL-17-producing cells under these conditions was STAT3-independent but did require Rorγt and BATF. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Rorγt and BATF partially rescued IL-17 production in STAT3-deficient Th17 cells, highlighting the importance of these factors in this process. Although STAT3 was not required for the differentiation of IL-17-producing cells under IL-2-deprived Th9 conditions, their prolonged survival was STAT3-dependent, potentially explaining why STAT3-independent IL-17 production is not commonly observed in vivo. Together, our data suggest that IL-2/STAT5 signaling plays an important role in controlling the balance of a Th9 versus a Th17-like differentiation program in vitro and in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bingyu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Maia G Clare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Zonghao Zhang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Grace A Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - David L Boone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, IN; and
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Matthew R Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN;
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31
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Cheng ZY, He TT, Gao XM, Zhao Y, Wang J. ZBTB Transcription Factors: Key Regulators of the Development, Differentiation and Effector Function of T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713294. [PMID: 34349770 PMCID: PMC8326903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and differentiation of T cells represents a long and highly coordinated, yet flexible at some points, pathway, along which the sequential and dynamic expressions of different transcriptional factors play prominent roles at multiple steps. The large ZBTB family comprises a diverse group of transcriptional factors, and many of them have emerged as critical factors that regulate the lineage commitment, differentiation and effector function of hematopoietic-derived cells as well as a variety of other developmental events. Within the T-cell lineage, several ZBTB proteins, including ZBTB1, ZBTB17, ZBTB7B (THPOK) and BCL6 (ZBTB27), mainly regulate the development and/or differentiation of conventional CD4/CD8 αβ+ T cells, whereas ZBTB16 (PLZF) is essential for the development and function of innate-like unconventional γδ+ T & invariant NKT cells. Given the critical role of T cells in host defenses against infections/tumors and in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders, we herein summarize the roles of fourteen ZBTB family members in the development, differentiation and effector function of both conventional and unconventional T cells as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Cheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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32
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Jones DM, Read KA, Oestreich KJ. Dynamic Roles for IL-2-STAT5 Signaling in Effector and Regulatory CD4 + T Cell Populations. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:1721-1730. [PMID: 32958706 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ Th cells are responsible for orchestrating diverse, pathogen-specific immune responses through their differentiation into a number of subsets, including TH1, TH2, TH9, T follicular helper, T follicular regulatory, and regulatory T cells. The differentiation of each subset is guided by distinct regulatory requirements, including those derived from extracellular cytokine signals. IL-2 has emerged as a critical immunomodulatory cytokine that both positively and negatively affects the differentiation of individual Th cell subsets. IL-2 signals are propagated, in part, via activation of STAT5, which functions as a key regulator of CD4+ T cell gene programs. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the mechanisms that allow IL-2-STAT5 signaling to exert divergent effects across CD4+ T cell subsets and highlight specific roles for this pathway in the regulation of individual Th cell differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin M Jones
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kaitlin A Read
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; and
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33
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Guo K, Zhang X. Cytokines that Modulate the Differentiation of Th17 Cells in Autoimmune Uveitis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6693542. [PMID: 33816637 PMCID: PMC7990547 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6693542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of ocular immune disease. The association between pathogenic Th17 cells and the development of uveitis has been confirmed in experimental and clinical studies. Several cytokines affect the initiation and stabilization of the differentiation of Th17 cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of related cytokines in the differentiation of Th17 cells is important for exploring the pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets of uveitis. This article briefly describes the structures, mechanisms, and targeted drugs of cytokines-including interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IL-1β, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, and interferon (IFN)-γ-which have an important influence on the differentiation of Th17 cells and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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34
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Critical Roles of Balanced T Helper 9 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Airway Inflammation and Tumor Immunity. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8816055. [PMID: 33748292 PMCID: PMC7943311 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8816055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+T helper (Th) cells are important mediators of immune responses in asthma and cancer. When counteracted by different classes of pathogens, naïve CD4+T cells undergo programmed differentiation into distinct types of Th cells. Th cells orchestrate antigen-specific immune responses upon their clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) interaction with the appropriate peptide antigen presented on MHC class II molecules expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). T helper 9 (Th9) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and their corresponding cytokines have critical roles in tumor and allergic immunity. In the context of asthma and cancer, the dynamic internal microenvironment, along with chronic inflammatory stimuli, influences development, differentiation, and function of Th9 cells and Treg cells. Furthermore, the dysregulation of the balance between Th9 cells and Treg cells might trigger aberrant immune responses, resulting in development and exacerbation of asthma and cancer. In this review, the development, differentiation, and function of Th9 cells and Treg cells, which are synergistically regulated by various factors including cytokine signals, transcriptional factors (TFs), costimulatory signals, microenvironment cues, metabolic pathways, and different signal pathways, will be discussed. In addition, we focus on the recent progress that has helped to achieve a better understanding of the roles of Th9 cells and Treg cells in allergic airway inflammation and tumor immunity. We also discuss how various factors moderate their responses in asthma and cancer. Finally, we summarize the recent findings regarding potential mechanisms for regulating the balance between Th9 and Treg cells in asthma and cancer. These advances provide opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies that are aimed at reestablishing the balance of these cells in the diseases.
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Abstract
Clinical trials have demonstrated that an increased number of effector cells, especially tumor-specific T cells, is positively linked with patients’ prognosis. Although the discovery of checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has led to encouraging progress in cancer immunotherapy, the lack of either T cells or targets for CPIs is a limitation for patients with poor prognosis. Since interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 are cytokines that target many aspects of T-cell responses, they have been used to treat cancers. In this review, we focus on the basic biology of how these cytokines regulate T-cell response and on the clinical trials using the cytokines against cancer. Further, we introduce several recent studies that aim to improve cytokines’ biological activities and find the strategy for combination with other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hae Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology(POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kun-Joo Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology(POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology(POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology(POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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36
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Sabbaghi F, Ullner L, Bohn T, Hahlbrock J, Bopp T, Schmitt E, Klein M, Stassen M. In Activated Murine Mast Cells, NFATc2 Is Critical for the Production of Autocrine IL-3, Thereby Promoting the Expression of IL-9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:67-76. [PMID: 33268486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IL-9 has lent its numerical designation to the Th9 subset of CD4+ Th cells, although it is also produced by additional cell types, including mast cells. It is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune inflammation, and cancer immunity. In this article, we provide evidence that NFATc2 has contradictory functions in the expression of IL-9 in murine Th9 cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC). The basis for this is our observation that the production of IL-9 in NFATc2-deficient Th9 cells is increased, whereas it is decreased in BMMC devoid of NFATc2. In addition, NFATc2 deficiency almost completely abrogates the expression of IL-3 in both cell types. However, selectively in BMMC, the production of IL-9 critically depends on autocrine IL-3 acting via the sustained activation of STAT5 on the expression of IL-9. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-3 acts independently and synergistically with IL-1β on the production of IL-9. Taken together, we highlight NFATc2-driven production of autocrine IL-3 as a critical and cell type-specific component for IL-9 expression in BMMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Sabbaghi
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lorenz Ullner
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Toszka Bohn
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hahlbrock
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Paul-Klein-Center for Immune Intervention, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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37
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T-bet and STAT6 Coordinately Suppress the Development of IL-9-Mediated Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1274-1285.e5. [PMID: 33068596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-bet and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 are critical factors for helper T-cell differentiation in humans and mice. Additionally, polymorphisms in TBX21 (T-bet) and STAT6 are associated with the susceptibility of allergic diseases. However, precise mechanisms of the reciprocal regulation between T-bet and STAT6 in allergy remain unclear. To determine the reciprocal regulation in vivo, we investigated the phenotype of T-bet/STAT6 double-deficient (T-bet-/- STAT6-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice but not T-bet-/- mice or STAT6-/- mice spontaneously developed severe dermatitis. Not only eosinophils and mast cells but also CD4+ T cells infiltrated into the skin of T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells of T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice into severe combined immunodeficient mice induced the accumulation of eosinophils and mast cells in the skin, whereas depletion of CD4+ T cells ameliorated the dermatitis in T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice. Comprehensive transcriptome analyses revealed that IL-9 expression was enhanced in T-bet-/- STAT6-/- CD4+ T cells. Indeed, IL-9 neutralization ameliorated the dermatitis in T-bet-/- STAT6-/- mice. T-bet-/- STAT6-/- CD4+ T cells expressed functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptors and produced large amounts of IL-9 on thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulation. These results indicate that T-bet and STAT6 coordinately suppress atopic dermatitis-like skin inflammation, possibly by inhibiting thymic stromal lymphopoietin-dependent IL-9 production in CD4+ T cells.
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38
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STAT5 promotes accessibility and is required for BATF-mediated plasticity at the Il9 locus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4882. [PMID: 32985505 PMCID: PMC7523001 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper cell differentiation requires lineage-defining transcription factors and factors that have shared expression among multiple subsets. BATF is required for development of multiple Th subsets but functions in a lineage-specific manner. BATF is required for IL-9 production in Th9 cells but in contrast to its function as a pioneer factor in Th17 cells, BATF is neither sufficient nor required for accessibility at the Il9 locus. Here we show that STAT5 is the earliest factor binding and remodeling the Il9 locus to allow BATF binding in both mouse and human Th9 cultures. The ability of STAT5 to mediate accessibility for BATF is observed in other Th lineages and allows acquisition of the IL-9-secreting phenotype. STAT5 and BATF convert Th17 cells into cells that mediate IL-9-dependent effects in allergic airway inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. Thus, BATF requires the STAT5 signal to mediate plasticity at the Il9 locus. BATF is a transcription factor that is needed for IL-9 production by T helper 9 cells. Here the authors show that STAT5 is needed at the Il9 locus to enable BATF to function in this manner and that this interaction can reprogram other T helper subsets into IL-9 producing cells, thus regulating the immune response to disease.
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Nakamura A, Takahashi D, Nakamura Y, Yamada T, Matsumoto M, Hase K. Polyamines polarized Th2/Th9 cell-fate decision by regulating GATA3 expression. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 693:108587. [PMID: 32946839 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines produced by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are bioactive substances with pleiotropic effects. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that polyamines contribute to anti-inflammatory responses by suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in mononuclear cells and macrophages. However, the effects of polyamines on CD4+ T cell responses remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of polyamines on cell fate decisions of naïve CD4+ T cells in vitro. We found that endogenously generated polyamines are essential for the development of T helper 2 (Th2) cells. Treatment with DL-2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, diminished GATA3 expression in CD4+ T cells under Th2-skewed conditions. Supplementation of exogenous polyamines rescued GATA3 downregulation caused by DFMO treatment in CD4+ T cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that deprivation of endogenous polyamines resulted in upregulated Th9-related genes, such as Il9, Irf4, and Batf3, even under the Th2-skewing conditions. Depletion of intracellular polyamines reduced GATA3 expression but increased IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells under both Th2 and Th9-skewing conditions. Furthermore, oral administration of DFMO increased IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells in small intestine in mice. Thus, our data indicate that polyamines play a critical role in the regulation of the Th2/Th9 balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co Ltd., Hinode-machi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamada
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Matsumoto
- Dairy Science and Technology Institute, Kyodo Milk Industry Co Ltd., Hinode-machi, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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IL-9-producing T cells: potential players in allergy and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 21:37-48. [PMID: 32788707 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IL-9-producing CD4+ T cells have been considered to represent a distinct T helper cell (TH cell) subset owing to their unique developmental programme in vitro, their expression of distinct transcription factors (including PU.1) and their copious production of IL-9. It remains debatable whether these cells represent a truly unique TH cell subset in vivo, but they are closely related to the T helper 2 (TH2) cells that are detected in allergic diseases. In recent years, increasing evidence has also indicated that IL-9-producing T cells may have potent abilities in eradicating advanced tumours, particularly melanomas. Here, we review the latest literature on the development of IL-9-producing T cells and their functions in disease settings, with a particular focus on allergy and cancer. We also discuss recent ideas concerning the therapeutic targeting of these cells in patients with chronic allergic diseases and their potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
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41
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Roy S, Goel R, Aggarwal S, Asthana S, Yadav AK, Awasthi A. Proteome analysis revealed the essential functions of protein phosphatase PP2A in the induction of Th9 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10992. [PMID: 32620893 PMCID: PMC7335106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67845-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomic analysis identifies post-translational functions of proteins, which remains obscure in transcriptomics. Given the important functions of Th9 cells in anti-tumor immunity, we performed proteome analysis of Th9 cells to understand the involvement of proteins that might be crucial for the anti-tumor functions of Th9 cells. Here we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis of murine Th0 and Th9 cells, and identified proteins that are enriched in Th9 cells. Pathway analysis identified an abundance of phosphoproteins in the proteome of Th9 cells as compared to Th0 cells. Among upregulated phosphoproteins, Ppp2ca (catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase, PP2A) was found to be highly enriched in Th9 cells. Although the role of PP2A has been shown to regulate the differentiation and functions of Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tregs, its role in the differentiation and functions of Th9 cells is not identified yet. Here we found that PP2A is required for the induction of Th9 cells, as PP2A inhibition leads to the suppression of IL-9 and expression of key transcription factors of Th9 cells. PP2A inhibition abrogates Th9 cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response in B16-OVA melanoma tumor model. Thus, we report that PP2A is essential for the differentiation and anti-tumor functions of Th9 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyasha Roy
- Immuno-Biology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India
| | - Renu Goel
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Suruchi Aggarwal
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immuno-Biology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), 3rd Milestone Gurgaon-Faridabad Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana, 121 001, India.
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42
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Chen T, Guo J, Cai Z, Li B, Sun L, Shen Y, Wang S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhou H, Cai Z, Ye Z. Th9 Cell Differentiation and Its Dual Effects in Tumor Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1026. [PMID: 32508847 PMCID: PMC7251969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and characteristics of cancers, the critical role of the immune system in preventing tumor development has been widely accepted. The understanding of the relationship between the immune system and cancer progression is constantly evolving, from the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis to immunoediting theory and the delicate balance in the tumor microenvironment. Currently, immunotherapy is regarded as a promising strategy against cancers. Although adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown some exciting results regarding the rejection of tumors, the effect is not always satisfactory. Cellular therapy with CD4+ T cells remains to be further explored since the current ACT is mainly focused on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Recently, Th9 cells, a subgroup of CD4+ T helper cells characterized by the secretion of IL-9 and IL-10, have been reported to be effective in the elimination of solid tumors and to exhibit superior antitumor properties to Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the understanding of Th9 cell differentiation and the dual role, both anti-tumor and pro-tumor effects, of Th9 cells in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jufeng Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhai Cai
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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43
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Du X, Li C, Wang W, Huang Q, Wang J, Tong Z, Huang K, Chen Y, Yuan H, Lv Z, Corrigan CJ, Wang W, Ying S. IL-33 induced airways inflammation is partially dependent on IL-9. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104098. [PMID: 32241531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways and numerous cytokines contribute to this pathogenesis. It is shown that challenge of airways with IL-33 induces asthma-like pathological changes in mice, but the possible downstream cytokines in this process remain to be characterised. To explore this, we compared changes in the airways of wildtype (WT) and IL-9 deficient mice challenged with IL-33. In line with previous report, per-nasal challenge of WT mice with IL-33 significantly increased the responsiveness of the airways along with infiltration of inflammatory cells, goblet cell hyperplasia, collagen deposition and smooth muscle hypertrophy, and the expression of cytokines compared with control group. Surprisingly, all of these pathological changes were significantly attenuated in IL-9 deficient mice following identical IL-33 challenge. These data suggest that IL-9 is one downstream cytokine relevant to the effects of IL-33 in asthmatic airways and consequently a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Du
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenduo Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kewu Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huihui Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chris J Corrigan
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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44
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Yahaya T, Salisu T. Genes predisposing to type 1 diabetes mellitus and pathophysiology: a narrative review. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2020. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.rev.203732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of targeting the causal genes along with the mechanisms of pathogenically complex diseases has led to numerous studies on the genetic etiology of some diseases. In particular, studies have added more genes to the list of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) suspect genes, necessitating an update for the interest of all stakeholders. Therefore this review articulates T1DM suspect genes and their pathophysiology. Notable electronic databases, including Medline, Scopus, PubMed, and Google-Scholar were searched for relevant information. The search identified over 73 genes suspected in the pathogenesis of T1DM, with human leukocyte antigen, insulin gene, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 accounting for most of the cases. Mutations in these genes, along with environmental factors, may produce a defective immune response in the pancreas, resulting in β-cell autoimmunity, insulin deficiency, and hyperglycemia. The mechanisms leading to these cellular reactions are gene-specific and, if targeted in diabetic individuals, may lead to improved treatment. Medical practitioners are advised to formulate treatment procedures that target these genes in patients with T1DM.
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45
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Lactate dehydrogenase inhibition synergizes with IL-21 to promote CD8 + T cell stemness and antitumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6047-6055. [PMID: 32123114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920413117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-21 dichotomously shape CD8+ T cell differentiation. IL-2 drives terminal differentiation, generating cells that are poorly effective against tumors, whereas IL-21 promotes stem cell memory T cells (TSCM) and antitumor responses. Here we investigated the role of metabolic programming in the developmental differences induced by these cytokines. IL-2 promoted effector-like metabolism and aerobic glycolysis, robustly inducing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and lactate production, whereas IL-21 maintained a metabolically quiescent state dependent on oxidative phosphorylation. LDH inhibition rewired IL-2-induced effects, promoting pyruvate entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and inhibiting terminal effector and exhaustion programs, including mRNA expression of members of the NR4A family of nuclear receptors, as well as Prdm1 and Xbp1 While deletion of Ldha prevented development of cells with antitumor effector function, transient LDH inhibition enhanced the generation of memory cells capable of triggering robust antitumor responses after adoptive transfer. LDH inhibition did not significantly affect IL-21-induced metabolism but caused major transcriptomic changes, including the suppression of IL-21-induced exhaustion markers LAG3, PD1, 2B4, and TIM3. LDH inhibition combined with IL-21 increased the formation of TSCM cells, resulting in more profound antitumor responses and prolonged host survival. These findings indicate a pivotal role for LDH in modulating cytokine-mediated T cell differentiation and underscore the therapeutic potential of transiently inhibiting LDH during adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy, with an unanticipated cooperative antitumor effect of LDH inhibition and IL-21.
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46
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Zhu M, Zhou J, Liang Y, Nair V, Yao Y, Cheng Z. CCCH-type zinc finger antiviral protein mediates antiviral immune response by activating T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:299-307. [PMID: 31945209 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ab1119-314rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP), as a host restriction factor, inhibits the replication of certain viruses by binding viral mRNA or proteins for degradation. However, little is known about the role of ZAP in the antiviral immune response. We now show that ZAP participates in the antiviral immune response by activating T cells. Overexpression of ZAP significantly inhibited avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) replication and reduced the associated inflammatory damage in vivo. In this study, we found that ZAP tended to be expressed in T lymphocytes, especially after ALV-J infection. T lymphocyte proliferation proceeded as usual in response to ALV-J infection in the presence of ZAP, indicating that ZAP endows T lymphocytes with resistance to the immunosuppression caused by ALV-J. Furthermore, ZAP activated cytokine secretion by T lymphocytes by contributing to nuclear translocation of nuclear factors of activated T cells and indirectly promoted anti-ALV-J antibody generation. Together, our findings show that ZAP, acting as an immunomodulatory factor, is involved in the antiviral immune response via T lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfei Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong, China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong, China
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IL-9 and Th9 Cells in Tumor Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1240:35-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38315-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Wang J, Sun M, Zhao H, Huang Y, Li D, Mao D, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Dong X, Zhao X. IL-9 Exerts Antitumor Effects in Colon Cancer and Transforms the Tumor Microenvironment In Vivo. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819857737. [PMID: 31242804 PMCID: PMC6598323 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819857737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As a newly discovered cytokine, interleukin 9 was initially considered a T-lymphocyte growth factor. Interleukin 9 affects target cells by binding to a member of the γc-family of receptors and is involved in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and other ailments. In recent years, mounting evidence reveals that interleukin 9 exerts antitumor effects, which has attracted considerable attention. Many previous studies were performed in vivo by establishing a mouse model of melanoma. Here, interleukin 9 protein and messenger RNA expression levels were both low in colon carcinoma tissue specimens, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition, interleukin 9 expression in these samples was correlated with TNM staging, Dukes staging, lymph node metastasis, and good prognosis, but not with gender, age, tumor size, tumor differentiation, and hepatic metastasis. In vivo, by establishing a mouse subcutaneous allograft model, we found that interleukin 9 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and resulted in longer survival time. Then, antitumor immune responses were increased by interleukin 9 as demonstrated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, interleukin 9 was shown to exert antitumor effects by regulating T-cell function and killing tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, this study revealed that interleukin 9 exerts robust antitumor effects in colon cancer and transforms the tumor microenvironment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,4 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mingbing Sun
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Huang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongbao Li
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Deli Mao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Dong
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- 1 Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,2 Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,3 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,4 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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49
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Targeting STAT3 and STAT5 in Tumor-Associated Immune Cells to Improve Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121832. [PMID: 31766350 PMCID: PMC6966642 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced STAT3-activation is central to tumor progression by promoting cancer cell expression of pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive factors. STAT3 is also activated in infiltrating immune cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) amplifying immune suppression. Consequently, STAT3 is considered as a target for cancer therapy. However, its interplay with other STAT-family members or transcription factors such as NF-κB has to be considered in light of their concerted regulation of immune-related genes. Here, we discuss new attempts at re-educating immune suppressive tumor-associated macrophages towards a CD8 T cell supporting profile, with an emphasis on the role of STAT transcription factors on TAM functional programs. Recent clinical trials using JAK/STAT inhibitors highlighted the negative effects of these molecules on the maintenance and function of effector/memory T cells. Concerted regulation of STAT3 and STAT5 activation in CD8 T effector and memory cells has been shown to impact their tumor-specific responses including intra-tumor accumulation, long-term survival, cytotoxic activity and resistance toward tumor-derived immune suppression. Interestingly, as an escape mechanism, melanoma cells were reported to impede STAT5 nuclear translocation in both CD8 T cells and NK cells. Ours and others results will be discussed in the perspective of new developments in engineered T cell-based adoptive therapies to treat cancer patients.
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50
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Resolution of allergic asthma. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:665-674. [PMID: 31705318 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing and bronchoconstriction. Chronic inflammation may finally lead to structural damage followed by airway remodeling. Various studies in recent years contributed to unravel important aspects of the immunopathogenesis of asthma and adapted new pharmaceutical developments. Here, I consider some novel insights into the immunopathogenesis of asthma and the protective and pathogenic roles of some innate and adaptive immune cells as well as the function of soluble mediators such as cytokines. Particular attention will be given to new concepts on resolution of chronic airway inflammation for prevention of airway structural damage.
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