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Déniz C, Raba-Parodi C, García-Raimundo E, Macía I, Rivas F, Ureña A, Muñoz A, Moreno C, Serratosa I, Masuet-Aumatell C, Escobar I, Ramos R. Preoperative Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Could Predict Postoperative Outcomes in Patients with Surgically Resected Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:7086-7098. [PMID: 36290833 PMCID: PMC9600895 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether preoperative nutritional status and inflammatory status, specifically polyunsaturated acids and the omega 6/3 ratio, would affect postoperative outcomes and complications in patients with lung cancer undergoing lung resection. Methods: This prospective observational study included 68 patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer who were candidates for radical surgery. A complete nutritional assessment was performed. The primary study variable was postoperative complications and mortality in the first 30 days. Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results: A total of 50 men (73.53%) and 18 women (26.47%) underwent surgery, with a median age of 64.2 (±9.74) years. The mean omega 6/3 ratio was 17.39 (±9.45). A complication occurred in 39.7% of the study sample (n = 27), the most common being persistent air leak in 23.53% (n = 16). After performing the bivariate analysis, the only variable that remained significant was the omega 6/3 ratio; we observed that it had a prognostic value for persistent air leak (p = 0.001) independent of age, sex, comorbidity, preoperative respiratory function, and approach or type of surgery. The remaining nutritional and inflammatory markers did not have a statistically significant association (p > 0.05) with postoperative complications. However, this significance was not maintained in the multivariate analysis by a small margin (p = 0.052; 95% CI: 0.77-1.41). Conclusions: Omega 6/3 ratio may be a prognostic factor for air leak, independent of the patient's clinical and pathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Déniz
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Raba-Parodi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva García-Raimundo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iván Macía
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rivas
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Ureña
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Muñoz
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camilo Moreno
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ines Serratosa
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Masuet-Aumatell
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Escobar
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Ramos
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, s/n, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-3357011
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Maucher D, Schmidt B, Kuhlmann K, Schumann J. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids of Both the Omega-3 and the Omega-6 Family Abrogate the Cytokine-Induced Upregulation of miR-29a-3p by Endothelial Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194466. [PMID: 33003296 PMCID: PMC7583866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes fundamentally depend on protein expression control. At this, protein expression is regulated on the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional level. PUFAs are already known to affect gene transcription. The present study was conducted to answer the question whether PUFAs are also able to impact on the miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional fine-tuning of mRNA copy numbers. To this end, cellular miRNA profiles were screened by means of next-generation sequencing and NanoString analysis to compare PUFA-enriched to unsupplemented endothelial cells exposed to an inflammatory milieu. Validation took place by droplet digital PCR, allowing for an absolute quantification of RNA copy numbers. The analyses revealed that the stimulation-induced upregulation of miR-29a-3p is blocked by PUFA enrichment of endothelial cells. What is more, mRNA copy numbers of miR-29a-3p targets, namely the coagulation factors PAI-1, TF, and vWF, as well as the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, were reduced in PUFA-enriched endothelial cells compared to unsupplemented cells, counteracting the stimulatory effect of an inflammatory environment. These data hint toward a new mechanism of action by which PUFAs modulate the functionality of endothelial cells. Apparently, the inflammation-modulating properties of PUFAs are also mediated at the post-transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Schumann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5571776; Fax: +49-345-5571781
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3
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Vega OM, Abkenari S, Tong Z, Tedman A, Huerta-Yepez S. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Lung Cancer: nutrition or Pharmacology? Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:541-561. [PMID: 32393071 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1761408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) supplements for chemoprevention of different types of cancer including lung cancer has been investigated in recent years. ω-3 PUFAs are considered immunonutrients, commonly used in the nutritional therapy of cancer patients. ω-3 PUFAs play essential roles in cell signaling and in cell structure and fluidity of membranes. They participate in the resolution of inflammation and have anti-inflammatory effects. Lung cancer patients suffer complications, such as anorexia-cachexia syndrome, pain and depression. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) 2017 guidelines for cancer patients only discuss the use of ω-3 PUFAs for cancer-cachexia treatment, leaving aside other cancer-related complications that could potentially be managed by ω-3 PUFAs. This review aims to elucidate whether the effects of ω-3 PUFAs in lung cancer is supplementary, pharmacological or both. In addition, clinical studies, evidence in cell lines and animal models suggest how ω-3 PUFAs induce anticancer effects. ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolites are suggested to modulate pivotal pathways underlying the progression or complications of lung cancer, indicating that this is a promising field to be explored. Further investigation is still required to analyze the benefits of ω-3 PUFAs as supplementation or pharmacological treatment in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Vega
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shaheen Abkenari
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Zhen Tong
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Austin Tedman
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Lung Cancer Potential. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18040197. [PMID: 32276401 PMCID: PMC7230368 DOI: 10.3390/md18040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Natural molecules with anti-lung cancer potential are of a great interest and considered as very promising alternative to substitute or enhance the efficiency of the conventional drugs. Recently, algae as source of high value-added compounds are considered as very promising source of these bioactive molecules. These are secondary metabolites that consist mainly of derivatives of peptides, carbohydrates, and lipids with various structures. Accordingly, various mechanisms by which different algae molecules demonstrate attenuation of tumor angiogenesis were stated and discussed. The mode of action of the algae bioactives is closely related to their nature and chemical structure. Furthermore, this literature review considers the synergistic effect between microalgae bioactives and conventional drugs and discuss the economic feasibility of producing microalgae bioactives at large scale to conclude with some future perspectives related to algae-based drug discovery.
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Efficacy of ethyl-EPA as a treatment for Huntington disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2019; 31:175-185. [PMID: 30890195 DOI: 10.1017/neu.2019.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After MRI studies suggested the efficacy of ethyl-EPA in reducing the progressive brain atrophy in Huntington disease (HD), trials were conducted to test its efficacy as a treatment for HD. Trials that continued for 6 months did not find any significant improvement, urging discontinuation of the drug. However, trials that continued for 12 months indicated improvement of motor functions in these patients. METHODS We searched 12 electronic databases to find randomised clinical trials relevant to our inclusion criteria. After screening, only five papers were included. Continuous and binary variables were analysed to compute the pooled mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR), respectively. Quality effect model meta-analysis was used as a post hoc analysis for studies at 12 months. FINDINGS Meta-analysis indicated that ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has no significant effect on any scale of HD at 6 months. At 12 months, two studies suggested significant improvements of the Total Motor Score and Total Motor Score-4 in both fixed and quality effect models [MD = -2.720, 95% CI (-4.76, -.68), p = 0.009; MD = -2.225, 95% CI (-3.842, -0.607), p = 0.007], respectively. Maximal chorea score showed significant results [MD = -1.013, 95% CI (-1.793, -0.233), p = 0.011] in only fixed-effect model, while no improvement was detected for Stroop colour naming test or symbol digit modality. CONCLUSION Meta-analysis indicated a significant improvement of motor scores only after 12 months. These results should be interpreted cautiously because only two studies had assessed the efficacy of ethyl-EPA after 12 months with one of them having a 6-month open-label phase.
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Gorjao R, Dos Santos CMM, Serdan TDA, Diniz VLS, Alba-Loureiro TC, Cury-Boaventura MF, Hatanaka E, Levada-Pires AC, Sato FT, Pithon-Curi TC, Fernandes LC, Curi R, Hirabara SM. New insights on the regulation of cancer cachexia by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 196:117-134. [PMID: 30521881 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that develops during malignant tumor growth. Changes in plasma levels of several hormones and inflammatory factors result in an intense catabolic state, decreased activity of anabolic pathways, anorexia, and marked weight loss, leading to cachexia development and/or accentuation. Inflammatory mediators appear to be related to the control of a highly regulated process of muscle protein degradation that accelerates the process of cachexia. Several mediators have been postulated to participate in this process, including TNF-α, myostatin, and activated protein degradation pathways. Some interventional therapies have been proposed, including nutritional (dietary, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation), hormonal (insulin), pharmacological (clenbuterol), and nonpharmacological (physical exercise) therapies. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been used in therapeutic approaches to treat or attenuate cancer cachexia. In this review, we discuss recent findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation in the cancer cachexia syndrome and the effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs to attenuate or prevent cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Gorjao
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Takeo Sato
- Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Rui Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Rahrovani F, Javanbakht MH, Ghaedi E, Mohammadi H, Ehsani AH, Esrafili A, Djalali M. Erythrocyte Membrane Unsaturated (Mono and Poly) Fatty Acids Profile in Newly Diagnosed Basal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Clin Nutr Res 2018; 7:21-30. [PMID: 29423386 PMCID: PMC5796920 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2018.7.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported different changes in the fatty acid composition of red blood cell (RBC) total lipids in patients with various types of cancer. It has been indicated that n-3/n-6 ratio plays a key role in the general consequence of skin photocarcinogenesis. However, to our knowledge there was no study examining the unsaturated fatty acid profile in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) patients. So, we explore the fatty acid composition of RBCs in newly diagnosed BCC patients in a hospital-based case-control study. This study has been conducted on new case BCC patients in Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Fatty acid concentration in erythrocyte membranes defined as relative values after extraction, purification and preparation, by gas chromatography.Analysis revealed that heptadecenoic acid (p = 0.010) and oleic acid (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in BCC patients in comparison with control group. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) were significantly higher in BCC patients (p < 0.001). It has been indicated that n-3 was significantly lower (p = 0.040) and n-6 was significantly higher (p = 0.002) in BCC patients. In addition, total PUFA (p < 0.001) and n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs (p = 0.002) were significantly higher in BCC patients compared to the control group. Here we indicated that new case BCC patient had significantly higher n-6 PUFA and lower n-3 along with other differences in unsaturated fatty acid in comparison with healthy subjects. Our study provides evidence that lipids are important in BCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rahrovani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran.,Cancer, Environmental and Petroleum Pollutant Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran.,Students' Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Amir-Hooshang Ehsani
- Department of Dermatology, Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
| | - Ali Esrafili
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Djalali
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
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9
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Jho DH, Cole SM, Lee EM, Espat NJ. Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Inflammation and Malignancy. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 3:98-111. [PMID: 15165497 DOI: 10.1177/1534735404264736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), which include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are found in fish oils and have long been investigated as components of therapy for various disease states. Population studies initially revealed the cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 FAs and EPA, with subsequent clinical studies supporting the therapeutic role of omega-3 FAs in cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory conditions. Prospective randomized placebo-controlled trials have also demonstrated the utility of omega-3 FA supplementation in malignancy and cancer cachexia. In recent years, in vitro and animal studies have elucidated some of the mechanistic explanations underlying the wide range of biological effects produced by omega-3 FAs and EPA, including their antiproliferative and anticachectic actions in malignancy. In this review, the authors discuss the recent progress made with omega-3 FAs, focusing on the advances in mechanistic understanding and the results of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Jho
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Gruber F, Ornelas CM, Karner S, Narzt MS, Nagelreiter IM, Gschwandtner M, Bochkov V, Tschachler E. Nrf2 deficiency causes lipid oxidation, inflammation, and matrix-protease expression in DHA-supplemented and UVA-irradiated skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:439-451. [PMID: 25981373 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has beneficial effects on human health. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids and docosanoids, signaling molecules that control inflammation and immunity, and their dietary uptake improves a range of disorders including cardiovascular diseases, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. The unsaturated nature of these fatty acids, however, makes them prone to oxidation, especially when they are incorporated into (membrane) phospholipids. The skin is an organ strongly exposed to oxidative stress, mainly due to solar ultraviolet radiation. Thus, increased levels of PUFA in combination with oxidative stress could cause increased local generation of oxidized lipids, whose action spectrum reaches from signaling molecules to reactive carbonyl compounds that can crosslink biomolecules. Here, we investigated whether PUFA supplements to fibroblasts are incorporated into membrane phospholipids and whether an increase of PUFA within phospholipids affects the responses of the cells to UV exposure. The redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 is the major regulator of the fibroblast stress response to ultraviolet radiation or exposure to oxidized lipids. Here we addressed how Nrf2 signaling would be affected in PUFA-supplemented human dermal fibroblasts and mouse dermal fibroblasts from Nrf2-deficient and wild type mice. We found, using HPLC-tandem MS, that DHA supplements to culture media of human and murine fibroblasts were readily incorporated into phospholipids and that subsequent irradiation of the supplemented cells with UVA resulted in an increase in 1-palmitoyl-2-(epoxyisoprostane-E2)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine and Oxo-DHA esterified to phospholipid, both of which are Nrf2 agonists. Also, induction of Nrf2 target genes was enhanced in the DHA-supplemented fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. In Nrf2-deficient murine fibroblasts, the expression of the target genes was, as expected, decreased, but surprisingly, expression of TNFα and MMP13 was strongly induced in DHA-supplemented, UVA-irradiated cells. Also, Nrf2-deficient cells had increased levels of oxidized phospholipids relative to the unoxidized precursors after UVA irradiation. Our data suggest that under ultraviolet stress a functioning Nrf2 system is required to prevent DHA-induced inflammation and matrix degradation in dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cayo Mecking Ornelas
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Karner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Sophie Narzt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ionela Mariana Nagelreiter
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Gschwandtner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Anna Spiegel Gebäude E6 Lab5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Massaro M, Martinelli R, Gatta V, Scoditti E, Pellegrino M, Carluccio MA, Calabriso N, Buonomo T, Stuppia L, Storelli C, De Caterina R. Transcriptome-based identification of new anti-inflammatory and vasodilating properties of the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in vascular endothelial cell under proinflammatory conditions [corrected]. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129652. [PMID: 26114549 PMCID: PMC4482638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scope High intakes of n-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects and cardiovascular protection, but the underlying molecular basis is incompletely defined. By genome-wide analysis we searched for novel effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on gene expression and pathways in human vascular endothelium under pro-inflammatory conditions. Methods and Results Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with DHA and then stimulated with interleukin(IL)-1β. Total RNA was extracted, and gene expression examined by DNA microarray. DHA alone altered the expression of 188 genes, decreasing 92 and increasing 96. IL-1β changed the expression of 2031 genes, decreasing 997 and increasing 1034. Treatment with DHA before stimulation significantly affected the expression of 116 IL-1β-deregulated genes, counter-regulating the expression of 55 genes among those decreased and of 61 among those increased. Functional and network analyses identified immunological, inflammatory and metabolic pathways as the most affected. Newly identified DHA-regulated genes are involved in stemness, cellular growth, cardiovascular system function and cancer, and included cytochrome p450 4F2(CYP4F2), transforming growth factor(TGF)-β2, Cluster of Differentiation (CD)47, caspase recruitment domain(CARD)11 and phosphodiesterase(PDE)5α. Conclusions Endothelial exposure to DHA regulates novel genes and related pathways. Such unbiased identification should increase our understanding of mechanisms by which n-3 fatty acids affect human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosanna Martinelli
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery of Salerno University, Salerno, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University and Center of Excellence on Aging, Chieti, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pellegrino
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Disteba), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Calabriso
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Liborio Stuppia
- “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University and Center of Excellence on Aging, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Storelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Disteba), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- “Gabriele d’Annunzio” University and Center of Excellence on Aging, Chieti, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana “Gabriele Monasterio”, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Kim HG, Shi C, Bode AM, Dong Z. p38α MAPK is required for arsenic-induced cell transformation. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:910-7. [PMID: 25969347 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure has been reported to cause neoplastic transformation through the activation of PcG proteins. In the present study, we show that activation of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is required for arsenic-induced neoplastic transformation. Exposure of cells to 0.5 μM arsenic increased CRE and c-Fos promoter activities that were accompanied by increases in p38α MAPK and CREB phosphorylation and expression levels concurrently with AP-1 activation. Introduction of short hairpin (sh) RNA-p38α into BALB/c 3T3 cells markedly suppressed arsenic-induced colony formation compared with wildtype cells. CREB phosphorylation and AP-1 activation were decreased in p38α knockdown cells after arsenic treatment. Arsenic-induced AP-1 activation, measured as c-Fos and CRE promoter activities, and CREB phosphorylation were attenuated by p38 inhibition in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Thus, p38α MAPK activation is required for arsenic-induced neoplastic transformation mediated through CREB phosphorylation and AP-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyum Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
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Calder PC. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:469-84. [PMID: 25149823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 937] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a condition which contributes to a range of human diseases. It involves a multitude of cell types, chemical mediators, and interactions. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids found in oily fish and fish oil supplements. These fatty acids are able to partly inhibit a number of aspects of inflammation including leukocyte chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte-endothelial adhesive interactions, production of eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes from the n-6 fatty acid arachidonic acid, production of inflammatory cytokines, and T-helper 1 lymphocyte reactivity. In addition, EPA gives rise to eicosanoids that often have lower biological potency than those produced from arachidonic acid and EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory and inflammation resolving mediators called resolvins, protectins and maresins. Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of marine n-3 fatty acids include altered cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition, disruption of lipid rafts, inhibition of activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B so reducing expression of inflammatory genes, activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ and binding to the G protein coupled receptor GPR120. These mechanisms are interlinked, although the full extent of this is not yet elucidated. Animal experiments demonstrate benefit from marine n-3 fatty acids in models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma. Clinical trials of fish oil in RA demonstrate benefit, but clinical trials of fish oil in IBD and asthma are inconsistent with no overall clear evidence of efficacy. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Yao QH, Zhang XC, Fu T, Gu JZ, Wang L, Wang Y, Lai YB, Wang YQ, Guo Y. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit the proliferation of the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:401-6. [PMID: 24276408 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), in particular the marine-derived forms eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been demonstrated to affect cancer cell replication, the cell cycle and cell death. Epidemiological studies have also suggested diets rich in n-3 PUFA were inversely correlated with the development of cancer. In the present study, we explored the effects of DHA and EPA on the proliferation activity and apoptosis of the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. A methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and morphological analysis was determined by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A549 cells were treated with different doses of DHA (40, 45, 50 and 55 µg/ml) or EPA (45, 50, 55 and 60 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 h. The results demonstrated that DHA and EPA significantly suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells and induced apoptosis of A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptotic phenomenon was also confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, compared with the control, the formation of autophagosomes was clearly enhanced in DHA‑ or EPA-treated cells. In conclusion, DHA and EPA inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells and induced cell apoptosis and autophagy, which may provide new safe and effective options for the treatment of lung cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Yao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Chen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Ting Fu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Zhong Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Biao Lai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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15
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Stephenson JA, Al-Taan O, Arshad A, Morgan B, Metcalfe MS, Dennison AR. The multifaceted effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids on the hallmarks of cancer. J Lipids 2013; 2013:261247. [PMID: 23762563 PMCID: PMC3671553 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid have been shown to have multiple beneficial antitumour actions that affect the essential alterations that dictate malignant growth. In this review we explore the putative mechanisms of action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in cancer protection in relation to self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion, and how these will hopefully translate from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Stephenson
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Imaging, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - O. Al-Taan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - A. Arshad
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - B. Morgan
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
- Department of Imaging, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - M. S. Metcalfe
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - A. R. Dennison
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
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16
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Huwiler A, Feuerherm AJ, Sakem B, Pastukhov O, Filipenko I, Nguyen T, Johansen B. The ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid derivatives AVX001 and AVX002 directly inhibit cytosolic phospholipase A(2) and suppress PGE(2) formation in mesangial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1691-701. [PMID: 22831644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) are known to exert anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models although their direct targets are only poorly characterized. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Here we report on two new cPLA(2) inhibitors, the ω3-derivatives AVX001 and AVX002, and their effects on inflammatory PGE(2) production in cultures of renal mesangial cells. KEY RESULTS AVX001 and AVX002 dose-dependently inhibited the group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2) ) in an in vitro activity assay with similar IC(50) values for AVX001 and AVX002, whereas the known cPLA(2) inhibitor AACOCF(3) was less potent and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was inactive. In renal mesangial cells, AVX001 and AVX002 suppressed IL-1β-induced PGE(2) synthesis. Mechanistically, this effect occurred by a down-regulation of IL-1β-induced group IIA-sPLA(2) protein expression, mRNA expression and promoter activity. A similar but less potent effect was seen with AACOCF(3) and no effect was seen with DHA. As gene expression of sPLA(2) is known to be regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB, we further investigated NF-κB activation. Both compounds prevented NF-κB activation by blocking degradation of the inhibitor of κB. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data show for the first time that the novel cPLA(2) inhibitors AVX001 and AVX002 exert an anti-inflammatory effect in cultures of renal mesangial cells and reduce the pro-inflammatory mediator PGE(2) through an inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation. Therefore, these compounds may represent promising novel drugs for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Huwiler
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Hoffman LC, Laubscher LL, Leisegang K. Nutritional value of cooked offal derived from free-range rams reared in South Africa. Meat Sci 2012; 93:696-702. [PMID: 23246895 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional value of Dorper (n=10) and Merino (n=10) by-products were evaluated. Proximate composition differed between organs and breeds with Merino heart (68.9 g/100 g), spleen (77.2 g/100 g) and testicles (83.7 g/100 g) having higher moisture contents than their Dorper counterparts. Dorper brain (10.1 g/100 g), heart (15.2 g/100 g), spleen (20.4 g/100 g) and testicles (12.9 g/100 g) had higher protein contents than Merino. Dorper organs also tended to have a lower fat content. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles differed between organs and breeds. Few differences were noted in total SFA and MUFA. Dorper heart (1.8%) had significantly lower total PUFA than Merino heart (7.3%). All the organs showed favourable P:S ratios, with the exception of the tongue, heart and stomach. Dorper and Merino brain, lungs and testicles had favourable n-6/n-3 ratios. Cholesterol content differed between both organs and breeds. The value of offal as food is discussed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Hoffman
- University of Stellenbosch, Faculty of AgriSciences, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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18
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Webster CM, Deline ML, Watts JL. Stress response pathways protect germ cells from omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid-mediated toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 2012; 373:14-25. [PMID: 23064027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids serve both structural and functional roles as membrane components and precursors for a number of different factors involved in inflammation and signaling. These fatty acids are required in the human diet, although excess dietary intake of omega-6 fatty polyunsaturated fatty acids may have a negative influence on human health. In the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, dietary exposure to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), an omega-6 fatty acid, causes the destruction of germ cells and leads to sterility. In this study we used genetic and microscopic approaches to further characterize this phenomenon. We found that strains carrying mutations in genes involved in lipid homeostasis enhanced sterility phenotypes, while mutations reducing the activity of the conserved insulin/IGF signaling pathway suppressed sterility phenotypes. Exposure to a mild heat stress prior to omega-6 fatty acid treatment led to an adaptive or hormetic response, resulting in less sterility. Mutations in skn-1 and knockdown of genes encoding phase II detoxification enzymes led to increased sterility in the presence of dietary DGLA. Thus, detoxification systems and genetic changes that increase overall stress responses protect the germ cells from destruction. Microscopic analyses revealed that dietary DGLA leads to deterioration of germ cell membranes in the proliferative and transition zones of the developing germ line. Together, these data demonstrate that specific omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, or molecules derived from them, are transported to the germ line where they disrupt the rapidly expanding germ cell membranes, leading to germ cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Webster
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99614-6340, USA
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19
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Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DWL. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 17:177-92. [PMID: 19079925 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that diets rich in n-3 PUFA may be associated with reduced cancer risk. These observations have formed the rationale for exploring the mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA may be chemoprotective and have resulted in significant advances in our mechanistic understanding of n-3 PUFA action on tumour growth. Various interrelated and integrated mechanisms may be at work by which n-3 PUFA influence cancer at all stages of initiation, promotion, progression, and neoplastic transformation. More recently, experimental studies have reported enhanced tumour cell death with chemotherapy when fish oil is provided while toxic side effects to the host are reduced. Furthermore, cancer-associated wasting has been shown to be attenuated by fish oil supplementation. Clinical evidence suggests that the n-3 PUFA status of newly diagnosed cancer patients and individuals undergoing chemotherapy is low. Therefore, both the disease itself and therapeutic treatments may be contributing factors in the decline of n-3 PUFA status. Dietary supplementation to maintain and replenish n-3 PUFA status at key points in the cancer disease trajectory may provide additional health benefits and an enhanced quality of life. The present review will focus on and critically examine current research efforts related to the putative anti-cancer effects of n-3 PUFA and their suggested ability to palliate cancer-associated and treatment-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie E Baracos
- Department of Oncology, Division of Palliative Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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20
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Wallingford SC, van As JA, Hughes MC, Ibiebele TI, Green AC, van der Pols JC. Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and risk of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin: a longitudinal community-based study in Australian adults. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:982-90. [PMID: 22974045 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.713540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may modify the risk of basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC and SCC), but population-based evidence is limited and inconsistent. We examined prospectively associations between intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids estimated from food frequency questionnaires and BCC and SCC incidence among 1322 randomly selected adults in Nambour, Australia. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated based on histologically confirmed tumors diagnosed between 1997 and 2007. Incidence of BCC was lowest in the middle third of both total omega-6 intake (RR(mv.adj) = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56-0.97) and linoleic acid intake (RR(mv.adj) = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57-0.99) compared with the lowest third of intake. Evidence for associations with SCC was weak, though persons with arachidonic acid intake in the middle third had a marginally increased risk of SCC (RR(mv.adj) = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.00-2.02). Consumption of omega-3 fatty acids was not associated with subsequent skin cancer risk. Suggestion that intake of arachidonic acid may be associated with increased SCC incidence and total omega-6 with reduced BCC from our study is still highly uncertain and may be due to chance. These data do not support an association between these fatty acids and risk of BCC or SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Wallingford
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Turk HF, Barhoumi R, Chapkin RS. Alteration of EGFR spatiotemporal dynamics suppresses signal transduction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39682. [PMID: 22761867 PMCID: PMC3384615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which regulates cell growth and survival, is integral to colon tumorigenesis. Lipid rafts play a role in regulating EGFR signaling, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to perturb membrane domain organization through changes in lipid rafts. Therefore, we investigated the mechanistic link between EGFR function and DHA. Membrane incorporation of DHA into immortalized colonocytes altered the lateral organization of EGFR. DHA additionally increased EGFR phosphorylation but paradoxically suppressed downstream signaling. Assessment of the EGFR-Ras-ERK1/2 signaling cascade identified Ras GTP binding as the locus of the DHA-induced disruption of signal transduction. DHA also antagonized EGFR signaling capacity by increasing receptor internalization and degradation. DHA suppressed cell proliferation in an EGFR-dependent manner, but cell proliferation could be partially rescued by expression of constitutively active Ras. Feeding chronically-inflamed, carcinogen-injected C57BL/6 mice a fish oil containing diet enriched in DHA recapitulated the effects on the EGFR signaling axis observed in cell culture and additionally suppressed tumor formation. We conclude that DHA-induced alteration in both the lateral and subcellular localization of EGFR culminates in the suppression of EGFR downstream signal transduction, which has implications for the molecular basis of colon cancer prevention by DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmony F. Turk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Environmental and Rural Health, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abad S, Turon X. Valorization of biodiesel derived glycerol as a carbon source to obtain added-value metabolites: Focus on polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:733-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Saturated fatty acids induce c-Src clustering within membrane subdomains, leading to JNK activation. Cell 2011; 147:173-84. [PMID: 21962514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids (FA) exert adverse health effects and are more likely to cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes than unsaturated FA, some of which exert protective and beneficial effects. Saturated FA, but not unsaturated FA, activate Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which has been linked to obesity and insulin resistance in mice and humans. However, it is unknown how saturated and unsaturated FA are discriminated. We now demonstrate that saturated FA activate JNK and inhibit insulin signaling through c-Src activation. FA alter the membrane distribution of c-Src, causing it to partition into intracellular membrane subdomains, where it likely becomes activated. Conversely, unsaturated FA with known beneficial effects on glucose metabolism prevent c-Src membrane partitioning and activation, which are dependent on its myristoylation, and block JNK activation. Consumption of a diabetogenic high-fat diet causes the partitioning and activation of c-Src within detergent insoluble membrane subdomains of murine adipocytes.
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Pilkington SM, Watson REB, Nicolaou A, Rhodes LE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: photoprotective macronutrients. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:537-43. [PMID: 21569104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight has deleterious effects on skin, while behavioural changes have resulted in people gaining more sun exposure. The clinical impact includes a year-on-year increase in skin cancer incidence, and topical sunscreens alone provide an inadequate measure to combat overexposure to UVR. Novel methods of photoprotection are being targeted as additional measures, with growing interest in the potential for systemic photoprotection through naturally sourced nutrients. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are promising candidates, showing potential to protect the skin from UVR injury through a range of mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of n-3 PUFA in the context of skin protection from acute and chronic UVR overexposure and describe how emerging new technologies such as nutrigenomics and lipidomics assist our understanding of the contribution of such nutrients to skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Pilkington
- Dermatological Sciences, Inflammation Sciences Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Lou YR, Peng QY, Li T, Medvecky CM, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Conney AH, Shapses S, Wagner GC, Lu YP. Effects of high-fat diets rich in either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1078-84. [PMID: 21525235 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies reported that caffeine or voluntary exercise decreased skin tumor multiplicity, in part, by decreasing fat levels in the dermis. These data suggest that tissue fat may play an important role in regulating ultraviolet light (UV) B-induced skin tumor development. In the present study, we explored the effects of high-fat diets rich in either omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. SKH-1 mice were irradiated with 30 mJ/cm(2) of UVB once a day, two times per week for 39 weeks. During UVB treatment, one group of mice was given a high-fat fish oil (HFFO) diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and the other group of mice was given a high-fat mixed-lipids (HFMLs) diet rich in omega-6 fatty acids. The results showed that, compared with HFML diet, HFFO treatment (i) increased latency for the development of UVB-induced skin tumors; (ii) decreased the formation of papilloma, keratoacanthoma and carcinoma by 64, 52 and 46%, respectively and (iii) decreased the size of papilloma, keratoacanthoma and carcinoma by 98, 80 and 83%, respectively. Mechanistic studies with antibody array revealed that compared with HFML diet, administration of HFFO to the mice significantly decreased the UVB-induced increases in the levels of TIMP-1, LIX and sTNF R1 as well as other several proinflammatory cytokines and stimulated the UVB-induced apoptosis in the epidermis. Our results indicate that omega-3 fatty acids in HFFO diet have beneficial effects against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis, and these effects may be associated with an inhibition on UVB-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Rong Lou
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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26
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Li T, Zhang J, Zhu F, Wen W, Zykova T, Li X, Liu K, Peng C, Ma W, Shi G, Dong Z, Bode AM, Dong Z. P21-activated protein kinase (PAK2)-mediated c-Jun phosphorylation at 5 threonine sites promotes cell transformation. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:659-66. [PMID: 21177766 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein c-Jun is one of the components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex. AP-1 regulates the expression of many genes and is involved in a variety of biological functions such as cell transformation, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. AP-1 activates a variety of tumor-related genes and therefore promotes tumorigenesis and malignant transformation. Here, we found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces phosphorylation of c-Jun by P21-activated kinase (PAK) 2. Our data showed that PAK2 binds and phosphorylates c-Jun at five threonine sites (Thr2, Thr8, Thr89, Thr93 and Thr286) in vitro and ex vivo. Knockdown of PAK2 in JB6 Cl41 (P+) cells had no effect on c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser63 or Ser73 but resulted in decreases in EGF-induced anchorage-independent cell transformation, proliferation and AP-1 activity. Mutation at all five c-Jun threonine sites phosphorylated by PAK2 decreased the transforming ability of JB6 cells. Knockdown of PAK2 in SK-MEL-5 melanoma cells also decreased colony formation, proliferation and AP-1 activity. These results indicated that PAK2/c-Jun signaling plays an important role in EGF-induced cell proliferation and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue North East, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Puri BK, Manku MS. Copy number variation, eicosapentaenoic acid and neurological disorders. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2010; 3:151-6. [PMID: 21474947 DOI: 10.1159/000324349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basant K Puri
- MRI Unit, Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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29
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Anderson BM, Ma DWL. Are all n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids created equal? Lipids Health Dis 2009; 8:33. [PMID: 19664246 PMCID: PMC3224740 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to have potential beneficial effects for chronic diseases including cancer, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in particular have been studied extensively, whereas substantive evidence for a biological role for the precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is lacking. It is not enough to assume that ALA exerts effects through conversion to EPA and DHA, as the process is highly inefficient in humans. Thus, clarification of ALA's involvement in health and disease is essential, as it is the principle n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumed in the North American diet and intakes of EPA and DHA are typically very low. There is evidence suggesting that ALA, EPA and DHA have specific and potentially independent effects on chronic disease. Therefore, this review will assess our current understanding of the differential effects of ALA, EPA and DHA on cancer, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Potential mechanisms of action will also be reviewed. Overall, a better understanding of the individual role for ALA, EPA and DHA is needed in order to make appropriate dietary recommendations regarding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne M Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1 Canada.
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Lipids as targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:96-112. [PMID: 19576246 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipids serve important functions as membrane constituents and also as energy storing molecules. Besides these functions certain lipid species have now been recognized as signalling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses including cell growth and death, and also inflammatory reactions. Bioactive lipids are generated by hydrolysis from membrane lipids mainly by phospholipases giving rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids that either directly exert their function or are further converted to active mediators. This review will summarize the present knowledge about bioactive lipids that either promote or attenuate inflammatory reactions. These lipids include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosanoids including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET), peroxisome proliferation activating receptor (PPAR) activators, cannabinoids and the sphingolipids ceramide, sphingosine 1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine.
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Calviello G, Serini S, Piccioni E, Pessina G. Antineoplastic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with drugs and radiotherapy: preventive and therapeutic strategies. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:287-301. [PMID: 19373602 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802582777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many data support the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of several chronic pathologies including cancer. Different molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain their effects, including alterations in arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism and metabolic conversion of n-3 PUFAs to novel discovered bioactive derivatives; modification of oxidative stress; changes in cell membrane fluidity and structure and altered metabolism and function of membrane proteins. Considerable knowledge has been recently gathered on the possible beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs administered in combination with different antineoplastic drugs and radiotherapy against melanoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The efficacy of these combinations has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and clinical trials have also been conducted. The aim of this review is to analyze all the n-3 PUFA combinations investigated so far, their efficacy, and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. It would be highly auspicable that the detailed analysis of the literature in this field could further support the common use of n-3 PUFAs in combination with other chemopreventive agents and warrant more clinical investigations designed to test the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA treatments coupled with conventional antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, Rome 00168, Italy.
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Coluccia A, Borracci P, Renna G, Giustino A, Latronico T, Riccio P, Carratù MR. Developmental omega‐3 supplementation improves motor skills in juvenile‐adult rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:599-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Addolorata Coluccia
- Department of Pharmacology and Human PhysiologyMedical SchoolUniversity of Bari, PoliclinicoPiazza Giulio Cesare 1170124BariItaly
| | - Pietro Borracci
- Department of Pharmacology and Human PhysiologyMedical SchoolUniversity of Bari, PoliclinicoPiazza Giulio Cesare 1170124BariItaly
| | - Giuseppe Renna
- Department of Pharmacology and Human PhysiologyMedical SchoolUniversity of Bari, PoliclinicoPiazza Giulio Cesare 1170124BariItaly
| | - Arcangela Giustino
- Department of Pharmacology and Human PhysiologyMedical SchoolUniversity of Bari, PoliclinicoPiazza Giulio Cesare 1170124BariItaly
| | - Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology “Ernesto Quagliariello”University of Bari70126BariItaly
| | - Paolo Riccio
- Department of BiologyD.B.A.F., University of Basilicata85100PotenzaItaly
| | - Maria Rosaria Carratù
- Department of Pharmacology and Human PhysiologyMedical SchoolUniversity of Bari, PoliclinicoPiazza Giulio Cesare 1170124BariItaly
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Yasuda M, Nishizawa T, Ohigashi H, Tanaka T, Hou DX, Colburn NH, Murakami A. Linoleic acid metabolite suppresses skin inflammation and tumor promotion in mice: possible roles of programmed cell death 4 induction. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1209-16. [PMID: 19414503 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(+/-)-13-Hydroxy-10-oxo-trans-11-octadecenoic acid (13-HOA) is one of the lipoxygenase metabolites of linoleic acid (LA) from corn germ. Recently, we reported that this metabolite suppressed the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory genes in murine macrophages by disrupting mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt pathways. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 13-HOA on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in ears and skin, as well as tumor promotion in female ICR mice. Pretreatment with 13-HOA (1600 nmol) inhibited ear edema formation by 95% (P < 0.05) in an inflammation test and reduced tumor incidence and the number of tumors per mouse by 40 and 64% (P < 0.05 each), respectively, in a two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. Histological examinations revealed that it decreased epidermal thickness, the number of infiltrated leukocytes and cell proliferation index. Furthermore, 13-HOA (8-40 muM) suppressed TPA-induced anchorage-independent growth of JB6 mouse epidermal cells by 70-100%, whereas LA was virtually inactive. 13-HOA (40 muM) inhibited TPA-induced activator protein-1 transactivation but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 activation. Interestingly, 13-HOA (40 muM and 1600 nmol in JB6 cells and mouse skin, respectively) induced expression of programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4), a novel tumor suppressor protein. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a food factor that is able to induce Pdcd4 expression. Collectively, our results indicate that 13-HOA may be a novel anti-inflammatory and antitumor chemopreventive agent with a unique mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yasuda
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kim YJ, Yoon SY, Kim JT, Choi SC, Lim JS, Kim JH, Song EY, Lee HG, Choi I, Kim JW. NDRG2 suppresses cell proliferation through down-regulation of AP-1 activity in human colon carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:7-15. [PMID: 18844221 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the anti-tumor activity of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) was elucidated, but the molecular mechanism of how NDRG2 works as a tumor suppressor is not well known. To determine the function of NDRG2 as a tumor suppressor, we established stable cell lines expressing NDRG2 protein or its mutant forms, and studied their effects on tumor cell growth. Interestingly, constitutive expression of wild-type NDRG2 induced the growth retardation of SW620 colon carcinoma cells. Introduction of NDRG2 into SW620 cells induced the decrease of c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser63, followed by the attenuation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) function as a transcriptional activator. Subsequently, the down-regulation of cyclin D1, which is known as a major target for AP-1 transcription activator, resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase. Additionally, treatment of NDRG2-siRNA on NDRG2-expressing cells has induced the recovery of c-Jun phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression. Cell proliferation of those cells was also increased compared with untreated cells. NDRG2 mutants of which the phosphorylation sites at C-terminal region were removed by deletion or site-directed mutagenesis have shown no effect on cyclin D1 expression and could not induce cell growth retardation. In conclusion, NDRG2 modulates intracellular signals to control cell cycle through the regulation of cyclin D1 expression via phosphorylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- Stem Cell Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea.
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Puri BK, Bydder GM, Manku MS, Clarke A, Waldman AD, Beckmann CF. Reduction in Cerebral Atrophy Associated with Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid Treatment in Patients with Huntington's Disease. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:896-905. [DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-pure ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid (ethyl-EPA), a semi-synthetic ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid, is associated with clinical improvement in motor functioning in Huntington's disease. The aim was to determine the extent to which it might reduce the rate of progress of cerebral atrophy. High-resolution cerebral magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired at baseline, 6 months and 1 year in up to 34 patients with stage I or II Huntington's disease who took part in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ethyl-EPA. For each subject and each pair of structural images, the two-timepoint brain volume change was calculated in a double-blind manner. Significant group-level reductions in brain atrophy were observed in the head of the caudate nucleus and the posterior thalamus. These findings show that treatment with ethyl-EPA is associated with significant reduction in brain atrophy, particularly in the caudate and thalamus. No other drug tested in Huntington's disease has shown this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- BK Puri
- MRI Unit, Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - GM Bydder
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - MS Manku
- Amarin Neuroscience Ltd, Magdalen Centre North, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - A Clarke
- Amarin Neuroscience Ltd, Magdalen Centre North, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, UK
| | - AD Waldman
- MRI Unit, Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital and Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - CF Beckmann
- Clinical Neuroscience Department, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK and FMRIB Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Manna S, Chakraborty T, Ghosh B, Chatterjee M, Panda A, Srivastava S, Rana A, Chatterjee M. Dietary fish oil associated with increased apoptosis and modulated expression of Bax and Bcl-2 during 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 79:5-14. [PMID: 18614344 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the chemopreventive effect of dietary fish oil (Maxepa), rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on induction of apoptosis in mammary carcinogenesis model. Mammary carcinogenesis was initiated by a single, tail vein injection of 7,12-dimethylbenz(alpha)anthracene (DMBA) (0.5mg/0.2ml corn oil/100g body weight) at 7 weeks of animal age. Ninety female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two parts: part one was used for histology and immunohistochemical study and part two for morphological analysis. Each part consists of three experimental groups having 15 animals, i.e., Group A (DMBA control), Group B (DMBA+fish oil) and Group C (DMBA+corn oil). Rats were fed either fish oil or corn oil (0.5ml/day/rat) by oral gavage, 2 weeks prior to DMBA injection. Treatment was continued 25 weeks, studying histopathology, expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins by immunohistochemistry and apoptosis by TUNEL assay and morphological study at 36 weeks. Results showed that the fish oil-treated group exhibited a substantial increase in Bax (p<0.05) immunolabelling and a reduction of Bcl-2 immunopositivity (p<0.05), and increased TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells (p<0.05); however, corn oil treatment did not show these beneficial effects toward mammary preneoplasia. We conclude that fish oil has the potential to play a significant role in limiting mammary tumourigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Manna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, P.O. Box 17028, Kolkata 700032, India
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Siddiqui RA, Harvey K, Stillwell W. Anticancer properties of oxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 153:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kim HG, Lee KW, Cho YY, Kang NJ, Oh SM, Bode AM, Dong Z. Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1-mediated histone H3 phosphorylation is crucial for cell transformation. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2538-47. [PMID: 18381464 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) belongs to a family of dual protein kinases that are activated by either extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in response to stress or mitogenic extracellular stimuli. The physiologic role of MSK1 in malignant transformation and cancer development is not well understood. Here, we report that MSK1 is involved in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced or epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells. H89, a potent inhibitor of MSK1, strongly suppressed TPA-induced or EGF-induced cell transformation. When cells overexpressing wild-type MSK1 were treated with TPA or EGF, colony formation increased substantially compared with untreated cells or cells that did not overexpress MSK1. In contrast, MSK1 COOH terminal or NH(2) terminal dead dominant negative mutants dramatically suppressed cell transformation. Introduction of small interfering RNA-MSK1 into JB6 Cl41 cells resulted in suppressed TPA-induced or EGF-induced cell transformation. In addition, cell proliferation was inhibited in MSK1 knockdown cells compared with MSK1 wild-type cells. In wild-type MSK1-overexpressing cells, activator protein (AP-1) activation increased after TPA or EGF stimulation, whereas AP-1 activation decreased in both MSK1 dominant-negative mutants and in MSK1 knockdown cells. Moreover, TPA-induced or EGF-induced phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser(10) was increased in wild-type cells but the induced phosphorylation was abolished in MSK1 dominant-negative mutant or MSK1 knockdown cells. Thus, MSK1 is required for tumor promoter-induced cell transformation through its phosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser(10) and AP-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gyum Kim
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Modulation of angiogenesis by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated by cyclooxygenases. Blood 2008; 111:3514-21. [PMID: 18216296 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential role of dietary fats in cancer is attracting considerable interest within the community. Both epidemiologic and experimental findings suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are almost absent from typical Western diets, exert protective effects against cancer progression, although the precise mechanism of this suppression remains unknown. One of the potential targets for omega-3 PUFAs in cancer suppression is angiogenesis, a process of new blood vessel formation within rapidly growing tumors. Here, we demonstrate that omega-6 PUFAs stimulate and omega-3 PUFAs inhibit major proangiogenic processes in human endothelial cells, including the induction of angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) and matrix metalloprotease-9, endothelial invasion, and tube formation, that are usually activated by the major omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid. The cyclooxygenase (COX)-mediated conversion of PUFAs to prostanoid derivatives participated in modulation of the expression of Ang2. Thus, the omega-6 PUFA-derived prostaglandin E2 augmented, whereas the omega-3 PUFA-derived prostaglandin E3 suppressed the induction of Ang2 by growth factors. Our findings are consistent with the suggestion that PUFAs undergo biotransformation by COX-2 to lipid mediators that modulate tumor angiogenesis, which provides new insight into the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs.
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested for decades an association between dietary fat and cancer risk. A large body of work performed in tissue culture and xenograft models of cancer supports an important role of various types of fat in modulating the cancer phenotype. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlining the effects of fat on cancer initiation and progression are largely unknown. The relationships between saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol or phytanic acid with cancer have been reviewed respectively. However, few have considered the relationship between all of these fats and cancer. The purpose of this review is to present a more cohesive view of dietary fat-gene interactions, and outline a working hypothesis of the intricate connection between fat, genes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Q Chen
- Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Iqbal M, Duffy P, Evans P, Cloughley G, Allan B, Lledó A, Verdaguer X, Riera A. The conjugate addition–Peterson olefination reaction for the preparation of cross-conjugated cyclopentenone, PPAR-γ ligands. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4649-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b814619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kim YJ, Chung HY. Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in renal epithelial cells and macrophages. J Med Food 2007; 10:225-31. [PMID: 17651056 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to excessive reactive species (RS) and weakened antioxidant defenses is causally associated with inflammation and inflammatory mediators. To investigate the effects of the major fish oil ingredients, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on oxidative stress-related inflammatory status, we conducted in vitro experiments utilizing rat renal epithelial cells (NRK-52E) and murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) by assessing their effects on the generation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-derived and xanthine oxidase (XOD)-derived RS, reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and antioxidative enzyme activities. Additionally, 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG) F1alpha, PGE2, and nitrite levels were measured in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that the generation of RS from arachidonic acid through the COX-2 and XOD pathways was effectively suppressed by DHA and EPA, while GSH levels and antioxidative enzyme activities were significantly enhanced by DHA and EPA. Furthermore, levels of inflammatory mediators (thromboxane B2, PGE2, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha) and nitrite were effectively down-regulated by DHA and EPA. These results strongly indicate that DHA and EPA exert antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions by reducing the cellular levels of RS, pro-inflammatory mediators, and nitrite levels and by maintaining higher GSH levels and antioxidative enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jung Kim
- Department of Cosmetology, Pusan Women's College, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Liuzzi GM, Latronico T, Rossano R, Viggiani S, Fasano A, Riccio P. Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on MMP-9 release from microglial cells--implications for complementary multiple sclerosis treatment. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:2184-93. [PMID: 17624613 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which might be a useful complementary therapy among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), are able to modulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production in microglial cultures. MMPs are myelinotoxic factors. Primary cultures of rat microglia were treated with different doses of omega-3 (omega-3) PUFA or purified fish oil, containing a mixture of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA, and simultaneously activated by exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culture supernatants were subjected to zymography and Western blot analysis for the assessment of MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels. Increased amounts of MMP-9, but not of the constitutively expressed MMP-2, were observed in supernatants from LPS-treated microglia in comparison with non-treated control cells. The treatment with both omega-3 PUFA and fish oil dose-dependently inhibited the LPS-induced production of MMP-9. Our results suggest that a low fat diet supplemented with omega-3 PUFA may become recommended for the well being of MS patients under therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Morales E, Porta M, Vioque J, López T, Mendez MA, Pumarega J, Malats N, Crous-Bou M, Ngo J, Rifà J, Carrato A, Guarner L, Corominas JM, Real FX. Food and nutrient intakes and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 61:641-9. [PMID: 17568059 PMCID: PMC2465759 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have investigated the relation between K-ras mutations and dietary factors in exocrine pancreatic cancer (EPC), and fewer than 10 studies have done so in other neoplasms. PATIENTS AND METHODS Incident cases of EPC were prospectively identified, and interviewed face-to-face during hospital admission. Food and nutrient intakes were measured with a food frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to compare EPC cases (n = 107) with and without K-ras mutations (case-case study). RESULTS K-ras mutations were more common among daily consumers of milk and other dairy products than among non-daily consumers: the odds ratio adjusted by total energy, age, sex, smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption (ORa) was 5.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 24.5, p = 0.040). For all dairy products, including butter, the ORa for the medium and upper tertiles of intake were 5.4 and 11.6, respectively (p for trend = 0.023). The ORa for regular coffee drinkers further adjusted by dairy consumption was 4.7 (95% CI 1.1 to 20.7, p = 0.043). K-ras mutated cases reported a lower intake of vitamin E (ORa = 0.2, p for trend = 0.036), polyunsaturated fats and omega 3 fatty acids (ORa = 0.2; p for trend <0.03). CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that in EPC exposure to specific dietary components or contaminants may influence the occurrence or persistence of K-ras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morales
- Clinical & Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carrer del Dr Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Trombetta A, Maggiora M, Martinasso G, Cotogni P, Canuto RA, Muzio G. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids reduce the growth of A549 human lung-tumor cells increasing lipid peroxidation and PPARs. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 165:239-50. [PMID: 17275799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role in both induction and prevention of carcinogenic process. It is well known that several types of neoplastic cells show decreased total PUFA content, contributing to their resistance to chemotherapy and lipid peroxidation. In the light of this, human lung cancer A549 cells, with low PUFA content, were exposed to arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acid to investigate the effect of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs on growth and elucidate underlying mechanisms. The bulk of the results showed that both n-6 PUFAs and n-3 PUFAs decrease human lung-tumor cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, inducing cell death mainly evident at 100microM concentration. The mechanism underlying the antiproliferative effect of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs appeared to be the same, involving changes in fatty acid composition of biomembranes, production of cytostatic aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation and able to affect DNA-binding activity of AP-1, and induction of PPAR. From these results it may be hypothesized that n-6 PUFAs, like n-3 PUFAs, are able to inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Abstract
The pathomechanisms involved in the neuronal dysfunction in Huntington disease (HD) are still unresolved and may be heterogeneous. One potential mechanism might be related to the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in the CNS. This might lead firstly to neuronal dysfunction and finally to the activation of apoptotic pathways. Several compounds, which should alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction, have been tested in preclinical models as well as in clinical trials of different scale. Recently we reported the efficacy of Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid (Ethyl-EPA) in patients with HD. Ethyl-EPA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid from the n-3 group, which is in clinical development for HD and melancholic depression. In our trial with Ethyl-EPA in HD responding patients could be characterized by either a lower CAG repeat number or a chorea-predominant clinical expression of the disease. Here we would like to describe some evidence on the potential mechanism of action of Ethyl-EPA in HD. We specifically focus on pathways, which are known to be influenced in HD and are modified by Ethyl-EPA and which points to an involvement of mitochondrial function as a common target. Some attention is given to the NF-kappa B pathway and the c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway, which both may lead to an activation of the antiproliferative factor p53 and consequently mitochondrial dysfunction. Further the effects of EPA or Ethyl-EPA in preclinical models of HD are described. The evidence from these studies led to the design of phase III clinical trials, which are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Murck
- Amarin Neuroscience Ltd, Laurelhill Business Park, Stirling, UK.
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47
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Liu G, Ding W, Neiman J, Mulder KM. Requirement of Smad3 and CREB-1 in mediating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) induction of TGF beta 3 secretion. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29479-90. [PMID: 16891311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600579200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Because increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) production by tumor cells contributes to cancer progression through paracrine mechanisms, identification of critical points that can be targeted to block TGFbeta production is important. Previous studies have identified the precise signaling components and promoter elements required for TGFbeta induction of TGFbeta1 expression in epithelial cells (Yue, J., and Mulder, K. M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 30765-30773). To determine how regulation of TGFbeta3 expression differs from that of TGFbeta1, we identified the precise signaling pathways and transcription factor-binding sites that are required for TGFbeta3 gene expression. By using mutational analysis in electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we demonstrated that the c-AMP-responsive element (CRE) site in the TGFbeta3 promoter was required for TGFbeta-inducible TGFbeta3 expression. Electrophoresis mobility supershift assays indicated that CRE-binding protein 1 (CREB1) and Smad3 were the major components present in this TGFbeta-inducible complex. Furthermore, by using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that CREB-1, ATF-2, and c-Jun bound constitutively at the TGFbeta3 promoter (-100 to +1), whereas Smad3 bound at this site only after TGFbeta stimulation. In addition, inhibition of JNK and p38 suppressed TGFbeta induction of TGFbeta3 transactivation, whereas inhibition of ERK and protein kinase A had no effect. Small interfering RNA-CREB1 and small interfering RNA-Smad3 significantly inhibited TGFbeta stimulation of TGFbeta3 promoter reporter activity and TGFbeta3 production. Our results indicate that TGFbeta activation of the TGFbeta3 promoter CRE site, which leads to TGFbeta3 production, is required for TGFbetaRII, JNK, p38, and Smad3 but was independent of protein kinase A, ERK, and Smad4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Bhattacharya A, Chandrasekar B, Rahman MM, Banu J, Kang JX, Fernandes G. Inhibition of inflammatory response in transgenic fat-1 mice on a calorie-restricted diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:925-30. [PMID: 16962071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) and calorie-restriction (CR) exert anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of autoimmunity and inflammation. In the present study we investigated the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 FA and CR on LPS-mediated inflammatory responses using fat-1 transgenic mice that generate n-3 FA endogenously. Wild-type (WT) and fat-1 mice were maintained on ad libitum (AL) or CR (40% less than AL) diet for 5 mo; splenocytes were cultured in vitro with/without LPS. Our results show: (i) no difference in body weights between WT and fat-1 mice on AL or CR diets, (ii) lower n-6/n-3 FA ratio in splenocytes from fat-1 mice on both AL and CR diets, (iii) significant reduction in NF-kappaB (p65/p50) and AP-1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) DNA-binding activities in splenocytes from fat-1/CR mice following LPS treatment, and (iv) significant reduction in kappaB- and AP-1-responsive IL-6 and TNF-alpha secretion following LPS treatment in splenocytes from fat-1/CR mice. The inhibition of LPS-mediated effects was more pronounced in fat-1/CR mice when compared to fat-1/AL or WT/CR mice. These data show that transgenic expression of fat-1 results in decreased pro-inflammatory n-6 FA, and demonstrate for the first time that splenocytes from fat-1 mice on CR diet exhibit reduced pro-inflammatory response when challenged with LPS. These results suggest that n-3 lipids with moderate CR may confer protection in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Tatsumi Y, Cho YY, He Z, Mizuno H, Choi HS, Bode AM, Dong Z. Involvement of the paxillin pathway in JB6 Cl41 cell transformation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5968-74. [PMID: 16740738 PMCID: PMC2239243 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paxillin is a substrate of the Src tyrosine onco-kinase and is involved in cell transformation, cell spreading, migration, and cancer development mediated through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. Here, we showed that paxillin plays a key role in skin cell transformation induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). To investigate the mechanism of paxillin's role in cell transformation, we established a paxillin knockdown stably transfected cell line by introducing small interfering RNA-paxillin (si-paxillin). The si-paxillin cells displayed a dramatic suppression of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell transformation induced by EGF or TPA compared with si-mock control cells. In si-paxillin cells, decreased activator protein-1 (AP-1)-dependent luciferase activity corresponded with suppressed AP-1 DNA binding activity. Importantly, knockdown of paxillin inhibited EGF- or TPA-induced c-Jun phosphorylation at Ser(63) and Ser(73). Furthermore, total c-Jun protein level was dramatically decreased in si-paxillin cells and was dependent on serum deprivation time. The down-regulation of c-Jun was restored in si-paxillin cells by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin but not by the lysosome inhibitor leupeptin. These results clearly provided evidence that paxillin regulates c-Jun protein level and plays a key role in cell transformation most likely through the regulation of c-Jun stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zigang Dong
- Requests for reprints: Zigang Dong, Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue NE Austin, MN 55912. Tel: 507-437-9600; Fax: 507-437-9606; E-mail:
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Kim HH, Cho S, Lee S, Kim KH, Cho KH, Eun HC, Chung JH. Photoprotective and anti-skin-aging effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in human skin in vivo. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:921-30. [PMID: 16467281 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500420-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin aging can be attributed to photoaging (extrinsic) and chronological (intrinsic) aging. Photoaging and intrinsic aging are induced by damage to human skin attributable to repeated exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and to the passage of time, respectively. In our previous report, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was found to inhibit UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, we investigated the effects of EPA on UV-induced skin damage and intrinsic aging by applying EPA topically to young and aged human skin, respectively. By immunohistochemical analysis and Western blotting, we found that topical application of EPA reduced UV-induced epidermal thickening and inhibited collagen decrease induced by UV light. It was also found that EPA attenuated UV-induced MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression by inhibiting UV-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, which is closely related to UV-induced activator protein-1 activation, and by inhibiting JNK and p38 activation. EPA also inhibited UV-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression without altering COX-1 expression. Moreover, it was found that EPA increased collagen and elastic fibers (tropoelastin and fibrillin-1) expression by increasing transformin growth factor-beta expression in aged human skin. Together, these results demonstrate that topical EPA has potential as an anti-skin-aging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research, Clinical Research Institutes, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Korea
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