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Trinh J, Shin J, Rai V, Agrawal DK. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting p27 kip1 in Plaque Vulnerability. ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE RESEARCH 2024; 7:73-79. [PMID: 38737892 PMCID: PMC11087066 DOI: 10.26502/aimr.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a critical contributor to coronary artery diseases, involves the accumulation of cholesterol, fibrin, and lipids within arterial walls, inciting inflammatory reactions culminating in plaque formation. This multifaceted interplay encompasses excessive fibrosis, fatty plaque development, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, and leukocyte migration in response to inflammatory pathways. While stable plaques demonstrate resilience against complications, vulnerable ones, with lipid-rich cores, necrosis, and thin fibrous caps, lead to thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and acute cerebrovascular accidents. The nuanced phenotypes of VSMCs, modulated by gene regulation and environmental cues, remain pivotal. Essential markers like alpha-SMA, myosin heavy chain, and calponin regulate VSMC migration and contraction, exhibiting diminished expression during VSMC de-differentiation and proliferation. p27kip, a CDK inhibitor, shows promise in regulating VSMC proliferation and appears associated with TNF-α-induced pathways impacting unstable plaques. Oncostatin M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine, correlates with MMP upregulation and foam cell formation, influencing plaque development. Efforts targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition, notably using rapamycin and its analogs, demonstrate potential but pose challenges due to associated adverse effects. Exploration of the impact of p27kip impact on plaque macrophages presents promising avenues, yet its complete therapeutic potential remains untapped. Similarly, while OSM has exhibited potential in inducing cell cycle arrest via p27kip, direct links necessitate further investigation. This critical review discusses the role of mTOR, p27kip, and OSM in VSMC proliferation and differentiation followed by the therapeutic potential of targeting these mediators in atherosclerosis to attenuate plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Trinh
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA
| | - Jennifer Shin
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA
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DA Costa Machado AK, Machado CB, DE Pinho Pessoa FMC, Barreto IV, Gadelha RB, DE Sousa Oliveira D, Ribeiro RM, Lopes GS, DE Moraesfilho MO, DE Moraes MEA, Khayat AS, Moreira-Nunes CA. Development and Clinical Applications of PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Option for Leukemias. CANCER DIAGNOSIS & PROGNOSIS 2024; 4:9-24. [PMID: 38173664 PMCID: PMC10758851 DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Leukemias are hematological neoplasms characterized by dysregulations in several cellular signaling pathways, prominently including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Since this pathway is associated with several important cellular mechanisms, such as proliferation, metabolism, survival, and cell death, its hyperactivation significantly contributes to the development of leukemias. In addition, it is a crucial prognostic factor, often correlated with therapeutic resistance. Changes in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are identified in more than 50% of cases of acute leukemia, especially in myeloid lineages. Furthermore, these changes are highly frequent in cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, especially those with a B cell phenotype, due to the correlation between the hyperactivation of B cell receptors and the abnormal activation of PI3Kδ. Thus, the search for new therapies that inhibit the activity of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has become the objective of several clinical studies that aim to replace conventional oncological treatments that have high rates of toxicities and low specificity with target-specific therapies offering improved patient quality of life. In this review we describe the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal transduction pathway and its implications in leukemogenesis. Furthermore, we provide an overview of clinical trials that employed PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors either as monotherapy or in combination with other cytotoxic agents for treating patients with various types of leukemias. The varying degrees of treatment efficacy are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karolyna DA Costa Machado
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Flávia Melo Cunha DE Pinho Pessoa
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Igor Valentim Barreto
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Renan Brito Gadelha
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Manoel Odorico DE Moraesfilho
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral DE Moraes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Clementino Fraga Group, Central Unity, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Malik N, Hay J, Almuhanna HNB, Dunn KM, Lees J, Cassels J, Li J, Nakagawa R, Sansom OJ, Michie AM. mTORC1-selective activation of translation elongation promotes disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:2414-2425. [PMID: 37775560 PMCID: PMC10681897 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of Raptor, a component of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), reveals an essential role for mTORC1 in initiation/maintenance of leukemia in a CLL model, resulting from a failure for haemopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to commit to the B cell lineage. Induction of Raptor-deficiency in NSG mice transplanted with Mx1-Raptor CLL progenitor cells (PKCα-KR-transduced HSPCs) after disease establishment revealed a reduction in CLL-like disease load and a significant increase in survival in the mice. Interestingly in an aggressive CLL-like disease model, rapamycin treatment reduced disease burden more effectively than AZD2014 (dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor), indicating a skew towards mTORC1 sensitivity with more aggressive disease. Rapamycin, but not ibrutinib, efficiently targeted the eEF2/eEF2K translation elongation regulatory axis, downstream of mTORC1, resulting in eEF2 inactivation through induction of eEF2T56 phosphorylation. mTOR inhibitor treatment of primary patient CLL cells halted proliferation, at least in part through modulation of eEF2K/eEF2 phosphorylation and expression, reduced protein synthesis and inhibited expression of MCL1, Cyclin A and Cyclin D2. Our studies highlight the importance of translation elongation as a driver of disease progression and identify inactivation of eEF2 activity as a novel therapeutic target for blocking CLL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Malik
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jodie Hay
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hassan N B Almuhanna
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen M Dunn
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jamie Lees
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jennifer Cassels
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jiatian Li
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute; Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison M Michie
- University of Glasgow; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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4
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Li C, Han Y, Luo X, Qian C, Li Y, Su H, Du G. Immunomodulatory nano-preparations for rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:9-19. [PMID: 36482698 PMCID: PMC9744217 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2152136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease (AD) caused by the aberrant attack of the immune system on its own joint tissues. Genetic and environmental factors are the main reasons of immune system impairment and high incidence of RA. Although there are medications on the market that lessen disease activity, there is no known cure for RA, and patients are at risk in varying degrees of systemic immunosuppression. By transporting (encapsulating or surface binding) RA-related self-antigens, nucleic acids, immunomodulators, or cytokines, tolerogenic nanoparticles-also known as immunomodulatory nano-preparations-have the potential to gently regulate local immune responses and ultimately induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. We review the recent advances in immunomodulatory nano-preparations for delivering self-antigen or self-antigen plus immunomodulator, simulating apoptotic cell avatars in vivo, acting as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and based on scaffolds and gels, to provide a reference for developing new immunotherapies for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China,CONTACT Chenglong Li Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang618000, P.R. China
| | - Yangyun Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China
| | - Xianjin Luo
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Can Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China
| | - Huaiyu Su
- Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang, P.R. China,Huaiyu Su Department of Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang 618000, P.R. China
| | - Guangshen Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China,Guangshen Du Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Li W, Hu JK, Hu MG. CDK6: an attractive therapeutic target for T-ALL/LBL. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1087-1096. [PMID: 37975616 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2285775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) is a type of cancer that originates from the bone marrow and spreads quickly to other organs. Long-term survival rate with current available chemotherapy is less than 20%. Despite the potentially huge market, a truly effective and safe therapy for T-ALL/LBL is elusive. Thus, it is imperative to identify new therapeutic ways to target essential pathways in T-ALL that regulate the proliferation and survival of these cancer cells. AREAS COVERED The role of the Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) pathway in human T-ALL is of significant interest with major clinical/translational relevance. This review covers the recent advances in elucidating the essential roles of CDK6 and its closely regulated networks in proliferation, survival, and metabolism of T-ALL cells, with new insight into its mechanisms of action which hopefully could trigger the identification of new therapeutic avenues. EXPERT OPINION Animal models showed that inhibition of CDK6 and its related networks blocked initiation, growth, and survival of T-ALL in vivo. Numerous clinical trials of CDK4/6 inhibitors are ongoing in T-ALL. Specific CDK6 inhibitors alone or novel combination regimens may hopefully delay the progression, or even reverse the symptoms of T-ALL, leading to disease eradication and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jamie Katy Hu
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
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Tang J, Yang L, Guan F, Miller H, Camara NOS, James LK, Benlagha K, Kubo M, Heegaard S, Lee P, Lei J, Zeng H, He C, Zhai Z, Liu C. The role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146628. [PMID: 37283744 PMCID: PMC10239924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, is required for recruiting substrates to mTORC1 and contributing to its subcellular localization. Raptor has a highly conserved N-terminus domain and seven WD40 repeats, which interact with mTOR and other mTORC1-related proteins. mTORC1 participates in various cellular events and mediates differentiation and metabolism. Directly or indirectly, many factors mediate the differentiation and function of lymphocytes that is essential for immunity. In this review, we summarize the role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function, whereby Raptor mediates the secretion of cytokines to induce early lymphocyte metabolism, development, proliferation and migration. Additionally, Raptor regulates the function of lymphocytes by regulating their steady-state maintenance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, Paris, France
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Chen Z, Xin Q, Wei W, Wu Y. The pathogenesis and development of targeted drugs in acute T lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1017-1037. [PMID: 36623836 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is mainly classified into acute T- and B-lymphoblastic leukaemia according to the source of its lymphocytes, thymus and bone. Among them, the incidence of adult T-cell accounts for about 25% of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but the degree of malignancy is high and the treatment rate and prognosis are poor. At this stage, there are few targeted drugs and the commonly used broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drugs have poor efficacy and many adverse drug reactions. Understanding and investigating the pathogenesis of T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is very important for further developing new targeting drugs and improving existing drugs. Dysregulated signalling pathways are the main aetiological factors of T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. They play crucial roles in promoting tumour initiation, progression, drug design and therapy responses. This is primarily because signalling pathways are indispensable for many cellular biological processes, including tumour growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and others. As a result, small molecule inhibitors targeting the major kinase components of the signalling pathway have received a lot of attention and have been developed and evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Already marketed drugs are also being repurposed in combination therapies to further improve efficacy and overcome tumour cell resistance. In this review, we have aimed to examine the latest and most classical signalling pathways in the aetiology of T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and shed light on potential targets for novel therapeutic agents to act on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianling Xin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
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8
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Werlen G, Li ML, Tottone L, da Silva-Diz V, Su X, Herranz D, Jacinto E. Dietary glucosamine overcomes the defects in αβ-T cell ontogeny caused by the loss of de novo hexosamine biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7404. [PMID: 36456551 PMCID: PMC9715696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell development requires the coordinated rearrangement of T cell receptor (TCR) gene segments and the expression of either αβ or γδ TCR. However, whether and how de novo synthesis of nutrients contributes to thymocyte commitment to either lineage remains unclear. Here, we find that T cell-specific deficiency in glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase 1 (GFAT1), the rate-limiting enzyme of the de novo hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (dn-HBP), attenuates hexosamine levels, blunts N-glycosylation of TCRβ chains, reduces surface expression of key developmental receptors, thus impairing αβ-T cell ontogeny. GFAT1 deficiency triggers defects in N-glycans, increases the unfolded protein response, and elevates γδ-T cell numbers despite reducing γδ-TCR diversity. Enhancing TCR expression or PI3K/Akt signaling does not reverse developmental defects. Instead, dietary supplementation with the salvage metabolite, glucosamine, and an α-ketoglutarate analogue partially restores αβ-T cell development in GFAT1T-/- mice, while fully rescuing it in ex vivo fetal thymic organ cultures. Thus, dn-HBP fulfils, while salvage nutrients partially satisfy, the elevated demand for hexosamines during early T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Werlen
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Mei-Ling Li
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Luca Tottone
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Dept. of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA ,grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL Miami, 33136 USA
| | - Victoria da Silva-Diz
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Dept. of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Child Health Inst. of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Daniel Herranz
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Dept. of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Estela Jacinto
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State Univ. of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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9
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Yu W, Li C, Zhang D, Li Z, Xia P, Liu X, Cai X, Yang P, Ling J, Zhang J, Zhang M, Yu P. Advances in T Cells Based on Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223554. [PMID: 36428983 PMCID: PMC9688178 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of metabolic diseases year by year and their impact on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases have attracted great attention as a major health care problem, but there is still no effective treatment. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the main mechanisms leading to metabolic diseases. T cells are involved in the inflammatory response, which can also regulate the development of metabolic diseases, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells are mainly responsible for the role. Th1 and Th17 differentiated from CD4+ T promote inflammation, while Th2 and Treg inhibit inflammation. CD8+ T cells also contribute to inflammation. The severity and duration of inflammatory reactions can also lead to different degrees of progression of metabolic diseases. Moreover, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, and AMPK signaling pathways play unique roles in the regulation of T cells, which provide a new direction for the treatment of metabolic diseases in the future. In this review, we will elaborate on the role of T cells in regulating inflammation in various metabolic diseases, the signaling pathways that regulate T cells in metabolic diseases, and the latest research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Yu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Chunxiu Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhangwang Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jitao Ling
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Meiying Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (P.Y.)
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10
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Zhang M, Lin X, Yang Z, Li X, Zhou Z, Love PE, Huang J, Zhao B. Metabolic regulation of T cell development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:946119. [PMID: 35958585 PMCID: PMC9357944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.946119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus is tightly controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms at multiple checkpoints. Currently, many studies have focused on the transcriptional and posttranslational control of the intrathymic journey of T-cell precursors. However, over the last few years, compelling evidence has highlighted cell metabolism as a critical regulator in this process. Different thymocyte subsets are directed by distinct metabolic pathways and signaling networks to match the specific functional requirements of the stage. Here, we epitomize these metabolic alterations during the development of a T cell and review several recent works that provide insights into equilibrating metabolic quiescence and activation programs. Ultimately, understanding the interplay between cellular metabolism and T cell developmental programs may offer an opportunity to selectively regulate T cell subset functions and to provide potential novel therapeutic approaches to modulate autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Paul E. Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhao, ; ; Jiaqi Huang, ;;
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhao, ; ; Jiaqi Huang, ;;
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11
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Pham LT, Peng H, Ueno M, Kohno S, Kasada A, Hosomichi K, Sato T, Kurayoshi K, Kobayashi M, Tadokoro Y, Kasahara A, Shoulkamy MI, Xiao B, Worley PF, Takahashi C, Tajima A, Hirao A. RHEB is a potential therapeutic target in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:74-79. [PMID: 35810594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy of immature T lymphocytes. Although various therapeutic approaches have been developed, refractoriness of chemotherapy and relapse cause a poor prognosis of the disease and further therapeutic strategies are required. Here, we report that Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB), a critical regulator of mTOR complex 1 activity, is a potential target for T-ALL therapy. In this study, we established an sgRNA library that comprehensively targeted mTOR upstream and downstream pathways, including autophagy. CRISPR/Cas9 dropout screening revealed critical roles of mTOR-related molecules in T-ALL cell survival. Among the regulators, we focused on RHEB because we previously found that it is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis in mice. Transcriptome and metabolic analyses revealed that RHEB deficiency suppressed de novo nucleotide biosynthesis, leading to human T-ALL cell death. Importantly, RHEB deficiency suppressed tumor growth in both mouse and xenograft models. Our data provide a potential strategy for efficient therapy of T-ALL by RHEB-specific inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc Thi Pham
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hui Peng
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atuso Kasada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sato
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kasahara
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mahmoud I Shoulkamy
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Brain Research Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Paul F Worley
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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12
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Harada Y, Sujino T, Miyamoto K, Nomura E, Yoshimatsu Y, Tanemoto S, Umeda S, Ono K, Mikami Y, Nakamoto N, Takabayashi K, Hosoe N, Ogata H, Ikenoue T, Hirao A, Kubota Y, Kanai T. Intracellular metabolic adaptation of intraepithelial CD4+CD8αα+ T lymphocytes. iScience 2022; 25:104021. [PMID: 35313689 PMCID: PMC8933710 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Harada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Sujino
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University Hospital, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Corresponding author
| | - Kentaro Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Tokyo 114-0016, Japan
| | - Ena Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshimatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shun Tanemoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoko Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiko Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Mikami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takabayashi
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University Hospital, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoe
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University Hospital, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Ogata
- Center for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, Keio University Hospital, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tuneo Ikenoue
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Corresponding author
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13
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Corrado M, Samardžić D, Giacomello M, Rana N, Pearce EL, Scorrano L. Deletion of the mitochondria-shaping protein Opa1 during early thymocyte maturation impacts mature memory T cell metabolism. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2194-2206. [PMID: 33649469 PMCID: PMC8257785 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), a mitochondria-shaping protein controlling cristae biogenesis and respiration, is required for memory T cell function, but whether it affects intrathymic T cell development is unknown. Here we show that OPA1 is necessary for thymocyte maturation at the double negative (DN)3 stage when rearrangement of the T cell receptor β (Tcrβ) locus occurs. By profiling mitochondrial function at different stages of thymocyte maturation, we find that DN3 cells rely on oxidative phosphorylation. Consistently, Opa1 deletion during early T cell development impairs respiration of DN3 cells and reduces their number. Opa1-deficient DN3 cells indeed display stronger TCR signaling and are more prone to cell death. The surviving Opa1-/- thymocytes that reach the periphery as mature T cells display an effector memory phenotype even in the absence of antigenic stimulation but are unable to generate metabolically fit long-term memory T cells. Thus, mitochondrial defects early during T cell development affect mature T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Corrado
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy ,grid.429509.30000 0004 0491 4256Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dijana Samardžić
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Giacomello
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nisha Rana
- grid.429509.30000 0004 0491 4256Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Erika L. Pearce
- grid.429509.30000 0004 0491 4256Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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14
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Werlen G, Jain R, Jacinto E. MTOR Signaling and Metabolism in Early T Cell Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050728. [PMID: 34068092 PMCID: PMC8152735 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls cell fate and responses via its functions in regulating metabolism. Its role in controlling immunity was unraveled by early studies on the immunosuppressive properties of rapamycin. Recent studies have provided insights on how metabolic reprogramming and mTOR signaling impact peripheral T cell activation and fate. The contribution of mTOR and metabolism during early T-cell development in the thymus is also emerging and is the subject of this review. Two major T lineages with distinct immune functions and peripheral homing organs diverge during early thymic development; the αβ- and γδ-T cells, which are defined by their respective TCR subunits. Thymic T-regulatory cells, which have immunosuppressive functions, also develop in the thymus from positively selected αβ-T cells. Here, we review recent findings on how the two mTOR protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and the signaling molecules involved in the mTOR pathway are involved in thymocyte differentiation. We discuss emerging views on how metabolic remodeling impacts early T cell development and how this can be mediated via mTOR signaling.
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15
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Epigenetic Silencing of Tumor Suppressor miR-124 Directly Supports STAT3 Activation in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122692. [PMID: 33333886 PMCID: PMC7765332 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a potential role for STAT3 as a tumor driver in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL). The mechanisms leading to STAT3 activation are not fully understood; however, we recently found that miR-124, a known STAT3 regulator, is robustly silenced in MF tumor-stage and CTCL cells. Objective: We studied here whether deregulation of miR-124 contributes to STAT3 pathway activation in CTCL. Methods: We measured the effect of ectopic mir-124 expression in active phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) levels and evaluated the transcriptional impact of miR-124-dependent STAT3 pathway regulation by expression microarray analysis. Results: We found that ectopic expression of miR-124 results in massive downregulation of activated STAT3 in different CTCL lines, which resulted in a significant alteration of genetic signatures related with gene transcription and proliferation such as MYC and E2F. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of the miR-124/STAT3 axis in CTCL and demonstrates that the STAT3 pathway is regulated through epigenetic mechanisms in these cells. Since deregulated STAT3 signaling has a major impact on CTCL initiation and progression, a better understanding of the molecular basis of the miR-124/STAT3 axis may provide useful information for future personalized therapies.
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16
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Transgenerational inheritance of impaired larval T cell development in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4505. [PMID: 32908148 PMCID: PMC7481223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic information in vertebrates is scarce. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation in gametes may set the stage for transmission into future generations. Here, we describe a viable hypomorphic allele of dnmt1 in zebrafish that causes widespread demethylation of CpG dinucleotides in sperm and somatic tissues. We find that homozygous mutants are essentially normal, with the exception of drastically impaired lymphopoiesis, affecting both larval and adult phases of T cell development. The phenotype of impaired larval (but not adult) T cell development is transmitted to subsequent generations by genotypically wildtype fish. We further find that about 200 differentially methylated regions in sperm DNA of transmitting and non-transmitting males, including hypermethylated sites associated with runx3 and rptor genes, whose reduced activities are associated with impaired larval T cell development. Our results indicate a particular sensitivity of larval T cell development to transgenerationally inherited epimutations. Evidence for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic information in vertebrates is scarce. Here the authors report that homozygous dnmt1 mutant zebrafish are essentially normal, with the exception of impaired lymphopoiesis, with impaired larval (but not adult) T cell development being transmitted to subsequent generations by genotypically wildtype fish.
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17
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Gary JM, Simmons JK, Xu J, Zhang S, Peat TJ, Watson N, Gamache BJ, Zhang K, Kovalchuk AL, Michalowski AM, Chen JQ, Thaiwong T, Kiupel M, Gaikwad S, Etienne M, Simpson RM, Dubois W, Testa JR, Mock BA. Hypomorphic mTOR Downregulates CDK6 and Delays Thymic Pre-T LBL Tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2221-2232. [PMID: 32747423 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway hyperactivation is frequent in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL). To model inhibition of mTOR, pre-T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre-T LBL) tumor development was monitored in mice with T lymphocyte-specific, constitutively active AKT (Lck-MyrAkt2) that were either crossed to mTOR knockdown (KD) mice or treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Lck-MyrAkt2;mTOR KD mice lived significantly longer than Lck-MyrAkt2;mTOR wild-type (WT) mice, although both groups ultimately developed thymic pre-T LBL. An increase in survival was also observed when Lck-MyrAkt2;mTOR WT mice were treated for 8 weeks with everolimus. The transcriptional profiles of WT and KD thymic lymphomas were compared, and Ingenuity Pathway Upstream Regulator Analysis of differentially expressed genes in tumors from mTOR WT versus KD mice identified let-7 and miR-21 as potential regulatory genes. mTOR KD mice had higher levels of let-7a and miR-21 than mTOR WT mice, and rapamycin induced their expression in mTOR WT cells. CDK6 was one of the most downregulated targets of both let-7 and miR21 in mTOR KD tumors. CDK6 overexpression and decreased expression of let-7 in mTOR KD cells rescued a G1 arrest phenotype. Combined mTOR (rapamycin) and CDK4/6 (palbociclib) inhibition decreased tumor size and proliferation in tumor flank transplants, increased survival in an intravenous transplant model of disseminated leukemia compared with single agent treatment, and cooperatively decreased cell viability in human T-ALL/LBL cell lines. Thus, mTOR KD mice provide a model to explore drug combinations synergizing with mTOR inhibitors and can be used to identify downstream targets of inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Gary
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - John K Simmons
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jinfei Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tyler J Peat
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicholas Watson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin J Gamache
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,American University, Washington, DC
| | - Ke Zhang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jin-Qiu Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tuddow Thaiwong
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Snehal Gaikwad
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maudeline Etienne
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wendy Dubois
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph R Testa
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Beverly A Mock
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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18
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Lim JT, Singh N, Leuvano LA, Calvert VS, Petricoin EF, Teachey DT, Lock RB, Padi M, Kraft AS, Padi SKR. PIM Kinase Inhibitors Block the Growth of Primary T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Resistance Pathways Identified by Network Modeling Analysis. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1809-1821. [PMID: 32753387 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in understanding the genetic landscape of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), the discovery of novel therapeutic targets has been difficult. Our results demonstrate that the levels of PIM1 protein kinase is elevated in early T-cell precursor ALL (ETP-ALL) but not in mature T-ALL primary samples. Small-molecule PIM inhibitor (PIMi) treatment decreases leukemia burden in ETP-ALL. However, treatment of animals carrying ETP-ALL with PIMi was not curative. To model other pathways that could be targeted to complement PIMi activity, HSB-2 cells, previously characterized as a PIMi-sensitive T-ALL cell line, were grown in increasing doses of PIMi. Gene set enrichment analysis of RNA sequencing data and functional enrichment of network modules demonstrated that the HOXA9, mTOR, MYC, NFκB, and PI3K-AKT pathways were activated in HSB-2 cells after long-term PIM inhibition. Reverse phase protein array-based pathway activation mapping demonstrated alterations in the mTOR, PI3K-AKT, and NFκB pathways, as well. PIMi-tolerant HSB-2 cells contained phosphorylated RelA-S536 consistent with activation of the NFκB pathway. The combination of NFκB and PIMis markedly reduced the proliferation in PIMi-resistant leukemic cells showing that this pathway plays an important role in driving the growth of T-ALL. Together these results demonstrate key pathways that are activated when HSB-2 cell line develop resistance to PIMi and suggest pathways that can be rationally targeted in combination with PIM kinases to inhibit T-ALL growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Neha Singh
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Libia A Leuvano
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Valerie S Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard B Lock
- Children's Cancer Institute, School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Megha Padi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Andrew S Kraft
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Sathish K R Padi
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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19
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Huang H, Long L, Zhou P, Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR signaling at the crossroads of environmental signals and T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:15-38. [PMID: 32212344 PMCID: PMC8101438 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) forms the distinct protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate downstream signaling events and various cellular processes. T cells rely on mTOR activity for their development and to establish their homeostasis and functional fitness. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the upstream signaling and downstream targets of mTOR. We also provide an updated overview of the roles of mTOR in T-cell development, homeostasis, activation, and effector-cell fate decisions, as well as its important impacts on the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells. Moreover, we summarize the emerging roles of mTOR in T-cell exhaustion and transdifferentiation. A better understanding of the contribution of mTOR to T-cell fate decisions will ultimately aid in the therapeutic targeting of mTOR in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lingyun Long
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Nicole M. Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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20
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Peng K, Fan X, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen X, Xiao P, Passerini AG, Simon SI, Sun C. IRF-1 mediates the suppressive effects of mTOR inhibition on arterial endothelium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:30-41. [PMID: 32087218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors used in drug-eluting stents (DES) to control restenosis have been found to delay endothelialization and increase incidence of late-stent thrombosis through mechanisms not completely understood. We revealed that mTOR inhibition (mTORi) upregulated the expression of cell growth suppressor IRF-1 in primary human arterial endothelial cells (HAEC). This study aimed to examine how mTOR-regulated IRF-1 expression contributes to the suppressive effect of mTORi on arterial endothelial proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting, quantitative PCR, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and torin 1 upregulated IRF-1 expression and increased its transcriptional activity. IRF-1 in turn contributed to the suppressive effect of mTORi by mediating HAEC apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in part through upregulation of caspase 1 and downregulation of cyclin D3, as revealed by CCK-8 assay, Annexin V binding assay, measurement of activated caspase 3, BrdU incorporation assay, and matrigel tube formation assay. In a mouse model of femoral artery wire injury, administration of rapamycin inhibited EC recovery, an effect alleviated by EC deficiency of IRF-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with HAEC and rescue expression of wild type or dominant-negative IRF-1 in EC isolated from Irf1-/- mice confirmed transcriptional regulation of IRF-1 on the expression of CASP1 and CCND3. Furthermore, mTORi activated multiple PKC members, among which PKCζ was responsible for the growth-inhibitory effect on HAEC. Activated PKCζ increased IRF1 transcription through JAK/STAT-1 and NF-κB signaling. Finally, overexpression of wild type or mutant raptor incapable of binding mTOR indicated that mTOR-free raptor contributed to PKCζ activation in mTOR-inhibited HAEC. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals an IRF-1-mediated mechanism that contributes to the suppressive effects of mTORi on HAEC proliferation. Further study may facilitate the development of effective strategies to reduce the side effects of DES used in coronary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingxi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - ChongXiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China.
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21
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Peters C, Kouakanou L, Kabelitz D. A comparative view on vitamin C effects on αβ- versus γδ T-cell activation and differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:1009-1022. [PMID: 32034803 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1219-245r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (VitC) is an essential vitamin that needs to be provided through exogenous sources. It is a potent anti-oxidant, and an essential cofactor for many enzymes including a group of enzymes that modulate epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Moreover, VitC has a significant influence on T-cell differentiation, and can directly interfere with T-cell signaling. Conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells express the αβ TCR and recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC presentation. The numerically small population of γδ T cells recognizes antigens in an MHC-independent manner. γδ T cells kill a broad variety of malignant cells, and because of their unique features, are interesting candidates for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize what is known about the influence of VitC on T-cell activation and differentiation with a special focus on γδ T cells. The known mechanisms of action of VitC on αβ T cells are discussed and extrapolated to the effects observed on γδ T-cell activation and differentiation. Overall, VitC enhances proliferation and effector functions of γδ T cells and thus may help to increase the efficacy of γδ T cells applied as cancer immunotherapy in adoptive cell transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Hua C, Chen X, Yuan W, Li Y, Yu J, Li H, Ming L. Gene expression profiling by mRNA sequencing reveals dysregulation of core genes in Rictor deficient T-ALL mouse model. Leuk Res 2019; 87:106229. [PMID: 31698306 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a neoplastic disorder with peak incidence in children and young adults. The mTOR complex is an important component of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade and holds great promise for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. Previous studies have shown that the depression of Rictor, one of the components of the mTOR complex, prevents myeloproliferative disorders and leukemia However, knowledge of the progression of mTOR has not greatly improved the prognosis of T-ALL. To identify potential prognostic biomarkers for T-ALL, a whole-genome expression profile of Rictior deficient T-ALL mice was performed. As a result, 1475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Network analysis revealed 46 genes with a high network degree and fold-change value. Kaplan-Meier analysis identified ten crucial genes which significantly associated with survival in Rictor deficient T-ALL mice. These findings provide potential therapeutic targets in leukemia and bear immediate relevance to patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Hua
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Weiping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Liang Ming
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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23
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Yang K, Blanco DB, Chen X, Dash P, Neale G, Rosencrance C, Easton J, Chen W, Cheng C, Dhungana Y, Kc A, Awad W, Guo XZJ, Thomas PG, Chi H. Metabolic signaling directs the reciprocal lineage decisions of αβ and γδ T cells. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/25/eaas9818. [PMID: 29980617 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aas9818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between extrinsic factors and intrinsic signal strength governs thymocyte development, but the mechanisms linking them remain elusive. We report that mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) couples microenvironmental cues with metabolic programs to orchestrate the reciprocal development of two fundamentally distinct T cell lineages, the αβ and γδ T cells. Developing thymocytes dynamically engage metabolic programs including glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as mTORC1 signaling. Loss of RAPTOR-mediated mTORC1 activity impairs the development of αβ T cells but promotes γδ T cell generation, associated with disrupted metabolic remodeling of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism. Mechanistically, we identify mTORC1-dependent control of reactive oxygen species production as a key metabolic signal in mediating αβ and γδ T cell development, and perturbation of redox homeostasis impinges upon thymocyte fate decisions and mTORC1-associated phenotypes. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic dissection reveal that mTORC1 links developmental signals from T cell receptors and NOTCH to coordinate metabolic activity and signal strength. Our results establish mTORC1-driven metabolic signaling as a decisive factor for reciprocal αβ and γδ T cell development and provide insight into metabolic control of cell signaling and fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Daniel Bastardo Blanco
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Celeste Rosencrance
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenan Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Changde Cheng
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anil Kc
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Walid Awad
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xi-Zhi J Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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24
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Huang XB, Yang CM, Han QM, Ye XJ, Lei W, Qian WB. MNK1 inhibitor CGP57380 overcomes mTOR inhibitor-induced activation of eIF4E: the mechanism of synergic killing of human T-ALL cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1894-1901. [PMID: 30297804 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the treatment of adult T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) has been significantly improved, the heterogeneous genetic landscape of the disease often causes relapse. Aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in T-ALL is responsible for treatment failure and relapse, suggesting that mTOR inhibition may represents a new therapeutic strategy. In this study, we investigated whether the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor everolimus could be used as a therapeutic agent against human T-ALL. We showed that rapamycin and its analog RAD001 (everolimus) exerted only mild inhibition on the viability of Jurkat, CEM and Molt-4 cell lines (for everolimus the maximum inhibition was <40% at 100 nM), but greatly enhanced the phosphorylation of eIF4E, a downstream substrate of MAPK-interacting kinase (MNK) that was involved in promoting cell survival. Furthermore, we demonstrated in Jurkat cells that mTOR inhibitor-induced eIF4E phosphorylation was independent of insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor axis, but was secondary to mTOR inhibition. Then we examined the antileukemia effects of CGP57380, a MNK1 inhibitor, and we found that CGP57380 (4-16 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the expression of both phosphor-MNK1 and phosphor-eIF4E, thereby inhibiting downstream targets such as c-Myc and survivin in T-ALL cells. Importantly, CGP57380 produced a synergistic growth inhibitory effect with everolimus in T-ALL cells, and treatment with this targeted therapy overcame everolimus-induced eIF4E phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results suggest that dual-targeting of mTOR and MNK1/eIF4E signaling pathways may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human T-ALL.
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25
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Malik N, Sansom OJ, Michie AM. The role of mTOR-mediated signals during haemopoiesis and lineage commitment. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1313-1324. [PMID: 30154096 PMCID: PMC6195642 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been implicated in the regulation of an array of cellular functions including protein and lipid synthesis, proliferation, cell size and survival. Here, we describe the role of mTOR during haemopoiesis within the context of mTORC1 and mTORC2, the distinct complexes in which it functions. The use of conditional transgenic mouse models specifically targeting individual mTOR signalling components, together with selective inhibitors, have generated a significant body of research emphasising the critical roles played by mTOR, and individual mTOR complexes, in haemopoietic lineage commitment and development. This review will describe the profound role of mTOR in embryogenesis and haemopoiesis, underscoring the importance of mTORC1 at the early stages of haemopoietic cell development, through modulation of stem cell potentiation and self-renewal, and erythroid and B cell lineage commitment. Furthermore, the relatively discrete role of mTORC2 in haemopoiesis will be explored during T cell development and B cell maturation. Collectively, this review aims to highlight the functional diversity of mTOR signalling and underline the importance of this pathway in haemopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Malik
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Alison M Michie
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K.
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26
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Therapeutic Targeting of mTOR in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071878. [PMID: 29949919 PMCID: PMC6073309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive blood malignancy that arises from the clonal expansion of transformed T-cell precursors. Although T-ALL prognosis has significantly improved due to the development of intensive chemotherapeutic protocols, primary drug-resistant and relapsed patients still display a dismal outcome. In addition, lifelong irreversible late effects from conventional therapy are a growing problem for leukemia survivors. Therefore, novel targeted therapies are required to improve the prognosis of high-risk patients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the kinase subunit of two structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes, which are referred to as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. These two complexes regulate a variety of physiological cellular processes including protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis, as well as autophagy in response to external cues. However, mTOR activity is frequently deregulated in cancer, where it plays a key oncogenetic role driving tumor cell proliferation, survival, metabolic transformation, and metastatic potential. Promising preclinical studies using mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in many human cancer types, including T-ALL. Here, we highlight our current knowledge of mTOR signaling and inhibitors in T-ALL, with an emphasis on emerging evidence of the superior efficacy of combinations consisting of mTOR inhibitors and either traditional or targeted therapeutics.
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27
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mTORC1 Inactivation Promotes Colitis-Induced Colorectal Cancer but Protects from APC Loss-Dependent Tumorigenesis. Cell Metab 2018; 27:118-135.e8. [PMID: 29275959 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits that can induce inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are major colorectal cancer (CRC) risk factors, but mechanisms linking nutrients, IBD, and CRC are unknown. Using human data and mouse models, we show that mTORC1 inactivation-induced chromosomal instability impairs intestinal crypt proliferation and regeneration, CDK4/6 dependently. This triggers interleukin (IL)-6-associated reparative inflammation, inducing crypt hyper-proliferation, wound healing, and CRC. Blocking IL-6 signaling or reactivating mTORC1 reduces inflammation-induced CRC, so mTORC1 activation suppresses tumorigenesis in IBD. Conversely, mTORC1 inactivation is beneficial in APC loss-dependent CRC. Thus, IL-6 blockers or protein-rich-diet-linked mTORC1 activation may prevent IBD-associated CRC. However, abolishing mTORC1 can mitigate CRC in predisposed patients with APC mutations. Our work reveals mTORC1 oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles in intestinal epithelium and avenues to optimized and personalized therapeutic regimens for CRC.
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28
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Peng H, Kasada A, Ueno M, Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Nomura N, Ito C, Takase Y, Vu HT, Kobayashi M, Xiao B, Worley PF, Hirao A. Distinct roles of Rheb and Raptor in activating mTOR complex 1 for the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1129-1135. [PMID: 29175333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) senses a cell's energy status and environmental levels of nutrients and growth factors. In response, mTORC1 mediates signaling that controls protein translation and cellular metabolism. Although mTORC1 plays a critical role in hematopoiesis, it remains unclear which upstream stimuli regulate mTORC1 activity in the context of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) maintenance in vivo. In this study, we investigated the function of Rheb, a critical regulator of mTORC1 activity controlled by the PI3K-AKT-TSC axis, both in HSC maintenance in mice at steady-state and in HSC-derived hematopoiesis post-transplantation. In contrast to the severe hematopoietic dysfunction caused by Raptor deletion, which completely inactivates mTORC1, Rheb deficiency in adult mice did not show remarkable hematopoietic failure. Lack of Rheb caused abnormalities in myeloid cells but did not have impact on hematopoietic regeneration in mice subjected to injury by irradiation. As previously reported, Rheb deficiency resulted in defective HSC-derived hematopoiesis post-transplantation. However, while Raptor is essential for HSC competitiveness in vivo, Rheb is dispensable for HSC maintenance under physiological conditions, indicating that the PI3K-AKT-TSC pathway does not contribute to mTORC1 activity for sustaining HSC self-renewal activity at steady-state. Thus, the various regulatory elements that impinge upstream of mTORC1 activation pathways are differentially required for HSC homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kasada
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Ueno
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naho Nomura
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ito
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takase
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ha Thi Vu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Bo Xiao
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology & Metabolism, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Therapy, West-China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Paul F Worley
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
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29
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Bongiovanni D, Saccomani V, Piovan E. Aberrant Signaling Pathways in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091904. [PMID: 28872614 PMCID: PMC5618553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive disease caused by the malignant transformation of immature progenitors primed towards T-cell development. Clinically, T-ALL patients present with diffuse infiltration of the bone marrow by immature T-cell blasts high blood cell counts, mediastinal involvement, and diffusion to the central nervous system. In the past decade, the genomic landscape of T-ALL has been the target of intense research. The identification of specific genomic alterations has contributed to identify strong oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways regulating leukemia growth. Notwithstanding, T-ALL patients are still treated with high-dose multiagent chemotherapy, potentially exposing these patients to considerable acute and long-term side effects. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the signaling pathways relevant for the pathogenesis of T-ALL and the opportunities offered for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Bongiovanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita' di Padova, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Valentina Saccomani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita' di Padova, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Erich Piovan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Gastroenterologiche, Universita' di Padova, Padova 35128, Italy.
- UOC Immunologia e Diagnostica Molecolare Oncologica, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova 35128, Italy.
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30
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Oliveira ML, Akkapeddi P, Alcobia I, Almeida AR, Cardoso BA, Fragoso R, Serafim TL, Barata JT. From the outside, from within: Biological and therapeutic relevance of signal transduction in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cell Signal 2017. [PMID: 28645565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological cancer that arises from clonal expansion of transformed T-cell precursors. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the external stimuli and cell-intrinsic lesions that drive aberrant activation of pivotal, pro-tumoral intracellular signaling pathways in T-cell precursors, driving transformation, leukemia expansion, spread or resistance to therapy. In addition to their pathophysiological relevance, receptors and kinases involved in signal transduction are often attractive candidates for targeted drug development. As such, we discuss also the potential of T-ALL signaling players as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Padma Akkapeddi
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Alcobia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Afonso R Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno A Cardoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Fragoso
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa L Serafim
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João T Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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31
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Ren W, Liu G, Yin J, Tan B, Wu G, Bazer FW, Peng Y, Yin Y. Amino-acid transporters in T-cell activation and differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2655. [PMID: 28252650 PMCID: PMC5386510 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-mediated immune responses aim to protect mammals against cancers and infections, and are also involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Cellular uptake and the utilization of nutrients is closely related to the T-cell fate decision and function. Research in this area has yielded surprising findings in the importance of amino-acid transporters for T-cell development, homeostasis, activation, differentiation and memory. In this review, we present current information on amino-acid transporters, such as LAT1 (l-leucine transporter), ASCT2 (l-glutamine transporter) and GAT-1 (γ-aminobutyric acid transporter-1), which are critically important for mediating peripheral naive T-cell homeostasis, activation and differentiation, especially for Th1 and Th17 cells, and even memory T cells. Mechanically, the influence of amino-acid transporters on T-cell fate decision may largely depend on the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. These discoveries remarkably demonstrate the role of amino-acid transporters in T-cell fate determination, and strongly indicate that manipulation of the amino-acid transporter-mTORC1 axis could ameliorate many inflammatory or autoimmune diseases associated with T-cell-based immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10008, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China
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32
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Passaro D, Quang CT, Ghysdael J. Microenvironmental cues for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia development. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:156-72. [PMID: 27088913 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intensive chemotherapy regimens have led to a substantial improvement in the cure rate of patients suffering from T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Despite this progress, about 15% and 50% of pediatric and adult cases, respectively, show resistance to treatment or relapse with dismal prognosis, calling for further therapeutic investigations. T-ALL is an heterogeneous disease, which presents intrinsic alterations leading to aberrant expression of transcription factors normally involved in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell development and mutations in genes implicated in the regulation of cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and T-cell development. Gene expression profiling allowed the classification of T-ALL into defined molecular subgroups that mostly reflects the stage of their differentiation arrest. So far this knowledge has not translated into novel, targeted therapy. Recent evidence points to the importance of extrinsic signaling cues in controlling the ability of T-ALL to home, survive, and proliferate, thus offering the perspective of new therapeutic options. This review summarizes the present understanding of the interactions between hematopoietic cells and bone marrow/thymic niches during normal hematopoiesis, describes the main signaling pathways implicated in this dialog, and finally highlights how malignant T cells rely on specific niches to maintain their ability to sustain and propagate leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Passaro
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Christine Tran Quang
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Jacques Ghysdael
- Institut Curie, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
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33
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Park S, Sim H, Lee K. Rapamycin-resistant and torin-sensitive mTOR signaling promotes the survival and proliferation of leukemic cells. BMB Rep 2016; 49:63-8. [PMID: 26497580 PMCID: PMC4914215 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.1.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mTOR is essential for the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) signaling pathway, and regulates the development and function of immune cells. Aberrant activation of mTOR signaling pathway is associated with many cancers including leukemia. Here, we report the contributions of mTOR signaling to growth of human leukemic cell lines and mouse T-cell acute leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Torin, an ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, was found to have both cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on U-937, THP-1, and RPMI-8226 cells, but not on Jurkat or K-562 cells. All cells were relatively resistant to rapamycin even with suppressed activity of mTOR complex 1. Growth of T-ALL cells induced by Notch1 was profoundly affected by torin partially due to increased expression of Bcl2l11 and Bbc3. Of note, activation of Akt or knockdown of FoxO1 mitigated the effect of mTOR inhibition on T-ALL cells. Our data provide insight on the effect of mTOR inhibitors on the survival and proliferation of leukemic cells, thus further improving our understanding on cell-context-dependent impacts of mTOR signaling. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(1): 63-68]
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyunsub Sim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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34
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Rictor has a pivotal role in maintaining quiescence as well as stemness of leukemia stem cells in MLL-driven leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:414-422. [PMID: 27499138 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the roles of Rictor/mTORC2 in the leukemogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we demonstrated that Rictor is essential for the maintenance of mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-driven leukemia by preventing leukemia stem cells (LSCs) from exhaustion. Rictor depletion led to a reactive activation of mTORC1 signaling by facilitating the assembly of mTORC1. Hyperactivated mTORC1 signaling in turn drove LSCs into cycling, compromised the quiescence of LSCs and eventually exhausted their capacity to generate leukemia. At the same time, loss of Rictor had led to a reactive activation of FoxO3a in leukemia cells, which acts as negative feedback to restrain greater over-reactivation of mTORC1 activity and paradoxically protects leukemia cells from exhaustion. Simultaneous depletion of Rictor and FoxO3a enabled rapid exhaustion of MLL LSCs and a quick eradication of MLL leukemia. As such, our present findings highlighted a pivotal regulatory axis of Rictor-FoxO3a in maintaining quiescence and the stemness of LSCs.
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35
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Overall SA, van Driel IR, Gleeson PA. Rapamycin results in Bim-mediated loss of thymic regulatory T cells during development in organ culture. Int Immunol 2016; 28:513-518. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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36
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Wang HX, Cheng JS, Chu S, Qiu YR, Zhong XP. mTORC2 in Thymic Epithelial Cells Controls Thymopoiesis and T Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:141-50. [PMID: 27233961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) play important roles in T cell generation. Mechanisms that control TEC development and function are still not well defined. The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)2 signals to regulate cell survival, nutrient uptake, and metabolism. We report in the present study that mice with TEC-specific ablation of Rictor, a critical and unique adaptor molecule in mTORC2, display thymic atrophy, which accompanies decreased TEC numbers in the medulla. Moreover, generation of multiple T cell lineages, including conventional TCRαβ T cells, regulatory T cells, invariant NKT cells, and TCRγδ T cells, was reduced in TEC-specific Rictor-deficient mice. Our data demonstrate that mTORC2 in TECs is important for normal thymopoiesis and efficient T cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Joyce S Cheng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Pre-Med (BS/MD) Health Scholar Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19222
| | - Shuai Chu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China;
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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37
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Dinner S, Platanias LC. Targeting the mTOR Pathway in Leukemia. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1745-52. [PMID: 27018341 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Optimal function of multiple intracellular signaling pathways is essential for normal regulation of cellular transcription, translation, growth, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation or aberrant activation of such cascades can lead to inappropriate cell survival and abnormal cell proliferation in leukemia. Successful treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) with tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the BCR-ABL fusion gene is a prime example of effectively inhibiting intracellular signaling cascades. However, even in these patients resistance can develop via emergence of mutations or feedback activation of other pathways that cause refractory disease. Constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has been observed in different types of leukemia, including CML, acute myeloid leukemia, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Abnormal mTOR activity may contribute to chemotherapy resistance, while it may also be effectively targeted via molecular means and/or development of specific pharmacological inhibitors. This review discusses the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR dysre-gulation in leukemia and summarizes the emergence of preliminary data for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1745-1752, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Dinner
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, 60611.,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
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38
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Role of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in lentiviral vector transduction of hematopoietic stem cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2016; 22:302-8. [PMID: 26049750 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A major goal in repopulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapies is achieving high-efficacy gene transfer, while maintaining robust HSC engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Recent studies have documented that rapamycin treatment of HSC during lentiviral vector transduction enhances gene transfer to human and mouse HSCs and maintains engraftment capacity. In this review, we place into context the role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways in HSC quiescence and function, endocytic regulation, and lentiviral gene delivery. RECENT FINDINGS Lentiviral vector transduction of human and mouse HSCs is considerably enhanced by rapamycin treatment. Furthermore, rapamycin preserves long-term engraftment of human and mouse HSCs. Investigations of cellular mechanisms that contribute to increased transduction in HSCs uncover a role for mTOR inhibition-dependent activation of endocytosis. SUMMARY Rapamycin enhances lentiviral vector transduction of HSCs through regulation of endocytic activity via mTOR inhibition. An important attribute of rapamycin treatment during transduction is the preservation of HSC function, allowing reconstitution of long-term hematopoiesis in vivo in murine models.
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Wang HX, Shin J, Wang S, Gorentla B, Lin X, Gao J, Qiu YR, Zhong XP. mTORC1 in Thymic Epithelial Cells Is Critical for Thymopoiesis, T-Cell Generation, and Temporal Control of γδT17 Development and TCRγ/δ Recombination. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002370. [PMID: 26889835 PMCID: PMC4758703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus is crucial for generation of a diverse repertoire of T cells essential for adaptive immunity. Although thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are crucial for thymopoiesis and T cell generation, how TEC development and function are controlled is poorly understood. We report here that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in TECs plays critical roles in thymopoiesis and thymus function. Acute deletion of mTORC1 in adult mice caused severe thymic involution. TEC-specific deficiency of mTORC1 (mTORC1KO) impaired TEC maturation and function such as decreased expression of thymotropic chemokines, decreased medullary TEC to cortical TEC ratios, and altered thymic architecture, leading to severe thymic atrophy, reduced recruitment of early thymic progenitors, and impaired development of virtually all T-cell lineages. Strikingly, temporal control of IL-17-producing γδT (γδT17) cell differentiation and TCRVγ/δ recombination in fetal thymus is lost in mTORC1KO thymus, leading to elevated γδT17 differentiation and rearranging of fetal specific TCRVγ/δ in adulthood. Thus, mTORC1 is central for TEC development/function and establishment of thymic environment for proper T cell development, and modulating mTORC1 activity can be a strategy for preventing thymic involution/atrophy. The thymus is essential for making T cells but undergoes age- or stress-associated atrophy. This study demonstrates that mTOR complex 1 in thymic epithelial cells is crucial for correct thymic architecture and the production of mature T cells. The thymus is the primary organ for T cell generation. Abnormal thymus function profoundly affects host immunity and numerous diseases. Thymopoiesis and thymus function rely on orchestrated interaction between multiple cell types representing different origins. Among them, thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are crucial for thymus development and maintenance and T cell generation. How TEC development and function are regulated is poorly understood. The mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine kinase, signals with two complexes, mTORC1 and mTOC2, to control metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival. Using a mouse model with mTORC1 selectively ablated in TECs, we demonstrate that mTORC1 in TECs plays critical roles in thymopoiesis and thymus function. Absence of mTORC1 results in impaired TEC maturation and function, altered thymic architecture, severe thymic atrophy, and impaired development of virtually all T-cell lineages. Moreover, it also causes increased generation of IL-17–producing γδT (γδT17) cells and fetal-specific γδT subsets in adult thymus, revealing that mTORC1 in TECs is central for temporal control of γδT17 differentiation and TCRVγ/δ recombination. Our results establish mTORC1 as a central regulator for TEC development/function and for the establishment of normal thymic environment for proper T cell development. We suggest modulating mTORC1 activity as a strategy for preventing thymic involution/atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinwook Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Balachandra Gorentla
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xingguang Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jimin Gao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XPZ); (YQ)
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapies Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XPZ); (YQ)
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40
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mTORC signaling in hematopoiesis. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:510-8. [PMID: 26791377 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-1944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase that responds to multiple signals, including growth factors, amino acids, energy status, stress, and oxygen, regulates cell survival, cell growth, the cell cycle, and cell metabolism, and maintains homeostasis [1]. Increased or decreased mTORC1 activity can alter HSC function and cause hematological disorders [2, 3]. Therefore, a comprehensive knowledge of mTOR is critical to understanding how HSCs function and maintain homeostasis in the hematopoietic system. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mTOR signaling pathway and its roles in hematopoiesis and leukemia. We also discuss pharmacological approaches to manipulate mTOR activity.
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Abstract
Foxp3(+) Tregs are central regulators of immune tolerance. As dysregulated Treg responses contribute to disease pathogenesis, novel approaches to target the immunomodulatory functions of Tregs are currently under investigation. mTORC1 and mTORC2 are therapeutic targets of interest. Recent studies revealed that mTOR signaling impacts conventional T-cell homeostasis, activation and differentiation. Moreover, mTOR controls the differentiation and functions of Tregs, suggesting that its activity could be targeted to modulate Treg responses. Here, we summarize how Tregs suppress immune responses, their roles in disease development and methods used to alter their functions therapeutically. We also discuss the diverse effects exerted by mTOR inhibition on the development, homeostasis, and functions of conventional T cells and Tregs. We conclude with a discussion of how modulation of mTOR activity in Tregs may be therapeutically beneficial or detrimental in different disease settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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42
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Zhou P, Zhang N, Nussinov R, Ma B. Defining the Domain Arrangement of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex Component Rictor Protein. J Comput Biol 2015; 22:876-86. [PMID: 26176550 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2015.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes play a pivotal role in the cell. Raptor and Rictor proteins interact with mTOR to form two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively. While the domain structure of Raptor is known, current bioinformatics tools failed to classify the domains in Rictor. Here we focus on identifying specific domains in Rictor by searching for conserved regions. We scanned the pdb structural database and constructed three protein domain datasets. Next we carried out multiple pairwise sequence alignments of the proteins in the domain dataset. By analyzing the z-scores of Rictor sequence similarity to protein sequences in the dataset, we assigned the structural and functional domains of Rictor. We found that, like Raptor, Rictor also has HEAT and WD40 domains, which could be the common motif binding to mTORC. Rictor may also have pleckstrin homology domains, which mediate cellular localization and transmit signals to downstream targets, as well as a domain that is homologous to 50S protein L17 and human 39S protein L17. This putative ribosome binding domain could mediate mTORC2-ribosome interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- 1 Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- 1 Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin, China
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- 2 Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland.,3 Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Buyong Ma
- 2 Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute , Frederick, Maryland
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43
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Chen HH, Huang WT, Yang LW, Lin CW. The PTEN-AKT-mTOR/RICTOR Pathway in Nasal Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma Is Activated by miR-494-3p via PTEN But Inhibited by miR-142-3p via RICTOR. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1487-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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44
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Fransecky L, Mochmann LH, Baldus CD. Outlook on PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition in acute leukemia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:2. [PMID: 26056603 PMCID: PMC4452048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances allowing high throughput analyses across numerous cancer tissues have allowed much progress in understanding complex cellular signaling. In the future, the genetic landscape in cancer may have more clinical relevance than diagnosis based on tumor origin. This progress has emphasized PI3K/AKT/mTOR, among others, as a central signaling center of cancer development due to its governing control in cellular growth, survival, and metabolism. The discovery of high frequencies of mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in different cancer entities has sparked interest to inhibit elements of this pathway. In acute leukemia pharmacological interruption has yet to achieve desirable efficacy as targetable downstream mutations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR are absent. Nevertheless, mutations in membrane-associated genes upstream of PI3K/AKT/mTOR are frequent in acute leukemia and are associated with aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR thus providing a good rationale for further exploration. This review attempts to summarize key findings leading to aberrant activation and to reflect on both promises and challenges of targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR in acute leukemia. Our emphasis lies on the insights gained through high-throughput data acquisition that open up new avenues for identifying specific subgroups of acute leukemia as ideal candidates for PI3K/AKT/mTOR targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Fransecky
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliana H Mochmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Baldus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Fransecky L, Mochmann LH, Baldus CD. Outlook on PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition in acute leukemia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2015; 3:2. [PMID: 26056603 PMCID: PMC4452048 DOI: 10.1186/s40591-015-0040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances allowing high throughput analyses across numerous cancer tissues have allowed much progress in understanding complex cellular signaling. In the future, the genetic landscape in cancer may have more clinical relevance than diagnosis based on tumor origin. This progress has emphasized PI3K/AKT/mTOR, among others, as a central signaling center of cancer development due to its governing control in cellular growth, survival, and metabolism. The discovery of high frequencies of mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in different cancer entities has sparked interest to inhibit elements of this pathway. In acute leukemia pharmacological interruption has yet to achieve desirable efficacy as targetable downstream mutations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR are absent. Nevertheless, mutations in membrane-associated genes upstream of PI3K/AKT/mTOR are frequent in acute leukemia and are associated with aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR thus providing a good rationale for further exploration. This review attempts to summarize key findings leading to aberrant activation and to reflect on both promises and challenges of targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR in acute leukemia. Our emphasis lies on the insights gained through high-throughput data acquisition that open up new avenues for identifying specific subgroups of acute leukemia as ideal candidates for PI3K/AKT/mTOR targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Fransecky
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liliana H Mochmann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Baldus
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Liu C, Chapman NM, Karmaus PWF, Zeng H, Chi H. mTOR and metabolic regulation of conventional and regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:837-847. [PMID: 25714803 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ri0814-408r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR signaling links bioenergetic and biosynthetic metabolism to immune responses. mTOR is activated by diverse upstream stimuli, including immune signals, growth factors, and nutrients. Recent studies highlight crucial roles of mTOR signaling in immune functions mediated by conventional T cells and Tregs In this review, we discuss the regulation of mTOR signaling in T cells and the functional impacts of mTOR and metabolic pathways on T cell-mediated immune responses, with a particular focus on the differentiation and function of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohong Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peer W F Karmaus
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR Links Environmental Signals to T Cell Fate Decisions. Front Immunol 2015; 5:686. [PMID: 25653651 PMCID: PMC4299512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell fate decisions play an integral role in maintaining the health of organisms under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. The localized microenvironment in which developing and mature T cells reside provides signals that serve essential functions in shaping these fate decisions. These signals are derived from the immune compartment, including antigens, co-stimulation, and cytokines, and other factors, including growth factors and nutrients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a vital sensor of signals within the immune microenvironment, is a central regulator of T cell biology. In this review, we discuss how various environmental cues tune mTOR activity in T cells, and summarize how mTOR integrates these signals to influence multiple aspects of T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
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48
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In vivo, Argonaute-bound microRNAs exist predominantly in a reservoir of low molecular weight complexes not associated with mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:767-72. [PMID: 25568082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424217112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs repress mRNA translation by guiding Argonaute proteins to partially complementary binding sites, primarily within the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. In cell lines, Argonaute-bound microRNAs exist mainly in high molecular weight RNA-induced silencing complexes (HMW-RISC) associated with target mRNA. Here we demonstrate that most adult tissues contain reservoirs of microRNAs in low molecular weight RISC (LMW-RISC) not bound to mRNA, suggesting that these microRNAs are not actively engaged in target repression. Consistent with this observation, the majority of individual microRNAs in primary T cells were enriched in LMW-RISC. During T-cell activation, signal transduction through the phosphoinositide-3 kinase-RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase-mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway increased the assembly of microRNAs into HMW-RISC, enhanced expression of the glycine-tryptophan protein of 182 kDa, an essential component of HMW-RISC, and improved the ability of microRNAs to repress partially complementary reporters, even when expression of targeting microRNAs did not increase. Overall, data presented here demonstrate that microRNA-mediated target repression in nontransformed cells depends not only on abundance of specific microRNAs, but also on regulation of RISC assembly by intracellular signaling.
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Martelli AM, Lonetti A, Buontempo F, Ricci F, Tazzari PL, Evangelisti C, Bressanin D, Cappellini A, Orsini E, Chiarini F. Targeting signaling pathways in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia initiating cells. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 56:6-21. [PMID: 24819383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia initiating cells (LICs) represent a reservoir that is believed to drive relapse and resistance to chemotherapy in blood malignant disorders. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive neoplastic disorder of immature hematopoietic precursors committed to the T-cell lineage. T-ALL comprises about 15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL cases and is prone to early relapse. Although the prognosis of T-ALL has improved especially in children due to the use of new intensified treatment protocols, the outcome of relapsed T-ALL cases is still poor. Putative LICs have been identified also in T-ALL. LICs are mostly quiescent and for this reason highly resistant to chemotherapy. Therefore, they evade treatment and give rise to disease relapse. At present great interest surrounds the development of targeted therapies against signaling networks aberrantly activated in LICs and important for their survival and drug-resistance. Both the Notch1 pathway and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) network are involved in T-ALL LIC survival and drug-resistance and could be targeted by small molecules. Thus, Notch1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors are currently being developed for clinical use either as single agents or in combination with conventional chemotherapy for T-ALL patient treatment. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge of the relevance of Notch1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in T-ALL LICs and we examine the rationale for targeting these key signal transduction networks by means of selective pharmacological inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Buontempo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ricci
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Tazzari
- Immunohematology and Transfusion Center, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Musculoskeletal Cell Biology Laboratory, IOR, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Bressanin
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Department of Human, Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino, 03043 Cassino, Italy
| | - Ester Orsini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; Musculoskeletal Cell Biology Laboratory, IOR, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Evangelisti C, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Lonetti A, Buontempo F, Bressanin D, Cappellini A, Orsini E, McCubrey JA, Martelli AM. Therapeutic potential of targeting mTOR in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:909-18. [PMID: 24968804 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous neoplastic disorder of immature hematopoietic precursors committed to the T-cell lineage. T-ALL comprises about 15% of pediatric and 25% of adult ALL cases. Even if the prognosis of T-ALL has improved especially in the childhood due to the use of new intensified treatment protocols, the outcome of relapsed patients who are resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs or who relapse is still poor. For this reason, there is a need for novel and less toxic targeted therapies against signaling pathways aberrantly activated in T-ALL, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Small molecules designed to target key components of this signaling axis have proven their efficacy both in vitro and in vivo in pre-clinical settings of T-ALL. In particular, different classes of mTOR inhibitors have been disclosed by pharmaceutical companies, and they are currently being tested in clinical trials for treating T-ALL patients. One of the most promising approaches for the treatment of T-ALL seems to be the combination of mTOR inhibitors with traditional chemotherapeutic agents. This could lead to a lower drug dosage that may circumvent the systemic side effects of chemotherapeutics. In this review, we focus on the different classes of mTOR inhibitors that will possibly have an impact on the therapeutic arsenal we have at our disposal against T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Evangelisti
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Buontempo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Bressanin
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cappellini
- Department of Human Social and Health Sciences, University of Cassino, Cassino, Italy
| | - Ester Orsini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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