1
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Martins CPP, Ziegler M, Schubert P, Wilke T, Wall M. Effects of water flow and ocean acidification on oxygen and pH gradients in coral boundary layer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12757. [PMID: 38830941 PMCID: PMC11148076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63210-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals live in highly hydrodynamic environments, where water flow largely controls the complex chemical microenvironments surrounding them-the concentration boundary layer (CBL). The CBL may be key to alleviate ocean acidification (OA) effects on coral colonies by partially isolating them. However, OA effects on coral CBL remain poorly understood, particularly under different flow velocities. Here, we investigated these effects on the reef-building corals Acropora cytherea, Pocillopora verrucosa, and Porites cylindrica. We preconditioned corals to a control (pH 8.0) and OA (pH 7.8) treatment for four months and tested how low flow (2 cm s-1) and moderate flow (6 cm s-1) affected O2 and H+ CBL traits (thickness, surface concentrations, and flux) inside a unidirectional-flow chamber. We found that CBL traits differed between species and flow velocities. Under OA, traits remained generally stable across flows, except surface pH. In all species, the H+ CBL was thin and led to lower surface pH. Still, low flow thickened H+ CBLs and increased light elevation of surface pH. In general, our findings reveal a weak to null OA modulation of the CBL. Moreover, the OA-buffering capacity by the H+ CBL may be limited in coral species, though low flow could enhance CBL sheltering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P P Martins
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Maren Ziegler
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Patrick Schubert
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marlene Wall
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Jordano MDA, Nagata RM, Morandini AC. A review of the role played by cilia in medusozoan feeding mechanics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:950-964. [PMID: 38305571 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cilia are widely present in metazoans and have various sensory and motor functions, including collection of particles through feeding currents in suspensivorous animals. Suspended particles occur at low densities and are too small to be captured individually, and therefore must be concentrated. Animals that feed on these particles have developed different mechanisms to encounter and capture their food. These mechanisms occur in three phases: (i) encounter; (ii) capture; and (iii) particle handling, which occurs by means of a cilia-generated current or the movement of capturing structures (e.g. tentacles) that transport the particle to the mouth. Cilia may be involved in any of these phases. Some cnidarians, as do other suspensivorous animals, utilise cilia in their feeding mechanisms. However, few studies have considered ciliary flow when examining the biomechanics of cnidarian feeding. Anthozoans (sessile cnidarians) are known to possess flow-promoting cilia, but these are absent in medusae. The traditional view is that jellyfish capture prey only by means of nematocysts (stinging structures) and mucus, and do not possess cilia that collect suspended particles. Herein, we first provide an overview of suspension feeding in invertebrates, and then critically analyse the presence, distribution, and function of cilia in the Cnidaria (mainly Medusozoa), with a focus on particle collection (suspension feeding). We analyse the different mechanisms of suspension feeding and sort them according to our proposed classification framework. We present a scheme for the phases of pelagic jellyfish suspension feeding based on this classification. There is evidence that cilia create currents but act only in phases 1 and 3 of suspension feeding in medusozoans. Research suggests that some scyphomedusae must exploit other nutritional sources besides prey captured by nematocysts and mucus, since the resources provided by this diet alone are insufficient to meet their energy requirements. Therefore, smaller particles and prey may be captured through other phase-2 mechanisms that could involve ciliary currents. We hypothesise that medusae, besides capturing prey by nematocysts (present in the tentacles and oral arms), also capture small particles with their cilia, therefore expanding their trophic niche and suggesting reinterpretation of the trophic role of medusoid cnidarians as exclusively plankton predators. We suggest further study of particle collection by ciliary action and its influence on the biomechanics of jellyfishes, to expand our understanding of the ecology of this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara de A Jordano
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, n. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Renato M Nagata
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, 96203-000, Brazil
| | - André C Morandini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, n. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, Rodovia Manuel Hipólito do Rego km 131.5, São Sebastião, 11612-109, Brazil
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3
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Yen LP, Yong CLX, Todd PA. The effect of coral colony morphology, coral surface condition, particle size, and seeding point on the trapping and deposition of microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171077. [PMID: 38382597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Coral reefs are increasingly identified as microplastic sinks. Understanding the trapping and deposition effects on microplastics among coral colonies of different morphologies can help identify which corals and coral reefs are at higher risk of microplastic exposure. Here, we used a current-generating saltwater flume to explore microplastic trapping and deposition among branching coral, Pocillopora acuta, colonies with contrasting morphologies (open and compact), together with varying coral surface conditions (live, dead, and waxed), microplastic sizes (400 to 500 μm and 900 to 1000 μm), and seeding points (above-colony and mid-colony). Results revealed that more microplastics were trapped by, and deposited nearer to, compact colonies compared to those with a more open morphology-likely due to differences in flow dynamics. More of the larger microplastics were trapped, as were those introduced at the mid seeding point, but coral surface condition had no significant effect. These findings add to the growing evidence that corals are effective at trapping and facilitating deposition of microplastics. Branching corals with compact structures are potentially at high risk of microplastic pollution impact. We posit that coral composition, i.e. the relative abundance of compact branching colonies, will affect microplastic accumulation in natural reef environments. SYNOPSIS: This study demonstrates the effects of coral morphology on microplastic trapping and deposition, providing mechanistic insights into the factors that contribute to coral reefs acting as microplastic sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng Yen
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Clara Lei Xin Yong
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Peter A Todd
- Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore.
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4
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Bean NK, Edmunds PJ. The scaling of metabolic traits differs among larvae and juvenile colonies of scleractinian corals. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246362. [PMID: 38634316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Body size profoundly affects organism fitness and ecosystem dynamics through the scaling of physiological traits. This study tested for variation in metabolic scaling and its potential drivers among corals differing in life history strategies and taxonomic identity. Data were compiled from published sources and augmented with empirical measurements of corals in Moorea, French Polynesia. The data compilation revealed metabolic isometry in broadcasted larvae, but size-independent metabolism in brooded larvae; empirical measurements of Pocillopora acuta larvae also supported size-independent metabolism in brooded coral larvae. In contrast, for juvenile colonies (i.e. 1-4 cm diameter), metabolic scaling was isometric for Pocillopora spp., and negatively allometric for Porites spp. The scaling of biomass with surface area was isometric for Pocillopora spp., but positively allometric for Porites spp., suggesting the surface area to biomass ratio mediates metabolic scaling in these corals. The scaling of tissue biomass and metabolism were not affected by light treatment (i.e. either natural photoperiods or constant darkness) in either juvenile taxa. However, biomass was reduced by 9-15% in the juvenile corals from the light treatments and this coincided with higher metabolic scaling exponents, thus supporting the causal role of biomass in driving variation in scaling. This study shows that metabolic scaling is plastic in early life stages of corals, with intrinsic differences between life history strategy (i.e. brooded and broadcasted larvae) and taxa (i.e. Pocillopora spp. and Porites spp.), and acquired differences attributed to changes in area-normalized biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Bean
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st St, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Peter J Edmunds
- Department of Biology, California State University, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330-8303, USA
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5
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Zhang M, Pal A, Lyu X, Wu Y, Sitti M. Artificial-goosebump-driven microactuation. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:560-569. [PMID: 38336868 PMCID: PMC10990938 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Microactuators provide controllable driving forces for precise positioning, manipulation and operation at the microscale. Development of microactuators using active materials is often hampered by their fabrication complexity and limited motion at small scales. Here we report light-fuelled artificial goosebumps to actuate passive microstructures, inspired by the natural reaction of hair bristling (piloerection) on biological skin. We use light-responsive liquid crystal elastomers as the responsive artificial skin to move three-dimensionally printed passive polymer microstructures. When exposed to a programmable femtosecond laser, the liquid crystal elastomer skin generates localized artificial goosebumps, resulting in precise actuation of the surrounding microstructures. Such microactuation can tilt micro-mirrors for the controlled manipulation of light reflection and disassemble capillary-force-induced self-assembled microstructures globally and locally. We demonstrate the potential application of the proposed microactuation system for information storage. This methodology provides precise, localized and controllable manipulation of microstructures, opening new possibilities for the development of programmable micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Aniket Pal
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xianglong Lyu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yingdan Wu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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6
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Feng W, He Q, Zhang L. Embedded Physical Intelligence in Liquid Crystalline Polymer Actuators and Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312313. [PMID: 38375751 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Responsive materials possess the inherent capacity to autonomously sense and respond to various external stimuli, demonstrating physical intelligence. Among the diverse array of responsive materials, liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) stand out for their remarkable reversible stimuli-responsive shape-morphing properties and their potential for creating soft robots. While numerous reviews have extensively detailed the progress in developing LCP-based actuators and robots, there exists a need for comprehensive summaries that elucidate the underlying principles governing actuation and how physical intelligence is embedded within these systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in developing actuators and robots endowed with physical intelligence using LCPs. This review is structured around the stimulus conditions and categorizes the studies involving responsive LCPs based on the fundamental control and stimulation logic and approach. Specifically, three main categories are examined: systems that respond to changing stimuli, those operating under constant stimuli, and those equip with learning and logic control capabilities. Furthermore, the persisting challenges that need to be addressed are outlined and discuss the future avenues of research in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiguang He
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Howard RD, Schul MD, Rodriguez Bravo LM, Altieri AH, Meyer JL. Shifts in the coral microbiome in response to in situ experimental deoxygenation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0057723. [PMID: 37916820 PMCID: PMC10686059 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00577-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Marine hypoxia is a threat for corals but has remained understudied in tropical regions where coral reefs are abundant. Though microbial symbioses can alleviate the effects of ecological stress, we do not yet understand the taxonomic or functional response of the coral microbiome to hypoxia. In this study, we experimentally lowered oxygen levels around Siderastrea siderea and Agaricia lamarcki colonies in situ to observe changes in the coral microbiome in response to deoxygenation. Our results show that hypoxia triggers a stochastic change of the microbiome overall, with some bacterial families changing deterministically after just 48 hours of exposure. These families represent an increase in anaerobic and opportunistic taxa in the microbiomes of both coral species. Thus, marine deoxygenation destabilizes the coral microbiome and increases bacterial opportunism. This work provides novel and fundamental knowledge of the microbial response in coral during hypoxia and may provide insight into holobiont function during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D. Howard
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Monica D. Schul
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lucia M. Rodriguez Bravo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew H. Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Julie L. Meyer
- Department of Soil, Water, and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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8
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Han J, Dong X, Yin Z, Zhang S, Li M, Zheng Z, Ugurlu MC, Jiang W, Liu H, Sitti M. Actuation-enhanced multifunctional sensing and information recognition by magnetic artificial cilia arrays. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308301120. [PMID: 37792517 PMCID: PMC10589697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308301120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial cilia integrating both actuation and sensing functions allow simultaneously sensing environmental properties and manipulating fluids in situ, which are promising for environment monitoring and fluidic applications. However, existing artificial cilia have limited ability to sense environmental cues in fluid flows that have versatile information encoded. This limits their potential to work in complex and dynamic fluid-filled environments. Here, we propose a generic actuation-enhanced sensing mechanism to sense complex environmental cues through the active interaction between artificial cilia and the surrounding fluidic environments. The proposed mechanism is based on fluid-cilia interaction by integrating soft robotic artificial cilia with flexible sensors. With a machine learning-based approach, complex environmental cues such as liquid viscosity, environment boundaries, and distributed fluid flows of a wide range of velocities can be sensed, which is beyond the capability of existing artificial cilia. As a proof of concept, we implement this mechanism on magnetically actuated cilia with integrated laser-induced graphene-based sensors and demonstrate sensing fluid apparent viscosity, environment boundaries, and fluid flow speed with a reconfigurable sensitivity and range. The same principle could be potentially applied to other soft robotic systems integrating other actuation and sensing modalities for diverse environmental and fluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710054Xi’an, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710054Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoguang Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37212
| | - Zhen Yin
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Control Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai201800, China
- Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Shanghai200120, China
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
- National Key Laboratory of Hoisting Machinery Key Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Heavy Machinery Fluid Power Transmission and Control, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Meng Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Musab Cagri Ugurlu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Weitao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710054Xi’an, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710054Xi’an, China
| | - Hongzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710054Xi’an, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710054Xi’an, China
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Jiang H, Gu H, Nelson BJ, Zhang T. Numerical Study of Metachronal Wave-Modulated Locomotion in Magnetic Cilia Carpets. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 5:2300212. [PMID: 37885909 PMCID: PMC10601495 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metachronal motions are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic organisms and have attracted substantial attention in engineering for their potential applications. Hard-magnetic soft materials are shown to provide new opportunities for metachronal wave-modulated robotic locomotion by multi-agent active morphing in response to external magnetic fields. However, the design and optimization of such magnetic soft robots can be complex, and the fabrication and magnetization processes are often delicate and time-consuming. Herein, a computational model is developed that integrates granular models into a magnetic-lattice model, both of which are implemented in the highly efficient parallel computing platform large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). The simulations accurately reproduce the deformation of single cilium, the metachronal wave motion of multiple cilia, and the crawling and rolling locomotion of magnetic cilia soft robots. Furthermore, the simulations provide insight into the spatial and temporal variation of friction forces and trajectories of cilia tips. The results contribute to the understanding of metachronal wave-modulated locomotion and potential applications in the field of soft robotics and biomimetic engineering. The developed model also provides a versatile computational framework for simulating the movement of magnetic soft robots in realistic environments and has the potential to guide the design, optimization, and customization of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; BioInspired Syracuse Syracuse, University Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Hongri Gu
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; BioInspired Syracuse Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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10
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Rivera HE, Tramonte CA, Samaroo J, Dickerson H, Davies SW. Heat challenge elicits stronger physiological and gene expression responses than starvation in symbiotic Oculina arbuscula. J Hered 2023; 114:312-325. [PMID: 36921030 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophy has been shown to mitigate coral-algal dysbiosis (coral bleaching) under heat challenge, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unexplored. Here, we quantified coral physiology and gene expression of fragments from 13 genotypes of symbiotic Oculina arbuscula after a 28-d feeding experiment under (1) fed, ambient (24 °C); (2) unfed, ambient; (3) fed, heated (ramp to 33 °C); and (4) unfed, heated treatments. We monitored algal photosynthetic efficiency throughout the experiment, and after 28 d, profiled coral and algal carbohydrate and protein reserves, coral gene expression, algal cell densities, and chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-c2 pigments. Contrary to previous findings, heterotrophy did little to mitigate the impacts of temperature, and we observed few significant differences in physiology between fed and unfed corals under heat challenge. Our results suggest the duration and intensity of starvation and thermal challenge play meaningful roles in coral energetics and stress response; future work exploring these thresholds and how they may impact coral responses under changing climate is urgently needed. Gene expression patterns under heat challenge in fed and unfed corals showed gene ontology enrichment patterns consistent with classic signatures of the environmental stress response. While gene expression differences between fed and unfed corals under heat challenge were subtle: Unfed, heated corals uniquely upregulated genes associated with cell cycle functions, an indication that starvation may induce the previously described, milder "type B" coral stress response. Future studies interested in disentangling the influence of heterotrophy on coral bleaching would benefit from leveraging the facultative species studied here, but using the coral in its symbiotic and aposymbiotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanny E Rivera
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Jason Samaroo
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Sarah W Davies
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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11
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Norfolk WA, Melendez-Declet C, Lipp EK. Coral Disease and Ingestion: Investigating the Role of Heterotrophy in the Transmission of Pathogenic Vibrio spp. using a Sea Anemone ( Exaiptasia pallida) Model System. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023:e0018723. [PMID: 37191521 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00187-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding disease transmission in corals can be complicated given the intricacy of the holobiont and difficulties associated with ex situ coral cultivation. As a result, most of the established transmission pathways for coral disease are associated with perturbance (i.e., damage) rather than evasion of immune defenses. Here, we investigate ingestion as a potential pathway for the transmission of coral pathogens that evades the mucus membrane. Using sea anemones (Exaiptasia pallida) and brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) to model coral feeding, we tracked the acquisition of the putative pathogens, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. mediterranei using GFP-tagged strains. Vibrio sp. were provided to anemones using 3 experimental exposures (i) direct water exposure alone, (ii) water exposure in the presence of a food source (non-spiked Artemia), and (iii) through a "spiked" food source (Vibrio-colonized Artemia) created by exposing Artemia cultures to GFP-Vibrio via the ambient water overnight. Following a 3 h feeding/exposure duration, the level of acquired GFP-Vibrio was quantified from anemone tissue homogenate. Ingestion of spiked Artemia resulted in a significantly greater burden of GFP-Vibrio equating to an 830-fold, 3,108-fold, and 435-fold increase in CFU mL-1 when compared to water exposed trials and a 207-fold, 62-fold, and 27-fold increase in CFU mL-1 compared to water exposed with food trials for V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. mediterranei, respectively. These data suggest that ingestion can facilitate delivery of an elevated dose of pathogenic bacteria in cnidarians and may describe an important portal of entry for pathogens in the absence of perturbing conditions. IMPORTANCE The front line of pathogen defense in corals is the mucus membrane. This membrane coats the surface body wall creating a semi-impermeable layer that inhibits pathogen entry from the ambient water both physically and biologically through mutualistic antagonism from resident mucus microbes. To date, much of the coral disease transmission research has been focused on mechanisms associated with perturbance of this membrane such as direct contact, vector lesions (predation/biting), and waterborne exposure through preexisting lesions. The present research describes a potential transmission pathway that evades the defenses provided by this membrane allowing unencumbered entry of bacteria as in association with food. This pathway may explain an important portal of entry for emergence of idiopathic infections in otherwise healthy corals and can be used to improve management practices for coral conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Norfolk
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Erin K Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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12
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Zhang S, Hu X, Li M, Bozuyuk U, Zhang R, Suadiye E, Han J, Wang F, Onck P, Sitti M. 3D-printed micrometer-scale wireless magnetic cilia with metachronal programmability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9462. [PMID: 36947622 PMCID: PMC7614626 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia play essential roles in self-propulsion, food capture, and cell transportation by performing coordinated metachronal motions. Experimental studies to emulate the biological cilia metachronal coordination are challenging at the micrometer length scale because of current limitations in fabrication methods and materials. We report on the creation of wirelessly actuated magnetic artificial cilia with biocompatibility and metachronal programmability at the micrometer length scale. Each cilium is fabricated by direct laser printing a silk fibroin hydrogel beam affixed to a hard magnetic FePt Janus microparticle. The 3D-printed cilia show stable actuation performance, high temperature resistance, and high mechanical endurance. Programmable metachronal coordination can be achieved by programming the orientation of the identically magnetized FePt Janus microparticles, which enables the generation of versatile microfluidic patterns. Our platform offers an unprecedented solution to create bioinspired microcilia for programmable microfluidic systems, biomedical engineering, and biocompatible implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhong Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xinghao Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Meng Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eylul Suadiye
- Central Scientific Facility Materials, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jie Han
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Qin B, Arratia PE. Confinement, chaotic transport, and trapping of active swimmers in time-periodic flows. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6196. [PMID: 36475804 PMCID: PMC9728977 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms encounter complex unsteady flows, including algal blooms in marine settings, microbial infections in airways, and bioreactors for vaccine and biofuel production. Here, we study the transport of active swimmers in two-dimensional time-periodic flows using Langevin simulations and experiments with swimming bacteria. We find that long-term swimmer transport is controlled by two parameters, the pathlength of the unsteady flow and the normalized swimmer speed. The pathlength nonmonotonically controls swimmer dispersion dynamics, giving rise to three distinct dispersion regimes. Weak flows hinder swimmer transport by confining cells toward flow manifolds. As pathlength increases, chaotic transport along flow manifolds initiates, maximizing the number of unique flow cells traveled. Last, strong flows trap swimmers at the vortex core, suppressing dispersal. Experiments with Vibrio cholerae showed qualitative agreement with model dispersion patterns. Our results reveal that nontrivial chaotic transport can arise in simple unsteady flows and suggest a potentially optimal dispersal strategy for microswimmers in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Paulo E. Arratia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Miao J, Sun S, Zhang T, Li G, Ren H, Shen Y. Natural Cilia and Pine Needles Combinedly Inspired Asymmetric Pillar Actuators for All-Space Liquid Transport and Self-Regulated Robotic Locomotion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50296-50307. [PMID: 36282113 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural structures and motion behaviors open new avenues for effective small-scale transport, such as the plant-inspired energy-free liquid transport surfaces and cilia-inspired propulsion systems. However, they are restricted by either the fixed structure or nonself-regulating beating modes, making many complex tasks remain challenging, e.g., the controllable multidirectional liquid transport and flexible propulsion. Herein, inspired by pine needles and natural cilia, we report an asymmetric-structured intelligent magnetic pillar actuator (AI-MPA) with both the "passive" and "active" transport features. Under the control of the magnetic field, the AI-MPA shows an all-space liquid transport ability toward arbitrary directions. Moreover, benefiting from the material's magnetoelasticity and asymmetric-structured design, the AI-MPA enables self-regulation of two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) cilia-like beating modes and can be further developed for robotic crawling and self-rotatable motion. The AI-MPA integrates the superiority of static and dynamic systems in nature and exhibits intelligent self-regulation that could not be achieved before. Confirmed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally, this work provides insights into increasingly functional and intelligent miniature biomimetic systems, with applications from directional liquid transport to robotic locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Miao
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Tieshan Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Gen Li
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen518057, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong999077, China
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong999077, China
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15
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Gundlach KA, Nawroth J, Kanso E, Nasrin F, Ruby EG, McFall-Ngai M. Ciliated epithelia are key elements in the recruitment of bacterial partners in the squid-vibrio symbiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:974213. [PMID: 36340026 PMCID: PMC9632347 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.974213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, harvests its luminous symbiont, Vibrio fischeri, from the surrounding seawater within hours of hatching. During embryogenesis, the host animal develops a nascent light organ with ciliated fields on each lateral surface. We hypothesized that these fields function to increase the efficiency of symbiont colonization of host tissues. Within minutes of hatching from the egg, the host’s ciliated fields shed copious amounts of mucus in a non-specific response to bacterial surface molecules, specifically peptidoglycan (PGN), from the bacterioplankton in the surrounding seawater. Experimental manipulation of the system provided evidence that nitric oxide in the mucus drives an increase in ciliary beat frequency (CBF), and exposure to even small numbers of V. fischeri cells for short periods resulted in an additional increase in CBF. These results indicate that the light-organ ciliated fields respond specifically, sensitively, and rapidly, to the presence of nonspecific PGN as well as symbiont cells in the ambient seawater. Notably, the study provides the first evidence that this induction of an increase in CBF occurs as part of a thus far undiscovered initial phase in colonization of the squid host by its symbiont, i.e., host recognition of V. fischeri cues in the environment within minutes. Using a biophysics-based mathematical analysis, we showed that this rapid induction of increased CBF, while accelerating bacterial advection, is unlikely to be signaled by V. fischeri cells interacting directly with the organ surface. These overall changes in CBF were shown to significantly impact the efficiency of V. fischeri colonization of the host organ. Further, once V. fischeri has fully colonized the host tissues, i.e., about 12–24 h after initial host-symbiont interactions, the symbionts drove an attenuation of mucus shedding from the ciliated fields, concomitant with an attenuation of the CBF. Taken together, these findings offer a window into the very first interactions of ciliated surfaces with their coevolved microbial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A. Gundlach
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Janna Nawroth
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Kanso
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Farzana Nasrin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Edward G. Ruby
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Margaret McFall-Ngai
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
- *Correspondence: Margaret McFall-Ngai,
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16
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Pacherres CO, Ahmerkamp S, Koren K, Richter C, Holtappels M. Ciliary flows in corals ventilate target areas of high photosynthetic oxygen production. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4150-4158.e3. [PMID: 36002003 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most tropical corals live in symbiosis with Symbiodiniaceae algae whose photosynthetic production of oxygen (O2) may lead to excess O2 in the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) above the coral surface. When flow is low, cilia-induced mixing of the coral DBL is vital to remove excess O2 and prevent oxidative stress that may lead to coral bleaching and mortality. Here, we combined particle image velocimetry using O2-sensitive nanoparticles (sensPIV) with chlorophyll (Chla)-sensitive hyperspectral imaging to visualize the microscale distribution and dynamics of ciliary flows and O2 in the coral DBL in relation to the distribution of Symbiodiniaceae Chla in the tissue of the reef building coral, Porites lutea. Curiously, we found an inverse relation between O2 in the DBL and Chla in the underlying tissue, with patches of high O2 in the DBL above low Chla in the underlying tissue surrounding the polyp mouth areas and pockets of low O2 concentrations in the DBL above high Chla in the coenosarc tissue connecting neighboring polyps. The spatial segregation of Chla and O2 is related to ciliary-induced flows, causing a lateral redistribution of O2 in the DBL. In a 2D transport-reaction model of the coral DBL, we show that the enhanced O2 transport allocates parts of the O2 surplus to areas containing less chla, which minimizes oxidative stress. Cilary flows thus confer a spatially complex mass transfer in the coral DBL, which may play an important role in mitigating oxidative stress and bleaching in corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar O Pacherres
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany; Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany; Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
| | - Soeren Ahmerkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany; MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Koren
- Center for Water Technology, Section for Microbiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claudio Richter
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany; Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Moritz Holtappels
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany; MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Corals have long been known to generate local fluid flows using ciliary beating, but the importance of these ciliary flows is just being discovered. Two new papers shed light on how ciliary-flow physics plays a key role in shaping coral physiology.
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18
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Ren Z, Zhang M, Song S, Liu Z, Hong C, Wang T, Dong X, Hu W, Sitti M. Soft-robotic ciliated epidermis for reconfigurable coordinated fluid manipulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2345. [PMID: 36026449 PMCID: PMC9417179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluid manipulation capabilities of current artificial cilia are severely handicapped by the inability to reconfigure near-surface flow on various static or dynamically deforming three-dimensional (3D) substrates. To overcome this challenge, we propose an electrically driven soft-robotic ciliated epidermis with multiple independently controlled polypyrrole bending actuators. The beating kinematics and the coordination of multiple actuators can be dynamically reconfigured to control the strength and direction of fluid transportation. We achieve fluid transportation along and perpendicular to the beating directions of the actuator arrays, and toward or away from the substrate. The ciliated epidermises are bendable and stretchable and can be deployed on various static or dynamically deforming 3D surfaces. They enable previously difficult to obtain fluid manipulation functionalities, such as transporting fluid in tubular structures or enhancing fluid transportation near dynamically bending and expanding surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ren
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Shanyuan Song
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Zemin Liu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Chong Hong
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Xiaoguang Dong
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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19
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The coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus kills non-pathogenic holobiont competitors by triggering prophage induction. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1132-1144. [PMID: 35773344 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The coral reef microbiome is central to reef health and resilience. Competitive interactions between opportunistic coral pathogens and other commensal microbes affect the health of coral. Despite great advances over the years in sequencing-based microbial profiling of healthy and diseased coral, the molecular mechanism underlying colonization competition has been much less explored. In this study, by examining the culturable bacteria inhabiting the gastric cavity of healthy Galaxea fascicularis, a scleractinian coral, we found that temperate phages played a major role in mediating colonization competition in the coral microbiota. Specifically, the non-toxigenic Vibrio sp. inhabiting the healthy coral had a much higher colonization capacity than the coral pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus, yet this advantage was diminished by the latter killing the former. Pathogen-encoded LodAB, which produces hydrogen peroxide, triggers the lytic cycle of prophage in the non-toxicogenic Vibrio sp. Importantly, V. coralliilyticus could outcompete other coral symbiotic bacteria (for example, Endozoicomonas sp.) through LodAB-dependent prophage induction. Overall, we reveal that LodAB can be used by pathogens as an important weapon to gain a competitive advantage over lysogenic competitors when colonizing corals.
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20
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Bouderlique T, Petersen J, Faure L, Abed-Navandi D, Bouchnita A, Mueller B, Nazarov M, Englmaier L, Tesarova M, Frade PR, Zikmund T, Koehne T, Kaiser J, Fried K, Wild C, Pantos O, Hellander A, Bythell J, Adameyko I. Surface flow for colonial integration in reef-building corals. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2596-2609.e7. [PMID: 35561678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reef-building corals are endangered animals with a complex colonial organization. Physiological mechanisms connecting multiple polyps and integrating them into a coral colony are still enigmatic. Using live imaging, particle tracking, and mathematical modeling, we reveal how corals connect individual polyps and form integrated polyp groups via species-specific, complex, and stable networks of currents at their surface. These currents involve surface mucus of different concentrations, which regulate joint feeding of the colony. Inside the coral, within the gastrovascular system, we expose the complexity of bidirectional branching streams that connect individual polyps. This system of canals extends the surface area by 4-fold and might improve communication, nutrient supply, and symbiont transfer. Thus, individual polyps integrate via complex liquid dynamics on the surface and inside the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Bouderlique
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthodontics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Anass Bouchnita
- Department of Information Technology, University of Uppsala, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Mueller
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CARMABI Foundation, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Murtazo Nazarov
- Department of Information Technology, University of Uppsala, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Englmaier
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Till Koehne
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Wild
- Department of Marine Ecology, Faculty of Biology & Chemistry of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Olga Pantos
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 27 Creyke Road, Ila, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Andreas Hellander
- Department of Information Technology, University of Uppsala, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Bythell
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Wang C, Tang H, Zhang X. Fluid-structure interaction of bio-inspired flexible slender structures: a review of selected topics. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:041002. [PMID: 35443232 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac68ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible slender structures are ubiquitous in biological systems and engineering applications. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) plays a key role in the dynamics of such structures immersed in fluids. Here, we survey recent studies on highly simplified bio-inspired models (either mathematical or mechanical) that aim to revealthe flow physics associated with FSI. Various models from different sources of biological inspiration are included, namely flexible flapping foil inspired by fish and insects, deformable membrane inspired by jellyfish and cephalopods, beating filaments inspired by flagella and cilia of microorganisms, and flexible wall-mounted filaments inspired by terrestrial and aquatic plants. Suggestions on directions for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Wang
- Research Center for Fluid Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Tang
- Research Center for Fluid Structure Interactions, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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22
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Hughes DJ, Alexander J, Cobbs G, Kühl M, Cooney C, Pernice M, Varkey D, Voolstra CR, Suggett DJ. Widespread oxyregulation in tropical corals under hypoxia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 179:113722. [PMID: 35537305 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia (low oxygen stress) is increasingly reported on coral reefs, caused by ocean deoxygenation linked to coastal nutrient pollution and ocean warming. While the ability to regulate respiration is a key driver of hypoxia tolerance in many other aquatic taxa, corals' oxyregulatory capabilities remain virtually unexplored. Here, we examine O2-consumption patterns across 17 coral species under declining O2 partial pressure (pO2). All corals showed ability to oxyregulate, but total positive regulation (Tpos) varied between species, ranging from 0.41 (Pocillopora damicornis) to 2.42 (P. acuta). On average, corals performed maximum regulation effort (Pcmax) at low pO2 (30% air saturation, corresponding to lower O2 levels measured on natural reef systems), and exhibited detectable regulation down to as low as <10% air saturation. Our study shows that corals are not oxyconformers as previously thought, suggesting oxyregulation is likely important for survival in dynamic O2 environments of shallow coral reefs subjected to hypoxic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - James Alexander
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Gary Cobbs
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Chris Cooney
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Deepa Varkey
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | | | - David J Suggett
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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23
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Zhang R, Toonder JD, Onck PR. Metachronal patterns by magnetically-programmable artificial cilia surfaces for low Reynolds number fluid transport and mixing. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3902-3909. [PMID: 35535750 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01680f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia can produce net fluid flows at low Reynolds number because of their asymmetric motion and metachrony of collective beating. Mimicking this with artificial cilia can find application in microfluidic devices for fluid transport and mixing. Here, we study the metachronal beating of nonidentical, magnetically-programmed artificial cilia whose individual non-reciprocal motion and collective metachronal beating pattern can be independently controlled. We use a finite element method that accounts for magnetic forces, cilia deformation and fluid flow in a fully coupled manner. Mimicking biological cilia, we study magnetic cilia subject to a full range of metachronal driving patterns, including antiplectic, symplectic, laeoplectic and diaplectic waves. We analyse the induced primary flow, secondary flow and mixing rate as a function of the phase lag between cilia and explore the underlying physical mechanism. Our results show that shielding effects between neighboring cilia lead to a primary flow that is larger for antiplectic than for symplectic metachronal waves. The secondary flow can be fully explained by the propagation direction of the metachronal wave. Finally, we show that the mixing rate can be strongly enhanced by laeoplectic and diaplectic metachrony resulting in large velocity gradients and vortex-like flow patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Zhang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Ahmerkamp S, Jalaluddin FM, Cui Y, Brumley DR, Pacherres CO, Berg JS, Stocker R, Kuypers MM, Koren K, Behrendt L. Simultaneous visualization of flow fields and oxygen concentrations to unravel transport and metabolic processes in biological systems. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100216. [PMID: 35637907 PMCID: PMC9142687 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
From individual cells to whole organisms, O2 transport unfolds across micrometer- to millimeter-length scales and can change within milliseconds in response to fluid flows and organismal behavior. The spatiotemporal complexity of these processes makes the accurate assessment of O2 dynamics via currently available methods difficult or unreliable. Here, we present "sensPIV," a method to simultaneously measure O2 concentrations and flow fields. By tracking O2-sensitive microparticles in flow using imaging technologies that allow for instantaneous referencing, we measured O2 transport within (1) microfluidic devices, (2) sinking model aggregates, and (3) complex colony-forming corals. Through the use of sensPIV, we find that corals use ciliary movement to link zones of photosynthetic O2 production to zones of O2 consumption. SensPIV can potentially be extendable to study flow-organism interactions across many life-science and engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Ahmerkamp
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Yuan Cui
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Douglas R. Brumley
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cesar O. Pacherres
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Jasmine S. Berg
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roman Stocker
- Institute for Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Koren
- Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Behrendt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Hughes DJ, Raina JB, Nielsen DA, Suggett DJ, Kühl M. Disentangling compartment functions in sessile marine invertebrates. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:740-748. [PMID: 35570130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sessile invertebrates are frequently sampled and processed whole for downstream analyses. However, their apparent structural simplicity is deceptive as these organisms often harbour discrete compartments. These compartments have physicochemical conditions that differ markedly from neighbouring tissues, and that have likely evolved to support specific functions. Here, we argue that such compartments should be specifically targeted when characterising sessile invertebrate biology and we use the coral gastrovascular cavity to support our argument. This complex compartment displays steep and dynamic chemical gradients, harbours distinct microorganisms, and presumably plays a key role in coral biology. Disentangling the functions played by (and amongst) compartments will likely provide transformative insight into the biology of sessile invertebrates and their future under environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Daniel A Nielsen
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - David J Suggett
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Kühl
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.
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26
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Sahadevan V, Panigrahi B, Chen CY. Microfluidic Applications of Artificial Cilia: Recent Progress, Demonstration, and Future Perspectives. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050735. [PMID: 35630202 PMCID: PMC9147031 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cilia-based microfluidics is a promising alternative in lab-on-a-chip applications which provides an efficient way to manipulate fluid flow in a microfluidic environment with high precision. Additionally, it can induce favorable local flows toward practical biomedical applications. The endowment of artificial cilia with their anatomy and capabilities such as mixing, pumping, transporting, and sensing lead to advance next-generation applications including precision medicine, digital nanofluidics, and lab-on-chip systems. This review summarizes the importance and significance of the artificial cilia, delineates the recent progress in artificial cilia-based microfluidics toward microfluidic application, and provides future perspectives. The presented knowledge and insights are envisaged to pave the way for innovative advances for the research communities in miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sahadevan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Bivas Panigrahi
- Department of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Energy Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Yuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2757575-62169; Fax: +886-2352973
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27
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Santiago M, Battista NA, Miller LA, Khatri S. Passive concentration dynamics incorporated into the library IB2d, a two-dimensional implementation of the immersed boundary method. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2022; 17:036003. [PMID: 35026749 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ac4afa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an open-source software library that can be used to numerically simulate the advection and diffusion of a chemical concentration or heat density in a viscous fluid where a moving, elastic boundary drives the fluid and acts as a source or sink. The fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction problem of an elastic boundary in a viscous fluid is solved using Peskin's immersed boundary method. The addition or removal of the concentration or heat density from the boundary is solved using an immersed boundary-like approach in which the concentration is spread from the immersed boundary to the fluid using a regularized delta function. The concentration or density over time is then described by the advection-diffusion equation and numerically solved. This functionality has been added to our software library,IB2d, which provides an easy-to-use immersed boundary method in two dimensions with full implementations in MATLAB and Python. We provide four examples that illustrate the usefulness of the method. A simple rubber band that resists stretching and absorbs and releases a chemical concentration is simulated as a first example. Complete convergence results are presented for this benchmark case. Three more biological examples are presented: (1) an oscillating row of cylinders, representative of an idealized appendage used for filter-feeding or sniffing, (2) an oscillating plate in a background flow is considered to study the case of heat dissipation in a vibrating leaf, and (3) a simplified model of a pulsing soft coral where carbon dioxide is taken up and oxygen is released as a byproduct from the moving tentacles. This method is applicable to a broad range of problems in the life sciences, including chemical sensing by antennae, heat dissipation in plants and other structures, the advection-diffusion of morphogens during development, filter-feeding by marine organisms, and the release of waste products from organisms in flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Santiago
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, PO Box 210089, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A Battista
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Rd., Ewing, NJ 08628, United States of America
| | - Laura A Miller
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, PO Box 210089, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Shilpa Khatri
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Rd., Merced, CA 95343, United States of America
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28
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Gao C, Garren M, Penn K, Fernandez VI, Seymour JR, Thompson JR, Raina JB, Stocker R. Coral mucus rapidly induces chemokinesis and genome-wide transcriptional shifts toward early pathogenesis in a bacterial coral pathogen. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:3668-3682. [PMID: 34168314 PMCID: PMC8630044 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated seawater temperatures have contributed to the rise of coral disease mediated by bacterial pathogens, such as the globally distributed Vibrio coralliilyticus, which utilizes coral mucus as a chemical cue to locate stressed corals. However, the physiological events in the pathogens that follow their entry into the coral host environment remain unknown. Here, we present simultaneous measurements of the behavioral and transcriptional responses of V. coralliilyticus BAA-450 incubated in coral mucus. Video microscopy revealed a strong and rapid chemokinetic behavioral response by the pathogen, characterized by a two-fold increase in average swimming speed within 6 min of coral mucus exposure. RNA sequencing showed that this bacterial behavior was accompanied by an equally rapid differential expression of 53% of the genes in the V. coralliilyticus genome. Specifically, transcript abundance 10 min after mucus exposure showed upregulation of genes involved in quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and nutrient metabolism, and downregulation of flagella synthesis and chemotaxis genes. After 60 min, we observed upregulation of genes associated with virulence, including zinc metalloproteases responsible for causing coral tissue damage and algal symbiont photoinactivation, and secretion systems that may export toxins. Together, our results suggest that V. coralliilyticus employs a suite of behavioral and transcriptional responses to rapidly shift into a distinct infection mode within minutes of exposure to the coral microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry Gao
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Garren
- Working Ocean Strategies LLC, Carmel, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Penn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vicente I Fernandez
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Janelle R Thompson
- Singapore Center for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Roman Stocker
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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29
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Mondal D, Prabhune AG, Ramaswamy S, Sharma P. Strong confinement of active microalgae leads to inversion of vortex flow and enhanced mixing. eLife 2021; 10:e67663. [PMID: 34806977 PMCID: PMC8758135 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms swimming through viscous fluids imprint their propulsion mechanisms in the flow fields they generate. Extreme confinement of these swimmers between rigid boundaries often arises in natural and technological contexts, yet measurements of their mechanics in this regime are absent. Here, we show that strongly confining the microalga Chlamydomonas between two parallel plates not only inhibits its motility through contact friction with the walls but also leads, for purely mechanical reasons, to inversion of the surrounding vortex flows. Insights from the experiment lead to a simplified theoretical description of flow fields based on a quasi-2D Brinkman approximation to the Stokes equation rather than the usual method of images. We argue that this vortex flow inversion provides the advantage of enhanced fluid mixing despite higher friction. Overall, our results offer a comprehensive framework for analyzing the collective flows of strongly confined swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Mondal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Ameya G Prabhune
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Sriram Ramaswamy
- Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Prerna Sharma
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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30
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Woods HA, Moran AL. Reconsidering the Oxygen-Temperature Hypothesis of Polar Gigantism: Successes, Failures, and Nuance. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:1438-1453. [PMID: 32573680 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
"Polar gigantism" describes a biogeographic pattern in which many ectotherms in polar seas are larger than their warmer-water relatives. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, one idea-the oxygen-temperature hypothesis-has received significant attention because it emerges from basic biophysical principles and is appealingly straightforward and testable. Low temperatures depress metabolic demand for oxygen more than supply of oxygen from the environment to the organism. This creates a greater ratio of oxygen supply to demand, releasing polar organisms from oxygen-based constraints on body size. Here we review evidence for and against the oxygen-temperature hypothesis. Some data suggest that larger-bodied taxa live closer to an oxygen limit, or that rising temperatures can challenge oxygen delivery systems; other data provide no evidence for interactions between body size, temperature, and oxygen sufficiency. We propose that these findings can be partially reconciled by recognizing that the oxygen-temperature hypothesis focuses primarily on passive movement of oxygen, implicitly ignoring other important processes including ventilation of respiratory surfaces or internal transport of oxygen by distribution systems. Thus, the hypothesis may apply most meaningfully to organisms with poorly developed physiological systems (eggs, embryos, egg masses, juveniles, or adults without mechanisms for ventilating internal or external surfaces). Finally, most tests of the oxygen-temperature hypothesis have involved short-term experiments. Many organisms can mount effective responses to physiological challenges over short time periods; however, the energetic cost of doing so may have impacts that appear only in the longer term. We therefore advocate a renewed focus on long-term studies of oxygen-temperature interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arthur Woods
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Amy L Moran
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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31
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Bacteria hinder large-scale transport and enhance small-scale mixing in time-periodic flows. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108548118. [PMID: 34580224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108548118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding mixing and transport of passive scalars in active fluids is important to many natural (e.g., algal blooms) and industrial (e.g., biofuel, vaccine production) processes. Here, we study the mixing of a passive scalar (dye) in dilute suspensions of swimming Escherichia coli in experiments using a two-dimensional (2D) time-periodic flow and in a simple simulation. Results show that the presence of bacteria hinders large-scale transport and reduces overall mixing rate. Stretching fields, calculated from experimentally measured velocity fields, show that bacterial activity attenuates fluid stretching and lowers flow chaoticity. Simulations suggest that this attenuation may be attributed to a transient accumulation of bacteria along regions of high stretching. Spatial power spectra and correlation functions of dye-concentration fields show that the transport of scalar variance across scales is also hindered by bacterial activity, resulting in an increase in average size and lifetime of structures. On the other hand, at small scales, activity seems to enhance local mixing. One piece of evidence is that the probability distribution of the spatial concentration gradients is nearly symmetric with a vanishing skewness. Overall, our results show that the coupling between activity and flow can lead to nontrivial effects on mixing and transport.
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32
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Taylor Parkins SK, Murthy S, Picioreanu C, Kühl M. Multiphysics modelling of photon, mass and heat transfer in coral microenvironments. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210532. [PMID: 34465209 PMCID: PMC8437025 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are constructed by calcifying coral animals that engage in a symbiosis with dinoflagellate microalgae harboured in their tissue. The symbiosis takes place in the presence of steep and dynamic gradients of light, temperature and chemical species that are affected by the structural and optical properties of the coral and their interaction with incident irradiance and water flow. Microenvironmental analyses have enabled quantification of such gradients and bulk coral tissue and skeleton optical properties, but the multi-layered nature of corals and its implications for the optical, thermal and chemical microenvironment remains to be studied in more detail. Here, we present a multiphysics modelling approach, where three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of the light field in a simple coral slab morphology with multiple tissue layers were used as input for modelling the heat dissipation and photosynthetic oxygen production driven by photon absorption. By coupling photon, heat and mass transfer, the model predicts light, temperature and O2 gradients in the coral tissue and skeleton, under environmental conditions simulating, for example, tissue contraction/expansion, symbiont loss via coral bleaching or different distributions of coral host pigments. The model reveals basic structure-function mechanisms that shape the microenvironment and ecophysiology of the coral symbiosis in response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannara Kayleigh Taylor Parkins
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 220, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Swathi Murthy
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Cristian Picioreanu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Kühl
- Marine Biology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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33
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Gavish AR, Shapiro OH, Kramarsky-Winter E, Vardi A. Microscale tracking of coral-vibrio interactions. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:18. [PMID: 37938689 PMCID: PMC9723675 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of coral infection and disease, it is important to study host-pathogen interactions at relevant spatio-temporal scales. Here, we provide a dynamic microscopic view of the interaction between a coral pathogen, Vibrio coralliilyticus and its coral host Pocillopora damicornis. This was achieved using a microfluidics-based system facilitating control over flow, light and temperature conditions. Combined with time-resolved biochemical and microbial analyses of the system exudates, this approach provides novel insights into the early phases of a coral infection at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. We provide evidence that infection may occur through ingestion of the pathogen by the coral polyps, or following pathogen colonization of small tissue lesions on the coral surface. Pathogen ingestion invariably induced the release of pathogen-laden mucus from the gastrovascular cavity. Despite the high bacterial load used in our experiments, approximately one-third of coral fragments tested did not develop further symptoms. In the remaining two-thirds, mucus spewing was followed by the severing of calicoblastic connective tissues (coenosarc) and subsequently necrosis of most polyps. Despite extensive damage to symptomatic colonies, we frequently observed survival of individual polyps, often accompanied by polyp bail-out. Biochemical and microbial analyses of exudates over the course of symptomatic infections revealed that severing of the coenosarc was followed by an increase in matrix metaloprotease activity, and subsequent increase in both pathogen and total bacterial counts. Combined, these observations provide a detailed description of a coral infection, bringing us a step closer to elucidating the complex interactions underlying coral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf R Gavish
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orr H Shapiro
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Esti Kramarsky-Winter
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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34
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Li S, Roger LM, Kumar L, Lewinski NA, Klein-Seetharaman J, Gagnon A, Putnam HM, Yang J. Digital image processing to detect subtle motion in stony coral. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7722. [PMID: 33833260 PMCID: PMC8032694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems support significant biological activities and harbor huge diversity, but they are facing a severe crisis driven by anthropogenic activities and climate change. An important behavioral trait of the coral holobiont is coral motion, which may play an essential role in feeding, competition, reproduction, and thus survival and fitness. Therefore, characterizing coral behavior through motion analysis will aid our understanding of basic biological and physical coral functions. However, tissue motion in the stony scleractinian corals that contribute most to coral reef construction are subtle and may be imperceptible to both the human eye and commonly used imaging techniques. Here we propose and apply a systematic approach to quantify and visualize subtle coral motion across a series of light and dark cycles in the scleractinian coral Montipora capricornis. We use digital image correlation and optical flow techniques to quantify and characterize minute coral motions under different light conditions. In addition, as a visualization tool, motion magnification algorithm magnifies coral motions in different frequencies, which explicitly displays the distinctive dynamic modes of coral movement. Specifically, our assessment of displacement, strain, optical flow, and mode shape quantify coral motion under different light conditions, and they all show that M. capricornis exhibits more active motions at night compared to day. Our approach provides an unprecedented insight into micro-scale coral movement and behavior through macro-scale digital imaging, thus offering a useful empirical toolset for the coral research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifeng Li
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2400 USA
| | - Liza M. Roger
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Chemical and Life Science and Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Lokender Kumar
- grid.254549.b0000 0004 1936 8155Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | - Nastassja A. Lewinski
- grid.224260.00000 0004 0458 8737Department of Chemical and Life Science and Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- grid.254549.b0000 0004 1936 8155Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO USA
| | - Alex Gagnon
- grid.34477.330000000122986657School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Hollie M. Putnam
- grid.20431.340000 0004 0416 2242Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Jinkyu Yang
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2400 USA
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35
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Roger LM, Reich HG, Lawrence E, Li S, Vizgaudis W, Brenner N, Kumar L, Klein-Seetharaman J, Yang J, Putnam HM, Lewinski NA. Applying model approaches in non-model systems: A review and case study on coral cell culture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248953. [PMID: 33831033 PMCID: PMC8031391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Model systems approaches search for commonality in patterns underlying biological diversity and complexity led by common evolutionary paths. The success of the approach does not rest on the species chosen but on the scalability of the model and methods used to develop the model and engage research. Fine-tuning approaches to improve coral cell cultures will provide a robust platform for studying symbiosis breakdown, the calcification mechanism and its disruption, protein interactions, micronutrient transport/exchange, and the toxicity of nanoparticles, among other key biological aspects, with the added advantage of minimizing the ethical conundrum of repeated testing on ecologically threatened organisms. The work presented here aimed to lay the foundation towards development of effective methods to sort and culture reef-building coral cells with the ultimate goal of obtaining immortal cell lines for the study of bleaching, disease and toxicity at the cellular and polyp levels. To achieve this objective, the team conducted a thorough review and tested the available methods (i.e. cell dissociation, isolation, sorting, attachment and proliferation). The most effective and reproducible techniques were combined to consolidate culture methods and generate uncontaminated coral cell cultures for ~7 days (10 days maximum). The tests were conducted on scleractinian corals Pocillopora acuta of the same genotype to harmonize results and reduce variation linked to genetic diversity. The development of cell separation and identification methods in conjunction with further investigations into coral cell-type specific metabolic requirements will allow us to tailor growth media for optimized monocultures as a tool for studying essential reef-building coral traits such as symbiosis, wound healing and calcification at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza M. Roger
- Life Science and Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Hannah G. Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Evan Lawrence
- Life Science and Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shuaifeng Li
- Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Whitney Vizgaudis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan Brenner
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lokender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Jinkyu Yang
- Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hollie M. Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Nastassja A. Lewinski
- Life Science and Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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36
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Hamilton E, Cicuta P. Changes in geometrical aspects of a simple model of cilia synchronization control the dynamical state, a possible mechanism for switching of swimming gaits in microswimmers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249060. [PMID: 33831025 PMCID: PMC8031381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Active oscillators, with purely hydrodynamic coupling, are useful simple models to understand various aspects of motile cilia synchronization. Motile cilia are used by microorganisms to swim and to control the flow fields in their surroundings; the patterns observed in cilia carpets can be remarkably complex, and can be changed over time by the organism. It is often not known to what extent the coupling between cilia is due to just hydrodynamic forces, and neither is it known if it is biological or physical triggers that can change the dynamical collective state. Here we treat this question from a very simplified point of view. We describe three possible mechanisms that enable a switch in the dynamical state, in a simple scenario of a chain of oscillators. We find that shape-change provides the most consistent strategy to control collective dynamics, but also imposing small changes in frequency produces some unique stable states. Demonstrating these effects in the abstract minimal model proves that these could be possible explanations for gait switching seen in ciliated micro organisms like Paramecium and others. Microorganisms with many cilia could in principle be taking advantage of hydrodynamic coupling, to switch their swimming gait through either a shape change that manifests in decreased coupling between groups of cilia, or alterations to the beat style of a small subset of the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Hamilton
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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37
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Guzmán-Lastra F, Löwen H, Mathijssen AJTM. Active carpets drive non-equilibrium diffusion and enhanced molecular fluxes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1906. [PMID: 33771985 PMCID: PMC7997990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological activity is often highly concentrated on surfaces, across the scales from molecular motors and ciliary arrays to sessile and motile organisms. These 'active carpets' locally inject energy into their surrounding fluid. Whereas Fick's laws of diffusion are established near equilibrium, it is unclear how to solve non-equilibrium transport driven by such boundary-actuated fluctuations. Here, we derive the enhanced diffusivity of molecules or passive particles as a function of distance from an active carpet. Following Schnitzer's telegraph model, we then cast these results into generalised Fick's laws. Two archetypal problems are solved using these laws: First, considering sedimentation towards an active carpet, we find a self-cleaning effect where surface-driven fluctuations can repel particles. Second, considering diffusion from a source to an active sink, say nutrient capture by suspension feeders, we find a large molecular flux compared to thermal diffusion. Hence, our results could elucidate certain non-equilibrium properties of active coating materials and life at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Guzmán-Lastra
- Escuela de Data Science, Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
- Departamento de Física, FCFM Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
The interaction of coral reefs, both chemically and physically, with the surrounding seawater is governed, at the smallest scales, by turbulence. Here, we review recent progress in understanding turbulence in the unique setting of coral reefs-how it influences flow and the exchange of mass and momentum both above and within the complex geometry of coral reef canopies. Flow above reefs diverges from canonical rough boundary layers due to their large and highly heterogeneous roughness and the influence of surface waves. Within coral canopies, turbulence is dominated by large coherent structures that transport momentum both into and away from the canopy, but it is also generated at smaller scales as flow is forced to move around branches or blades, creating wakes. Future work interpreting reef-related observations or numerical models should carefully consider the influence that spatial variation has on momentum and scalar flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Davis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
| | - Geno Pawlak
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephen G Monismith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Abstract
AbstractThree-phase catalysis, for example, hydrogenation, is a special branch of chemical reactions involving a hydrogen reactant (gas) and a solvent (liquid) in the presence of a metal porous catalyst (solid) to produce a liquid product. Currently, many reactors are being used for three-phase catalysis from packed bed to slurry vessel; the uniqueness for this type of reaction in countless processes is the requirement of transferring gas into liquid, as yet there is not a unified system of quantifying and comparing reactor performances. This article reviews current methodologies in carrying out such heterogeneous catalysis in different reactors and focuses on how to enhance reactor performance from gas transfer perspectives. This article also suggests that the mass transfer rate over energy dissipation may represent a fairer method for comparison of reactor performance accounting for different types/designs of reactors and catalyst structures as well as operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Wei Ni
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Division of Chemical Engineering, Heriot–Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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40
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Tambutté E, Ganot P, Venn AA, Tambutté S. A role for primary cilia in coral calcification? Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1093-1102. [PMID: 33330957 PMCID: PMC7960582 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily conserved organelles that extend from the surface of cells and are found in diverse organisms from protozoans to multicellular organisms. Motile cilia play various biological functions by their beating motion, including mixing fluids and transporting food particles. Non-motile cilia act as sensors that signal cells about their microenvironment. In corals, cilia have been described in some of the cell layers but never in the calcifying epithelium, which is responsible for skeleton formation. In the present study, we used scanning electron microscopy and immunolabelling to investigate the cellular ciliature of the different tissue layers of the coral Stylophora pistillata, with a focus on the calcifying calicoblastic ectoderm. We show that the cilium of the calcifying cells is different from the cilium of the other cell layers. It is much shorter, and more importantly, its base is structurally distinct from the base observed in cilia of the other tissue layers. Based on these structural observations, we conclude that the cilium of the calcifying cells is a primary cilium. From what is known in other organisms, primary cilia are sensors that signal cells about their microenvironment. We discuss the implications of the presence of a primary cilium in the calcifying epithelium for our understanding of the cellular physiology driving coral calcification and its environmental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Philippe Ganot
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Alexander A Venn
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Marine Biology Department, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1°, 98000, Monaco, Monaco.
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41
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Dynamic regulation of coral energy metabolism throughout the diel cycle. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19881. [PMID: 33199772 PMCID: PMC7669893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are naturally exposed to daily and seasonal variations in environmental oxygen levels, which can be exacerbated in intensity and duration by anthropogenic activities. However, coral’s diel oxygen dynamics and fermentative pathways remain poorly understood. Here, continuous oxygen microelectrode recordings in the coral diffusive boundary layer revealed hyperoxia during daytime and hypoxia at nighttime resulting from net photosynthesis and net respiration, respectively. The activities of the metabolic enzymes citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase, and strombine dehydrogenase remained constant throughout the day/night cycle, suggesting that energy metabolism was regulated through adjustments in metabolite fluxes and not through changes in enzyme abundance. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses identified strombine as coral’s main fermentative end product. Strombine levels peaked as oxygen became depleted at dusk, indicating increased fermentation rates at the onset of nightly hypoxia, and again at dawn as photosynthesis restored oxygen and photosynthate supply. When these peaks were excluded from the analyses, average strombine levels during the day were nearly double those at night, indicating sifnificant fermentation rates even during aerobic conditions. These results highlight the dynamic changes in oxygen levels in the coral diffusive boundary layer, and the importance of fermentative metabolism for coral biology.
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42
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Dong X, Lum GZ, Hu W, Zhang R, Ren Z, Onck PR, Sitti M. Bioinspired cilia arrays with programmable nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/45/eabc9323. [PMID: 33158868 PMCID: PMC7673722 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Coordinated nonreciprocal dynamics in biological cilia is essential to many living systems, where the emergentmetachronal waves of cilia have been hypothesized to enhance net fluid flows at low Reynolds numbers (Re). Experimental investigation of this hypothesis is critical but remains challenging. Here, we report soft miniature devices with both ciliary nonreciprocal motion and metachronal coordination and use them to investigate the quantitative relationship between metachronal coordination and the induced fluid flow. We found that only antiplectic metachronal waves with specific wave vectors could enhance fluid flows compared with the synchronized case. These findings further enable various bioinspired cilia arrays with unique functionalities of pumping and mixing viscous synthetic and biological complex fluids at low Re Our design method and developed soft miniature devices provide unprecedented opportunities for studying ciliary biomechanics and creating cilia-inspired wireless microfluidic pumping, object manipulation and lab- and organ-on-a-chip devices, mobile microrobots, and bioengineering systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Dong
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Guo Zhan Lum
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ziyu Ren
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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43
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Fuess LE, Palacio-Castro AM, Butler CC, Baker AC, Mydlarz LD. Increased Algal Symbiont Density Reduces Host Immunity in a Threatened Caribbean Coral Species, Orbicella faveolata. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.572942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pilz da Cunha M, Kandail HS, den Toonder JMJ, Schenning APHJ. An artificial aquatic polyp that wirelessly attracts, grasps, and releases objects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17571-17577. [PMID: 32661153 PMCID: PMC7395531 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004748117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of light-responsive materials has captured scientific attention and advanced the development of wirelessly driven terrestrial soft robots. Marine organisms trigger inspiration to expand the paradigm of untethered soft robotics into aqueous environments. However, this expansion toward aquatic soft robots is hampered by the slow response of most light-driven polymers to low light intensities and by the lack of controlled multishape deformations. Herein, we present a surface-anchored artificial aquatic coral polyp composed of a magnetically driven stem and a light-driven gripper. Through magnetically driven motion, the polyp induces stirring and attracts suspended targets. The light-responsive gripper is sensitive to low light intensities and has programmable states and rapid and highly controlled actuation, allowing the polyp to capture or release targets on demand. The artificial polyp demonstrates that assemblies of stimuli-responsive materials in water utilizing coordinated motion can perform tasks not possible for single-component devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pilz da Cunha
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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45
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Long-term imaging of the photosensitive, reef-building coral Acropora muricata using light-sheet illumination. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10369. [PMID: 32587275 PMCID: PMC7316744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs are in alarming decline due to climate emergency, pollution and other man-made disturbances. The numerous ecosystem services derived from coral reefs are underpinned by the growth and physical complexity of reef-forming corals. Our knowledge of their fundamental biology is limited by available technology. We need a better understanding of larval settlement and development, skeletogenesis, interactions with pathogens and symbionts, and how this biology interacts with environmental factors such as light exposure, temperature, and ocean acidification. We here focus on a fast-growing key coloniser, Acropora muricata (Linnaeus, 1758). To enable dynamic imaging of this photosensitive organism at different scales, we developed light-sheet illumination for fluorescence microscopy of small coral colonies. Our approach reveals live polyps in previously unseen detail. An imaging range for Acropora muricata with no measurable photodamage is defined based upon polyp expansion, coral tissue reaction, and photobleaching. We quantify polyp retraction as a photosensitive behavioural response and show coral tissue rupture at higher irradiance with blue light. The simple and flexible technique enables non-invasive continuous dynamic imaging of highly photosensitive organisms with sizes between 1 mm3 and 5 cm3, for eight hours, at high temporal resolution, on a scale from multiple polyps down to cellular resolution. This live imaging tool opens a new window into the dynamics of reef-building corals.
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46
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Malul D, Holzman R, Shavit U. Coral tentacle elasticity promotes an out-of-phase motion that improves mass transfer. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200180. [PMID: 32576109 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals rely almost exclusively on the ambient flow of water to support their respiration, photosynthesis, prey capture, heat exchange and reproduction. Coral tentacles extend to the flow, interact with it and oscillate under the influence of waves. Such oscillating motions of flexible appendages are considered adaptive for reducing the drag force on flexible animals in wave-swept environments, but their significance under slower flows is unclear. Using in situ and laboratory measurements of the motion of coral tentacles under wave-induced flow, we investigated the dynamics of the tentacle motion and its impact on mass transfer. We found that tentacle velocity preceded the water velocity by approximately one-quarter of a period. This out-of-phase behaviour enhanced mass transfer at the tentacle tip by up to 25% as compared with an in-phase motion. The enhancement was most pronounced under flows slower than 3.2 cm s-1, which are prevalent in many coral-reef environments. We found that the out-of-phase motion results from the tentacles' elasticity, which can presumably be modified by the animal. Our results suggest that the mechanical properties of coral tentacles may represent an adaptive advantage that improves mass transfer under the limiting conditions of slow ambient flows. Because the mechanism we describe operates by enhancing convective processes, it is expected to enhance other fitness-determining transport phenomena such as heat exchange and particle capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Malul
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa 32000, Israel.,The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | - Roi Holzman
- The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences, POB 469, Eilat 88103, Israel.,School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Uri Shavit
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion IIT, Haifa 32000, Israel
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47
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The effect of flow on swimming bacteria controls the initial colonization of curved surfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2851. [PMID: 32503979 PMCID: PMC7275075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The colonization of surfaces by bacteria is a widespread phenomenon with consequences on environmental processes and human health. While much is known about the molecular mechanisms of surface colonization, the influence of the physical environment remains poorly understood. Here we show that the colonization of non-planar surfaces by motile bacteria is largely controlled by flow. Using microfluidic experiments with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the velocity gradients created by a curved surface drive preferential attachment to specific regions of the collecting surface, namely the leeward side of cylinders and immediately downstream of apexes on corrugated surfaces, in stark contrast to where nonmotile cells attach. Attachment location and rate depend on the local hydrodynamics and, as revealed by a mathematical model benchmarked on the observations, on cell morphology and swimming traits. These results highlight the importance of flow on the magnitude and location of bacterial colonization of surfaces. Bacterial colonization of surfaces has a profound environmental, technological and medical impact. Here, Secchi et al. show how fluid flow affects the magnitude and location of bacterial colonization on curved surfaces through its coupling with cell morphology and motility.
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48
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Gu H, Boehler Q, Cui H, Secchi E, Savorana G, De Marco C, Gervasoni S, Peyron Q, Huang TY, Pane S, Hirt AM, Ahmed D, Nelson BJ. Magnetic cilia carpets with programmable metachronal waves. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2637. [PMID: 32457457 PMCID: PMC7250860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachronal waves commonly exist in natural cilia carpets. These emergent phenomena, which originate from phase differences between neighbouring self-beating cilia, are essential for biological transport processes including locomotion, liquid pumping, feeding, and cell delivery. However, studies of such complex active systems are limited, particularly from the experimental side. Here we report magnetically actuated, soft, artificial cilia carpets. By stretching and folding onto curved templates, programmable magnetization patterns can be encoded into artificial cilia carpets, which exhibit metachronal waves in dynamic magnetic fields. We have tested both the transport capabilities in a fluid environment and the locomotion capabilities on a solid surface. This robotic system provides a highly customizable experimental platform that not only assists in understanding fundamental rules of natural cilia carpets, but also paves a path to cilia-inspired soft robots for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongri Gu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Boehler
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Haoyang Cui
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Savorana
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmela De Marco
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Gervasoni
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Peyron
- ICube Lab, UDS-CNRS-INSA, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Université Bourgogne, Franche Comte, CNRS, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Tian-Yun Huang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pane
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann M Hirt
- Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent System, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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49
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Ciliary vortex flows and oxygen dynamics in the coral boundary layer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7541. [PMID: 32372014 PMCID: PMC7200650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of metabolites between environment and coral tissue depends on the flux across the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) surrounding the tissue. Cilia covering the coral tissue have been shown to create vortices that enhance mixing in the DBL in stagnant water. To study the role of cilia under simulated ambient currents, we designed a new light-sheet microscopy based flow chamber setup. Microparticle velocimetry was combined with high-resolution oxygen profiling in the coral Porites lutea under varying current and light conditions with natural and arrested cilia beating. Cilia-generated vortices in the lower DBL mitigated extreme oxygen concentrations close to the tissue surface. Under light and arrested cilia, oxygen surplus at the tissue surface increased to 350 µM above ambient, in contrast to 25 µM under ciliary beating. Oxygen shortage in darkness decreased from 120 µM (cilia arrested) to 86 µM (cilia active) below ambient. Ciliary redistribution of oxygen had no effect on the photosynthetic efficiency of the photosymbionts and overall oxygen flux across the DBL indicating that oxygen production and consumption was not affected. We found that corals actively change their environment and suggest that ciliary flows serve predominantly as a homeostatic control mechanism which may play a crucial role in coral stress response and resilience.
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50
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Huang C, Guo Z, Zheng X, Chen X, Xue Z, Zhang S, Li X, Guan B, Li X, Hu G, Wang T. Deformable Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9408-9414. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihong Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM), Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenjie Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bo Guan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics & State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #2 Zhongguancun, North First Street, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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