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Abe K, Kambe Y, Majima K, Hu Z, Ohtake M, Momennezhad A, Izumi H, Tanaka T, Matunis A, Stacy E, Itokazu T, Sato TR, Sato T. Functional diversity of dopamine axons in prefrontal cortex during classical conditioning. eLife 2024; 12:RP91136. [PMID: 38747563 PMCID: PMC11095940 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons impact neural processing in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) through mesocortical projections. However, the signals conveyed by dopamine projections to the PFC remain unclear, particularly at the single-axon level. Here, we investigated dopaminergic axonal activity in the medial PFC (mPFC) during reward and aversive processing. By optimizing microprism-mediated two-photon calcium imaging of dopamine axon terminals, we found diverse activity in dopamine axons responsive to both reward and aversive stimuli. Some axons exhibited a preference for reward, while others favored aversive stimuli, and there was a strong bias for the latter at the population level. Long-term longitudinal imaging revealed that the preference was maintained in reward- and aversive-preferring axons throughout classical conditioning in which rewarding and aversive stimuli were paired with preceding auditory cues. However, as mice learned to discriminate reward or aversive cues, a cue activity preference gradually developed only in aversive-preferring axons. We inferred the trial-by-trial cue discrimination based on machine learning using anticipatory licking or facial expressions, and found that successful discrimination was accompanied by sharper selectivity for the aversive cue in aversive-preferring axons. Our findings indicate that a group of mesocortical dopamine axons encodes aversive-related signals, which are modulated by both classical conditioning across days and trial-by-trial discrimination within a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Abe
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
| | - Kei Majima
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and TechnologyChibaJapan
- Japan Science and Technology PRESTOSaitamaJapan
| | - Zijing Hu
- Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Makoto Ohtake
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Ali Momennezhad
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
| | - Hideki Izumi
- Faculty of Data Science, Shiga UniversityShigaJapan
| | | | - Ashley Matunis
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
- Department of Biology, College of CharlestonCharlestonUnited States
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Emma Stacy
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
- Department of Biology, College of CharlestonCharlestonUnited States
| | | | - Takashi R Sato
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Tatsuo Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
- Japan Science and Technology PRESTOSaitamaJapan
- Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Japan Science and Technology FORESTSaitamaJapan
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2
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Wu Y, Xu Z, Liang S, Wang L, Wang M, Jia H, Chen X, Zhao Z, Liao X. NeuroSeg-III: efficient neuron segmentation in two-photon Ca 2+ imaging data using self-supervised learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:2910-2925. [PMID: 38855703 PMCID: PMC11161377 DOI: 10.1364/boe.521478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon Ca2+ imaging technology increasingly plays an essential role in neuroscience research. However, the requirement for extensive professional annotation poses a significant challenge to improving the performance of neuron segmentation models. Here, we present NeuroSeg-III, an innovative self-supervised learning approach specifically designed to achieve fast and precise segmentation of neurons in imaging data. This approach consists of two modules: a self-supervised pre-training network and a segmentation network. After pre-training the encoder of the segmentation network via a self-supervised learning method without any annotated data, we only need to fine-tune the segmentation network with a small amount of annotated data. The segmentation network is designed with YOLOv8s, FasterNet, efficient multi-scale attention mechanism (EMA), and bi-directional feature pyramid network (BiFPN), which enhanced the model's segmentation accuracy while reducing the computational cost and parameters. The generalization of our approach was validated across different Ca2+ indicators and scales of imaging data. Significantly, the proposed neuron segmentation approach exhibits exceptional speed and accuracy, surpassing the current state-of-the-art benchmarks when evaluated using a publicly available dataset. The results underscore the effectiveness of NeuroSeg-III, with employing an efficient training strategy tailored for two-photon Ca2+ imaging data and delivering remarkable precision in neuron segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine and Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhehao Xu
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lukang Wang
- Brain Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine and Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine and Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing 400064, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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3
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Bast A, Fruengel R, de Kock CPJ, Oberlaender M. Network-neuron interactions underlying sensory responses of layer 5 pyramidal tract neurons in barrel cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011468. [PMID: 38626210 PMCID: PMC11051592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the cerebral cortex receive thousands of synaptic inputs per second from thousands of presynaptic neurons. How the dendritic location of inputs, their timing, strength, and presynaptic origin, in conjunction with complex dendritic physiology, impact the transformation of synaptic input into action potential (AP) output remains generally unknown for in vivo conditions. Here, we introduce a computational approach to reveal which properties of the input causally underlie AP output, and how this neuronal input-output computation is influenced by the morphology and biophysical properties of the dendrites. We demonstrate that this approach allows dissecting of how different input populations drive in vivo observed APs. For this purpose, we focus on fast and broadly tuned responses that pyramidal tract neurons in layer 5 (L5PTs) of the rat barrel cortex elicit upon passive single whisker deflections. By reducing a multi-scale model that we reported previously, we show that three features are sufficient to predict with high accuracy the sensory responses and receptive fields of L5PTs under these specific in vivo conditions: the count of active excitatory versus inhibitory synapses preceding the response, their spatial distribution on the dendrites, and the AP history. Based on these three features, we derive an analytically tractable description of the input-output computation of L5PTs, which enabled us to dissect how synaptic input from thalamus and different cell types in barrel cortex contribute to these responses. We show that the input-output computation is preserved across L5PTs despite morphological and biophysical diversity of their dendrites. We found that trial-to-trial variability in L5PT responses, and cell-to-cell variability in their receptive fields, are sufficiently explained by variability in synaptic input from the network, whereas variability in biophysical and morphological properties have minor contributions. Our approach to derive analytically tractable models of input-output computations in L5PTs provides a roadmap to dissect network-neuron interactions underlying L5PT responses across different in vivo conditions and for other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arco Bast
- In Silico Brain Sciences Group, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior ˗ caesar, Bonn, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rieke Fruengel
- In Silico Brain Sciences Group, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior ˗ caesar, Bonn, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Brain and Behavior, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiaan P. J. de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Oberlaender
- In Silico Brain Sciences Group, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior ˗ caesar, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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4
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Abe K, Kambe Y, Majima K, Hu Z, Ohtake M, Momennezhad A, Izumi H, Tanaka T, Matunis A, Stacy E, Itokazu T, Sato TR, Sato TK. Functional Diversity of Dopamine Axons in Prefrontal Cortex During Classical Conditioning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.23.554475. [PMID: 37662305 PMCID: PMC10473671 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons impact neural processing in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) through mesocortical projections. However, the signals conveyed by dopamine projections to the PFC remain unclear, particularly at the single-axon level. Here, we investigated dopaminergic axonal activity in the medial PFC (mPFC) during reward and aversive processing. By optimizing microprism-mediated two-photon calcium imaging of dopamine axon terminals, we found diverse activity in dopamine axons responsive to both reward and aversive stimuli. Some axons exhibited a preference for reward, while others favored aversive stimuli, and there was a strong bias for the latter at the population level. Long-term longitudinal imaging revealed that the preference was maintained in reward- and aversive-preferring axons throughout classical conditioning in which rewarding and aversive stimuli were paired with preceding auditory cues. However, as mice learned to discriminate reward or aversive cues, a cue activity preference gradually developed only in aversive-preferring axons. We inferred the trial-by-trial cue discrimination based on machine learning using anticipatory licking or facial expressions, and found that successful discrimination was accompanied by sharper selectivity for the aversive cue in aversive-preferring axons. Our findings indicate that a group of mesocortical dopamine axons encodes aversive-related signals, which are modulated by both classical conditioning across days and trial-by-trial discrimination within a day.
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5
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Xu Z, Wu Y, Guan J, Liang S, Pan J, Wang M, Hu Q, Jia H, Chen X, Liao X. NeuroSeg-II: A deep learning approach for generalized neuron segmentation in two-photon Ca 2+ imaging. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1127847. [PMID: 37091918 PMCID: PMC10117760 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1127847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of two-photon microscopy and Ca2+ indicators has enabled the recording of multiscale neuronal activities in vivo and thus advanced the understanding of brain functions. However, it is challenging to perform automatic, accurate, and generalized neuron segmentation when processing a large amount of imaging data. Here, we propose a novel deep-learning-based neural network, termed as NeuroSeg-II, to conduct automatic neuron segmentation for in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging data. This network architecture is based on Mask region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) but has enhancements of an attention mechanism and modified feature hierarchy modules. We added an attention mechanism module to focus the computation on neuron regions in imaging data. We also enhanced the feature hierarchy to extract feature information at diverse levels. To incorporate both spatial and temporal information in our data processing, we fused the images from average projection and correlation map extracting the temporal information of active neurons, and the integrated information was expressed as two-dimensional (2D) images. To achieve a generalized neuron segmentation, we conducted a hybrid learning strategy by training our model with imaging data from different labs, including multiscale data with different Ca2+ indicators. The results showed that our approach achieved promising segmentation performance across different imaging scales and Ca2+ indicators, even including the challenging data of large field-of-view mesoscopic images. By comparing state-of-the-art neuron segmentation methods for two-photon Ca2+ imaging data, we showed that our approach achieved the highest accuracy with a publicly available dataset. Thus, NeuroSeg-II enables good segmentation accuracy and a convenient training and testing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehao Xu
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yukun Wu
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiangheng Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The General Hospital of Chinese PLA Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junxia Pan
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qianshuo Hu
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaowei Chen,
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Xiang Liao,
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6
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Debnath A, Williams PDE, Bamber BA. Reduced Ca2+ transient amplitudes may signify increased or decreased depolarization depending on the neuromodulatory signaling pathway. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:931328. [PMID: 35937887 PMCID: PMC9354622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.931328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators regulate neuronal excitability and bias neural circuit outputs. Optical recording of neuronal Ca2+ transients is a powerful approach to study the impact of neuromodulators on neural circuit dynamics. We are investigating the polymodal nociceptor ASH in Caenorhabditis elegans to better understand the relationship between neuronal excitability and optically recorded Ca2+ transients. ASHs depolarize in response to the aversive olfactory stimulus 1-octanol (1-oct) with a concomitant rise in somal Ca2+, stimulating an aversive locomotory response. Serotonin (5-HT) potentiates 1-oct avoidance through Gαq signaling, which inhibits L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in ASH. Although Ca2+ signals in the ASH soma decrease, depolarization amplitudes increase because Ca2+ mediates inhibitory feedback control of membrane potential in this context. Here, we investigate octopamine (OA) signaling in ASH to assess whether this negative correlation between somal Ca2+ and depolarization amplitudes is a general phenomenon, or characteristic of certain neuromodulatory pathways. Like 5-HT, OA reduces somal Ca2+ transient amplitudes in ASH neurons. However, OA antagonizes 5-HT modulation of 1-oct avoidance behavior, suggesting that OA may signal through a different pathway. We further show that the pathway for OA diminution of ASH somal Ca2+ consists of the OCTR-1 receptor, the Go heterotrimeric G-protein, and the G-protein activated inwardly rectifying channels IRK-2 and IRK-3, and this pathway reduces depolarization amplitudes in parallel with somal Ca2+ transient amplitudes. Therefore, even within a single neuron, somal Ca2+ signal reduction may indicate either increased or decreased depolarization amplitude, depending on which neuromodulatory signaling pathways are activated, underscoring the need for careful interpretation of Ca2+ imaging data in neuromodulatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Debnath
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Paul D. E. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bruce A. Bamber
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce A. Bamber,
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7
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Liu W, Pan J, Xu Y, Wang M, Jia H, Zhang K, Chen X, Li X, Liao X. Fast and Accurate Motion Correction for Two-Photon Ca 2+ Imaging in Behaving Mice. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:851188. [PMID: 35559212 PMCID: PMC9088923 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.851188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon Ca2+ imaging is a widely used technique for investigating brain functions across multiple spatial scales. However, the recording of neuronal activities is affected by movement of the brain during tasks in which the animal is behaving normally. Although post-hoc image registration is the commonly used approach, the recent developments of online neuroscience experiments require real-time image processing with efficient motion correction performance, posing new challenges in neuroinformatics. We propose a fast and accurate image density feature-based motion correction method to address the problem of imaging animal during behaviors. This method is implemented by first robustly estimating and clustering the density features from two-photon images. Then, it takes advantage of the temporal correlation in imaging data to update features of consecutive imaging frames with efficient calculations. Thus, motion artifacts can be quickly and accurately corrected by matching the features and obtaining the transformation parameters for the raw images. Based on this efficient motion correction strategy, our algorithm yields promising computational efficiency on imaging datasets with scales ranging from dendritic spines to neuronal populations. Furthermore, we show that the proposed motion correction method outperforms other methods by evaluating not only computational speed but also the quality of the correction performance. Specifically, we provide a powerful tool to perform motion correction for two-photon Ca2+ imaging data, which may facilitate online imaging experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Liu
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junxia Pan
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanxu Xu
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Brain-wide projection reconstruction of single functionally defined neurons. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1531. [PMID: 35318336 PMCID: PMC8940919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing axonal projections of single neurons at the whole-brain level is currently a converging goal of the neuroscience community that is fundamental for understanding the logic of information flow in the brain. Thousands of single neurons from different brain regions have recently been morphologically reconstructed, but the corresponding physiological functional features of these reconstructed neurons are unclear. By combining two-photon Ca2+ imaging with targeted single-cell plasmid electroporation, we reconstruct the brain-wide morphologies of single neurons that are defined by a sound-evoked response map in the auditory cortices (AUDs) of awake mice. Long-range interhemispheric projections can be reliably labelled via co-injection with an adeno-associated virus, which enables enhanced expression of indicator protein in the targeted neurons. Here we show that this method avoids the randomness and ambiguity of conventional methods of neuronal morphological reconstruction, offering an avenue for developing a precise one-to-one map of neuronal projection patterns and physiological functional features. Brain-wide axonal projections of single neurons have been extensively reconstructed without any functional characterization. The authors present a method that allows for developing a precise one-to-one map of both projection patterns and functional features of single neurons in mice.
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9
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Kirchner JH, Gjorgjieva J. Emergence of synaptic organization and computation in dendrites. NEUROFORUM 2022; 28:21-30. [PMID: 35881644 PMCID: PMC8887907 DOI: 10.1515/nf-2021-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Single neurons in the brain exhibit astounding computational capabilities, which gradually emerge throughout development and enable them to become integrated into complex neural circuits. These capabilities derive in part from the precise arrangement of synaptic inputs on the neurons' dendrites. While the full computational benefits of this arrangement are still unknown, a picture emerges in which synapses organize according to their functional properties across multiple spatial scales. In particular, on the local scale (tens of microns), excitatory synaptic inputs tend to form clusters according to their functional similarity, whereas on the scale of individual dendrites or the entire tree, synaptic inputs exhibit dendritic maps where excitatory synapse function varies smoothly with location on the tree. The development of this organization is supported by inhibitory synapses, which are carefully interleaved with excitatory synapses and can flexibly modulate activity and plasticity of excitatory synapses. Here, we summarize recent experimental and theoretical research on the developmental emergence of this synaptic organization and its impact on neural computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H. Kirchner
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354Freising, Germany
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Str. 4, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, 85354Freising, Germany
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10
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Jenks KR, Tsimring K, Ip JPK, Zepeda JC, Sur M. Heterosynaptic Plasticity and the Experience-Dependent Refinement of Developing Neuronal Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:803401. [PMID: 34949992 PMCID: PMC8689143 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.803401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons remodel the structure and strength of their synapses during critical periods of development in order to optimize both perception and cognition. Many of these developmental synaptic changes are thought to occur through synapse-specific homosynaptic forms of experience-dependent plasticity. However, homosynaptic plasticity can also induce or contribute to the plasticity of neighboring synapses through heterosynaptic interactions. Decades of research in vitro have uncovered many of the molecular mechanisms of heterosynaptic plasticity that mediate local compensation for homosynaptic plasticity, facilitation of further bouts of plasticity in nearby synapses, and cooperative induction of plasticity by neighboring synapses acting in concert. These discoveries greatly benefited from new tools and technologies that permitted single synapse imaging and manipulation of structure, function, and protein dynamics in living neurons. With the recent advent and application of similar tools for in vivo research, it is now feasible to explore how heterosynaptic plasticity contribute to critical periods and the development of neuronal circuits. In this review, we will first define the forms heterosynaptic plasticity can take and describe our current understanding of their molecular mechanisms. Then, we will outline how heterosynaptic plasticity may lead to meaningful refinement of neuronal responses and observations that suggest such mechanisms are indeed at work in vivo. Finally, we will use a well-studied model of cortical plasticity—ocular dominance plasticity during a critical period of visual cortex development—to highlight the molecular overlap between heterosynaptic and developmental forms of plasticity, and suggest potential avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Jenks
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katya Tsimring
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jacque Pak Kan Ip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jose C Zepeda
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
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11
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Non-invasive, opsin-free mid-infrared modulation activates cortical neurons and accelerates associative learning. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2730. [PMID: 33980868 PMCID: PMC8115038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurostimulant drugs or magnetic/electrical stimulation techniques can overcome attention deficits, but these drugs or techniques are weakly beneficial in boosting the learning capabilities of healthy subjects. Here, we report a stimulation technique, mid-infrared modulation (MIM), that delivers mid-infrared light energy through the opened skull or even non-invasively through a thinned intact skull and can activate brain neurons in vivo without introducing any exogeneous gene. Using c-Fos immunohistochemistry, in vivo single-cell electrophysiology and two-photon Ca2+ imaging in mice, we demonstrate that MIM significantly induces firing activities of neurons in the targeted cortical area. Moreover, mice that receive MIM targeting to the auditory cortex during an auditory associative learning task exhibit a faster learning speed (~50% faster) than control mice. Together, this non-invasive, opsin-free MIM technique is demonstrated with potential for modulating neuronal activity.
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12
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Luo L, Xu Y, Pan J, Wang M, Guan J, Liang S, Li Y, Jia H, Chen X, Li X, Zhang C, Liao X. Restoration of Two-Photon Ca 2+ Imaging Data Through Model Blind Spatiotemporal Filtering. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:630250. [PMID: 33935628 PMCID: PMC8085276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.630250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon Ca2+ imaging is a leading technique for recording neuronal activities in vivo with cellular or subcellular resolution. However, during experiments, the images often suffer from corruption due to complex noises. Therefore, the analysis of Ca2+ imaging data requires preprocessing steps, such as denoising, to extract biologically relevant information. We present an approach that facilitates imaging data restoration through image denoising performed by a neural network combining spatiotemporal filtering and model blind learning. Tests with synthetic and real two-photon Ca2+ imaging datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach enables efficient restoration of imaging data. In addition, we demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods by evaluating the qualities of the denoising performance of the models quantitatively. Therefore, our method provides an invaluable tool for denoising two-photon Ca2+ imaging data by model blind spatiotemporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Luo
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanxu Xu
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junxia Pan
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangheng Guan
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Department of Patient Management, Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Burns TF, Rajan R. Sensing and processing whisker deflections in rodents. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10730. [PMID: 33665005 PMCID: PMC7906041 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of sensory information mainly flowing into barrel cortex at layer IV, moving up for complex feature processing and lateral interactions in layers II and III, then down to layers V and VI for output and corticothalamic feedback is becoming increasingly undermined by new evidence. We review the neurophysiology of sensing and processing whisker deflections, emphasizing the general processing and organisational principles present along the entire sensory pathway—from the site of physical deflection at the whiskers to the encoding of deflections in the barrel cortex. Many of these principles support the classical view. However, we also highlight the growing number of exceptions to these general principles, which complexify the system and which investigators should be mindful of when interpreting their results. We identify gaps in the literature for experimentalists and theorists to investigate, not just to better understand whisker sensation but also to better understand sensory and cortical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Burns
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Wang M, Liao X, Li R, Liang S, Ding R, Li J, Zhang J, He W, Liu K, Pan J, Zhao Z, Li T, Zhang K, Li X, Lyu J, Zhou Z, Varga Z, Mi Y, Zhou Y, Yan J, Zeng S, Liu JK, Konnerth A, Nelken I, Jia H, Chen X. Single-neuron representation of learned complex sounds in the auditory cortex. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4361. [PMID: 32868773 PMCID: PMC7459331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory responses of cortical neuronal populations following training have been extensively studied. However, the spike firing properties of individual cortical neurons following training remain unknown. Here, we have combined two-photon Ca2+ imaging and single-cell electrophysiology in awake behaving mice following auditory associative training. We find a sparse set (~5%) of layer 2/3 neurons in the primary auditory cortex, each of which reliably exhibits high-rate prolonged burst firing responses to the trained sound. Such bursts are largely absent in the auditory cortex of untrained mice. Strikingly, in mice trained with different multitone chords, we discover distinct subsets of neurons that exhibit bursting responses specifically to a chord but neither to any constituent tone nor to the other chord. Thus, our results demonstrate an integrated representation of learned complex sounds in a small subset of cortical neurons. Using a combination of two-photon imaging and single-cell electrophysiology, the authors discover that associative learning induces the emergence of a unique subset of neurons in the auditory cortex, exhibiting high-rate bursting responses to the learned complex sounds but not to any of the constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
| | - Ruijie Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wenjing He
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Junxia Pan
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhikai Zhao
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Tong Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Zhenqiao Zhou
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute of Neuroscience and the SyNergy Cluster, Technical University Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Mi
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Junan Yan
- Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian K Liu
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience and the SyNergy Cluster, Technical University Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Israel Nelken
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, and the Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and the SyNergy Cluster, Technical University Munich, 80802, Munich, Germany. .,Advanced Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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15
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Staiger JF, Petersen CCH. Neuronal Circuits in Barrel Cortex for Whisker Sensory Perception. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:353-415. [PMID: 32816652 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The array of whiskers on the snout provides rodents with tactile sensory information relating to the size, shape and texture of objects in their immediate environment. Rodents can use their whiskers to detect stimuli, distinguish textures, locate objects and navigate. Important aspects of whisker sensation are thought to result from neuronal computations in the whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). Each whisker is individually represented in the somatotopic map of wS1 by an anatomical unit named a 'barrel' (hence also called barrel cortex). This allows precise investigation of sensory processing in the context of a well-defined map. Here, we first review the signaling pathways from the whiskers to wS1, and then discuss current understanding of the various types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons present within wS1. Different classes of cells can be defined according to anatomical, electrophysiological and molecular features. The synaptic connectivity of neurons within local wS1 microcircuits, as well as their long-range interactions and the impact of neuromodulators, are beginning to be understood. Recent technological progress has allowed cell-type-specific connectivity to be related to cell-type-specific activity during whisker-related behaviors. An important goal for future research is to obtain a causal and mechanistic understanding of how selected aspects of tactile sensory information are processed by specific types of neurons in the synaptically connected neuronal networks of wS1 and signaled to downstream brain areas, thus contributing to sensory-guided decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen F Staiger
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuroanatomy, Göttingen, Germany; and Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Yang M, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Jia S, Li T, Guan J, Liao X, Leng B, Lyu J, Zhang K, Li M, Gong Y, Zhu Z, Yan J, Zhou Y, Liu JK, Varga Z, Konnerth A, Tang Y, Gao J, Chen X, Jia H. MATRIEX imaging: multiarea two-photon real-time in vivo explorer. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:109. [PMID: 31798848 PMCID: PMC6881438 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon laser scanning microscopy has been extensively applied to study in vivo neuronal activity at cellular and subcellular resolutions in mammalian brains. However, the extent of such studies is typically confined to a single functional region of the brain. Here, we demonstrate a novel technique, termed the multiarea two-photon real-time in vivo explorer (MATRIEX), that allows the user to target multiple functional brain regions distributed within a zone of up to 12 mm in diameter, each with a field of view (FOV) of ~200 μm in diameter, thus performing two-photon Ca2+ imaging with single-cell resolution in all of the regions simultaneously. For example, we demonstrate real-time functional imaging of single-neuron activities in the primary visual cortex, primary motor cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of mice in both anesthetized and awake states. A unique advantage of the MATRIEX technique is the configuration of multiple microscopic FOVs that are distributed in three-dimensional space over macroscopic distances (>1 mm) both laterally and axially but that are imaged by a single conventional laser scanning device. In particular, the MATRIEX technique can be effectively implemented as an add-on optical module for an existing conventional single-beam-scanning two-photon microscope without requiring any modification to the microscope itself. Thus, the MATRIEX technique can be readily applied to substantially facilitate the exploration of multiarea neuronal activity in vivo for studies of brain-wide neural circuit function with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033 China
- Graduate School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Zhenqiao Zhou
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tong Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Jiangheng Guan
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Center for Neurointelligence, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331 China
| | - Bing Leng
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Jing Lyu
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Min Li
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Yan Gong
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Junan Yan
- Advanced Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Advanced Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005 China
| | - Jian K Liu
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Varga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuguo Tang
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163 China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
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17
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Motta A, Berning M, Boergens KM, Staffler B, Beining M, Loomba S, Hennig P, Wissler H, Helmstaedter M. Dense connectomic reconstruction in layer 4 of the somatosensory cortex. Science 2019; 366:science.aay3134. [PMID: 31649140 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dense circuit structure of mammalian cerebral cortex is still unknown. With developments in three-dimensional electron microscopy, the imaging of sizable volumes of neuropil has become possible, but dense reconstruction of connectomes is the limiting step. We reconstructed a volume of ~500,000 cubic micrometers from layer 4 of mouse barrel cortex, ~300 times larger than previous dense reconstructions from the mammalian cerebral cortex. The connectomic data allowed the extraction of inhibitory and excitatory neuron subtypes that were not predictable from geometric information. We quantified connectomic imprints consistent with Hebbian synaptic weight adaptation, which yielded upper bounds for the fraction of the circuit consistent with saturated long-term potentiation. These data establish an approach for the locally dense connectomic phenotyping of neuronal circuitry in the mammalian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Motta
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuel Berning
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kevin M Boergens
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benedikt Staffler
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marcel Beining
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sahil Loomba
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Philipp Hennig
- Probabilistic Numerics Group, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heiko Wissler
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Helmstaedter
- Department of Connectomics, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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18
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Booker SA, Domanski APF, Dando OR, Jackson AD, Isaac JTR, Hardingham GE, Wyllie DJA, Kind PC. Altered dendritic spine function and integration in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4813. [PMID: 31645626 PMCID: PMC6811549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and circuit hyperexcitability are core features of fragile X syndrome and related autism spectrum disorder models. However, the cellular and synaptic bases of this hyperexcitability have proved elusive. We report in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome, glutamate uncaging onto individual dendritic spines yields stronger single-spine excitation than wild-type, with more silent spines. Furthermore, fewer spines are required to trigger an action potential with near-simultaneous uncaging at multiple spines. This is, in part, from increased dendritic gain due to increased intrinsic excitability, resulting from reduced hyperpolarization-activated currents, and increased NMDA receptor signaling. Using super-resolution microscopy we detect no change in dendritic spine morphology, indicating no structure-function relationship at this age. However, ultrastructural analysis shows a 3-fold increase in multiply-innervated spines, accounting for the increased single-spine glutamate currents. Thus, loss of FMRP causes abnormal synaptogenesis, leading to large numbers of poly-synaptic spines despite normal spine morphology, thus explaining the synaptic perturbations underlying circuit hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A Booker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Aleksander P F Domanski
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Owen R Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Buildings, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Adam D Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - John T R Isaac
- Developmental Synaptic Plasticity Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Janssen Neuroscience, J&J London Innovation Centre, One Chapel Place, London, W1G 0B, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Buildings, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| | - Peter C Kind
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, NCBS, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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19
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Tischbirek CH, Noda T, Tohmi M, Birkner A, Nelken I, Konnerth A. In Vivo Functional Mapping of a Cortical Column at Single-Neuron Resolution. Cell Rep 2019; 27:1319-1326.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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20
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Takahashi N. Synaptic topography - Converging connections and emerging function. Neurosci Res 2018; 141:29-35. [PMID: 30468748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain circuits are constituted of individual neurons that are interconnected with a vast array of synapses. In order to understand how brain function emerges from this complex synaptic network, immense efforts have been made to trace the synaptic topography, i.e. arrangement of synaptic connections, of the network. In addition to anatomically elaborating the synaptic layout at multiple levels across brain regions, recent studies have attempted to elucidate the fundamental wiring principles that govern neural information processing in the brain, establishing a link between anatomy and function. In this review, I will discuss recent discoveries on the topographical organization of synaptic connections at the cell-to-cell and subcellular levels in the cortex and hippocampus. Accumulating evidence leads us to acknowledge the highly structured, non-random synaptic connectivity that emerges together with sensory feature preferences of neurons and synchronous neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Takahashi
- Institute for Biology, Neuronal Plasticity, Humboldt University of Berlin, D-10117, Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Guy J, Sachkova A, Möck M, Witte M, Wagener RJ, Staiger JF. Intracortical Network Effects Preserve Thalamocortical Input Efficacy in a Cortex Without Layers. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4851-4866. [PMID: 27620977 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer IV (LIV) of the rodent somatosensory cortex contains the somatotopic barrel field. Barrels receive much of the sensory input to the cortex through innervation by thalamocortical axons from the ventral posteromedial nucleus. In the reeler mouse, the absence of cortical layers results in the formation of mispositioned barrel-equivalent clusters of LIV fated neurons. Although functional imaging suggests that sensory input activates the cortex, little is known about the cellular and synaptic properties of identified excitatory neurons of the reeler cortex. We examined the properties of thalamic input to spiny stellate (SpS) neurons in the reeler cortex with in vitro electrophysiology, optogenetics, and subcellular channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping (sCRACM). Our results indicate that reeler SpS neurons receive direct but weakened input from the thalamus, with a dispersed spatial distribution along the somatodendritic arbor. These results further document subtle alterations in functional connectivity concomitant of absent layering in the reeler mutant. We suggest that intracortical amplification mechanisms compensate for this weakening in order to allow reliable sensory transmission to the mutant neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guy
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sachkova
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Möck
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mirko Witte
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Li R, Wang M, Yao J, Liang S, Liao X, Yang M, Zhang J, Yan J, Jia H, Chen X, Li X. Two-Photon Functional Imaging of the Auditory Cortex in Behaving Mice: From Neural Networks to Single Spines. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29740289 PMCID: PMC5928246 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging is a powerful tool for recording neuronal activities during perceptual tasks and has been increasingly applied to behaving animals for acute or chronic experiments. However, the auditory cortex is not easily accessible to imaging because of the abundant temporal muscles, arteries around the ears and their lateral locations. Here, we report a protocol for two-photon Ca2+ imaging in the auditory cortex of head-fixed behaving mice. By using a custom-made head fixation apparatus and a head-rotated fixation procedure, we achieved two-photon imaging and in combination with targeted cell-attached recordings of auditory cortical neurons in behaving mice. Using synthetic Ca2+ indicators, we recorded the Ca2+ transients at multiple scales, including neuronal populations, single neurons, dendrites and single spines, in auditory cortex during behavior. Furthermore, using genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs), we monitored the neuronal dynamics over days throughout the process of associative learning. Therefore, we achieved two-photon functional imaging at multiple scales in auditory cortex of behaving mice, which extends the tool box for investigating the neural basis of audition-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiwei Yao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengke Yang
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junan Yan
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urinary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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23
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Dan O, Hopp E, Borst A, Segev I. Non-uniform weighting of local motion inputs underlies dendritic computation in the fly visual system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5787. [PMID: 29636499 PMCID: PMC5893613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fly visual system offers a unique opportunity to explore computations performed by single neurons. Two previous studies characterized, in vivo, the receptive field (RF) of the vertical system (VS) cells of the blowfly (calliphora vicina), both intracellularly in the axon, and, independently using Ca2+ imaging, in hundreds of distal dendritic branchlets. We integrated this information into detailed passive cable and compartmental models of 3D reconstructed VS cells. Within a given VS cell type, the transfer resistance (TR) from different branchlets to the axon differs substantially, suggesting that they contribute unequally to the shaping of the axonal RF. Weighting the local RFs of all dendritic branchlets by their respective TR yielded a faithful reproduction of the axonal RF. The model also predicted that the various dendritic branchlets are electrically decoupled from each other, thus acting as independent local functional subunits. The study suggests that single neurons in the fly visual system filter dendritic noise and compute the weighted average of their inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Dan
- Department of Neurobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Hopp
- Department of Circuits-Computation-Models, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Borst
- Department of Circuits-Computation-Models, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Idan Segev
- Department of Neurobiology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel. .,Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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24
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Frequency selectivity of echo responses in the mouse primary auditory cortex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:49. [PMID: 29311673 PMCID: PMC5758803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the primary auditory cortex (A1), neuronal ensembles are activated relative to anticipated sound events following rhythmic stimulation, but whether the echo responses of the neurons are related to their frequency selectivity remains unknown. Therefore, we used in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging to record the neuronal activities in the mouse A1 to elucidate the relationship between their echo responses and frequency selectivity. We confirmed the presence of echo responses in a subgroup of mouse Layer 2/3 A1 neurons following a train of rhythmic pure tone stimulation. After testing with a range of frequencies, we found that these echo responses occurred preferentially close to the best frequencies of the neurons. The local organization of the echo responses of the neurons was heterogeneous in the A1. Therefore, these results indicate that the observed echo responses of neurons within A1 are highly related to their frequency selectivity.
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25
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Calcium Imaging Reveals Coordinated Simple Spike Pauses in Populations of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:3125-3132. [PMID: 28009283 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain's control of movement is thought to involve coordinated activity between cerebellar Purkinje cells. The results reported here demonstrate that somatic Ca2+ imaging is a faithful reporter of Na+-dependent "simple spike" pauses and enables us to optically record changes in firing rates in populations of Purkinje cells in brain slices and in vivo. This simultaneous calcium imaging of populations of Purkinje cells reveals a striking spatial organization of pauses in Purkinje cell activity between neighboring cells. The source of this organization is shown to be the presynaptic gamma-Aminobutyric acid producing (GABAergic) network, and blocking ionotropic gamma-Aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAARs) abolishes the synchrony. These data suggest that presynaptic interneurons synchronize (in)activity between neighboring Purkinje cells, and thereby maximize their effect on downstream targets in the deep cerebellar nuclei.
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26
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Guan J, Li J, Liang S, Li R, Li X, Shi X, Huang C, Zhang J, Pan J, Jia H, Zhang L, Chen X, Liao X. NeuroSeg: automated cell detection and segmentation for in vivo two-photon Ca 2+ imaging data. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:519-533. [PMID: 29124351 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon Ca2+ imaging has become a popular approach for monitoring neuronal population activity with cellular or subcellular resolution in vivo. This approach allows for the recording of hundreds to thousands of neurons per animal and thus leads to a large amount of data to be processed. In particular, manually drawing regions of interest is the most time-consuming aspect of data analysis. However, the development of automated image analysis pipelines, which will be essential for dealing with the likely future deluge of imaging data, remains a major challenge. To address this issue, we developed NeuroSeg, an open-source MATLAB program that can facilitate the accurate and efficient segmentation of neurons in two-photon Ca2+ imaging data. We proposed an approach using a generalized Laplacian of Gaussian filter to detect cells and weighting-based segmentation to separate individual cells from the background. We tested this approach on an in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging dataset obtained from mouse cortical neurons with differently sized view fields. We show that this approach exhibits superior performance for cell detection and segmentation compared with the existing published tools. In addition, we integrated the previously reported, activity-based segmentation into our approach and found that this combined method was even more promising. The NeuroSeg software, including source code and graphical user interface, is freely available and will be a useful tool for in vivo brain activity mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangheng Guan
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ciyu Huang
- College of Computer and Information Science and College of Software, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Junxia Pan
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Computer and Information Science and College of Software, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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27
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Cazé RD, Jarvis S, Foust AJ, Schultz SR. Dendrites Enable a Robust Mechanism for Neuronal Stimulus Selectivity. Neural Comput 2017; 29:2511-2527. [PMID: 28599119 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hearing, vision, touch: underlying all of these senses is stimulus selectivity, a robust information processing operation in which cortical neurons respond more to some stimuli than to others. Previous models assume that these neurons receive the highest weighted input from an ensemble encoding the preferred stimulus, but dendrites enable other possibilities. Nonlinear dendritic processing can produce stimulus selectivity based on the spatial distribution of synapses, even if the total preferred stimulus weight does not exceed that of nonpreferred stimuli. Using a multi-subunit nonlinear model, we demonstrate that stimulus selectivity can arise from the spatial distribution of synapses. We propose this as a general mechanism for information processing by neurons possessing dendritic trees. Moreover, we show that this implementation of stimulus selectivity increases the neuron's robustness to synaptic and dendritic failure. Importantly, our model can maintain stimulus selectivity for a larger range of loss of synapses or dendrites than an equivalent linear model. We then use a layer 2/3 biophysical neuron model to show that our implementation is consistent with two recent experimental observations: (1) one can observe a mixture of selectivities in dendrites that can differ from the somatic selectivity, and (2) hyperpolarization can broaden somatic tuning without affecting dendritic tuning. Our model predicts that an initially nonselective neuron can become selective when depolarized. In addition to motivating new experiments, the model's increased robustness to synapses and dendrites loss provides a starting point for fault-resistant neuromorphic chip development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain D Cazé
- Center for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Sarah Jarvis
- Center for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Amanda J Foust
- Center for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Simon R Schultz
- Center for Neurotechnology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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28
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Sakmann B. From single cells and single columns to cortical networks: dendritic excitability, coincidence detection and synaptic transmission in brain slices and brains. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:489-521. [PMID: 28139019 PMCID: PMC5435930 DOI: 10.1113/ep085776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although patch pipettes were initially designed to record extracellularly the elementary current events from muscle and neuron membranes, the whole-cell and loose cell-attached recording configurations proved to be useful tools for examination of signalling within and between nerve cells. In this Paton Prize Lecture, I will initially summarize work on electrical signalling within single neurons, describing communication between the dendritic compartments, soma and nerve terminals via forward- and backward-propagating action potentials. The newly discovered dendritic excitability endows neurons with the capacity for coincidence detection of spatially separated subthreshold inputs. When these are occurring during a time window of tens of milliseconds, this information is broadcast to other cells by the initiation of bursts of action potentials (AP bursts). The occurrence of AP bursts critically impacts signalling between neurons that are controlled by target-cell-specific transmitter release mechanisms at downstream synapses even in different terminals of the same neuron. This can, in turn, induce mechanisms that underly synaptic plasticity when AP bursts occur within a short time window, both presynaptically in terminals and postsynaptically in dendrites. A fundamental question that arises from these findings is: 'what are the possible functions of active dendritic excitability with respect to network dynamics in the intact cortex of behaving animals?' To answer this question, I highlight in this review the functional and anatomical architectures of an average cortical column in the vibrissal (whisker) field of the somatosensory cortex (vS1), with an emphasis on the functions of layer 5 thick-tufted cells (L5tt) embedded in this structure. Sensory-evoked synaptic and action potential responses of these major cortical output neurons are compared with responses in the afferent pathway, viz. the neurons in primary somatosensory thalamus and in one of their efferent targets, the secondary somatosensory thalamus. Coincidence-detection mechanisms appear to be implemented in vivo as judged from the occurrence of AP bursts. Three-dimensional reconstructions of anatomical projections suggest that inputs of several combinations of thalamocortical projections and intra- and transcolumnar connections, specifically those from infragranular layers, could trigger active dendritic mechanisms that generate AP bursts. Finally, recordings from target cells of a column reveal the importance of AP bursts for signal transfer to these cells. The observations lead to the hypothesis that in vS1 cortex, the sensory afferent sensory code is transformed, at least in part, from a rate to an interval (burst) code that broadcasts the occurrence of whisker touch to different targets of L5tt cells. In addition, the occurrence of pre- and postsynaptic AP bursts may, in the long run, alter touch representation in cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Sakmann
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology82152 MartinsriedGermany
- Institute for Neuroscience Technical University of Munich8082 MunichGermany
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29
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Li J, Zhang J, Wang M, Pan J, Chen X, Liao X. Functional imaging of neuronal activity of auditory cortex by using Cal-520 in anesthetized and awake mice. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2599-2610. [PMID: 28663893 PMCID: PMC5480500 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The organization in the primary auditory cortex (Au1) is critical to the basic function of auditory information processing and integration. However, recent mapping experiments using in vivo two-photon imaging with different Ca2+ indicators have reached controversial conclusions on this topic, possibly because of the different sensitivities and properties of the indicators used. Therefore, it is essential to identify a reliable Ca2+ indicator for use in in vivo functional imaging of the Au1, to understand its functional organization. Here, we demonstrate that a previously reported indicator, Cal-520, performs well in both anesthetized and awake conditions. Cal-520 shows a sufficient sensitivity for the detection of single action potentials, and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Cal-520 reliably reported on both spontaneous and sound-evoked neuronal activity in anesthetized and awake mice. After testing with pure tones at a range of frequencies, we confirmed the local heterogeneity of the functional organization of the mouse Au1. Therefore, Cal-520 is a reliable and useful Ca2+ indicator for in vivo functional imaging of the Au1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Junxia Pan
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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30
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Rangaraju V, Tom Dieck S, Schuman EM. Local translation in neuronal compartments: how local is local? EMBO Rep 2017; 18:693-711. [PMID: 28404606 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient neuronal function depends on the continued modulation of the local neuronal proteome. Local protein synthesis plays a central role in tuning the neuronal proteome at specific neuronal regions. Various aspects of translation such as the localization of translational machinery, spatial spread of the newly translated proteins, and their site of action are carried out in specialized neuronal subcompartments to result in a localized functional outcome. In this review, we focus on the various aspects of these local translation compartments such as size, biochemical and organelle composition, structural boundaries, and temporal dynamics. We also discuss the apparent absence of definitive components of translation in these local compartments and the emerging state-of-the-art tools that could help dissecting these conundrums in greater detail in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Rangaraju
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Erin M Schuman
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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31
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Li J, Liao X, Zhang J, Wang M, Yang N, Zhang J, Lv G, Li H, Lu J, Ding R, Li X, Guang Y, Yang Z, Qin H, Jin W, Zhang K, He C, Jia H, Zeng S, Hu Z, Nelken I, Chen X. Primary Auditory Cortex is Required for Anticipatory Motor Response. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3254-3271. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Yang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Haohong Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu Guang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Han Qin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wenjun Jin
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Israel Nelken
- Department of Neurobiology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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32
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Li Y, Kulvicius T, Tetzlaff C. Induction and Consolidation of Calcium-Based Homo- and Heterosynaptic Potentiation and Depression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161679. [PMID: 27560350 PMCID: PMC4999190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive mechanisms of homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity play an important role in learning and memory. In order to maintain plasticity-induced changes for longer time scales (up to several days), they have to be consolidated by transferring them from a short-lasting early-phase to a long-lasting late-phase state. The underlying processes of this synaptic consolidation are already well-known for homosynaptic plasticity, however, it is not clear whether the same processes also enable the induction and consolidation of heterosynaptic plasticity. In this study, by extending a generic calcium-based plasticity model with the processes of synaptic consolidation, we show in simulations that indeed heterosynaptic plasticity can be induced and, furthermore, consolidated by the same underlying processes as for homosynaptic plasticity. Furthermore, we show that by local diffusion processes the heterosynaptic effect can be restricted to a few synapses neighboring the homosynaptically changed ones. Taken together, this generic model reproduces many experimental results of synaptic tagging and consolidation, provides several predictions for heterosynaptic induction and consolidation, and yields insights into the complex interactions between homo- and heterosynaptic plasticity over a broad variety of time (minutes to days) and spatial scales (several micrometers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyun Li
- III. Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- School of System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomas Kulvicius
- III. Institute of Physics – Biophysics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Tetzlaff
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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33
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Abstract
The cortex connects to the thalamus via extensive corticothalamic (CT) pathways, but their function in vivo is not well understood. We investigated "top-down" signaling from cortex to thalamus via the cortical layer 5B (L5B) to posterior medial nucleus (POm) pathway in the whisker system of the anesthetized mouse. While L5B CT inputs to POm are extremely strong in vitro, ongoing activity of L5 neurons in vivo might tonically depress these inputs and thereby block CT spike transfer. We find robust transfer of spikes from the cortex to the thalamus, mediated by few L5B-POm synapses. However, the gain of this pathway is not constant but instead is controlled by global cortical Up and Down states. We characterized in vivo CT spike transfer by analyzing unitary PSPs and found that a minority of PSPs drove POm spikes when CT gain peaked at the beginning of Up states. CT gain declined sharply during Up states due to frequency-dependent adaptation, resulting in periodic high gain-low gain oscillations. We estimate that POm neurons receive few (2-3) active L5B inputs. Thus, the L5B-POm pathway strongly amplifies the output of a few L5B neurons and locks thalamic POm sub-and suprathreshold activity to cortical L5B spiking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Mease
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Sumser
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bert Sakmann
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Groh
- Institute for Neuroscience of the Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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34
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Weber JP, Andrásfalvy BK, Polito M, Magó Á, Ujfalussy BB, Makara JK. Location-dependent synaptic plasticity rules by dendritic spine cooperativity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11380. [PMID: 27098773 PMCID: PMC4844677 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear interactions between coactive synapses enable neurons to discriminate between spatiotemporal patterns of inputs. Using patterned postsynaptic stimulation by two-photon glutamate uncaging, here we investigate the sensitivity of synaptic Ca(2+) signalling and long-term plasticity in individual spines to coincident activity of nearby synapses. We find a proximodistally increasing gradient of nonlinear NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated amplification of spine Ca(2+) signals by a few neighbouring coactive synapses along individual perisomatic dendrites. This synaptic cooperativity does not require dendritic spikes, but is correlated with dendritic Na(+) spike propagation strength. Furthermore, we show that repetitive synchronous subthreshold activation of small spine clusters produces input specific, NMDAR-dependent cooperative long-term potentiation at distal but not proximal dendritic locations. The sensitive synaptic cooperativity at distal dendritic compartments shown here may promote the formation of functional synaptic clusters, which in turn can facilitate active dendritic processing and storage of information encoded in spatiotemporal synaptic activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Weber
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Bertalan K Andrásfalvy
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Marina Polito
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Ádám Magó
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Balázs B Ujfalussy
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest 1083, Hungary
| | - Judit K Makara
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuronal Signaling, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 43 Szigony Street, Budapest 1083, Hungary
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35
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Tigaret CM, Olivo V, Sadowski JHLP, Ashby MC, Mellor JR. Coordinated activation of distinct Ca(2+) sources and metabotropic glutamate receptors encodes Hebbian synaptic plasticity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10289. [PMID: 26758963 PMCID: PMC4735496 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
At glutamatergic synapses, induction of associative synaptic plasticity requires time-correlated presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes to activate postsynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs). The magnitudes of the ensuing Ca2+ transients within dendritic spines are thought to determine the amplitude and direction of synaptic change. In contrast, we show that at mature hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses the magnitudes of Ca2+ transients during plasticity induction do not match this rule. Indeed, LTP induced by time-correlated pre- and postsynaptic spikes instead requires the sequential activation of NMDARs followed by voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels within dendritic spines. Furthermore, LTP requires inhibition of SK channels by mGluR1, which removes a negative feedback loop that constitutively regulates NMDARs. Therefore, rather than being controlled simply by the magnitude of the postsynaptic calcium rise, LTP induction requires the coordinated activation of distinct sources of Ca2+ and mGluR1-dependent facilitation of NMDAR function. During STDP, the magnitude of postsynaptic Ca2+ transients is hypothesized to determine the strength of synaptic plasticity. Here, the authors find that STDP in mature hippocampal synapses does not obey this rule but instead relies on the coordinated activation of NMDARs and VGCCs and their regulation by mGluRs and SK channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar M Tigaret
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Valeria Olivo
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Josef H L P Sadowski
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Michael C Ashby
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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36
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Dendritic integration: 60 years of progress. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1713-21. [PMID: 26605882 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how individual neurons integrate the thousands of synaptic inputs they receive is critical to understanding how the brain works. Modeling studies in silico and experimental work in vitro, dating back more than half a century, have revealed that neurons can perform a variety of different passive and active forms of synaptic integration on their inputs. But how are synaptic inputs integrated in the intact brain? With the development of new techniques, this question has recently received substantial attention, with new findings suggesting that many of the forms of synaptic integration observed in vitro also occur in vivo, including in awake animals. Here we review six decades of progress, which collectively highlights the complex ways that single neurons integrate their inputs, emphasizing the critical role of dendrites in information processing in the brain.
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37
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Tischbirek C, Birkner A, Jia H, Sakmann B, Konnerth A. Deep two-photon brain imaging with a red-shifted fluorometric Ca2+ indicator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11377-82. [PMID: 26305966 PMCID: PMC4568712 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514209112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo Ca2+ imaging of neuronal populations in deep cortical layers has remained a major challenge, as the recording depth of two-photon microscopy is limited because of the scattering and absorption of photons in brain tissue. A possible strategy to increase the imaging depth is the use of red-shifted fluorescent dyes, as scattering of photons is reduced at long wavelengths. Here, we tested the red-shifted fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Cal-590 for deep tissue experiments in the mouse cortex in vivo. In experiments involving bulk loading of neurons with the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester version of Cal-590, combined two-photon imaging and cell-attached recordings revealed that, despite the relatively low affinity of Cal-590 for Ca2+ (Kd=561 nM), single-action potential-evoked Ca2+ transients were discernable in most neurons with a good signal-to-noise ratio. Action potential-dependent Ca2+ transients were recorded in neurons of all six layers of the cortex at depths of up to -900 µm below the pial surface. We demonstrate that Cal-590 is also suited for multicolor functional imaging experiments in combination with other Ca2+ indicators. Ca2+ transients in the dendrites of an individual Oregon green 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-1 (OGB-1)-labeled neuron and the surrounding population of Cal-590-labeled cells were recorded simultaneously on two spectrally separated detection channels. We conclude that the red-shifted Ca2+ indicator Cal-590 is well suited for in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging experiments in all layers of mouse cortex. In combination with spectrally different Ca2+ indicators, such as OGB-1, Cal-590 can be readily used for simultaneous multicolor functional imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tischbirek
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Birkner
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bert Sakmann
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
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38
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Layer 4 pyramidal neurons exhibit robust dendritic spine plasticity in vivo after input deprivation. J Neurosci 2015; 35:7287-94. [PMID: 25948276 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5215-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons in layers 2/3 and 5 of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) exhibit somewhat modest synaptic plasticity after whisker input deprivation. Whether neurons involved at earlier steps of sensory processing show more or less plasticity has not yet been examined. Here, we used longitudinal in vivo two-photon microscopy to investigate dendritic spine dynamics in apical tufts of GFP-expressing layer 4 (L4) pyramidal neurons of the vibrissal (barrel) S1 after unilateral whisker trimming. First, we characterize the molecular, anatomical, and electrophysiological properties of identified L4 neurons in Ebf2-Cre transgenic mice. Next, we show that input deprivation results in a substantial (∼50%) increase in the rate of dendritic spine loss, acutely (4-8 d) after whisker trimming. This robust synaptic plasticity in L4 suggests that primary thalamic recipient pyramidal neurons in S1 may be particularly sensitive to changes in sensory experience. Ebf2-Cre mice thus provide a useful tool for future assessment of initial steps of sensory processing in S1.
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Shigematsu N, Ueta Y, Mohamed AA, Hatada S, Fukuda T, Kubota Y, Kawaguchi Y. Selective Thalamic Innervation of Rat Frontal Cortical Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2689-2704. [PMID: 26045568 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Most glutamatergic inputs in the neocortex originate from the thalamus or neocortical pyramidal cells. To test whether thalamocortical afferents selectively innervate specific cortical cell subtypes and surface domains, we investigated the distribution patterns of thalamocortical and corticocortical excitatory synaptic inputs in identified postsynaptic cortical cell subtypes using intracellular and immunohistochemical staining combined with confocal laser scanning and electron microscopic observations in 2 thalamorecipient sublayers, lower layer 2/3 (L2/3b) and lower layer 5 (L5b) of rat frontal cortex. The dendrites of GABAergic parvalbumin (PV) cells preferentially received corticocortical inputs in both sublayers. The somata of L2/3b PV cells received thalamic inputs in similar proportions to the basal dendritic spines of L2/3b pyramidal cells, whereas L5b PV somata were mostly innervated by cortical inputs. The basal dendrites of L2/3b pyramidal and L5b corticopontine pyramidal cells received cortical and thalamic glutamatergic inputs in proportion to their local abundance, whereas crossed-corticostriatal pyramidal cells in L5b exhibited a preference for thalamic inputs, particularly in their distal dendrites. Our data demonstrate an exquisite selectivity among thalamocortical afferents in which synaptic connectivity is dependent on the postsynaptic neuron subtype, cortical sublayer, and cell surface domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shigematsu
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.,JST, CREST, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueta
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,JST, CREST, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Alsayed A Mohamed
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Arab Republic of Egypt
| | - Sayuri Hatada
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takaichi Fukuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubota
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,JST, CREST, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.,JST, CREST, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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40
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Tran-Van-Minh A, Cazé RD, Abrahamsson T, Cathala L, Gutkin BS, DiGregorio DA. Contribution of sublinear and supralinear dendritic integration to neuronal computations. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:67. [PMID: 25852470 PMCID: PMC4371705 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear dendritic integration is thought to increase the computational ability of neurons. Most studies focus on how supralinear summation of excitatory synaptic responses arising from clustered inputs within single dendrites result in the enhancement of neuronal firing, enabling simple computations such as feature detection. Recent reports have shown that sublinear summation is also a prominent dendritic operation, extending the range of subthreshold input-output (sI/O) transformations conferred by dendrites. Like supralinear operations, sublinear dendritic operations also increase the repertoire of neuronal computations, but feature extraction requires different synaptic connectivity strategies for each of these operations. In this article we will review the experimental and theoretical findings describing the biophysical determinants of the three primary classes of dendritic operations: linear, sublinear, and supralinear. We then review a Boolean algebra-based analysis of simplified neuron models, which provides insight into how dendritic operations influence neuronal computations. We highlight how neuronal computations are critically dependent on the interplay of dendritic properties (morphology and voltage-gated channel expression), spiking threshold and distribution of synaptic inputs carrying particular sensory features. Finally, we describe how global (scattered) and local (clustered) integration strategies permit the implementation of similar classes of computations, one example being the object feature binding problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tran-Van-Minh
- Unit of Dynamic Neuronal Imaging, Department of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Romain D Cazé
- Group for Neural Theory, LNC INSERM U960, Institut d'Etude de la Cognition de l'Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure Paris, France ; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Therése Abrahamsson
- Unit of Dynamic Neuronal Imaging, Department of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur Paris, France ; Center for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Cathala
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR 8256 B2A, Team Brain Development, Repair and Aging Paris, France
| | - Boris S Gutkin
- Group for Neural Theory, LNC INSERM U960, Institut d'Etude de la Cognition de l'Ecole normale supérieure, Ecole normale supérieure Paris, France ; Federal Research University Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia
| | - David A DiGregorio
- Unit of Dynamic Neuronal Imaging, Department of Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 3571, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
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Bouchard MB, Voleti V, Mendes CS, Lacefield C, Grueber WB, Mann RS, Bruno RM, Hillman EMC. Swept confocally-aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy for high speed volumetric imaging of behaving organisms. NATURE PHOTONICS 2015; 9:113-119. [PMID: 25663846 PMCID: PMC4317333 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a new 3D microscopy technique that allows volumetric imaging of living samples at ultra-high speeds: Swept, confocally-aligned planar excitation (SCAPE) microscopy. While confocal and two-photon microscopy have revolutionized biomedical research, current implementations are costly, complex and limited in their ability to image 3D volumes at high speeds. Light-sheet microscopy techniques using two-objective, orthogonal illumination and detection require a highly constrained sample geometry, and either physical sample translation or complex synchronization of illumination and detection planes. In contrast, SCAPE microscopy acquires images using an angled, swept light-sheet in a single-objective, en-face geometry. Unique confocal descanning and image rotation optics map this moving plane onto a stationary high-speed camera, permitting completely translationless 3D imaging of intact samples at rates exceeding 20 volumes per second. We demonstrate SCAPE microscopy by imaging spontaneous neuronal firing in the intact brain of awake behaving mice, as well as freely moving transgenic Drosophila larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Bouchard
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Venkatakaushik Voleti
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - César S. Mendes
- Mann Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Clay Lacefield
- Bruno Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Wesley B. Grueber
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Richard S. Mann
- Mann Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Randy M. Bruno
- Bruno Lab, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Elizabeth M. C. Hillman
- Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
- corresponding
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Grienberger C, Chen X, Konnerth A. Dendritic function in vivo. Trends Neurosci 2014; 38:45-54. [PMID: 25432423 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendrites are the predominant entry site for excitatory synaptic potentials in most types of central neurons. There is increasing evidence that dendrites are not just passive transmitting devices but play active roles in synaptic integration through linear and non-linear mechanisms. Frequently, excitatory synapses are formed on dendritic spines. In addition to relaying incoming electrical signals, spines can play important roles in modifying these signals through complex biochemical processes and, thereby, determine learning and memory formation. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the function of spines and dendrites in central mammalian neurons in vivo by focusing particularly on insights obtained from Ca(2+) imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Grienberger
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.
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