1
|
Jiménez-Bonilla A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Yanes JL, Gázquez F. Hydrological modelling and evolution of lakes and playa-lakes in southern Spain constrained by geology, human management and climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167183. [PMID: 37734597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The hydrological functioning of wetlands in S Spain is poorly understood. We perform a 22-years hydrological modelling of seven playa-lakes located in a semi-arid region of southern Spain, including dry and wet periods. To do that, we applied a hydrological balance model to reconstruct past lake water levels. In addition, we investigated the hydrochemistry of the water, the basin bathymetry, and the geological setting of the watersheds, acquiring new lithology and active structures data. Once the models were constrained, scenarios considering increases on temperature and human management were implemented, and discussed. The water balance is simplified to precipitation (water input) and basin discharge (evapotranspiration), as the lakes are disconnected from groundwater because of the low-permeability substrate. In addition, unlike in previous studies, we add overflows to the modelling. The results of the model agree with actual lake water monitoring data (R2 > 0.8). We observed that the hydroperiods of some of these lakes vary from permanent lakes to ephemeral, depending strongly on the basin bathymetry. Lakes with steeply margins show longer hydroperiods, whilst it is shorter for low-lying floor playa-lakes. In addition, we observed that steeply lake margins respond to active faults and/or lithological changes. To forecast the effects of climate change on the lake hydroperiods, we applied a 1 °C increase in average temperature in our hydrological modelling. The hydroperiod is significantly reduced for ephemeral playa-lakes, whilst is barely affected in permanent lakes. Moreover, we detected the high sensitivity of ephemeral playa-lakes to the anthropogenic management, including siltation, plant colonization and changes watershed surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jiménez-Bonilla
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
| | - M Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - J L Yanes
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - F Gázquez
- Water Resources and Environmental Geology Research Group, Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almeria, Almeria, Spain; Andalusian Centre for the Monitoring and Assessment of Global Change, University of Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crétat J, Harrison SP, Braconnot P, d’Agostino R, Jungclaus J, Lohmann G, Shi X, Marti O. Orbitally forced and internal changes in West African rainfall interannual-to-decadal variability for the last 6000 years. CLIMATE DYNAMICS 2023; 62:2301-2316. [PMID: 38425750 PMCID: PMC10899366 DOI: 10.1007/s00382-023-07023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent variability in West African monsoon rainfall (WAMR) has been shown to be influenced by multiple ocean-atmosphere modes, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. How these modes will change in response to long term forcing is less well understood. Here we use four transient simulations driven by changes in orbital forcing and greenhouse gas concentrations over the past 6000 years to examine the relationship between West African monsoon rainfall multiscale variability and changes in the modes associated with this variability. All four models show a near linear decline in monsoon rainfall over the past 6000 years in response to the gradual weakening of the interhemispheric gradient in sea surface temperatures. The only indices that show a long-term trend are those associated with the strengthening of the El Niño Southern Oscillation from the mid-Holocene onwards. At the interannual-to-decadal timescale, WAMR variability is largely influenced by Pacific-Atlantic - Mediterranean Sea teleconnections in all simulations; the exact configurations are model sensitive. The WAMR interannual-to-decadal variability depicts marked multi-centennial oscillations, with La Niña/negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation and a weakening and/or poleward shift of subtropical high-pressure systems over the Atlantic favoring wet WAMR anomalies. The WAMR interannual-to-decadal variability also depicts an overall decreasing trend throughout the Holocene that is consistent among the simulations. This decreasing trend relates to changes in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea Sea Surface Temperature variability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00382-023-07023-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Crétat
- Science Partners, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherches de Climatologie, UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, CNRS Université de, Bourgogne, France
| | - Sandy P. Harrison
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AB UK
| | - Pascale Braconnot
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement-IPSL, Unité Mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Roberta d’Agostino
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gerrit Lohmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Environmental Physics and MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Xiaoxu Shi
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Olivier Marti
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement-IPSL, Unité Mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Seltenrich N. A Terminal Case? Shrinking Inland Seas Expose Salty Particulates and More. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:62001. [PMID: 37347669 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
|
4
|
Fortes-Lima C, Tříska P, Čížková M, Podgorná E, Diallo MY, Schlebusch CM, Černý V. Demographic and Selection Histories of Populations Across the Sahel/Savannah Belt. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6731090. [PMID: 36173804 PMCID: PMC9582163 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sahel/Savannah belt harbors diverse populations with different demographic histories and different subsistence patterns. However, populations from this large African region are notably under-represented in genomic research. To investigate the population structure and adaptation history of populations from the Sahel/Savannah space, we generated dense genome-wide genotype data of 327 individuals-comprising 14 ethnolinguistic groups, including 10 previously unsampled populations. Our results highlight fine-scale population structure and complex patterns of admixture, particularly in Fulani groups and Arabic-speaking populations. Among all studied Sahelian populations, only the Rashaayda Arabic-speaking population from eastern Sudan shows a lack of gene flow from African groups, which is consistent with the short history of this population in the African continent. They are recent migrants from Saudi Arabia with evidence of strong genetic isolation during the last few generations and a strong demographic bottleneck. This population also presents a strong selection signal in a genomic region around the CNR1 gene associated with substance dependence and chronic stress. In Western Sahelian populations, signatures of selection were detected in several other genetic regions, including pathways associated with lactase persistence, immune response, and malaria resistance. Taken together, these findings refine our current knowledge of genetic diversity, population structure, migration, admixture and adaptation of human populations in the Sahel/Savannah belt and contribute to our understanding of human history and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Fortes-Lima
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petr Tříska
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Čížková
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Podgorná
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mame Yoro Diallo
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic,Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Van der Meeren T, Verschuren D, Sylvestre F, Nassour YA, Naudts EL, Aguilar Ortiz LE, Deschamps P, Tachikawa K, Bard E, Schuster M, Abderamane M. A predominantly tropical influence on late Holocene hydroclimate variation in the hyperarid central Sahara. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk1261. [PMID: 35385315 PMCID: PMC8986100 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The climate history of the Sahara desert during recent millennia is obscured by the near absence of natural climate archives, hampering insight in the relative importance of southerly (tropical) and northerly (midlatitude) weather systems at submillennial time scales. A new lake sediment record from Ounianga Serir oasis in northern Chad, spanning the Late Holocene without interruption, confirms that immediately before ca 4200 years ago, the Sahara experienced an episode of hyperaridity even more extreme than today's desert climate. The hypersaline terminal lake which formed afterwards never desiccated during the late Holocene due to continuous inflow of fossil groundwater, yet its water balance was sensitive to temporal variation in local rainfall and lake surface evaporation. Our in-lake geochemical proxies show that, during the last 3000 years, century-scale hydroclimate variation in the central Sahara primarily tracked the intensity of the tropical West African monsoon, modulated at shorter time scales by weather patterns linked to shifts in midlatitude Atlantic Ocean circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk Verschuren
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Florence Sylvestre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Technopôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Yacoub A. Nassour
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Technopôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Université de N’Djaména, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Département de Géologie, N’Djamena, Tchad
| | - Evi L. Naudts
- Limnology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Deschamps
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Technopôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Kazuyo Tachikawa
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Technopôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Edouard Bard
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Technopôle Méditerranéen de l’Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Mathieu Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg, UMR 7063, 5 Rue René Descartes, Strasbourg F-67084, France
| | - Moussa Abderamane
- Université de N’Djaména, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées, Département de Géologie, N’Djamena, Tchad
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kulichová I, Mouterde M, Mokhtar MG, Diallo I, Tříska P, Diallo YM, Hofmanová Z, Poloni ES, Černý V. Demographic history was a formative mechanism of the genetic structure for the taste receptor TAS2R16 in human populations inhabiting Africa's Sahel/Savannah Belt. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:540-555. [PMID: 34846066 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mode of subsistence is an important factor influencing dietary habits and the genetic structure of various populations through differential intensity of gene flow and selection pressures. Previous studies suggest that in Africa Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 (TAS2R16), which encodes the 7-transmembrane receptor protein for bitterness, might also be under positive selection pressure. METHODS However, since sampling coverage of populations was limited, we created a new TAS2R16 population dataset from across the African Sahel/Savannah belt representing various local populations of differing subsistence modes, linguistic affiliations, and geographic provenience. We sequenced the TAS2R16 exon gene and analyzed 2250 haplotypes among 19 populations. RESULTS We found no evidence for selection as a driving force of genetic variation at this locus; instead, we discovered a highly significant correlation between TAS2R16 genetic and geographical distances based on provenience of the sampled populations, strongly suggesting that genetic drift most likely prevailed over positive selection at this specific locus. We also found significant correlations with other independent loci, mainly in sedentary farmers. DISCUSSION Our results do not support the notion that the genetic diversity of TAS2R16 in Sahelian populations was shaped by selective pressures. This could result from several alternative and not mutually exclusive mechanisms, of which the possibility that, due to the pleiotropic nature of TAS2R16, selective pressures on other traits could counterbalance those acting on bitter taste perception, or that the change of diet in the Neolithic generally relaxed selective pressure on this gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kulichová
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Médéric Mouterde
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed G Mokhtar
- Arabic Department, Faculty of Arts, University of Kordofan, Al-Ubayyid, Sudan
| | - Issa Diallo
- Département de Linguistique et Langues Nationales, Institut des Sciences des Sociétés, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Petr Tříska
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yoro Mame Diallo
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hofmanová
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Archaeology and Museology, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Estella S Poloni
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Černý
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chevrier B, Lespez L, Lebrun B, Garnier A, Tribolo C, Rasse M, Guérin G, Mercier N, Camara A, Ndiaye M, Huysecom E. New data on settlement and environment at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa: Interdisciplinary investigation at Fatandi V, Eastern Senegal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243129. [PMID: 33296412 PMCID: PMC7725507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The end of the Palaeolithic represents one of the least-known periods in the history of western Africa, both in terms of its chronology and the identification of cultural assemblages entities based on the typo-technical analyses of its industries. In this context, the site of Fatandi V offers new data to discuss the cultural pattern during the Late Stone Age in western Africa. Stratigraphic, taphonomical and sedimentological analyses show the succession of three sedimentary units. Several concentrations with rich lithic material were recognized. An in situ occupation, composed of bladelets, segments, and bladelet and flake cores, is confirmed while others concentrations of lithic materials have been more or less disturbed by erosion and pedogenic post-depositional processes. The sequence is well-dated from 12 convergent OSL dates. Thanks to the dating of the stratigraphic units and an OSL date from the layer (11,300-9,200 BCE [13.3-11.2 ka at 68%, 14.3-10.3 ka at 95%]), the artefacts are dated to the end of Pleistocene or Early Holocene. Palaeoenvironmental data suggest that the settlement took place within a mosaic environment and more precisely at the transition between the open landscape of savanna on the glacis and the plateau, and the increasingly densely-wooded alluvial corridor. These humid areas must have been particularly attractive during the dry season by virtue of their rich resources (raw materials, water, trees, and bushes). The Fatandi V site constitutes the first stratified site of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in Senegal with both precise geochronological and palaeoenvironmental data. It complements perfectly the data already obtained in Mali and in the rest of western Africa, and thus constitutes a reference point for this period. In any case, the assemblage of Fatandi V, with its bladelets and segments and in the absence of ceramics and grinding material, fits with a cultural group using exclusively geometric armatures which strongly differs from another group characterized by the production of bifacial armatures, accompanied in its initial phase by ceramics (or stoneware) and grinding material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Chevrier
- Archéologie et Peuplement de l’Afrique, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Laurent Lespez
- Department of Geography, University Paris Est Créteil, LGP-CNRS UMR 8591, Créteil, France
| | - Brice Lebrun
- Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Aline Garnier
- Department of Geography, University Paris Est Créteil, LGP-CNRS UMR 8591, Créteil, France
| | - Chantal Tribolo
- Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie, UMR 5060 CNRS Institut de recherche sur les Archéomatériaux, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Rasse
- UMR 5133 CNRS Archéorient, University Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Guérin
- Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie, UMR 5060 CNRS Institut de recherche sur les Archéomatériaux, Pessac, France
| | - Norbert Mercier
- Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie, UMR 5060 CNRS Institut de recherche sur les Archéomatériaux, Pessac, France
| | - Abdoulaye Camara
- Archaeology laboratory, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Matar Ndiaye
- Archaeology laboratory, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Eric Huysecom
- Archéologie et Peuplement de l’Afrique, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Černý V, Fortes-Lima C, Tříska P. Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 30:R29-R36. [PMID: 33105478 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sahel/Savannah belt of Africa is a contact zone between two subsistence systems (nomadic pastoralism and sedentary farming) and of two groups of populations, namely Eurasians penetrating from northern Africa southwards and sub-Saharan Africans migrating northwards. Because pastoralism is characterized by a high degree of mobility, it leaves few significant archaeological traces. Demographic history seen through the lens of population genetic studies complements our historical and archaeological knowledge in this African region. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of demographic history in the Sahel/Savannah belt as revealed by genetic studies. We show the impact of food-producing subsistence strategies on population structure and the somewhat different migration patterns in the western and eastern part of the region. Genomic studies show that the gene pool of various groups of Sahelians consists in a complex mosaic of several ancestries. We also touch upon various signals of genetic adaptations such as lactase persistence, taste sensitivity and malaria resistance, all of which have different distribution patterns among Sahelian populations. Overall, genetic studies contribute to gain a deeper understanding about the demographic and adaptive history of human populations in this specific African region and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Černý
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Cesar Fortes-Lima
- Subdepartment of Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petr Tříska
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Holl AFC. Dark Side Archaeology: Climate Change and Mid-Holocene Saharan Pastoral Adaptation. THE AFRICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REVIEW 2020; 37:491-495. [PMID: 32863519 PMCID: PMC7445821 DOI: 10.1007/s10437-020-09406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution paleoenvironmental research allows us to pinpoint the tempo and amplitude of past climate changes. Abrupt climate events have axiomatically triggered cascades of adjustments, in vegetation, fauna, humans, and pathogens. This essay focuses on the abrupt end of the African Humid Episode (9000-6000 cal BP), ca. 5000 cal BP in the Sahara. Neolithic pastoralists, practicing transhumance between sandy lowlands and Saharan mountains, adopted new cultural practices: cattle burials and livestock bone deposits in built installations. Their ritual nature is indisputable. But ritual for what? If considered from the perspective of livestock zoonoses, such practices may point to the "dark side" of cultural adjustments-strategies to counter human and livestock diseases. Livestock zoonoses are constant sources of emerging infectious diseases (EID) in the present, as they were in the past. Sustained research on livestock and human health are of paramount importance given the accelerating rate of world urbanization.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pham-Duc B, Sylvestre F, Papa F, Frappart F, Bouchez C, Crétaux JF. The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5498. [PMID: 32218517 PMCID: PMC7099084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Chad, in the Sahelian zone of west-central Africa, provides food and water to ~50 million people and supports unique ecosystems and biodiversity. In the past decades, it became a symbol of current climate change, held up by its dramatic shrinkage in the 1980s. Despites a partial recovery in response to increased Sahelian precipitation in the 1990s, Lake Chad is still facing major threats and its contemporary variability under climate change remains highly uncertain. Here, using a new multi-satellite approach, we show that Lake Chad extent has remained stable during the last two decades, despite a slight decrease of its northern pool. Moreover, since the 2000s, groundwater, which contributes to ~70% of Lake Chad’s annual water storage change, is increasing due to water supply provided by its two main tributaries. Our results indicate that in tandem with groundwater and tropical origin of water supply, over the last two decades, Lake Chad is not shrinking and recovers seasonally its surface water extent and volume. This study provides a robust regional understanding of current hydrology and changes in the Lake Chad region, giving a basis for developing future climate adaptation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binh Pham-Duc
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Europôle de l'Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France. .,Department of Space and Applications, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Florence Sylvestre
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRAE, CEREGE, Europôle de l'Arbois, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Fabrice Papa
- LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Universidade de Brasília, Institute of Geosciences, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frappart
- LEGOS, Université de Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Bouchez
- Université Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, Rennes, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
The Role of Climate and Topography in Shaping the Diversity of Plant Communities in Cabo Verde Islands. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The flora and vegetation of the archipelago of Cabo Verde is dominated by Macaronesian, Mediterranean, and particularly by African tropical elements, resulting from its southernmost location, when compared to the other islands of the Macaronesia (i.e., Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, and Canary Islands). Very likely, such a geographical position entailed higher susceptibility to extreme climatic fluctuations, namely those associated with the West African Monsoon oscillations. These fluctuations led to a continuous aridification, which is a clear trend shown by most recent studies based on continental shelf cores. Promoting important environmental shifts, such climatic fluctuations are accepted as determinant to explain the current spatial distribution patterns of taxa, as well as the composition of the plant communities. In this paper, we present a comprehensive characterization of the main plant communities in Cabo Verde, and we discuss the role of the climatic and topoclimatic diversity in shaping the vegetation composition and distribution of this archipelago. Our study reveals a strong variation in the diversity of plant communities across elevation gradients and distinct patterns of richness among plant communities. Moreover, we present an overview of the biogeographical relationships of the Cabo Verde flora and vegetation with the other Macaronesian Islands and northwestern Africa. We discuss how the distribution of plant communities and genetic patterns found among most of the endemic lineages can be related to Africa’s ongoing aridification, exploring the impacts of a process that marks northern Africa from the Late Miocene until the present.
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Neer W, Alhaique F, Wouters W, Dierickx K, Gala M, Goffette Q, Mariani GS, Zerboni A, di Lernia S. Aquatic fauna from the Takarkori rock shelter reveals the Holocene central Saharan climate and palaeohydrography. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228588. [PMID: 32074116 PMCID: PMC7029841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundant faunal remains from the Takarkori rock shelter in the Tadrart Acacus region of southwestern Libya are described. The material that covers the period between 10,200 to 4650 years cal BP illustrates the more humid environmental conditions in the Central Sahara during early and middle Holocene times. Particular attention is focussed on the aquatic fauna that shows marked diachronic changes related to increasing aridification. This is reflected in the decreasing amount of fish remains compared to mammals and, within the fish fauna, by changes through time in the proportion of the species and by a reduction of fish size. The aquatic fauna can, in addition, be used to formulate hypotheses about the former palaeohydrographical network. This is done by considering the possible location of pre-Holocene relic populations combined with observations on the topography and palaeohydrological settings of the Central Sahara.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Van Neer
- Operational Direction Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (WVN); (SDL)
| | | | - Wim Wouters
- Operational Direction Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien Dierickx
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monica Gala
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Roma, Italy
| | - Quentin Goffette
- Operational Direction Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido S. Mariani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terrra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Zerboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Savino di Lernia
- Dipartimento Scienze dell’Antichità, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail: (WVN); (SDL)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kleisner K, Pokorný Š, Čížková M, Froment A, Černý V. Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers of the Sahel/Savannah Belt of Africa in the light of geometric morphometrics based on facial portraits. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:632-645. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Pokorný
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martina Čížková
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
- Archaeogenetics LaboratoryInstitute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alain Froment
- UMR 208‐PalocIRD‐MNHN, Musée de l'Homme Paris France
| | - Viktor Černý
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of ScienceCharles University Prague Czech Republic
- Archaeogenetics LaboratoryInstitute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Černý V, Kulichová I, Poloni ES, Nunes JM, Pereira L, Mayor A, Sanchez-Mazas A. Genetic history of the African Sahelian populations. HLA 2018; 91:153-166. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Černý
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6; 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - I. Kulichová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - E. S. Poloni
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3); Geneva Switzerland
| | - J. M. Nunes
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3); Geneva Switzerland
| | - L. Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto (i3S); Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP); Porto Portugal
| | - A. Mayor
- Laboratory of African Archaeology and Peopling History (APA), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A. Sanchez-Mazas
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Genetics and Peopling History (AGP), Department of Genetics and Evolution, Anthropology Unit; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (IGE3); Geneva Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Collins JA, Prange M, Caley T, Gimeno L, Beckmann B, Mulitza S, Skonieczny C, Roche D, Schefuß E. Rapid termination of the African Humid Period triggered by northern high-latitude cooling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1372. [PMID: 29118318 PMCID: PMC5678106 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidity and synchrony of the African Humid Period (AHP) termination at around 5.5 ka are debated, and it is unclear what caused a rapid hydroclimate response. Here we analysed the hydrogen isotopic composition of sedimentary leaf-waxes (δDwax) from the Gulf of Guinea, a proxy for regional precipitation in Cameroon and the central Sahel-Sahara. Our record indicates high precipitation during the AHP followed by a rapid decrease at 5.8–4.8 ka. The similarity with a δDwax record from northern East Africa suggests a large-scale atmospheric mechanism. We show that northern high- and mid-latitude cooling weakened the Tropical Easterly Jet and, through feedbacks, strengthened the African Easterly Jet. The associated decrease in precipitation triggered the AHP termination and combined with biogeophysical feedbacks to result in aridification. Our findings suggest that extratropical temperature changes, albeit smaller than during the glacial and deglacial, were important in triggering rapid African aridification during the Holocene. The synchrony, spatial distribution and causes of the African Humid Period termination at 5.5 ka remain debated. Here, the authors show that rapid aridification in Cameroon and the central Sahel-Sahara took place between 5.8–4.8 ka and was likely triggered by high- and mid-latitude cooling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Collins
- GFZ-German Research Center for Geosciences, Section 5.1 Geomorphology, Organic Surface Geochemistry Lab, D-14473, Potsdam, Germany. .,AWI-Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568, Bremerhaven, Germany. .,MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Prange
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thibaut Caley
- EPOC, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Luis Gimeno
- Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Britta Beckmann
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mulitza
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Charlotte Skonieczny
- Laboratoire GEOsciences Paris-Sud (GEOPS), UMR CNRS 8148, Université de Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Didier Roche
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Earth and Climate Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS-INSU/UVSQ, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Enno Schefuß
- MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, D-28359, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
García-Alix A, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Toney JL, Jiménez-Moreno G, Ramos-Román MJ, Anderson RS, Ruano P, Queralt I, Delgado Huertas A, Kuroda J. Alpine bogs of southern Spain show human-induced environmental change superimposed on long-term natural variations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7439. [PMID: 28785039 PMCID: PMC5547100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proved that high elevation environments, especially remote wetlands, are exceptional ecological sensors of global change. For example, European glaciers have retreated during the 20th century while the Sierra Nevada National Park in southern Spain witnessed the first complete disappearance of modern glaciers in Europe. Given that the effects of climatic fluctuations on local ecosystems are complex in these sensitive alpine areas, it is crucial to identify their long-term natural trends, ecological thresholds, and responses to human impact. In this study, the geochemical records from two adjacent alpine bogs in the protected Sierra Nevada National Park reveal different sensitivities and long-term environmental responses, despite similar natural forcings, such as solar radiation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, during the late Holocene. After the Industrial Revolution both bogs registered an independent, abrupt and enhanced response to the anthropogenic forcing, at the same time that the last glaciers disappeared. The different response recorded at each site suggests that the National Park and land managers of similar regions need to consider landscape and environmental evolution in addition to changing climate to fully understand implications of climate and human influence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Alix
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Jaime L Toney
- School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - María J Ramos-Román
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R Scott Anderson
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Patricia Ruano
- Departamento de Geodinámica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), CISC-UGR, Armilla, Spain
| | - Ignasi Queralt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kulichová I, Fernandes V, Deme A, Nováčková J, Stenzl V, Novelletto A, Pereira L, Černý V. Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:424-434. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Kulichová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Verónica Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP); Porto Portugal
| | - Alioune Deme
- Département d'Histoire, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines; Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar; Senegal
| | - Jana Nováčková
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory; Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Stenzl
- Department of Forensic Genetics; Institute of Criminalistics; Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Luísa Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP); Porto Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - Viktor Černý
- Archaeogenetics Laboratory; Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martin C, Maureille B, Amiot R, Touzeau A, Royer A, Fourel F, Panczer G, Flandrois JP, Lécuyer C. Record of Nile seasonality in Nubian neonates. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:223-242. [PMID: 28276733 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1229667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen isotope compositions of bones (n = 11) and teeth (n = 20) from 12 Sudanese individuals buried on Sai Island (Nubia) were analysed to investigate the registration of the evolution of the Nile environment from 3700 to 500 years BP and the potential effects of ontogeny on the oxygen isotope ratios. The isotopic compositions were converted into the composition of drinking water, ultimately originating from the Nile. δ18O values decrease during ontogeny; this is mainly related to breastfeeding and physiology. Those of neonates present very large variations. Neonates have a very high bone turnover and are thus able to record seasonal δ18O variations of the Nile waters. These variations followed a pattern very similar to the present one. Nile δ18O values increased from 1.4 to 4.4 ‰ (Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water) from the Classic Kerma (∼3500 BP) through the Christian period (∼1000 BP), traducing a progressive drying of Northeast Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Martin
- a Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGL-TPE, UMR CNRS 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
- h Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34 , Aix-en-Provence , France
| | - Bruno Maureille
- b PACEA, UMR CNRS 5199, Université de Bordeaux , Pessac , France
| | - Romain Amiot
- a Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGL-TPE, UMR CNRS 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
| | | | - Aurélien Royer
- d Université de Bourgogne, Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282 , Dijon , France
- e Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Laboratoire EPHE PALEVO , Dijon , France
| | - François Fourel
- a Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGL-TPE, UMR CNRS 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Gérard Panczer
- f Institut Lumière Matière, UMR5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1-CNRS, Université de Lyon , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Flandrois
- g LBBE, UMR CNRS 5558, Université de Lyon 1 , Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Christophe Lécuyer
- a Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGL-TPE, UMR CNRS 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , Villeurbanne , France
- i Institut Universitaire de France , Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Čížková M, Hofmanová Z, Mokhtar MG, Janoušek V, Diallo I, Munclinger P, Černý V. Alu insertion polymorphisms in the African Sahel and the origin of Fulani pastoralists. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:537-545. [PMID: 28502204 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2017.1328073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of Western African pastoralism, represented today by the Fulani nomads, has been a highly debated issue for the past decades, and has not yet been conclusively resolved. AIM This study focused on Alu polymorphisms in sedentary and nomadic populations across the African Sahel to investigate patterns of diversity that can complement the existing results and contribute to resolving issues concerning the origin of West African pastoralism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A new dataset of 21 Alu biallelic markers covering a substantial part of the African Sahel has been analysed jointly with several published North African populations. RESULTS Interestingly, with regard to Alu variation, the relationship of Fulani pastoralists to North Africans is not as evident as was earlier revealed by studies of uniparental loci such as mtDNA and NRY. Alu insertions point rather to an affinity of Fulani pastoralists to Eastern Africans also leading a pastoral lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that contemporary Fulani pastoralists might be descendants of an ancestral Eastern African population that, while crossing the Sahara in the Holocene, admixed slightly with a population of Eurasian (as evidenced by uniparental polymorphisms) ancestry. It seems that, in the Fulani pastoralists, Alu elements reflect more ancient genetic relationships than do uniparental genetic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Čížková
- a Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hofmanová
- a Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic.,b Palaeogenetics Group , Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Mohammed G Mokhtar
- c Arabic Department, Faculty of Arts , University of Kordofan , Al-Ubayyid , Sudan
| | - Václav Janoušek
- d Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Issa Diallo
- e Département de Linguistique et Langues Nationales , Institut des Sciences des Sociétés, CNRST , Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso
| | - Pavel Munclinger
- d Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Černý
- f Department of the Archaeology of Landscape and Archaeobiology, Archaeogenetics Laboratory , Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Prague , Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|