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MacDonald H, Brisson D. Parasite-mediated selection on host phenology. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10107. [PMID: 37214617 PMCID: PMC10199498 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of seasonal activity, or phenology, is an adaptive trait that maximizes individual fitness by timing key life events to coincide with favorable abiotic factors and biotic interactions. Studies on the biotic interactions that determine optimal phenology have focused on temporal overlaps among positively-interacting species such as mutualisms. Less well understood is the extent that negative interactions such as parasitism impact the evolution of host phenology. Here, we present a mathematical model demonstrating the evolution of host phenological patterns in response to sterilizing parasites. Environments with parasites favor hosts with shortened activity periods or greater distributions in emergence timing, both of which reduce the temporal overlap between hosts and parasites and thus reduce infection risk. Although host populations with these altered phenological patterns are less likely to mature and reproduce, the fitness advantage of parasite avoidance can be greater than the cost of reduced reproduction. These results illustrate the impact of parasitism on the evolution of host phenology and suggest that shifts in host phenology could serve as a strategy to mitigate the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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2
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McIntyre T, Andaloori L, Hood GR, Feder JL, Hahn DA, Ragland GJ, Toxopeus J. Cold tolerance and diapause within and across trophic levels: Endoparasitic wasps and their fly host have similar phenotypes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 146:104501. [PMID: 36921838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low temperatures associated with winter can limit the survival of organisms, especially ectotherms whose body temperature is similar to their environment. However, there is a gap in understanding how overwintering may vary among groups of species that interact closely, such as multiple parasitoid species that attack the same host insect. Here, we investigate cold tolerance and diapause phenotypes in three endoparasitoid wasps of the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae): Utetes canaliculatus, Diachasma alloeum, and Diachasmimorpha mellea (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Using a combination of respirometry and eclosion tracking, we found that all three wasp species exhibited the same three diapause duration phenotypes as the fly host. Weak (short duration) diapause was rare, with <5 % of all three wasp species prematurely terminating diapause at 21 °C. Most D.mellea (93 %) entered a more intense (longer duration) diapause that did not terminate within 100 d at this warm temperature. The majority of U.canaliculatus (92 %) and D. alloeum (72 %) averted diapause (non-diapause) at 21 °C. There was limited interspecific variation in acute cold tolerance among the three wasp species: wasps and flies had similarly high survival (>87 %) following exposure to extreme low temperatures (-20 °C) as long as their body fluids did not freeze. The three wasp species also displayed little interspecific variation in survival following prolonged exposure to mild chilling of 8 or more weeks at 4 °C. Our study thus documents a remarkable conservation of cold tolerance and diapause phenotypes within and across trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinity McIntyre
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish NS B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Lalitya Andaloori
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 4841 Cass Avenue, Detroit MI 48201, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame IN 46556, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 1881 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville FL 32611, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver CO 80204, USA
| | - Jantina Toxopeus
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish NS B2G 2W5, Canada.
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3
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Freire-Rallo S, Wedin M, Diederich P, Millanes AM. To explore strange new worlds - The diversification in Tremella caloplacae was linked to the adaptive radiation of the Teloschistaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107680. [PMID: 36572164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lichenicolous fungi are a heterogeneous group of organisms that grow exclusively on lichens, forming obligate associations with them. It has often been assumed that cospeciation has occurred between lichens and lichenicolous fungi, but this has been seldom analysed from a macroevolutionary perspective. Many lichenicolous species are rare or are rarely observed, which results in frequent and large gaps in the knowledge of the diversity of many groups. This, in turn, hampers evolutionary studies that necessarily are based on a reasonable knowledge of this diversity. Tremella caloplacae is a heterobasidiomycete growing on various hosts from the lichen-forming family Teloschistaceae, and evidence suggests that it may represent a species complex. We combine an exhaustive sampling with molecular and ecological data to study species delimitation, cophylogenetic events and temporal concordance of this association. Tremella caloplacae is here shown to include at least six distinct host-specific lineages (=putative species). Host switch is the dominant and most plausible event influencing diversification and explaining the coupled evolutionary history in this system, although cospeciation cannot be discarded. Speciation in T. caloplacae would therefore have occurred coinciding with the rapid diversification - by an adaptive radiation starting in the late Cretaceous - of their hosts. New species in T. caloplacae would have developed as a result of specialization on diversifying lichen hosts that suddenly offered abundant new ecological niches to explore or adapt to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Freire-Rallo
- Rey Juan Carlos University/Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Mats Wedin
- Swedish Museum of Natural History/Botany Dept., PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Paul Diederich
- Musée national d'histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ana M Millanes
- Rey Juan Carlos University/Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
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4
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Wang YP, Liu X, Yi CY, Chen XY, Liu CH, Zhang CC, Chen QD, Chen S, Liu HL, Pu DQ. The Adaptive Evolution in the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Revealed by the Diversity of Larval Gut Bacteria. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020321. [PMID: 36833248 PMCID: PMC9956290 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect gut microbes have important roles in host feeding, digestion, immunity, development, and coevolution with pests. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797), is a major migratory agricultural pest worldwide. The effects of host plant on the pest's gut bacteria remain to be investigated to better understand their coevolution. In this study, differences in the gut bacterial communities were examined for the fifth and sixth instar larvae of S. frugiperda fed on leaves of different host plants (corn, sorghum, highland barley, and citrus). The 16S rDNA full-length amplification and sequencing method was used to determine the abundance and diversity of gut bacteria in larval intestines. The highest richness and diversity of gut bacteria were in corn-fed fifth instar larvae, whereas in sixth instar larvae, the richness and diversity were higher when larvae were fed by other crops. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were dominant phyla in gut bacterial communities of fifth and sixth instar larvae. According to the LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, the host plants had important effects on the structure of gut bacterial communities in S. frugiperda. In the PICRUSt2 analysis, most predicted functional categories were associated with metabolism. Thus, the host plant species attacked by S. frugiperda larvae can affect their gut bacterial communities, and such changes are likely important in the adaptive evolution of S. frugiperda to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chun-Yan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xing-Yu Chen
- Service Center of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Chang-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Cui-Cui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Qing-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hong-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - De-Qiang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Southwest Crops, Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
- Correspondence:
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Hodge JR, Price SA. Biotic Interactions and the Future of Fishes on Coral Reefs: The Importance of Trait-Based Approaches. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:1734-1747. [PMID: 36138511 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotic interactions govern the structure and function of coral reef ecosystems. As environmental conditions change, reef-associated fish populations can persist by tracking their preferred niche or adapting to new conditions. Biotic interactions will affect how these responses proceed and whether they are successful. Yet, our understanding of these effects is currently limited. Ecological and evolutionary theories make explicit predictions about the effects of biotic interactions, but many remain untested. Here, we argue that large-scale functional trait datasets enable us to investigate how biotic interactions have shaped the assembly of contemporary reef fish communities and the evolution of species within them, thus improving our ability to predict future changes. Importantly, the effects of biotic interactions on these processes have occurred simultaneously within dynamic environments. Functional traits provide a means to integrate the effects of both ecological and evolutionary processes, as well as a way to overcome some of the challenges of studying biotic interactions. Moreover, functional trait data can enhance predictive modeling of future reef fish distributions and evolvability. We hope that our vision for an integrative approach, focused on quantifying functionally relevant traits and how they mediate biotic interactions in different environmental contexts, will catalyze new research on the future of reef fishes in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Hodge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Samantha A Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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6
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The Arthropod Associates of 155 North American Cynipid Oak Galls. Zool Stud 2022; 61:e57. [PMID: 36644628 PMCID: PMC9810845 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2022.61-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The identities of most arthropod associates of cynipid-induced oak galls in the western Palearctic are generally known. However, a comprehensive accounting of associates has been performed for only a small number of the galls induced by the estimated 700 species of cynipid gall wasps in the Nearctic. This gap in knowledge stymies many potential studies of diversity, coevolution, and community ecology, for which oak gall systems are otherwise ideal models. We report rearing records of insects and other arthropods from more than 527,306 individual galls representing 201 different oak gall types collected from 32 oak tree species in North America. Of the 201 gall types collected, 155 produced one or more arthropods. A total of 151,075 arthropods were found in association with these 155 gall types, and of these 61,044 (40.4%) were gall wasps while 90,031 (59.6%) were other arthropods. We identified all arthropods to superfamily, family, or, where possible, to genus. We provide raw numbers and summaries of collections, alongside notes on natural history, ecology, and previously published associations for each taxon. For eight common gall-associated genera (Synergus, Ceroptres, Euceroptres, Ormyrus, Torymus, Eurytoma, Sycophila, and Euderus), we also connect rearing records to gall wasp phylogeny, geography, and ecology -including host tree and gall location (host organ), and their co-occurrence with other insect genera. Though the diversity of gall wasps and the large size of these communities is such that many Nearctic oak gall-associated insects still remain undescribed, this large collection and identification effort should facilitate the testing of new and varied ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in Nearctic oak galls.
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7
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Ward AKG, Bagley RK, Egan SP, Hood GR, Ott JR, Prior KM, Sheikh SI, Weinersmith KL, Zhang L, Zhang YM, Forbes AA. Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both. Evolution 2022; 76:1849-1867. [PMID: 35819249 PMCID: PMC9541853 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the frequency of shifts to new host plants within diverse clades of specialist herbivorous insects is critically important to understand whether and how host shifts contribute to the origin of species. Oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) comprise a tribe of ∼1000 species of phytophagous insects that induce gall formation on various organs of trees in the family Fagacae-primarily the oaks (genus Quercus; ∼435 sp.). The association of oak gall wasps with oaks is ancient (∼50 my), and most oak species are galled by one or more gall wasp species. Despite the diversity of both gall wasp species and their plant associations, previous phylogenetic work has not identified the strong signal of host plant shifting among oak gall wasps that has been found in other phytophagous insect systems. However, most emphasis has been on the Western Palearctic and not the Nearctic where both oaks and oak gall wasps are considerably more species rich. We collected 86 species of Nearctic oak gall wasps from most of the major clades of Nearctic oaks and sequenced >1000 Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) and flanking sequences to infer wasp phylogenies. We assessed the relationships of Nearctic gall wasps to one another and, by leveraging previously published UCE data, to the Palearctic fauna. We then used phylogenies to infer historical patterns of shifts among host tree species and tree organs. Our results indicate that oak gall wasps have moved between the Palearctic and Nearctic at least four times, that some Palearctic wasp clades have their proximate origin in the Nearctic, and that gall wasps have shifted within and between oak tree sections, subsections, and organs considerably more often than previous data have suggested. Given that host shifts have been demonstrated to drive reproductive isolation between host-associated populations in other phytophagous insects, our analyses of Nearctic gall wasps suggest that host shifts are key drivers of speciation in this clade, especially in hotspots of oak diversity. Although formal assessment of this hypothesis requires further study, two putatively oligophagous gall wasp species in our dataset show signals of host-associated genetic differentiation unconfounded by geographic distance, suggestive of barriers to gene flow associated with the use of alternative host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin K. Bagley
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52245
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityLimaOhio45804
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas77005
| | - Glen Ray Hood
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas77005
- Department of Biological ScienceWayne State UniversityDetroitMichigan48202
| | - James R. Ott
- Department of BiologyTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTexas78666
| | - Kirsten M. Prior
- Department of Biological SciencesBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNew York13902
| | - Sofia I. Sheikh
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52245
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois60637
| | | | - Linyi Zhang
- Department of BioSciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas77005
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Y. Miles Zhang
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA‐ARSc/o National Museum of Natural HistoryWashingtonD.C.20560
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8
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Zhang YM, Sheikh SI, Ward AKG, Forbes AA, Prior KM, Stone GN, Gates MW, Egan SP, Zhang L, Davis C, Weinersmith KL, Melika G, Lucky A. Delimiting the cryptic diversity and host preferences of Sycophila parasitoid wasps associated with oak galls using phylogenomic data. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4417-4433. [PMID: 35762844 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryptic species diversity is a major challenge for the species-rich community of parasitoids attacking oak gall wasps due to a high degree of sexual dimorphism, morphological plasticity, small size, and poorly known biology. As such, we know very little about the number of species present, nor the evolutionary forces responsible for generating this diversity. One hypothesis is that trait diversity in the gall wasps, including the morphology of the galls they induce, has evolved in response to selection imposed by the parasitoid community, with reciprocal selection driving diversification of the parasitoids. Using a rare, continental-scale data set of Sycophila parasitoid wasps reared from 44 species of cynipid galls from 18 species of oak across the US, we combined mitochondrial DNA barcodes, Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs), morphological, and natural history data to delimit putative species. Using these results, we generate the first large-scale assessment of ecological specialization and host association in this species-rich group, with implications for evolutionary ecology and biocontrol. We find most Sycophila target specific subsets of available cynipid host galls with similar morphologies, and generally attack larger galls. Our results suggest that parasitoid wasps such as Sycophila have adaptations allowing them to exploit particular host trait combinations, while hosts with contrasting traits are resistant to attack. These findings support the tritrophic niche concept for the structuring of plant-herbivore-parasitoid communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Miles Zhang
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.,Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sofia I Sheikh
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Anna K G Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kirsten M Prior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Graham N Stone
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael W Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linyi Zhang
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Davis
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - George Melika
- Plant Health and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Directorate of Plant Protection, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lucky
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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9
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Improving Natural Enemy Selection in Biological Control through Greater Attention to Chemical Ecology and Host-Associated Differentiation of Target Arthropod Pests. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020160. [PMID: 35206733 PMCID: PMC8877252 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Host-associated differentiation (HAD) refers to cases in which genetically distinct populations of a species (e.g., herbivores or natural enemies) preferentially reproduce or feed on different host species. In agroecosystems, HAD often results in unique strains or biotypes of pest species, each attacking different species of crops. However, HAD is not restricted to pest populations, and may cascade to the third trophic level, affecting host selection by natural enemies, and ultimately leading to HAD within natural enemy species. Natural enemy HAD may affect the outcomes of biological control efforts, whether classical, conservation, or augmentative. Here, we explore the potential effects of pest and natural enemy HAD on biological control in agroecosystems, with emphases on current knowledge gaps and implications of HAD for selection of biological control agents. Additionally, given the importance of semiochemicals in mediating interactions between trophic levels, we emphasize the role of chemical ecology in interactions between pests and natural enemies, and suggest areas of consideration for biological control. Overall, we aim to jump-start a conversation concerning the relevance of HAD in biological control by reviewing currently available information on natural enemy HAD, identifying challenges to incorporating HAD considerations into biological control efforts, and proposing future research directions on natural enemy selection and HAD.
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10
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Malec P, Weber J, Böhmer R, Fiebig M, Meinert D, Rein C, Reinisch R, Henrich M, Polyvas V, Pollmann M, von Berg L, König C, Steidle JLM. The emergence of ecotypes in a parasitoid wasp: a case of incipient sympatric speciation in Hymenoptera? BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 34781897 PMCID: PMC8591844 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand which reproductive barriers initiate speciation is a major question in evolutionary research. Despite their high species numbers and specific biology, there are only few studies on speciation in Hymenoptera. This study aims to identify very early reproductive barriers in a local, sympatric population of Nasonia vitripennis (Walker 1836), a hymenopterous parasitoid of fly pupae. We studied ecological barriers, sexual barriers, and the reduction in F1-female offspring as a postmating barrier, as well as the population structure using microsatellites. Results We found considerable inbreeding within female strains and a population structure with either three or five subpopulation clusters defined by microsatellites. In addition, there are two ecotypes, one parasitizing fly pupae in bird nests and the other on carrion. The nest ecotype is mainly formed from one of the microsatellite clusters, the two or four remaining microsatellite clusters form the carrion ecotype. There was slight sexual isolation and a reduction in F1-female offspring between inbreeding strains from the same microsatellite clusters and the same ecotypes. Strains from different microsatellite clusters are separated by a reduction in F1-female offspring. Ecotypes are separated only by ecological barriers. Conclusions This is the first demonstration of very early reproductive barriers within a sympatric population of Hymenoptera. It demonstrates that sexual and premating barriers can precede ecological separation. This indicates the complexity of ecotype formation and highlights the general need for more studies within homogenous populations for the identification of the earliest barriers in the speciation process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-021-01938-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Malec
- Naturpark Steigerwald E.V., 91443, Scheinfeld, Germany
| | - Justus Weber
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robin Böhmer
- Natural History Museum Bern, 3005, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Fiebig
- Untere Naturschutzbehörde, Landratsamt Kitzingen, 97318, Kitzingen, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Rein
- Apicultural State Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ronja Reinisch
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maik Henrich
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Polyvas
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marie Pollmann
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lea von Berg
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian König
- Akademie für Natur- und Umweltschutz Baden-Württemberg beim Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima und Energiewirtschaft, 70192, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes L M Steidle
- Dep. of Chemical Ecology 190T, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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Yee WL, Forbes AA, Feder JL. Contrast in Post-Chill Eclosion Time Strategies Between Two Specialist Braconid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Attacking Rhagoletis Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Western North America. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:1173-1186. [PMID: 34387323 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids comprise a speciose insect group, displaying a wide array of life history strategies. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, the tephritid fruit flies Rhagoletis tabellaria (Fitch) and Rhagoletis indifferens Curran infest red osier dogwood, Cornus sericea L. (Cornaceae), and bitter cherry, Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hooker) Eaton (Rosaceae), respectively. The flies are parasitized by different braconid wasps at different life stages; Utetes tabellariae (Fischer) oviposits into R. tabellaria eggs, whereas Diachasma muliebre (Muesebeck) oviposits into R. indifferens larvae feeding in cherries. Because Rhagoletis only have one major generation a year and the wasps attack temporally distinct fly life stages, we predicted that eclosion times of U. tabellariae should more closely follow that of its host than the larval-attacking D. muliebre. As predicted, U. tabellariae eclosed on average 6.0-12.5 d later than R. tabellaria, whereas D. muliebre eclosed on average 32.1 d after R. indifferens. Unexpectedly, however, longer chill duration differentially affected the systems; longer overwinters minimally influenced eclosion times of R. tabellaria and U. tabellariae but caused earlier eclosion of both R. indifferens and D. muliebre. Results imply that in temperate regions, diapause timing in braconid wasps evolves in response to both host life stage attacked and fly eclosion characteristics, possibly reflecting differential effects of winter on host plant fruiting phenology. Differences in phenological sensitivity of the lower host plant trophic level to variation in environmental conditions may have cascading effects, sequentially and differentially affecting eclosion times in higher frugivore (fly) and parasitoid (wasp) trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee L Yee
- USDA-ARS, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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12
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Kotula HJ, Peralta G, Frost CM, Todd JH, Tylianakis JM. Predicting direct and indirect non-target impacts of biocontrol agents using machine-learning approaches. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252448. [PMID: 34061885 PMCID: PMC8168882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological pest control (i.e. ‘biocontrol’) agents can have direct and indirect non-target impacts, and predicting these effects (especially indirect impacts) remains a central challenge in biocontrol risk assessment. The analysis of ecological networks offers a promising approach to understanding the community-wide impacts of biocontrol agents (via direct and indirect interactions). Independently, species traits and phylogenies have been shown to successfully predict species interactions and network structure (alleviating the need to collect quantitative interaction data), but whether these approaches can be combined to predict indirect impacts of natural enemies remains untested. Whether predictions of interactions (i.e. direct effects) can be made equally well for generalists vs. specialists, abundant vs. less abundant species, and across different habitat types is also untested for consumer-prey interactions. Here, we used two machine-learning techniques (random forest and k-nearest neighbour; KNN) to test whether we could accurately predict empirically-observed quantitative host-parasitoid networks using trait and phylogenetic information. Then, we tested whether the accuracy of machine-learning-predicted interactions depended on the generality or abundance of the interacting partners, or on the source (habitat type) of the training data. Finally, we used these predicted networks to generate predictions of indirect effects via shared natural enemies (i.e. apparent competition), and tested these predictions against empirically observed indirect effects between hosts. We found that random-forest models predicted host-parasitoid pairwise interactions (which could be used to predict attack of non-target host species) more successfully than KNN. This predictive ability depended on the generality of the interacting partners for KNN models, and depended on species’ abundances for both random-forest and KNN models, but did not depend on the source (habitat type) of data used to train the models. Further, although our machine-learning informed methods could significantly predict indirect effects, the explanatory power of our machine-learning models for indirect interactions was reasonably low. Combining machine-learning and network approaches provides a starting point for reducing risk in biocontrol introductions, and could be applied more generally to predicting species interactions such as impacts of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Kotula
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Guadalupe Peralta
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carol M. Frost
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jacqui H. Todd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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13
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Hood GR, Blankinship D, Doellman MM, Feder JL. Temporal resource partitioning mitigates interspecific competition and promotes coexistence among insect parasites. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1969-1988. [PMID: 34041840 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key to understanding life's great diversity is discerning how competing organisms divide limiting resources to coexist in diverse communities. While temporal resource partitioning has long been hypothesized to reduce the negative effects of interspecific competition, empirical evidence suggests that time may not often be an axis along which animal species routinely subdivide resources. Here, we present evidence to the contrary in the world's most biodiverse group of animals: insect parasites (parasitoids). Specifically, we conducted a meta-analysis of 64 studies from 41 publications to determine if temporal resource partitioning via variation in the timing of a key life-history trait, egg deposition (oviposition), mitigates interspecific competition between species pairs sharing the same insect host. When competing species were manipulated to oviposit at (or near) the same time in or on a single host in the laboratory, competition was common, and one species was typically inherently superior (i.e. survived to adulthood a greater proportion of the time). In most cases, however, the inferior competitor could gain a survivorship advantage by ovipositing earlier (or in a smaller number of cases later) into shared hosts. Moreover, this positive (or in a few cases negative) priority advantage gained by the inferior competitor increased as the interval between oviposition times became greater. The results from manipulative experiments were also correlated with patterns of life-history timing and demography in nature: the more inherently competitively inferior a species was in the laboratory, the greater the interval between oviposition times of taxa in co-occurring populations. Additionally, the larger the interval between oviposition times of competing taxa, the more abundant the inferior species was in populations where competitors were known to coexist. Overall, our findings suggest that temporal resource partitioning via variation in oviposition timing may help to facilitate species coexistence and structures diverse insect communities by altering demographic measures of species success. We argue that the lack of evidence for a more prominent role of temporal resource partitioning in promoting species coexistence may reflect taxonomic differences, with a bias towards larger-sized animals. For smaller species like parasitic insects that are specialized to attack one or a group of closely related hosts, have short adult lifespans and discrete generation times, compete directly for limited resources in small, closed arenas and have life histories constrained by host phenology, temporal resource subdivision via variation in life history may play a critical role in allowing species to coexist by alleviating the negative effects of interspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Ray Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, U.S.A
| | - Devin Blankinship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A
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14
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Inskeep KA, Doellman MM, Powell THQ, Berlocher SH, Seifert NR, Hood GR, Ragland GJ, Meyers PJ, Feder JL. Divergent diapause life history timing drives both allochronic speciation and reticulate hybridization in an adaptive radiation of Rhagoletis flies. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:4031-4049. [PMID: 33786930 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Divergent adaptation to new ecological opportunities can be an important factor initiating speciation. However, as niches are filled during adaptive radiations, trait divergence driving reproductive isolation between sister taxa may also result in trait convergence with more distantly related taxa, increasing the potential for reticulated gene flow across the radiation. Here, we demonstrate such a scenario in a recent adaptive radiation of Rhagoletis fruit flies, specialized on different host plants. Throughout this radiation, shifts to novel hosts are associated with changes in diapause life history timing, which act as "magic traits" generating allochronic reproductive isolation and facilitating speciation-with-gene-flow. Evidence from laboratory rearing experiments measuring adult emergence timing and genome-wide DNA-sequencing surveys supported allochronic speciation between summer-fruiting Vaccinium spp.-infesting Rhagoletis mendax and its hypothesized and undescribed sister taxon infesting autumn-fruiting sparkleberries. The sparkleberry fly and R. mendax were shown to be genetically discrete sister taxa, exhibiting no detectable gene flow and allochronically isolated by a 2-month average difference in emergence time corresponding to host availability. At sympatric sites across the southern USA, the later fruiting phenology of sparkleberries overlaps with that of flowering dogwood, the host of another more distantly related and undescribed Rhagoletis taxon. Laboratory emergence data confirmed broadly overlapping life history timing and genomic evidence supported on-going gene flow between sparkleberry and flowering dogwood flies. Thus, divergent phenological adaptation can drive the initiation of reproductive isolation, while also enhancing genetic exchange across broader adaptive radiations, potentially serving as a source of novel genotypic variation and accentuating further diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Inskeep
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University (State University of New York), Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Stewart H Berlocher
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Seifert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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15
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Yee WL, Goughnour RB, Feder JL. Distinct Adult Eclosion Traits of Sibling Species Rhagoletis pomonella and Rhagoletis zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) Under Laboratory Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:173-182. [PMID: 33247295 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Closely related phytophagous insects that specialize on different host plants may have divergent responses to environmental factors. Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) and Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae) are sibling, sympatric fly species found in western North America that attack and mate on plants of Rosaceae (~60 taxa) and Caprifoliaceae (three taxa), respectively, likely contributing to partial reproductive isolation. Rhagoletis zephyria evolved from R. pomonella and is native to western North America, whereas R. pomonella was introduced there. Given that key features of the flies' ecology, breeding compatibility, and evolution differ, we predicted that adult eclosion patterns of the two flies from Washington State, USA are also distinct. When puparia were chilled, eclosion of apple- and black hawthorn-origin R. pomonella was significantly more dispersed, with less pronounced peaks, than of snowberry-origin R. zephyria within sympatric and nonsympatric site comparisons. Percentages of chilled puparia that produced adults were ≥67% for both species. However, when puparia were not chilled, from 13.5 to 21.9% of apple-origin R. pomonella versus only 1.2% to 1.9% of R. zephyria eclosed. The distinct differences in eclosion traits of R. pomonella and R. zephyria could be due to greater genetic variation in R. pomonella, associated with its use of a wider range of host plants than R. zephyria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, Wapato, WA
| | | | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
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16
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Hippee AC, Beer MA, Bagley RK, Condon MA, Kitchen A, Lisowski EA, Norrbom AL, Forbes AA. Host shifting and host sharing in a genus of specialist flies diversifying alongside their sunflower hosts. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:364-379. [PMID: 33190382 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Congeneric parasites are unlikely to specialize on the same tissues of the same host species, likely because of strong multifarious selection against niche overlap. Exceptions where >1 congeneric species use the same tissues reveal important insights into ecological factors underlying the origins and maintenance of diversity. Larvae of sunflower maggot flies in the genus Strauzia feed on plants in the family Asteraceae. Although Strauzia tend to be host specialists, some species specialize on the same hosts. To resolve the origins of host sharing among these specialist flies, we used reduced representation genomic sequencing to infer the first multilocus phylogeny of genus Strauzia. Our results show that Helianthus tuberosus and Helianthus grosseserratus each host three different Strauzia species and that the flies co-occurring on a host are not one another's closest relatives. Though this pattern implies that host sharing is most likely the result of host shifts, these may not all be host shifts in the conventional sense of an insect moving onto an entirely new plant. Many hosts of Strauzia belong to a clade of perennial sunflowers that arose 1-2 MYA and are noted for frequent introgression and hybrid speciation events. Our divergence time estimates for all of the Helianthus-associated Strauzia are within this same time window (<1 MYA), suggesting that rapid and recent adaptive introgression and speciation in Helianthus may have instigated the diversification of Strauzia, with some flies converging upon a single plant host after their respective ancestral host plants hybridized to form a new sunflower species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaine C Hippee
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marc A Beer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Robin K Bagley
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Lima, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Marty A Condon
- Department of Biology, Cornell College, Mount Vernon, IA, USA
| | - Andrew Kitchen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Allen L Norrbom
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, c/o National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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17
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Powell THQ, Nguyen A, Xia Q, Feder JL, Ragland GJ, Hahn DA. A rapidly evolved shift in life‐history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1371-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Binghamton University (State University of New York) Binghamton New York USA
| | - Andrew Nguyen
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Qinwen Xia
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana USA
| | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver Colorado USA
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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18
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Meyers PJ, Doellman MM, Ragland GJ, Hood GR, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Nosil P, Feder JL. Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190534. [PMID: 32654640 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies assessing the predictability of evolution typically focus on short-term adaptation within populations or the repeatability of change among lineages. A missing consideration in speciation research is to determine whether natural selection predictably transforms standing genetic variation within populations into differences between species. Here, we test whether and how host-related selection on diapause timing associates with genome-wide differentiation during ecological speciation by comparing ancestral hawthorn and newly formed apple-infesting host races of Rhagoletis pomonella to their sibling species Rhagoletis mendax that attacks blueberries. The associations of 57 857 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a diapause genome-wide-association study (GWAS) on the hawthorn race strongly predicted the direction and magnitude of genomic divergence among the three fly populations at a field site in Fennville, MI, USA. The apple race and R. mendax show parallel changes in the frequencies of putative inversions on three chromosomes associated with the earlier fruiting times of apples and blueberries compared to hawthorns. A diapause GWAS on R. mendax revealed compensatory changes throughout the genome accounting for the earlier eclosion of blueberry, but not apple flies. Thus, a degree of predictability, although not complete, exists in the genomics of diapause across the ecological speciation continuum in Rhagoletis. The generality of this result is placed in the context of other similar systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards the completion of speciation: the evolution of reproductive isolation beyond the first barriers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Meyers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gregory J Ragland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Department Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.,Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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19
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Tvedte ES, Walden KKO, McElroy KE, Werren JH, Forbes AA, Hood GR, Logsdon JM, Feder JL, Robertson HM. Genome of the Parasitoid Wasp Diachasma alloeum, an Emerging Model for Ecological Speciation and Transitions to Asexual Reproduction. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2767-2773. [PMID: 31553440 PMCID: PMC6781843 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are among the most speciose animals, yet have relatively few available genomic resources. We report a draft genome assembly of the wasp Diachasma alloeum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a host-specific parasitoid of the apple maggot fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), and a developing model for understanding how ecological speciation can “cascade” across trophic levels. Identification of gene content confirmed the overall quality of the draft genome, and we manually annotated ∼400 genes as part of this study, including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation, chemosensation, and reproduction. Through comparisons to model hymenopterans such as the European honeybee Apis mellifera and parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis, as well as a more closely related braconid parasitoid Microplitis demolitor, we identified a proliferation of transposable elements in the genome, an expansion of chemosensory genes in parasitoid wasps, and the maintenance of several key genes with known roles in sexual reproduction and sex determination. The D. alloeum genome will provide a valuable resource for comparative genomics studies in Hymenoptera as well as specific investigations into the genomic changes associated with ecological speciation and transitions to asexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Tvedte
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, IA.,Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL
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20
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Wadsworth CB, Okada Y, Dopman EB. Phenology-dependent cold exposure and thermal performance of Ostrinia nubilalis ecotypes. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:34. [PMID: 32138649 PMCID: PMC7059338 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding adaptation involves establishing connections between selective agents and beneficial population responses. However, relatively little attention has been paid to seasonal adaptation, in part, because it requires complex and integrative knowledge about seasonally fluctuating environmental factors, the effects of variable phenology on exposure to those factors, and evidence for temporal specialization. In the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis, sympatric pheromone strains exploit the same host plant (Zea mays) but may genetically differ in phenology and be reproductively “isolated by time.” Z strain populations in eastern North America have been shown to have a prolonged larval diapause and produce one annual mating flight (July), whereas E strain populations complete an earlier (June) and a later (August) mating flight by shortening diapause duration. Here, we find evidence consistent with seasonal “adaptation by time” between these ecotypes. Results We use 12 years of field observation of adult seasonal abundance to estimate phenology of ecotype life cycles and to quantify life-stage specific climatic conditions. We find that the observed reduction of diapause duration in the E strain leads their non-diapausing, active life stages to experience a ~ 4 °C colder environment compared to the equivalent life stages in the Z strain. For a representative pair of populations under controlled laboratory conditions, we compare life-stage specific cold tolerance and find non-diapausing, active life stages in the E strain have as much as a 60% greater capacity to survive rapid cold shock. Enhanced cold hardiness appears unrelated to life-stage specific changes in the temperature at which tissues freeze. Conclusions Our results suggest that isolation by time and adaptation by time may both contribute to population divergence, and they argue for expanded study in this species of allochronic populations in nature experiencing the full spectrum of seasonal environments. Cyclical selective pressures are inherent properties of seasonal habitats. Diverse fluctuating selective agents across each year (temperature, predation, competition, precipitation, etc.) may therefore be underappreciated drivers of biological diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crista B Wadsworth
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Current Affiliation: Rochester Institute of Technology, Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
| | - Yuta Okada
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Suite 4700, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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21
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Gillespie RG, Bennett GM, De Meester L, Feder JL, Fleischer RC, Harmon LJ, Hendry AP, Knope ML, Mallet J, Martin C, Parent CE, Patton AH, Pfennig KS, Rubinoff D, Schluter D, Seehausen O, Shaw KL, Stacy E, Stervander M, Stroud JT, Wagner C, Wogan GOU. Comparing Adaptive Radiations Across Space, Time, and Taxa. J Hered 2020; 111:1-20. [PMID: 31958131 PMCID: PMC7931853 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation plays a fundamental role in our understanding of the evolutionary process. However, the concept has provoked strong and differing opinions concerning its definition and nature among researchers studying a wide diversity of systems. Here, we take a broad view of what constitutes an adaptive radiation, and seek to find commonalities among disparate examples, ranging from plants to invertebrate and vertebrate animals, and remote islands to lakes and continents, to better understand processes shared across adaptive radiations. We surveyed many groups to evaluate factors considered important in a large variety of species radiations. In each of these studies, ecological opportunity of some form is identified as a prerequisite for adaptive radiation. However, evolvability, which can be enhanced by hybridization between distantly related species, may play a role in seeding entire radiations. Within radiations, the processes that lead to speciation depend largely on (1) whether the primary drivers of ecological shifts are (a) external to the membership of the radiation itself (mostly divergent or disruptive ecological selection) or (b) due to competition within the radiation membership (interactions among members) subsequent to reproductive isolation in similar environments, and (2) the extent and timing of admixture. These differences translate into different patterns of species accumulation and subsequent patterns of diversity across an adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiations occur in an extraordinary diversity of different ways, and continue to provide rich data for a better understanding of the diversification of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary G Gillespie
- University of California, Berkeley, Essig Museum of Entomology & Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA
| | - Gordon M Bennett
- University of California Merced, Life and Environmental Sciences Unit, Merced, CA
| | - Luc De Meester
- University of Leuven, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Leuven, Belguim
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- University of Notre Dame, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
| | - Luke J Harmon
- University of Idaho, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Moscow, ID
| | | | | | | | - Christopher Martin
- University of California Berkeley, Integrative Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Austin H Patton
- Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Pullman, WA
| | - Karin S Pfennig
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel Rubinoff
- University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Honolulu, HI
| | | | - Ole Seehausen
- Institute of Ecology & Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, BE, Switzerland
- Center for Ecology, Evolution & Biogeochemistry, Eawag, Kastanienbaum, LU, Switzerland
| | - Kerry L Shaw
- Cornell University, Neurobiology and Behavior, Tower Road,, Ithaca, NY
| | - Elizabeth Stacy
- University of Nevada Las Vegas, School of Life Sciences, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Martin Stervander
- University of Oregon, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Eugene, OR
| | - James T Stroud
- Washington University in Saint Louis, Biology, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | - Guinevere O U Wogan
- University of California Berkeley, Environmental Science Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA
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22
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Zhang L, Hood GR, Ott JR, Egan SP. Temporal isolation between sympatric host plants cascades across multiple trophic levels of host-associated insects. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190572. [PMID: 31847747 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenological differences between host plants can promote temporal isolation among host-associated populations of insects with life cycles tightly coupled to plant phenology. Divergence in the timing of spring budbreak between two sympatric sister oak species has been shown to promote temporal isolation between host plants and their host-associated populations of a cynipid gall wasp. Here, we examined the generality of this mechanism by testing the hypothesis of cascading temporal isolation for five additional gall-formers and three natural enemy species associated with these same oak species. The timing of adult emergence from galls differed significantly between host-associated populations for all nine species and parallels the direction of the phenological differences between host plants. Differences in emergence timing can reduce gene flow between host-associated populations by diminishing mating opportunities and/or reducing the fitness of immigrants due to differences in the availability of ephemeral resources. Our study suggests that cascading temporal isolation could be a powerful 'biodiversity generator' across multiple trophic levels in tightly coupled plant-insect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Zhang
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - James R Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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23
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Hood GR, Powell THQ, Doellman MM, Sim SB, Glover M, Yee WL, Goughnour RB, Mattsson M, Schwarz D, Feder JL. Rapid and repeatable host plant shifts drive reproductive isolation following a recent human-mediated introduction of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella. Evolution 2019; 74:156-168. [PMID: 31729753 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ecological speciation via host-shifting is often invoked as a mechanism for insect diversification, but the relative importance of this process is poorly understood. The shift of Rhagoletis pomonella in the 1850s from the native downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis, to introduced apple, Malus pumila, is a classic example of sympatric host race formation, a hypothesized early stage of ecological speciation. The accidental human-mediated introduction of R. pomonella into the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in the late 1970s allows us to investigate how novel ecological opportunities may trigger divergent adaptation and host race formation on a rapid timescale. Since the introduction, the fly has spread in the PNW, where in addition to apple, it now infests native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii, and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna. We use this "natural experiment" to test for genetic differentiation among apple, black, and ornamental hawthorn flies co-occurring at three sympatric sites. We report evidence that populations of all three host-associations are genetically differentiated at the local level, indicating that partial reproductive isolation has evolved in this novel habitat. Our results suggest that conditions suitable for initiating host-associated divergence may be common in nature, allowing for the rapid evolution of new host races when ecological opportunity arises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, 13902
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| | - Sheina B Sim
- USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720
| | - Mary Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
| | - Wee L Yee
- USDA-ARS Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington, 98951
| | | | - Monte Mattsson
- Environmental Services, City of Portland, Portland, Oregon, 97204
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, 98225
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556.,Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556.,Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
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24
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Driscoe AL, Nice CC, Busbee RW, Hood GR, Egan SP, Ott JR. Host plant associations and geography interact to shape diversification in a specialist insect herbivore. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4197-4211. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Driscoe
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
| | - Chris C. Nice
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
| | - Robert W. Busbee
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston Texas
| | - James R. Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology Program Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas
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25
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Doellman MM, Schuler H, Jean GS, Hood GR, Egan SP, Powell THQ, Glover MM, Bruzzese DJ, Smith JJ, Yee WL, Goughnour RB, Rull J, Aluja M, Feder JL. Geographic and Ecological Dimensions of Host Plant-Associated Genetic Differentiation and Speciation in the Rhagoletis cingulata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Sibling Species Group. INSECTS 2019; 10:E275. [PMID: 31470668 PMCID: PMC6780410 DOI: 10.3390/insects10090275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ascertaining the causes of adaptive radiation is central to understanding how new species arise and come to vary with their resources. The ecological theory posits adaptive radiation via divergent natural selection associated with novel resource use; an alternative suggests character displacement following speciation in allopatry and then secondary contact of reproductively isolated but ecologically similar species. Discriminating between hypotheses, therefore, requires the establishment of a key role for ecological diversification in initiating speciation versus a secondary role in facilitating co-existence. Here, we characterize patterns of genetic variation and postzygotic reproductive isolation for tephritid fruit flies in the Rhagoletis cingulata sibling species group to assess the significance of ecology, geography, and non-adaptive processes for their divergence. Our results support the ecological theory: no evidence for intrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation was found between two populations of allopatric species, while nuclear-encoded microsatellites implied strong ecologically based reproductive isolation among sympatric species infesting different host plants. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA suggested, however, that cytoplasmic-related reproductive isolation may also exist between two geographically isolated populations within R cingulata. Thus, ecology associated with sympatric host shifts and cytoplasmic effects possibly associated with an endosymbiont may be the key initial drivers of the radiation of the R. cingulata group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Hannes Schuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
| | - Gilbert Saint Jean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77088, USA
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Current Address: Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Mary M Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Daniel J Bruzzese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - James J Smith
- Michigan State University, Department of Entomology and Lyman Briggs College, East Holmes Hall, E. Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wee L Yee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951, USA
| | - Robert B Goughnour
- Washington State University Extension, 1919 NE 78th Street, Vancouver, WA 98665, USA
| | - Juan Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET, LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Martin Aluja
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec no. 351, Congregación el Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Bldg., University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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26
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Segar ST, Volf M, Sisol M, Pardikes NA, Souto-Vilarós D. Chemical cues and genetic divergence in insects on plants: conceptual cross pollination between mutualistic and antagonistic systems. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:83-90. [PMID: 31113637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cascading or reciprocal genetic diversification of herbivores, parasitoids, and pollinators can track chemotypic variation in host resources, and can lead to non-overlapping communities. Because plants simultaneously interact with both pollinators and herbivores, models investigating the genetic divergence of antagonistic herbivores and mutualistic pollinators should be merged in order to study how both processes interact using a common conceptual and methodological approach. We expect insects to mediate divergence in many systems, with outcomes depending on the level of pollinator or herbivore specialisation, and the relative selective pressures they impose. Applying approaches widely used to study insect pollinators, for example genomic tools and integration of behavioural, genetic and chemical data, to both pollinators and herbivores in the same system will facilitate our understanding of patterns of genetic divergence across multiple interacting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Segar
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, UK.
| | - Martin Volf
- Molecular Interaction Ecology Group, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mentap Sisol
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | | | - Daniel Souto-Vilarós
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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27
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Powell C, Caleca V, Sinno M, van Staden M, van Noort S, Rhode C, Allsopp E, van Asch B. Barcoding of parasitoid wasps (Braconidae and Chalcidoidea) associated with wild and cultivated olives in the Western Cape of South Africa. Genome 2019; 62:183-199. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2018-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Wild and cultivated olives harbor and share a diversity of insects, some of which are considered agricultural pests, such as the olive fruit fly. The assemblage of olive-associated parasitoids and seed wasps is rich and specialized in sub-Saharan Africa, with native species possibly coevolving with their hosts. Although historical entomological surveys reported on the diversity of olive wasp species in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, no comprehensive study has been performed in the region in the molecular era. In this study, a dual approach combining morphological and DNA-based methods was used for the identification of adult specimens reared from olive fruits. Four species of Braconidae and six species of Chalcidoidea were identified, and DNA barcoding methodologies were used to investigate conspecificity among individuals, based on randomly selected representative specimens. Morphological identifications were congruent with DNA data, as NJ and ML trees correctly placed the sequences for each species either at the genus or species level, depending on the available taxa coverage, and genetic distances strongly supported conspecificity. No clear evidence of cryptic diversity was found. Overall seed infestation and parasitism rates were higher in wild olives compared to cultivated olives, and highest for Eupelmus spermophilus and Utetes africanus. These results can be used for early DNA-based detection of wasp larvae in olives and to further investigate the biology and ecology of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chante Powell
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Virgilio Caleca
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Martina Sinno
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michaela van Staden
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Simon van Noort
- Division of Entomology, Department of Natural History, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clint Rhode
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elleunorah Allsopp
- Agricultural Research Council, Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Barbara van Asch
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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28
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Hood GR, Zhang L, Hu EG, Ott JR, Egan SP. Cascading reproductive isolation: Plant phenology drives temporal isolation among populations of a host‐specific herbivore. Evolution 2019; 73:554-568. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen R. Hood
- Department of BiosciencesAnderson Biological LaboratoriesRice University Houston Texas 77005
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State University Detroit Michigan 48202
| | - Linyi Zhang
- Department of BiosciencesAnderson Biological LaboratoriesRice University Houston Texas 77005
| | - Elaine G. Hu
- Department of BiosciencesAnderson Biological LaboratoriesRice University Houston Texas 77005
| | - James R. Ott
- Population and Conservation Biology ProgramDepartment of BiologyTexas State University San Marcos Texas 78666
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of BiosciencesAnderson Biological LaboratoriesRice University Houston Texas 77005
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29
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Doellman MM, Egan SP, Ragland GJ, Meyers PJ, Hood GR, Powell THQ, Lazorchak P, Hahn DA, Berlocher SH, Nosil P, Feder JL. Standing geographic variation in eclosion time and the genomics of host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:393-409. [PMID: 30680122 PMCID: PMC6342182 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxa harboring high levels of standing variation may be more likely to adapt to rapid environmental shifts and experience ecological speciation. Here, we characterize geographic and host-related differentiation for 10,241 single nucleotide polymorphisms in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies to infer whether standing genetic variation in adult eclosion time in the ancestral hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)-infesting host race, as opposed to new mutations, contributed substantially to its recent shift to earlier fruiting apple (Malus domestica). Allele frequency differences associated with early vs. late eclosion time within each host race were significantly related to geographic genetic variation and host race differentiation across four sites, arrayed from north to south along a 430-km transect, where the host races co-occur in sympatry in the Midwest United States. Host fruiting phenology is clinal, with both apple and hawthorn trees fruiting earlier in the North and later in the South. Thus, we expected alleles associated with earlier eclosion to be at higher frequencies in northern populations. This pattern was observed in the hawthorn race across all four populations; however, allele frequency patterns in the apple race were more complex. Despite the generally earlier eclosion timing of apple flies and corresponding apple fruiting phenology, alleles on chromosomes 2 and 3 associated with earlier emergence were paradoxically at lower frequency in the apple than hawthorn host race across all four sympatric sites. However, loci on chromosome 1 did show higher frequencies of early eclosion-associated alleles in the apple than hawthorn host race at the two southern sites, potentially accounting for their earlier eclosion phenotype. Thus, although extensive clinal genetic variation in the ancestral hawthorn race exists and contributed to the host shift to apple, further study is needed to resolve details of how this standing variation was selected to generate earlier eclosing apple fly populations in the North.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott P. Egan
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexas
| | - Gregory J. Ragland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Colorado–DenverDenverColorado
| | - Peter J. Meyers
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
| | - Glen R. Hood
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Biological SciencesWayne State UniversityDetroitMichigan
| | - Thomas H. Q. Powell
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Biological SciencesState University of New York–BinghamtonBinghamtonNew York
| | - Peter Lazorchak
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Department of Computer ScienceJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMaryland
| | - Daniel A. Hahn
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Stewart H. Berlocher
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois
| | - Patrik Nosil
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Jeffrey L. Feder
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
- Environmental Change InitiativeUniversity of Notre DameNotre DameIndiana
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30
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Reef fish functional traits evolve fastest at trophic extremes. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:191-199. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Stireman JO, Singer MS. Tritrophic niches of insect herbivores in an era of rapid environmental change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:117-125. [PMID: 30551817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multi-trophic perspective improves understanding of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of rapid environmental change on insect herbivores. Loss of specialized enemies due to human impacts is predicted to dramatically reduce the number of tritrophic niches of herbivores compared to a bitrophic niche perspective. Habitat fragmentation and climate change promote the loss of both specialist enemies and herbivores, favoring ecological generalism across trophic levels. Species invasion can fundamentally alter trophic interactions toward various outcomes and contributes to ecological homogenization. Adaptive evolution on ecological timescales is expected to dampen tritrophic instabilities and diversify niches, yet its ability to compensate for tritrophic niche losses in the short term is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| | - Michael S Singer
- Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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32
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Zhang YM, Bass AIH, Fernández DC, Sharanowski BJ. Habitat or temporal isolation: Unraveling herbivore-parasitoid speciation patterns using double digest RADseq. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9803-9816. [PMID: 30386576 PMCID: PMC6202701 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological speciation is often observed in phytophagous insects and their parasitoids due to divergent selection caused by host-associated or temporal differences. Most previous studies have utilized limited genetic markers or distantly related species to look for reproductive barriers of speciation. In our study, we focus on closely related species of Lygus bugs and two sister species of Peristenus parasitoid wasps. Using mitochondrial DNA COI and genomewide SNPs generated using ddRADseq, we tested for potential effects of host-associated differentiation (HAD) or temporal isolation in this system. While three species of Lygus are clearly delineated with both COI and SNPs, no evidence of HAD or temporal differentiation was detected. Two Peristenus sister species were supported by both sets of markers and separated temporally, with P. mellipes emerging early in June and attacking the first generation of Lygus, while P. howardi emerging later in August and attacking the second generation of their hosts. This is one of the few studies to examine closely related hosts and parasitoids to examine drivers of diversification. Given the results of this study, the Lygus-Peristenus system demonstrates temporal isolation as a potential barrier to reproductive isolation for parasitoids, which could indicate higher parasitoid diversity in regions of multivoltine hosts. This study also demonstrates that incorporating systematics improves studies of parasitoid speciation, particularly by obtaining accurate host records through rearing, carefully delimiting cryptic species and examining population-level differences with genomic-scale data among closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Miles Zhang
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
| | - Amber I. H. Bass
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFlorida
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33
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Yu H, Liang D, Tian E, Zheng L, Kjellberg F. Plant geographic phenotypic variation drives diversification in its associated community of a phytophagous insect and its parasitoids. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:134. [PMID: 30180795 PMCID: PMC6123920 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1239-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the communities constituted by phytophageous insects and their parasites may represent half of all terrestrial animal species, understanding their diversification remains a major challenge. A neglected idea is that geographic phenotypic variation in a host plant may lead to heterogeneous evolutionary responses of the different members of the associated communities. This could result in diversification on a host plant by ecological speciation in some species, leading to geographic variation in community composition. In this study we investigated geographic variation of inflorescence receptacle size in a plant, Ficus hirta, and how the hymenopteran community feeding in the inflorescences has responded. Our predictions were: 1) Inflorescence size variation affects wasp species differently depending on how they access oviposition sites. 2) In some affected lineages of wasps, we may observe vicariant, parapatric species adapted to different inflorescence sizes. RESULTS We show that fig (the enclosed inflorescence of Ficus) wall thickness varies geographically. The fig-entering pollinating wasp was not affected, while the parasites ovipositing through the fig wall were. Two parapatric species of Philotrypesis, exhibiting strikingly different ovipositor lengths, were recorded. One species of Sycoscapter was also present, and it was restricted, like the shorter-ovipositor Philotrypesis, to the geographic zone where fig walls were thinner. CONCLUSIONS Previous work on fig wasps suggested that parapatric geographic ranges among congenerics were due to adaptation to variation in abiotic factors, complemented by interspecific competition. Our results show that parapatric ranges may also result from adaptation to variation in biotic factors. Within an insect community, differences among species in their response to geographic phenotypic variation of their host plant may result in geographically heterogeneous community structure. Such heterogeneity leads to heterogeneous interaction networks among sites. Our results support the hypothesis that plant geographic phenotypic variation can be a driver of diversification in associated insect communities, and can complement other diversification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
| | - Dan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Enwei Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Linna Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, and Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Finn Kjellberg
- CEFE, UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cédex 5, France
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34
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Rull J, Tadeo E, Lasa R, Aluja M. The effect of winter length on duration of dormancy and survival of specialized herbivorous Rhagoletis fruit flies from high elevation environments with acyclic climatic variability. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:461-470. [PMID: 28925346 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dormancy can be defined as a state of suppressed development allowing insects to cope with adverse conditions and plant phenology. Among specialized herbivorous insects exploiting seasonal resources, diapause frequently evolves as a strategy to adjust to predictable plant seasonal cycles. To cope with acyclic and unpredictable climatic events, it has been found for some insects that a proportion of the population undergoes prolonged dormancy. We compared the response of three species in the Rhagoletis cingulata species group exploiting plants differing in fruiting phenology from environments varying in frequency and timing of acyclic climatic catastrophic events (frost during flowering and fruit set) and varying also in the time of the onset of the rainy season. Small proportions (10 months), and large proportions of pupae died without emerging as adults. The number of days elapsed from the end of artificial winter and adult eclosion was longer for R. cingulata exploiting late fruiting Prunus serotina in Northeastern Mexico than for flies recovered from earlier fruiting plants in the central Altiplano. Rhagoletis turpiniae and northeastern R. cingulata pupae suffered high proportions of parasitism. Large proportions of R. cingulata from central Mexico engaging in prolonged dormancy may be explained by the fact that flowering and fruit set for its host, P. serotina var capuli, driven by the timing of maximum precipitation, matches a period of highest probability of frost often resulting in large areas with fruitless trees at unpredictable time intervals. As a consequence of differences in host plant fruiting phenology, central and northeastern Mexican R. cingulata were found to be allochronically isolated. Prolonged dormancy may have resulted in escape from parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rull
- PROIMI Biotecnología-CONICET,LIEMEN-División Control Biológico de Plagas,Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros,T4001MVB San Miguel de Tucumán,Tucumán,Argentina
| | - E Tadeo
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores,Instituto de Ecología,A.C.,Xalapa,Veracruz 91070,México
| | - R Lasa
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores,Instituto de Ecología,A.C.,Xalapa,Veracruz 91070,México
| | - M Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores,Instituto de Ecología,A.C.,Xalapa,Veracruz 91070,México
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Forbes AA, Bagley RK, Beer MA, Hippee AC, Widmayer HA. Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 30001194 PMCID: PMC6042248 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species-rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, is more speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both disfavor parasitoid wasps. Though it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described species in each order, the ecology of parasitic wasps-specifically, their intimate interactions with their hosts-allows for estimation of relative richness. RESULTS We present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle species than parasitic wasp species. We couple this model with an accounting of what we call the "genus-specific parasitoid-host ratio" from four well-studied genera of insect hosts, a metric by which to generate extremely conservative estimates of the average number of parasitic wasp species attacking a given beetle or other insect host species. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis of our model with data from real host systems suggests that the Hymenoptera may have 2.5-3.2× more species than the Coleoptera. While there are more described species of beetles than all other animals, the Hymenoptera are almost certainly the larger order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Robin K Bagley
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Marc A Beer
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alaine C Hippee
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Heather A Widmayer
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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36
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Bracewell RR, Vanderpool D, Good JM, Six DL. Cascading speciation among mutualists and antagonists in a tree-beetle-fungi interaction. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0694. [PMID: 30051849 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cascading speciation is predicted to occur when multiple interacting species diverge in parallel as a result of divergence in one species promoting adaptive differentiation in other species. However, there are few examples where ecological interactions among taxa have been shown to result in speciation that cascades across multiple trophic levels. Here, we test for cascading speciation occurring among the western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis), its primary host tree (Pinus ponderosa), and the beetle's fungal mutualists (Ceratocystiopsis brevicomi and Entomocorticium sp. B). We assembled genomes for the beetle and a fungal symbiont and then generated reduced representation genomic data (RADseq) from range-wide samples of these three interacting species. Combined with published data for the host tree, we present clear evidence that the tree, the beetle, and the fungal symbionts are all genetically structured into at least two distinct groups that have strongly codiverged with geographical isolation. We then combine our genomic results with diverse population and laboratory-based data to show evidence for reproductive isolation at each level of the cascade and for coevolution of both antagonistic and mutualistic species interactions within this complex network.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Bracewell
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - D Vanderpool
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - J M Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - D L Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, The University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, USA
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37
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Denlinger DL, Hahn DA, Merlin C, Holzapfel CM, Bradshaw WE. Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0257. [PMID: 28993500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal change in daylength (photoperiod) is widely used by insects to regulate temporal patterns of development and behaviour, including the timing of diapause (dormancy) and migration. Flexibility of the photoperiodic response is critical for rapid shifts to new hosts, survival in the face of global climate change and to reproductive isolation. At the same time, the daily circadian clock is also essential for development, diapause and multiple behaviours, including correct flight orientation during long-distance migration. Although studied for decades, how these two critical biological timing mechanisms are integrated is poorly understood, in part because the core circadian clock genes are all transcription factors or regulators that are able to exert multiple effects throughout the genome. In this chapter, we discuss clocks in the wild from the perspective of diverse insect groups across eco-geographic contexts from the Antarctic to the tropical regions of Earth. Application of the expanding tool box of molecular techniques will lead us to distinguish universal from unique mechanisms underlying the evolution of circadian and photoperiodic timing, and their interaction across taxonomic and ecological contexts represented by insects.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - William E Bradshaw
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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38
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Nicholls JA, Schönrogge K, Preuss S, Stone GN. Partitioning of herbivore hosts across time and food plants promotes diversification in the Megastigmus dorsalis oak gall parasitoid complex. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:1300-1315. [PMID: 29375799 PMCID: PMC5773290 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Communities of insect herbivores and their natural enemies are rich and ecologically crucial components of terrestrial biodiversity. Understanding the processes that promote their origin and maintenance is thus of considerable interest. One major proposed mechanism is ecological speciation through host-associated differentiation (HAD), the divergence of a polyphagous species first into ecological host races and eventually into more specialized daughter species. The rich chalcid parasitoid communities attacking cynipid oak gall wasp hosts are structured by multiple host traits, including food plant taxon, host gall phenology, and gall structure. Here, we ask whether the same traits structure genetic diversity within supposedly generalist parasitoid morphospecies. We use mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite genotypes to quantify HAD for Megastigmus (Bootanomyia) dorsalis, a complex of two apparently generalist cryptic parasitoid species attacking oak galls. Ancient Balkan refugial populations showed phenological separation between the cryptic species, one primarily attacking spring galls, and the other mainly attacking autumn galls. The spring species also contained host races specializing on galls developing on different host-plant lineages (sections Cerris vs. Quercus) within the oak genus Quercus. These results indicate more significant host-associated structuring within oak gall parasitoid communities than previously thought and support ecological theory predicting the evolution of specialist lineages within generalist parasitoids. In contrast, UK populations of the autumn cryptic species associated with both native and recently invading oak gall wasps showed no evidence of population differentiation, implying rapid recruitment of native parasitoid populations onto invading hosts, and hence potential for natural biological control. This is of significance given recent rapid range expansion of the economically damaging chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Nicholls
- Ashworth Labs Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Sonja Preuss
- Ashworth Labs Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK.,Present address: Uppsala County Administrative Board Uppsala Sweden
| | - Graham N Stone
- Ashworth Labs Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
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39
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Sim SB, Doellman MM, Hood GR, Yee WL, Powell THQ, Schwarz D, Goughnour RB, Egan SP, Jean GS, Smith JJ, Arcella TE, Dzurisin JDK, Feder JL. Genetic Evidence for the Introduction of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) into the Northwestern United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2599-2608. [PMID: 29029209 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a serious quarantine pest in the apple-growing regions of central Washington and Oregon. The fly is believed to have been introduced into the Pacific Northwest via the transport of larval-infested apples near Portland, Oregon, within the last 40 yr. However, R. pomonella also attacks native black hawthorn, Crataegus douglasii Lindley (Rosales: Rosaceae), and introduced ornamental hawthorn, Crataegus monogyna Jacquin, in the region. It is, therefore, possible that R. pomonella was not introduced but has always been present on black hawthorn. If true, then the fly may have independently shifted from hawthorn onto apple in the Pacific Northwest within the last 40 yr after apples were introduced. Here, we test the introduction hypothesis through a microsatellite genetic survey of 10 R. pomonella sites in Washington and 5 in the eastern United States, as well as a comparison to patterns of genetic variation between populations of Rhagoletis cingulata Loew and Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, two sister species of cherry-infesting flies known to be native to the eastern and western United States, respectively. We report results based on genetic distance networks, patterns of allelic variation, and estimated times of population divergence that are consistent with the introduction hypothesis for R. pomonella. The results have important implications for R. pomonella management, suggesting that black hawthorn-infesting flies near commercial apple-growing regions of central Washington may harbor sufficient variation to utilize apple as an alternate host, urging careful monitoring, and possible removal of hawthorn trees near orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheina B Sim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Glen R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Wee L Yee
- USDA-ARS, Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory
| | - Thomas H Q Powell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | | | | | - Scott P Egan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Gilbert St Jean
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - James J Smith
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University
- Lyman Briggs College, East Holmes Hall, Michigan State University
| | - Tracy E Arcella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Jason D K Dzurisin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Sciences Building, University of Notre Dame
- Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Environmental Change Initiative, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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40
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Brodersen J, Post DM, Seehausen O. Upward Adaptive Radiation Cascades: Predator Diversification Induced by Prey Diversification. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 33:59-70. [PMID: 29096889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The value of biodiversity is widely appreciated, but we are only beginning to understand the interplay of processes that generate biodiversity and their consequences for coevolutionary interactions. Whereas predator-prey coevolution is most often analyzed in the context of evolutionary arms races, much less has been written about how predators are affected by, and respond to, evolutionary diversification in their prey. We hypothesize here that adaptive radiation of prey may lead to diversification and potentially speciation in predators, a process that we call an upwards adaptive radiation cascade. In this paper we lay out the conceptual basis for upwards adaptive radiation cascades, explore evidence for such cascades, and finally advocate for intensified research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Brodersen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland.
| | - David M Post
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8105, USA
| | - Ole Seehausen
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Seestrasse 79, CH-6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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41
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Chaturvedi S, Rego A, Lucas LK, Gompert Z. Sources of Variation in the Gut Microbial Community of Lycaeides melissa Caterpillars. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11335. [PMID: 28900218 PMCID: PMC5595848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes can mediate insect-plant interactions and have been implicated in major evolutionary transitions to herbivory. Whether microbes also play a role in more modest host shifts or expansions in herbivorous insects is less clear. Here we evaluate the potential for gut microbial communities to constrain or facilitate host plant use in the Melissa blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa). We conducted a larval rearing experiment where caterpillars from two populations were fed plant tissue from two hosts. We used 16S rRNA sequencing to quantify the relative effects of sample type (frass versus whole caterpillar), diet (plant species), butterfly population and development (caterpillar age) on the composition and diversity of the caterpillar gut microbial communities, and secondly, to test for a relationship between microbial community and larval performance. Gut microbial communities varied over time (that is, with caterpillar age) and differed between frass and whole caterpillar samples. Diet (host plant) and butterfly population had much more limited effects on microbial communities. We found no evidence that gut microbe community composition was associated with caterpillar weight, and thus, our results provide no support for the hypothesis that variation in microbial community affects performance in L. melissa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samridhi Chaturvedi
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, 84322, UT, USA.,Utah State University, Ecology Center, Logan, 84322, UT, USA
| | - Alexandre Rego
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, 84322, UT, USA
| | - Lauren K Lucas
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, 84322, UT, USA
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Utah State University, Department of Biology, Logan, 84322, UT, USA. .,Utah State University, Ecology Center, Logan, 84322, UT, USA.
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42
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Collin R, Kerr K, Contolini G, Ochoa I. Reproductive cycles in tropical intertidal gastropods are timed around tidal amplitude cycles. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5977-5991. [PMID: 28808559 PMCID: PMC5551088 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction in iteroparous marine organisms is often timed with abiotic cycles and may follow lunar, tidal amplitude, or daily cycles. Among intertidal marine invertebrates, decapods are well known to time larval release to coincide with large amplitude nighttime tides, which minimizes the risk of predation. Such bimonthly cycles have been reported for few other intertidal invertebrates. We documented the reproduction of 6 gastropod species from Panama to determine whether they demonstrate reproductive cycles, whether these cycles follow a 2‐week cycle, and whether cycles are timed so that larval release occurs during large amplitude tides. Two of the species (Crepidula cf. marginalis and Nerita scabricosta) showed nonuniform reproduction, but without clear peaks in timing relative to tidal or lunar cycles. The other 4 species show clear peaks in reproduction occurring every 2 weeks. In 3 of these species (Cerithideopsis carlifornica var. valida, Littoraria variegata, and Natica chemnitzi), hatching occurred within 4 days of the maximum amplitude tides. Siphonaria palmata exhibit strong cycles, but reproduction occurred during the neap tides. Strong differences in the intensity of reproduction of Cerithideopsis carlifornica, and in particular, Littoraria variegata, between the larger and smaller spring tides of a lunar month indicate that these species time reproduction with the tidal amplitude cycle rather than the lunar cycle. For those species that reproduce during both the wet and dry seasons, we found that reproductive timing did not differ between seasons despite strong differences in temperature and precipitation. Overall, we found that most (4/6) species have strong reproductive cycles synchronized with the tidal amplitude cycle and that seasonal differences in abiotic factors do not alter these cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Collin
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Kecia Kerr
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama.,Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB USA
| | - Gina Contolini
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama.,Long Marine Lab Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California at Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Isis Ochoa
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
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Calcagno V, Jarne P, Loreau M, Mouquet N, David P. Diversity spurs diversification in ecological communities. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15810. [PMID: 28598423 PMCID: PMC5494188 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity is a fundamental, yet threatened, property of ecological systems. The idea that diversity can itself favour diversification, in an autocatalytic process, is very appealing but remains controversial. Here, we study a generalized model of ecological communities and investigate how the level of initial diversity influences the possibility of evolutionary diversification. We show that even simple models of intra- and inter-specific ecological interactions can predict a positive effect of diversity on diversification: adaptive radiations may require a threshold number of species before kicking-off. We call this phenomenon DDAR (diversity-dependent adaptive radiations) and identify mathematically two distinct pathways connecting diversity to diversification, involving character displacement and the positive diversity-productivity relationship. Our results may explain observed delays in adaptive radiations at the macroscale and diversification patterns reported in experimental microbial communities, and shed new light on the dynamics of ecological diversity, the diversity-dependence of diversification rates, and the consequences of biodiversity loss. Diversification may be driven by diversity, a concept Calcagno et al. explore using models of intra- and inter-specific ecological interactions. A threshold number of species is sometimes required before adaptive radiations can occur; a phenomenon they term diversity-dependent adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Calcagno
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INRA, ISA, Sophia Antipolis 06900, France
| | - Philippe Jarne
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Univ. of Montpellier-Univ. P. Valery Montp.-EPHE, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS-Univ. Paul Sabatier, Moulis 09200, France
| | - Nicolas Mouquet
- MARBEC, CNRS-IFREMER-IRD-Univ. of Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Patrice David
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Univ. of Montpellier-Univ. P. Valery Montp.-EPHE, Montpellier 34090, France
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44
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Hall AAG, Steinbauer MJ, Taylor GS, Johnson SN, Cook JM, Riegler M. Unravelling mummies: cryptic diversity, host specificity, trophic and coevolutionary interactions in psyllid - parasitoid food webs. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28587639 PMCID: PMC5461677 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitoids are hyperdiverse and can contain morphologically and functionally cryptic species, making them challenging to study. Parasitoid speciation can arise from specialisation on niches or diverging hosts. However, which process dominates is unclear because cospeciation across multiple parasitoid and host species has rarely been tested. Host specificity and trophic interactions of the parasitoids of psyllids (Hemiptera) remain mostly unknown, but these factors are fundamentally important for understanding of species diversity, and have important applied implications for biological control. RESULTS We sampled diverse parasitoid communities from eight Eucalyptus-feeding psyllid species in the genera Cardiaspina and Spondyliaspis, and characterised their phylogenetic and trophic relationships using a novel approach that forensically linked emerging parasitoids with the presence of their DNA in post-emergence insect mummies. We also tested whether parasitoids have cospeciated with their psyllid hosts. The parasitoid communities included three Psyllaephagus morphospecies (two primary and, unexpectedly, one heteronomous hyperparasitoid that uses different host species for male and female development), and the hyperparasitoid, Coccidoctonus psyllae. However, the number of genetically delimited Psyllaephagus species was three times higher than the number of recognisable morphospecies, while the hyperparasitoid formed a single generalist species. In spite of this, cophylogenetic analysis revealed unprecedented codivergence of this hyperparasitoid with its primary parasitoid host, suggesting that this single hyperparasitoid species is possibly diverging into host-specific species. Overall, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid diversification was characterised by functional conservation of morphospecies, high host specificity and some host switching between sympatric psyllid hosts. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that host specialisation, host codivergence and host switching are important factors driving the species diversity of endoparasitoid communities of specialist host herbivores. Specialisation in parasitoids can also result in heteronomous life histories that may be more common than appreciated. A host generalist strategy may be rare in endoparasitoids of specialist herbivores despite the high conservation of morphology and trophic roles, and endoparasitoid species richness is likely to be much higher than previously estimated. This also implies that the success of biological control requires detailed investigation to enable accurate identification of parasitoid-host interactions before candidate parasitoid species are selected as biological control agents for target pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan A G Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Martin J Steinbauer
- Department of Ecology, Environment & Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Gary S Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - James M Cook
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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45
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Taylor RS, Friesen VL. The role of allochrony in speciation. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3330-3342. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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46
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Rudman SM, Kreitzman M, Chan KMA, Schluter D. Evosystem Services: Rapid Evolution and the Provision of Ecosystem Services. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:403-415. [PMID: 28336183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution is recognized as the source of all organisms, and hence many ecosystem services. However, the role that contemporary evolution might play in maintaining and enhancing specific ecosystem services has largely been overlooked. Recent advances at the interface of ecology and evolution have demonstrated how contemporary evolution can shape ecological communities and ecosystem functions. We propose a definition and quantitative criteria to study how rapid evolution affects ecosystem services (here termed contemporary evosystem services) and present plausible scenarios where such services might exist. We advocate for the direct measurement of contemporary evosystem services to improve understanding of how changing environments will alter resource availability and human well-being, and highlight the potential utility of managing rapid evolution for future ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Rudman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Maayan Kreitzman
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 429-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kai M A Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 429-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Forbes AA, Devine SN, Hippee AC, Tvedte ES, Ward AKG, Widmayer HA, Wilson CJ. Revisiting the particular role of host shifts in initiating insect speciation. Evolution 2017; 71:1126-1137. [PMID: 28052326 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The notion that shifts to new hosts can initiate insect speciation is more than 150 years old, yet widespread conflation with paradigms of sympatric speciation has led to confusion about how much support exists for this hypothesis. Here, we review 85 insect systems and evaluate the relationship between host shifting, reproductive isolation, and speciation. We sort insects into five categories: (1) systems in which a host shift has initiated speciation; (2) systems in which a host shift has made a contribution to speciation; (3) systems in which a host shift has caused the evolution of new reproductive isolating barriers; (4) systems with host-associated genetic differences; and (5) systems with no evidence of host-associated genetic differences. We find host-associated genetic structure in 65 systems, 43 of which show that host shifts have resulted in the evolution of new reproductive barriers. Twenty-six of the latter also support a role for host shifts in speciation, including eight studies that definitively support the hypothesis that a host shift has initiated speciation. While this review is agnostic as to the fraction of all insect speciation events to which host shifts have contributed, it clarifies that host shifts absolutely can and do initiate speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Sara N Devine
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Alaine C Hippee
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Eric S Tvedte
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Anna K G Ward
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | | | - Caleb J Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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Schuler H, Kern P, Arthofer W, Vogt H, Fischer M, Stauffer C, Riegler M. Wolbachia in Parasitoids Attacking Native European and Introduced Eastern Cherry Fruit Flies in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1424-1431. [PMID: 28028089 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an economically important pest of cherries in North America. In 1983 it was first reported in Europe where it shares its ecological niche with the native European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Their coexistence in Europe led to the recent horizontal transmission of the Wolbachia strain wCer1 from R. cerasi to R. cingulata Horizontal Wolbachia transmission is mediated by either sharing of ecological niches or by interacting species such as parasitoids. Here we describe for the first time that two braconid wasps, Psyttalia rhagoleticola Sachtleben (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Utetes magnus Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), naturally parasitizing R. cerasi, use the invasive R. cingulata in Europe as a new host. In contrast, no parasitoids that parasitize R. cingulata in its native American range were detected in the introduced European range. Diagnostic Wolbachia PCR screening and sequence analyses demonstrated that all P. rhagoleticola individuals were infected with the newly described Wolbachia strain wRha while all U. magnus individuals were uninfected. wRha is different from wCer1 but had an Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) gene sequence that was identical to wCer2 of R. cerasi and wCin2 of R. cingulata. However, multi locus sequence typing revealed differences in all loci between wRha and the tephritid's strains. The horizontal transmission of wCer1 between the two tephritid species did not result in fixed heritable infections in the parasitoids. However, the parasitoids may have acted as a transient wCer1 vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schuler
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Universitätsplatz 5, 39100 Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Building, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Peter Kern
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia (; )
| | - Wolfgang Arthofer
- Molecular Ecology Group, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Heidrun Vogt
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Schwabenheimerstrasse 101, 69221 Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Fischer
- 2nd Zoological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1014 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stauffer
- Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Boku, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstrasse 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria (; )
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia (; )
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Hamerlinck G, Hulbert D, Hood GR, Smith JJ, Forbes AA. Histories of host shifts and cospeciation among free‐living parasitoids of
Rhagoletis
flies. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1766-79. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Hamerlinck
- Department of Biology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - D. Hulbert
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - G. R. Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame South Bend IN USA
| | - J. J. Smith
- Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - A. A. Forbes
- Department of Biology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
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50
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van Nouhuys S. Diversity, population structure, and individual behaviour of parasitoids as seen using molecular markers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:94-99. [PMID: 27436653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have long been models for host-parasite interactions, and are important in biological control. Neutral molecular markers have become increasingly accessible tools, revealing previously unknown parasitoid diversity. Thus, insect communities are now seen as more speciose. They have also been found to be more complex, based on trophic links detected using bits of parasitoid DNA in hosts, and host DNA in adult parasitoids. At the population level molecular markers are used to determine the influence of factors such as host dynamics on parasitoid population structure. Finally, at the individual level, they are used to identify movement of individuals. Overall molecular markers greatly increase the value of parasitoid samples collected, for both basic and applied research, at all levels of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskya van Nouhuys
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, PO box 65, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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