1
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Sartoris S, Del Pozzo G. Exploring the HLA complex in autoimmunity: From the risk haplotypes to the modulation of expression. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110266. [PMID: 38851519 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The genes mapping at the HLA region show high density, strong linkage disequilibrium and high polymorphism, which affect the association of HLA class I and class II genes with autoimmunity. We focused on the HLA haplotypes, genomic structures consisting of an array of specific alleles showing some degrees of genetic association with different autoimmune disorders. GWASs in many pathologies have identified variants in either the coding loci or the flanking regulatory regions, both in linkage disequilibrium in haplotypes, that are frequently associated with increased risk and may influence gene expression. We discuss the relevance of the HLA gene expression because the level of surface heterodimers determines the number of complexes presenting self-antigen and, thus, the strength of pathogenic autoreactive T cells immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sartoris
- Dept. of Medicine, Section of Immunology University of Verona School of Medicine, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Del Pozzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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2
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Avery CN, Russell ND, Steely CJ, Hersh AO, Bohnsack JF, Prahalad S, Jorde LB. Shared genomic segments analysis identifies MHC class I and class III molecules as genetic risk factors for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100277. [PMID: 38369753 PMCID: PMC10918567 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a complex rheumatic disease encompassing several clinically defined subtypes of varying severity. The etiology of JIA remains largely unknown, but genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified up to 22 genes associated with JIA susceptibility, including a well-established association with HLA-DRB1. Continued investigation of heritable risk factors has been hindered by disease heterogeneity and low disease prevalence. In this study, we utilized shared genomic segments (SGS) analysis on whole-genome sequencing of 40 cases from 12 multi-generational pedigrees significantly enriched for JIA. Subsets of cases are connected by a common ancestor in large extended pedigrees, increasing the power to identify disease-associated loci. SGS analysis identifies genomic segments shared among disease cases that are likely identical by descent and anchored by a disease locus. This approach revealed statistically significant signals for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class III alleles, particularly HLA-A∗02:01, which was observed at a high frequency among cases. Furthermore, we identified an additional risk locus at 12q23.2-23.3, containing genes primarily expressed by naive B cells, natural killer cells, and monocytes. The recognition of additional risk beyond HLA-DRB1 provides a new perspective on immune cell dynamics in JIA. These findings contribute to our understanding of JIA and may guide future research and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile N Avery
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Nicole D Russell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cody J Steely
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aimee O Hersh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John F Bohnsack
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sampath Prahalad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Lynn B Jorde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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3
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Zhao H, Wang H, Qin Y, Ling S, Zhai H, Jin J, Fang L, Cao Z, Jin S, Yang X, Wang J. CCCTC-binding factor: the specific transcription factor of β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 that upregulates the sialylation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:826-836. [PMID: 37326830 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sialylation of the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of ACPAs, which is catalysed by β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) could attenuate inflammation of RA. In this study, we screened the transcription factor of ST6GAL1 and elucidated the mechanism of transcriptionally upregulating sialylation of ACPAs in B cells to explore its role in the progression of RA. METHODS Transcription factors interacting with the P2 promoter of ST6GAL1 were screened by DNA pull-down and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and verified by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The function of the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) on the expression of ST6GAL1 and the inflammatory effect of ACPAs were verified by knocking down and overexpressing CTCF in B cells. The CIA model was constructed from B cell-specific CTCF knockout mice to explore the effect of CTCF on arthritis progression. RESULTS We observed that the levels of ST6GAL1 and ACPAs sialylation decreased in the serum of RA patients and were negatively correlated with DAS28 scores. Subsequently, CTCF was screened and verified as the transcription factor interacting with the P2 promoter of ST6GAL1, which enhances the sialylation of ACPAs, thus weakening the inflammatory activity of ACPAs. Furthermore, the above results were also verified in the CIA model constructed from B cell-specific CTCF knockout mice. CONCLUSION CCCTC-binding factor is the specific transcription factor of β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 in B cells that upregulates the sialylation of ACPAs in RA and attenuates the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunwang Ling
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haige Zhai
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayi Jin
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zelin Cao
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Autoimmune Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Sui JY, Eichenfield DZ, Sun BK. The role of enhancers in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2023; 190:10-19. [PMID: 37658835 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory elements, particularly enhancers, play a crucial role in disease susceptibility and progression. Enhancers are DNA sequences that activate gene expression and can be affected by epigenetic modifications, interactions with transcription factors (TFs) or changes to the enhancer DNA sequence itself. Altered enhancer activity impacts gene expression and contributes to disease. In this review, we define enhancers and the experimental techniques used to identify and characterize them. We also discuss recent studies that examine how enhancers contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Articles in the PubMed database were identified (from 1 January 2010 to 28 February 2023) that were relevant to enhancer variants, enhancer-associated TFs and enhancer histone modifications in psoriasis or AD. Most enhancers associated with these conditions regulate genes affecting epidermal homeostasis or immune function. These discoveries present potential therapeutic targets to complement existing treatment options for AD and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Sui
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Z Eichenfield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bryan K Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
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5
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Berner F, Flatz L. Autoimmunity in immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-related adverse events: A focus on autoimmune skin toxicity and pneumonitis. Immunol Rev 2023; 318:37-50. [PMID: 37548043 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy. However, their use is frequently associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs) potentially affecting any organ. The mechanisms mediating such irAEs remain poorly understood and biomarkers to predict the development of irAEs are lacking. Growing evidence shows the importance of self-antigens in mediating irAEs during ICI therapy, in particular the well-described melanocyte differentiation antigens in melanoma patients. This review will focus on two novel classes of self-antigens involved in mediating autoimmune skin toxicity and pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. T cells specific for these self-antigens are thought to not only mediate irAEs but are thought to simultaneously mediate anti-tumor responses and are therefore associated with both autoimmune toxicity and response to ICI therapy. We further discuss emerging cellular and proteomic immune signatures of irAEs that may serve as biomarkers to help predict which patients are at higher risk of developing these irAEs. The determination of new tumor antigens involved in ICI therapy and the identification of related biomarkers brings us a step forward in the mechanistic understanding of ICIs and will help to monitor patients at higher risk of developing irAEs. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges in collecting research samples for the study of ICI-related mechanisms and in distinguishing between immune signatures of response and those of irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiamma Berner
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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6
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Hsueh YC, Wang Y, Riding RL, Catalano DE, Lu YJ, Richmond JM, Siegel DL, Rusckowski M, Stanley JR, Harris JE. A Keratinocyte-Tethered Biologic Enables Location-Precise Treatment in Mouse Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3294-3303. [PMID: 35787400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the central role of IFN-γ in vitiligo pathogenesis, systemic IFN-γ neutralization is an impractical treatment option owing to strong immunosuppression. However, most patients with vitiligo present with <20% affected body surface area, which provides an opportunity for localized treatments that avoid systemic side effects. After identifying keratinocytes as key cells that amplify IFN-γ signaling during vitiligo, we hypothesized that tethering an IFN-γ‒neutralizing antibody to keratinocytes would limit anti‒IFN-γ effects on the treated skin for the localized treatment. To that end, we developed a bispecific antibody capable of blocking IFN-γ signaling while binding to desmoglein expressed by keratinocytes. We characterized the effect of the bispecific antibody in vitro, ex vivo, and in a mouse model of vitiligo. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography biodistribution and serum assays after local footpad injection revealed that the bispecific antibody had improved skin retention, faster elimination from the blood, and less systemic IFN-γ inhibition than the nontethered version. Furthermore, the bispecific antibody conferred localized protection almost exclusively to the treated footpad during vitiligo, which was not possible by local injection of the nontethered anti‒IFN-γ antibody. Thus, keratinocyte tethering proved effective while significantly diminishing the off-tissue effects of IFN-γ blockade, offering a safer treatment strategy for localized skin diseases, including vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chao Hsueh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca L Riding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donna E Catalano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Jung Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Don L Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Rusckowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R Stanley
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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7
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Hlača N, Žagar T, Kaštelan M, Brajac I, Prpić-Massari L. Current Concepts of Vitiligo Immunopathogenesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071639. [PMID: 35884944 PMCID: PMC9313271 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired immune-mediated disorder of pigmentation clinically characterized by well-defined depigmented or chalk-white macules and patches on the skin. The prevalence of vitiligo varies by geographical area, affecting 0.5% to 2% of the population. The disease imposes a significant psychological burden due to its major impact on patients’ social and emotional aspects of life. Given its autoimmune background, vitiligo is frequently associated with other autoimmune diseases or immune-mediated diseases. Vitiligo is a multifaceted disorder that involves both genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. In recent years, major predisposing genetic loci for the development of vitiligo have been discovered. The current findings emphasize the critical role of immune cells and their mediators in the immunopathogenesis of vitiligo. Oxidative-stress-mediated activation of innate immunity cells such as dendritic cells, natural killer, and ILC-1 cells is thought to be a key event in the early onset of vitiligo. Innate immunity cells serve as a bridge to adaptive immunity cells including T helper 1 cells, cytotoxic T cells and resident memory T cells. IFN-γ is the primary cytokine mediator that activates the JAK/STAT pathway, causing keratinocytes to produce the key chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Complex interactions between immune and non-immune cells finally result in apoptosis of melanocytes. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the etiological and genetic factors that contribute to vitiligo, with a focus on immunopathogenesis and the key cellular and cytokine players in the disease’s inflammatory pathways.
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8
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Marchioro HZ, Castro CCSD, Fava VM, Sakiyama PH, Dellatorre G, Miot HA. Update on the pathogenesis of vitiligo. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:478-490. [PMID: 35643735 PMCID: PMC9263675 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a complex disease whose pathogenesis results from the interaction of genetic components, metabolic factors linked to cellular oxidative stress, melanocyte adhesion to the epithelium, and immunity (innate and adaptive), which culminate in aggression against melanocytes. In vitiligo, melanocytes are more sensitive to oxidative damage, leading to the increased expression of proinflammatory proteins such as HSP70. The lower expression of epithelial adhesion molecules, such as DDR1 and E-cadherin, facilitates damage to melanocytes and exposure of antigens that favor autoimmunity. Activation of the type 1-IFN pathway perpetuates the direct action of CD8+ cells against melanocytes, facilitated by regulatory T-cell dysfunction. The identification of several genes involved in these processes sets the stage for disease development and maintenance. However, the relationship of vitiligo with environmental factors, psychological stress, comorbidities, and the elements that define individual susceptibility to the disease are a challenge to the integration of theories related to its pathogenesis.
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9
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Cao L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Hu X, Yong L, Li B, Ge H, Chen W, Zhen Q, Yu Y, Mao Y, Li Z, Fan W, Sun L. Fine Mapping Analysis of the MHC Region to Identify Variants Associated With Chinese Vitiligo and SLE and Association Across These Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:758652. [PMID: 35082778 PMCID: PMC8784546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of MHC in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and SLE has been confirmed in various populations. To map the most significant MHC variants associated with the risk of vitiligo and SLE, we conducted fine mapping analysis using 1117 vitiligo cases, 1046 SLE cases and 1693 healthy control subjects in the Han-MHC reference panel and 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. rs113465897 (P=1.03×10-13, OR=1.64, 95%CI =1.44–1.87) and rs3129898 (P=4.21×10-17, OR=1.93, 95%CI=1.66–2.25) were identified as being most strongly associated with vitiligo and SLE, respectively. Stepwise conditional analysis revealed additional independent signals at rs3130969(p=1.48×10-7, OR=0.69, 95%CI=0.60–0.79), HLA-DPB1*03:01 (p=1.07×10-6, OR=1.94, 95%CI=1.49–2.53) being linked to vitiligo and HLA-DQB1*0301 (P=4.53×10-7, OR=0.62, 95%CI=0.52-0.75) to SLE. Considering that epidemiological studies have confirmed comorbidities of vitiligo and SLE, we used the GCTA tool to analyse the genetic correlation between these two diseases in the HLA region, the correlation coefficient was 0.79 (P=5.99×10-10, SE=0.07), confirming their similar genetic backgrounds. Our findings highlight the value of the MHC region in vitiligo and SLE and provide a new perspective for comorbidities among autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yirui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao Li
- The Comprehensive Lab, College of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiyao Ge
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yafen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yiwen Mao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wencheng Fan
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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Biomarkers Associated with Immune-Related Adverse Events under Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020302. [PMID: 35053465 PMCID: PMC8773840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our aim was to check for possible associations between clinical parameters or NGS-based genetic alterations and the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (IRAE) in melanoma patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). We analyzed 95 melanoma patients with ICI and were able to identify several biomarkers associated with the development of IRAE. Female sex was significantly associated with the development of hepatitis, increased total and relative monocytes at ICI initiation were significantly associated with the development of pancreatitis, the same, pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the following genetic alterations were identified being associated with IRAE: SMAD3 (pancreatitis); CD274, SLCO1B1 (hepatitis); PRDM1, CD274 (encephalitis); PRDM1, CD274, TSHR, FAN1 (myositis). Myositis and encephalitis, both, were associated with alterations of PRDM1 and CD274, which might explain their joined appearance in clinical practice. Our findings can help to assess the risk for the development of IRAE in melanoma patients with ICI. Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of metastatic melanoma. However, ICI are often associated with immune-related adverse events (IRAE) such as colitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, hypophysitis, pneumonitis, thyroiditis, exanthema, nephritis, myositis, encephalitis, or myocarditis. Biomarkers associated with the occurrence of IRAE would be desirable. In the literature, there is only little data available and furthermore mostly speculative, especially in view of genetic alterations. Our major aim was to check for possible associations between NGS-based genetic alterations and IRAE. We therefore analyzed 95 melanoma patients with ICI and evaluated their NGS results. We checked the data in view of potential associations between copy number variations (CNVs), small variations (VARs), human leucocyte antigen (HLA), sex, blood count parameters, pre-existing autoimmune diseases and the occurrence of IRAE. We conducted a literature research on genetic alterations hypothesized to be associated with the occurrence of IRAE. In total, we identified 39 genes that have been discussed as hypothetical biomarkers. We compared the list of these 39 genes with the tumor panel that our patients had received and focused our study on those 16 genes that were also included in the tumor panel used for NGS. Therefore, we focused our analyses on the following genes: AIRE, TERT, SH2B3, LRRK2, IKZF1, SMAD3, JAK2, PRDM1, CTLA4, TSHR, FAN1, SLCO1B1, PDCD1, IL1RN, CD274, UNG. We obtained relevant results: female sex was significantly associated with the development of hepatitis, combined immunotherapy with colitis, increased total and relative monocytes at therapy initiation were significantly associated with the development of pancreatitis, the same, pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Further significant associations were as follows: HLA homozygosity (hepatitis), and VARs on SMAD3 (pancreatitis). Regarding CNVs, significant markers included PRDM1 deletions and IL1RN (IRAE), CD274 duplications and SLCO1B1 (hepatitis), PRDM1 and CD274 (encephalitis), and PRDM1, CD274, TSHR, and FAN1 (myositis). Myositis and encephalitis, both, were associated with alterations of PRDM1 and CD274, which might explain their joined appearance in clinical practice. The association between HLA homozygosity and IRAE was clarified by finding HLA-A homozygosity as determining factor. We identified several genetic alterations hypothesized in the literature to be associated with the development of IRAE and found significant results concerning pre-existing autoimmune diseases and specific blood count parameters. Our findings can help to better understand the development of IRAE in melanoma patients. NGS might be a useful screening tool, however, our findings have yet to be confirmed in larger studies.
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Dwivedi M, Laddha NC, Begum R. The Immunogenetics of Vitiligo: An Approach Toward Revealing the Secret of Depigmentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:61-103. [PMID: 35286692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic skin disease and considered to be of autoimmune origin due to breaching of immunological self-tolerance, resulting in inappropriate immune responses against melanocytes. The development of vitiligo includes a strong heritable component. Different strategies ranging from linkage studies to genome-wide association studies are used to explore the genetic factors responsible for the disease. Several vitiligo loci containing the respective genes have been identified which contribute to vitiligo and genetic variants for some of the genes are still unknown. These genes include mainly the proteins that play a role in immune regulation and a few other genes important for apoptosis and regulation of melanocyte functions. Despite the available data on genetic variants and risk alleles which influence the biological processes, only few immunological pathways have been found responsible for all ranges of severity and clinical manifestations of vitiligo. However, studies have concluded that vitiligo is of autoimmune origin and manifests due to complex interactions in immune components and their inappropriate response toward melanocytes. The genes involved in the immune regulation and processing the melanocytes antigen and its presentation can serve as effective immune-therapeutics that can target specific immunological pathways involved in vitiligo. This chapter highlights those immune-regulatory genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility and loci identified to date and their implications in vitiligo pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Dwivedi
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Tarsadi, Surat, 394350, Gujarat, India.
| | - Naresh C Laddha
- In Vitro Specialty Lab Pvt. Ltd, 205-210, Golden Triangle, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rasheedunnisa Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
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Chang L, Zhu W, Jiang J. Albinism in the largest extant amphibian: A metabolic, endocrine, or immune problem? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1053732. [PMID: 36518250 PMCID: PMC9742363 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1053732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment regression is an intriguing phenomenon that can be caused by disorders in melanin metabolism or endocrine regulation, or by autoimmune disorders. Albino animals serve as excellent models for the study of the genetic determination of morphology, particularly the evolution of and molecular mechanisms underlying chromatophore-related diseases in animals and humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS The artificial culture of Andrias davidianus, the largest extant amphibian, is flourishing in China due to the great ecological and economic value of this animal. Approximately 0.1% of individuals express an albino phenotype accompanied by delayed somatic growth and mortality at early developmental stages. In this study, brain and skin transcriptomics were conducted to study the underlying molecular basis of the phenotype. RESULTS The results indicated decreased transcription of genes of melanin synthesis. Interestingly, MHC I isotypes and immune-related pathways accounted for the primary transcriptional differences between groups, suggesting that the albino phenotype represents a systematic immune problem to a far greater extent than a pigmentation defect. Albino individuals exhibited shifted transcription of MHC I isotypes, and the albino-specific isotype was characterized by increased charges and decreased space in the antigen- binding pocket, implying a drastic change in antigen specificity and a potential risk of autoimmune disorders. CONCLUSION These results suggest an association between the albino phenotype and MHC I variants in A. davidianus, which could serve as a convenient model for vitiligo or other autoimmune diseases.
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Yang BJ, Fan SR, Zhang XF, Cai JY, Ruan T, Xiang ZR, Ren J, Hao XJ, Chen DZ. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship optimization of phenanthridine derivatives as new anti-vitiligo compounds. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105582. [PMID: 34971944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans have been suffering from vitiligo for a long time. Target vitiligo drugs have yet been approved. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling has potential in the therapeutic use of vitiligo, so exploring new drugs that specifically directly activate Wnt is worthwhile to obtain new anti-vitiligo agents. In this work, two portions design and synthesis were put into effect. firstly, 17 phenanthridine derivatives with C-4 substitutes were designed and synthesized, which compounds 4, 6, 12, 13 served as H-acceptor with protein showed enhance melanogenesis activity; Secondly, 7 hybrid new scaffolds of compounds were designed and synthesized, scaffold hopping compound 36 that aromatic benzene was replaced pyrazole on ring C showed enhance melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity; The last and most important, a comprehensive optimization and SARs of compound 36 were carried out, compounds 41 and 43 shared phenolic hydroxyl or 3-methyl-pyridine substitutes at C-7 position remarkably improved the capacity of melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity. Compound 43 were identified as new anti-vitiligo agents that specifically activate the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway by targeting Axin. Structure-activity relationship analysis implied that H-acceptor substitutions at the C-4 position and phenolic hydroxyl or pyridine substitutions at the C-7 position would improve the activities of the compounds. These findings reveal a new therapeutic strategy for vitiligo, and compounds 41 and 43 may represent potential compounds for vitiligo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Rui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Jie-Yun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Rui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Juan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Duo-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Karami Fath M, Jahangiri A, Ganji M, Sefid F, Payandeh Z, Hashemi ZS, Pourzardosht N, Hessami A, Mard-Soltani M, Zakeri A, Rahbar MR, Khalili S. SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Harbors Peptides Which Are Able to Trigger Autoimmunity Responses: Implications for Infection, Vaccination, and Population Coverage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705772. [PMID: 34447375 PMCID: PMC8383889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) could occur due to infectious diseases and vaccination programs. Since millions of people are expected to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated against it, autoimmune consequences seem inevitable. Therefore, we have investigated the whole proteome of the SARS-CoV-2 for its ability to trigger ADs. In this regard, the entire proteome of the SARS-CoV-2 was chopped into more than 48000 peptides. The produced peptides were searched against the entire human proteome to find shared peptides with similar experimentally confirmed T-cell and B-cell epitopes. The obtained peptides were checked for their ability to bind to HLA molecules. The possible population coverage was calculated for the most potent peptides. The obtained results indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 and human proteomes share 23 peptides originated from ORF1ab polyprotein, nonstructural protein NS7a, Surface glycoprotein, and Envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2. Among these peptides, 21 peptides had experimentally confirmed equivalent epitopes. Amongst, only nine peptides were predicted to bind to HLAs with known global allele frequency data, and three peptides were able to bind to experimentally confirmed HLAs of equivalent epitopes. Given the HLAs which have already been reported to be associated with ADs, the ESGLKTIL, RYPANSIV, NVAITRAK, and RRARSVAS were determined to be the most harmful peptides of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. It would be expected that the COVID-19 pandemic and the vaccination against this pathogen could significantly increase the ADs incidences, especially in populations harboring HLA-B*08:01, HLA-A*024:02, HLA-A*11:01 and HLA-B*27:05. The Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania are at higher risk of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sefid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Anahita Hessami
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
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Hayran Y, Özge Ergen G, Özmen F. The relationship between non-segmental Vitiligo, HLA genotype and oxidative stress. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14024. [PMID: 33434368 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterised by acquired loss of melanocytes. Although the pathogenesis of vitiligo remains unknown, oxidative stress and autoimmune dysregulations are considered to play a role. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the HLA profile and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and their relationship to clinical characteristic of vitiligo patients. METHODS Ninety-one vitiligo patients and 100 healthy controls were included in the study. We analysed HLA allele frequencies using sequence-specific oligonucleotide Prob (SSOP) method. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were measured and compared between vitiligo patients and controls. RESULTS HLA-A*02 allele frequency was increased (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.12-2.24, P = .009), HLA-A*11 (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.32-0.91, P = .019) and HLA-DRB1*01 (OR = 0.39, CI = 0.16-0.92, P = .029) frequencies were decreased in vitiligo patients. HLA-A*02 allele especially increased the risk of late onset (Vitiligo onset >30 years of age) vitiligo (OR:3.67, 95% CI: 1.63-8.26, P = .002). Serum TAC levels were similar between vitiligo patients and healthy controls but TAC levels were significantly lower in patients who did not have an HLA-DRB1*01 allele (1.52 vs 1.61, P = .033). CONCLUSION Our study showed that HLA-A*02 increases, HLA-A*11 and HLA-DRB1*01 decreases vitiligo susceptibility in Turkish patients as well as a possible relationship between HLA and TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yıldız Hayran
- Department of Dermatology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gül Özge Ergen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Özmen
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University, Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
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Chen J, Li S, Li C. Mechanisms of melanocyte death in vitiligo. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1138-1166. [PMID: 33200838 PMCID: PMC7983894 DOI: 10.1002/med.21754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune depigment disease results from extensive melanocytes destruction. The destruction of melanocyte is thought to be of multifactorial causation. Genome-wide associated studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in a panel of susceptible loci as risk factors in melanocyte death. But vitiligo onset can't be solely attributed to a susceptive genetic background. Oxidative stress triggered by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species accounts for melanocytic molecular and organelle dysfunction, a minority of melanocyte demise, and melanocyte-specific antigens exposure. Of note, the self-responsive immune function directly contributes to the bulk of melanocyte deaths in vitiligo. The aberrantly heightened innate immunity, type-1-skewed T helper, and incompetent regulatory T cells tip the balance toward autoreaction and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes finally execute the killing of melanocytes, possibly alarmed by resident memory T cells. In addition to the well-established apoptosis and necrosis, we discuss several death modalities like oxeiptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis that are probably employed in melanocyte destruction. This review focuses on the various mechanisms of melanocytic death in vitiligo pathogenesis to demonstrate a panorama of that. We hope to provide new insights into vitiligo pathogenesis and treatment strategies by the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianru Chen
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of DermatologyXijing hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShannxiChina
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Bergqvist C, Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: A focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications. J Dermatol 2021; 48:252-270. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bergqvist
- Department of Dermatology AP‐HP Henri Mondor University Hospital UPEC Créteil France
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology AP‐HP Henri Mondor University Hospital UPEC Créteil France
- EA 7379 EpidermE Université Paris‐Est Créteil, UPEC Créteil France
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HLA class II genes in precision-based care of childhood diseases: what we can learn from celiac disease. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:307-312. [PMID: 33122841 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic immuno-mediated enteropathy caused by dietary gluten with marked autoimmunity traits. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II heterodimers represent the main predisposing factor, although environmental agents, as viral infection, gut microbiota, and dietary regimen, also contribute to CeD risk. These molecules are involved in autoimmunity as they present self-antigens to autoreactive T cells that have escaped the thymic negative selection. In CeD, the HLA class II risk alleles, DQA1*05-DQB1*02 and DQA1*03-DQB1*03, encode for DQ2.5 and DQ8 heterodimers, and, furthermore, disease susceptibility was found strictly dependent on the dose of these genes. This finding questioned how the expression of HLA-DQ risk genes, and of relative surface protein on antigen-presenting cells, might be relevant for the magnitude of anti-gluten inflammatory response in CeD patients, and impact the natural history of disease, its pathomechanisms, and compliance to dietary treatment. In this scenario, new personalized medical approaches will be desirable to support an early, accurate, and non-invasive diagnosis, and to define genotype-guided preventive and therapeutic strategies for CeD. To reach this goal, a stratification of genetic risk, disease outcome, and therapy compliance based on HLA genotypes, DQ2.5/DQ8 expression measurement and magnitude of T cell response to gluten is mandatory. IMPACT: This article revises the current knowledge on how different HLA haplotypes, carrying the DQ2.5/DQ8 risk alleles, impact the onset of CeD. This review discusses how the expression of susceptibility HLA-DQ genes can determine the risk assessment, outcome, and prevention of CeD. The recent insights on the environmental factors contributing to CeD in childhood are reviewed. This review discusses the use of HLA risk gene expression as a tool to support medical precision approaches for an early and non-invasive diagnosis of CeD, and to define genotype-guided preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Cavalli G, Farina N, Campochiaro C, De Luca G, Della-Torre E, Tomelleri A, Dagna L. Repurposing of Biologic and Targeted Synthetic Anti-Rheumatic Drugs in COVID-19 and Hyper-Inflammation: A Comprehensive Review of Available and Emerging Evidence at the Peak of the Pandemic. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:598308. [PMID: 33442386 PMCID: PMC7798432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.598308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a condition caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Severe cases of COVID-19 result in acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. A detrimental, hyper-inflammatory immune response with excess release of cytokines is the main driver of disease development and of tissue damage in these patients. Thus, repurposing of biologic agents and other pharmacological inhibitors of cytokines used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions emerged as a logical therapeutic strategy to quench inflammation and improve the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients. Evaluated agents include the interleukin one receptor blocker anakinra, monoclonal antibodies inhibiting IL-6 tocilizumab and sarilumab, monoclonal antibodies inhibiting granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor and tumor necrosis factor, and Janus kinase inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic options based on direct personal experience and on published evidence from observational studies and randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Farina
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Luca
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuel Della-Torre
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tomelleri
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Yin Z, Zhao Y, Du H, Nie X, Li H, Fan J, He M, Dai B, Zhang X, Yuan S, Wen Z, Chen C, Wang DW. A Key GWAS-Identified Genetic Variant Contributes to Hyperlipidemia by Upregulating miR-320a. iScience 2020; 23:101788. [PMID: 33294796 PMCID: PMC7689551 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been unclear whether the elevated levels of the circulating miR-320a in patients with coronary artery disease is due to environmental influence or genetic basis. By recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated loss- and gain-of-function studies in the mouse liver, we revealed that elevated miR-320a is sufficient to aggravate diet-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Then, we analyzed the data from published genome-wide association studies and identified the rs12541335 associated with hyperlipidemia. We demonstrated that the rs13282783 T allele indeed obligated the silencer activity by preventing the repressor ZFP161 and co-repressor HDAC2 from binding to DNA that led to miR-320a upregulation. We further confirmed this genetic connection on an independent population and through direct genome editing in liver cells. Besides environmental (diet) influence, we established a genetic component in the regulation of miR-320a expression, which suggest a potential therapeutic avenue to treat coronary artery disease by blocking miR-320a in patient liver. Hepatic miR-320a overexpression led to hyperlipidemia, not vice versa A hyperlipidemia-associated SNP rs13282783 distally regulated miR-320a expression miR-320a promoted TG accumulation and repressed LDL-C uptake in hepatocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Yin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanru Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hengzhi Du
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiang Nie
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huaping Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengying He
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Beibei Dai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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21
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Cavalli G, Farina N, Campochiaro C, Baldissera E, Dagna L. Current treatment options and safety considerations when treating adult-onset Still's disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 19:1549-1558. [PMID: 33078630 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1839411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adult onset Still disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory condition. The clinical spectrum of this disease ranges from self-limiting forms with mild symptoms to life-threatening cases. Glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent the first line of therapy for AOSD, with add-on therapy with second-line drug reserved to steroid-dependent patients and in life-threatening cases. Currently, early treatment with conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologic agents blocking causal cytokines is advocated in patients with severe and recalcitrant clinical manifestations. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes the available controlled evidence and observational data regarding the efficacy and safety of conventional and biological pharmacological agents in the treatment of AOSD. EXPERT OPINION Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids are effective in controlling clinical manifestations in the majority of AOSD patients. Conventional DMARDs can be 20 effective in some severe and steroid-dependent cases of AOSD; however, anti-cytokine agents represent an effective and overall more suitable alternative in this specific subset of patients. IL-1 and IL-6 blockade are effective in treating systemic and articular inflammation of AOSD patients. IL-1 blockade also has an excellent safety profile and therefore represent the first choice of biologic treatment in this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy.,Unitof Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Farina
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy.,Unitof Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan, Italy
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy.,Unitof Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Baldissera
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital , Milan, Italy.,Unitof Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University , Milan, Italy
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22
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Spritz RA, Santorico SA. The Genetic Basis of Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:265-273. [PMID: 32778407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a complex disease in which autoimmune destruction of epidermal melanocytes results in patches of depigmented white skin. Vitiligo has an estimated prevalence of about 0.2-2% in different populations and approximately 0.4% in the European-derived white (EUR) population. The fraction of disease risk attributable to genetic variation, termed heritability, is high, with estimates from family studies in EUR of 0.75-0.83 and from SNP based studies estimated at 0.78. About 70% of genetic risk comes from common genetic variants and about 30% from rare genetic variants. Through candidate gene, genomewide linkage, and genomewide association studies, over 50 vitiligo susceptibility loci have been discovered. These have been combined into a vitiligo polygenic risk score, which has allowed various aspects of vitiligo genetic architecture in the EUR population to be better understood. Vitiligo has thus proved to be a particularly tractable model for investigation of complex disease genetic architecture. Here, we summarize progress to date including dissection of heritability, discovery of vitiligo susceptibility loci through candidate gene, genomewide linkage, and genomewide association studies, relationships to other autoimmune diseases, polygenic architecture of vitiligo risk, vitiligo triggering, and disease onset, and provide suggestions for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Science, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
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23
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Roberts GH, Santorico SA, Spritz RA. The genetic architecture of vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:8-15. [PMID: 31743585 PMCID: PMC6928395 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which destruction of skin melanocytes results in patches of white skin and hair. Genome-wide linkage studies and genome-wide association studies in European ancestry cases identified over 50 vitiligo susceptibility loci, defining a model of melanocyte-directed autoimmunity. Vitiligo heritability is exceedingly high, ~2/3 coming from common and ~1/3 from rare genomic variants; ~20% of vitiligo risk is environmental. Vitiligo genetic risk is polygenic, with greater additive risk in multiplex vitiligo families than simplex cases. Vitiligo age-of-onset is bimodal, also involving a major genetic component; a MHC enhancer haplotype confers extreme risk for vitiligo (OR 8.1) and early disease onset, increasing expression of HLA-DQB1 mRNA and HLA-DQ protein and thus perhaps facilitating presentation of triggering antigens. Vitiligo triggering also involves a major environmental component; dramatic delay in vitiligo age-of-onset, especially from 1973 to 2004, suggests that exposure or response to a key vitiligo environmental trigger diminished during this period. Together, these findings provide deep understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis and genetic architecture, suggesting that vitiligo represents a tractable model for investigating complex disease genetic architecture and predictive aspects of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve H.L. Roberts
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
| | - Stephanie A. Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217 USA
| | - Richard A. Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
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24
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Cavalli G, Favalli EG. Biologic discontinuation strategies and outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:1313-1322. [PMID: 31663390 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1686976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease, which affects joints as well as extra-articular tissues. In the last decades, increasing targeted therapeutic options dramatically improved RA management by doubling the rate of patients achieving clinical remission. Currently, there is a need for management strategies aimed at limiting treatment-related adverse events and costs in good responders.Areas covered: Data on de-escalation of biologic drugs (especially for anti-TNF agents) are mainly available from post-hoc analyses of randomized controlled trials and from registry-based observational studies. This narrative review illustrates the rationales for dose tapering and expands to provide an overview of the efficacy of the different available strategies for reducing the exposure to biologic drugs in patients achieving a sustained clinical response. Selected studies are discussed as illustrative examples.Expert opinion: Withdrawal of biologic therapy might be attempted in limited patients with very early RA; conversely, established RA is more suitably managed with a progressive decrease of drug regimen, by either dose reduction or injection/infusion spacing. Further studies investigating potential factors predicting post-tapering disease relapse are warranted, in order to better identify the best candidates for a decreased-dose approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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25
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Tang X, Fang F, Yang J, Zheng X, Fan M, Wang L, Zhang A. Association Study Reveals One Susceptibility Locus with Vitiligo in the Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2019; 23:791-796. [PMID: 31644309 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between the 14 reported loci (from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies [GWAS] in the Caucasian population) and vitiligo in the Chinese Han population. Materials and Methods: In this study 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 14 different genetic loci were evaluated for their association with viteligo in a Chinese Han cohort, including 1472 cases and 1472 controls of by using the Sequenom MassArray iPLEX1 system. A Bonferroni adjustment was used for multiple comparisons and pBonferroni <0.0056 was considered statistically significant. Results: The T allele of the locus within the FBXO45-NRROS gene (3q29) was significantly associated with vitiligo (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-1.36, p = 0.0001). Association at the genotype level was strong (p = 0.0007). The other SNPs were not associated with vitiligo (pBonferroni >0.0056). Conclusion: A SNP at the rs6583331 locus 3q29 is associated with the susceptibility of vitiligo in the Chinese Han population, which suggests that there is a common genetic factor predisposing to the development of vitiligo in the Chinese and Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfa Tang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
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26
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Veiga-Castelli L, de Oliveira ML, Pereira A, Debortoli G, Marcorin L, Fracasso N, Silva G, Souza A, Massaro J, Simões AL, Sabbagh A, Cardili R, Donadi E, Castelli E, Mendes-Junior C. HLA-G Polymorphisms Are Associated with Non-segmental Vitiligo among Brazilians. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090463. [PMID: 31505868 PMCID: PMC6769860 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vitiligo is characterized by white patches on the skin caused by loss of melanocyte activity or the absence of these cells. The available treatments minimize the symptoms by retarding the process of skin depigmentation or re-pigmenting the affected regions. New studies are required for a better comprehension of the mechanisms that trigger the disease and for the development of more efficient treatments. Studies have suggested an autoimmune feature for vitiligo, based on the occurrence of other autoimmune diseases in vitiligo patients and their relatives, and on the involvement of genes related to the immune response. (2) Methods: We evaluated, by massive parallel sequencing, polymorphisms of the HLA-G gene in vitiligo patients and control samples, to verify if variants of this gene could influence the susceptibility to vitiligo. (3) Results: We detected an association with non-segmental vitiligo regarding the haplotype Distal-010101a/G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1, adjusting for population stratification by using ancestry-informative markers (AIMs). (4) Conclusions: It remains unclear whether the HLA-G variants associated with vitiligo were detected because of the high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with HLA-A*02, or if the HLA-A variants previously reported as associated with vitiligo were detected because of the high LD with HLA-G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1, or if both genes jointly contribute to vitiligo susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Veiga-Castelli
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3315-0417; Fax: +55-16-3315-4838
| | - Maria Luiza de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Alison Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Guilherme Debortoli
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Letícia Marcorin
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Nádia Fracasso
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Guilherme Silva
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Pesquisas Forenses e Genômicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil; (G.S.); (C.M.-J.)
| | - Andreia Souza
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil; (A.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Juliana Massaro
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (R.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Aguinaldo Luiz Simões
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (M.L.d.O.); (A.P.); (G.D.); (L.M.); (N.F.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Audrey Sabbagh
- UMR 216 MERIT IRD, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Renata Cardili
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (R.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Eduardo Donadi
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil; (J.M.); (R.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Erick Castelli
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, State of São Paulo 18618-687, Brazil; (A.S.); (E.C.)
| | - Celso Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Pesquisas Forenses e Genômicas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-901, Brazil; (G.S.); (C.M.-J.)
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27
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Lazniewski M, Dawson WK, Rusek AM, Plewczynski D. One protein to rule them all: The role of CCCTC-binding factor in shaping human genome in health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 90:114-127. [PMID: 30096365 PMCID: PMC6642822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome, constituting several billion base pairs, must be contracted to fit within the volume of a nucleus where the diameter is on the scale of μm. The 3D structure and packing of such a long sequence cannot be left to pure chance, as DNA must be efficiently used for its primary roles as a matrix for transcription and replication. In recent years, methods like chromatin conformation capture (including 3C, 4C, Hi-C, ChIA-PET and Multi-ChIA) and optical microscopy have advanced substantially and have shed new light on how eukaryotic genomes are hierarchically organized; first into 10-nm fiber, next into DNA loops, topologically associated domains and finally into interphase or mitotic chromosomes. This knowledge has allowed us to revise our understanding regarding the mechanisms governing the process of DNA organization. Mounting experimental evidence suggests that the key element in the formation of loops is the binding of the CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) to DNA; a protein that can be referred to as the chief organizer of the genome. However, CTCF does not work alone but in cooperation with other proteins, such as cohesin or Yin Yang 1 (YY1). In this short review, we briefly describe our current understanding of the structure of eukaryotic genomes, how they are established and how the formation of DNA loops can influence gene expression. We discuss the recent discoveries describing the 3D structure of the CTCF-DNA complex and the role of CTCF in establishing genome structure. Finally, we briefly explain how various genetic disorders might arise as a consequence of mutations in the CTCF target sequence or alteration of genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lazniewski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wayne K Dawson
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 103-8657, Japan
| | - Anna Maria Rusek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Clinical Molecular Biology Department, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Centre for Innovative Research, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Lima THA, Souza AS, Porto IOP, Paz MA, Veiga-Castelli LC, Oliveira MLG, Donadi EA, Meyer D, Sabbagh A, Mendes-Junior CT, Castelli EC. HLA-A promoter, coding, and 3'UTR sequences in a Brazilian cohort, and their evolutionary aspects. HLA 2019; 93:65-79. [PMID: 30666817 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HLA-A is the second most polymorphic locus of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) complex encoding a key molecule for antigen presentation and NK cell modulation. Many studies have evaluated HLA-A variability in worldwide populations, focusing mainly on exons, but the regulatory segments have been poorly characterized. HLA-A variability is particularly high in the segment encoding the peptide-binding groove (exons 2 and 3), which is related to the antigen presentation function and the balancing selection in these segments. Here we evaluate the genetic diversity of the HLA-A gene considering a continuous segment encompassing the extended promoter (1.5 kb upstream of the first translated ATG), all exons and introns, and the entire 3' untranslated region, by using massively parallel sequencing. To achieve this goal, we used a freely available bioinformatics workflow that optimizes read mapping for HLA genes and defines complete sequences using either the phase among variable sites directly observed in sequencing data and probabilistic models. The HLA-A variability detected in a highly admixed population sample from Brazil shows that the HLA-A regulatory segments present few, but divergent sequences. The regulatory segments are in close association with the coding alleles. Both exons and introns are highly variable. Moreover, patterns of molecular diversity suggest that the promoter, in addition to the coding region, might be under the same selective pressure, but a different scenario arises when it comes to exon 4 and the 3'UTR segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thálitta H A Lima
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unity, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (UNESP), Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Andreia S Souza
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unity, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (UNESP), Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Iane O P Porto
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unity, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Michelle A Paz
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unity, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luciana C Veiga-Castelli
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza G Oliveira
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diogo Meyer
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Sabbagh
- UMR 216 MERIT, IRD, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - Celso T Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erick C Castelli
- Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics Laboratory - Experimental Research Unity, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,São Paulo State University (UNESP), Genetics Program, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Botucatu, Brazil.,Pathology Program, School of Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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29
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Jin Y, Roberts GHL, Ferrara TM, Ben S, van Geel N, Wolkerstorfer A, Ezzedine K, Siebert J, Neff CP, Palmer BE, Santorico SA, Spritz RA. Early-onset autoimmune vitiligo associated with an enhancer variant haplotype that upregulates class II HLA expression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:391. [PMID: 30674883 PMCID: PMC6344500 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which melanocyte destruction causes skin depigmentation, with 49 loci known from previous GWAS. Aiming to define vitiligo subtypes, we discovered that age-of-onset is bimodal; one-third of cases have early onset (mean 10.3 years) and two-thirds later onset (mean 34.0 years). In the early-onset subgroup we found novel association with MHC class II region indel rs145954018, and independent association with the principal MHC class II locus from previous GWAS, represented by rs9271597; greatest association was with rs145954018del-rs9271597A haplotype (P = 2.40 × 10−86, OR = 8.10). Both rs145954018 and rs9271597 are located within lymphoid-specific enhancers, and the rs145954018del-rs9271597A haplotype is specifically associated with increased expression of HLA-DQB1 mRNA and HLA-DQ protein by monocytes and dendritic cells. Thus, for vitiligo, MHC regulatory variation confers extreme risk, more important than HLA coding variation. MHC regulatory variation may represent a significant component of genetic risk for other autoimmune diseases. GWAS have led to the identification of 49 genetic loci associated with vitiligo. Here, the authors observe a bimodal distribution of age-of-onset and find a novel genetic locus specifically associated with early-onset vitiligo, located in a regulatory element in the MHC class II region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Genevieve H L Roberts
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Tracey M Ferrara
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Songtao Ben
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Albert Wolkerstorfer
- Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, 94000, France
| | | | - Charles P Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.,Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, 80204, CO, USA
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, 80045, CO, USA.
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30
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Saxena A, Sharma G, Tyagi S, Mourya M, Coshic P, Tiwari PK, Mehra NK, Kanga U. HLA-A*02 repertoires in three defined population groups from North and Central India: Punjabi Khatries, Kashmiri Brahmins and Sahariya Tribe. HLA 2018; 93:16-23. [PMID: 30516033 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The allelic family of HLA-A*02 with a repertoire of approximately 1022 alleles represents the predominant and most heterogeneous group at the HLA-A locus. This remarkable diversity signifies its evolutionary relevance. Its population-specific diversity is attributed to environmental factors and pathogen pressure and can be harnessed in biology and medicine, particularly in disease association and for HLA-based vaccination approaches. We therefore investigated the HLA-A*02 repertoire in two North Indian caste populations, viz Punjabi Khatries (PK, N = 250), Kashmiri Brahmins (KB, N = 160) and a Central Indian tribe Sahariya (ST, N = 100) using Luminex-based high-resolution rSSO method. When required, results were confirmed with high-resolution PCR-SSP and/or next-generation sequencing (NGS). In the three populations evaluated, HLA-A*02 was observed with an overall high phenotypic/allelic frequency, however, A*02 repertoire differed among them. A total of six alleles were observed (A*02:01, *02:03, *02:05, *02:06, *02:07 and *02:11) in the caste groups, compared with four (except *02:05 and *02:07) in the tribals. Our striking observation was the high occurrence of A*02:11 at the repertoire level (80.6% in ST, 39% in PK, 31.8% in KB). Globally, this allele is rare, observed with low frequencies in limited ethnic groups. The primordial A*02:01 allele, representative A*02 allele in most ethnicities was observed as the second predominant allele (PK = 27.3%, KB = 31.8% and ST = 11.9%). Extremely high occurrence of A*02:11 in ST may be representation of ancient Austro-Asiatic genetic pool. In caste populations, the observed A*02 repertoire may be a consequence of natural selection and/or admixture from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishweta Saxena
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Tyagi
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Mourya
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine (Blood Bank), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod K Tiwari
- Centre for Genomics Molecular and Human Genetics, School of studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Narinder K Mehra
- Dr C.G Pandit National Chair and Former Dean (Research), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Kanga
- Department of Transplant Immunology and Immunogenetics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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31
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Cavalli G, Dinarello CA. Anakinra Therapy for Non-cancer Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1157. [PMID: 30459597 PMCID: PMC6232613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the prototypical inflammatory cytokine: two distinct ligands (IL-1α and IL-1β) bind the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1) and induce a myriad of secondary inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and chemokines. IL-1α is constitutively present in endothelial and epithelial cells, whereas IL-1β is inducible in myeloid cells and released following cleavage by caspase-1. Over the past 30 years, IL-1-mediated inflammation has been established in a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from rare autoinflammatory diseases to common conditions such as gout and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and acute myocardial infarction. Blocking IL-1 entered the clinical arena with anakinra, the recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra); IL-1Ra prevents the binding of IL-1α as well as IL-1β to IL-1R1. Quenching IL-1-mediated inflammation prevents the detrimental consequences of tissue damage and organ dysfunction. Although anakinra is presently approved for the treatment of RA and cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, off-label use of anakinra far exceeds its approved indications. Dosing of 100 mg of anakinra subcutaneously provides clinically evident benefits within days and for some diseases, anakinra has been used daily for over 12 years. Compared to other biologics, anakinra has an unparalleled record of safety: opportunistic infections, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are rare even in populations at risk for reactivation of latent infections. Because of this excellent safety profile and relative short duration of action, anakinra can also be used as a diagnostic tool for undefined diseases mediated by IL-1. Although anakinra is presently in clinical trials to treat cancer, this review focuses on anakinra treatment of acute as well as chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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32
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Waage J, Standl M, Curtin JA, Jessen LE, Thorsen J, Tian C, Schoettler N, Flores C, Abdellaoui A, Ahluwalia TS, Alves AC, Amaral AFS, Antó JM, Arnold A, Barreto-Luis A, Baurecht H, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Bleecker ER, Bonàs-Guarch S, Boomsma DI, Brix S, Bunyavanich S, Burchard EG, Chen Z, Curjuric I, Custovic A, den Dekker HT, Dharmage SC, Dmitrieva J, Duijts L, Ege MJ, Gauderman WJ, Georges M, Gieger C, Gilliland F, Granell R, Gui H, Hansen T, Heinrich J, Henderson J, Hernandez-Pacheco N, Holt P, Imboden M, Jaddoe VWV, Jarvelin MR, Jarvis DL, Jensen KK, Jónsdóttir I, Kabesch M, Kaprio J, Kumar A, Lee YA, Levin AM, Li X, Lorenzo-Diaz F, Melén E, Mercader JM, Meyers DA, Myers R, Nicolae DL, Nohr EA, Palviainen T, Paternoster L, Pennell CE, Pershagen G, Pino-Yanes M, Probst-Hensch NM, Rüschendorf F, Simpson A, Stefansson K, Sunyer J, Sveinbjornsson G, Thiering E, Thompson PJ, Torrent M, Torrents D, Tung JY, Wang CA, Weidinger S, Weiss S, Willemsen G, Williams LK, Ober C, Hinds DA, Ferreira MA, Bisgaard H, Strachan DP, Bønnelykke K. Genome-wide association and HLA fine-mapping studies identify risk loci and genetic pathways underlying allergic rhinitis. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1072-1080. [PMID: 30013184 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is the most common clinical presentation of allergy, affecting 400 million people worldwide, with increasing incidence in westernized countries1,2. To elucidate the genetic architecture and understand the underlying disease mechanisms, we carried out a meta-analysis of allergic rhinitis in 59,762 cases and 152,358 controls of European ancestry and identified a total of 41 risk loci for allergic rhinitis, including 20 loci not previously associated with allergic rhinitis, which were confirmed in a replication phase of 60,720 cases and 618,527 controls. Functional annotation implicated genes involved in various immune pathways, and fine mapping of the HLA region suggested amino acid variants important for antigen binding. We further performed genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses of allergic sensitization against inhalant allergens and nonallergic rhinitis, which suggested shared genetic mechanisms across rhinitis-related traits. Future studies of the identified loci and genes might identify novel targets for treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Waage
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John A Curtin
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Leon E Jessen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Thorsen
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chao Tian
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Schoettler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexessander C Alves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andre F S Amaral
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Josep M Antó
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Arnold
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Amalia Barreto-Luis
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University-Hospital Schleswig-Hostein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Eugene R Bleecker
- Divisions of Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sílvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,APH Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhanghua Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Curjuric
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Herman T den Dekker
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julia Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Animal Genomics, Unit of Medical Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus J Ege
- LMU Munich, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, and German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michel Georges
- Laboratory of Animal Genomics, Unit of Medical Genomics, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frank Gilliland
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raquel Granell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - John Henderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia Hernandez-Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Patrick Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute (TKI), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Medea Imboden
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Deborah L Jarvis
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kamilla K Jensen
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ingileif Jónsdóttir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Michael Kabesch
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergy, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ashish Kumar
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert M Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xingnan Li
- Divisions of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Fabian Lorenzo-Diaz
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain.,Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- Divisions of Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel Myers
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan L Nicolae
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Teemu Palviainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Nicole M Probst-Hensch
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Philip J Thompson
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maties Torrent
- Ib-Salut, Area de Salut de Menorca, Institut d'Investigacio Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - David Torrents
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University-Hospital Schleswig-Hostein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Scott Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Manuel A Ferreira
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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Rahman R, Sharma I, Gahlot LK, Hasija Y. DermaGene and VitmiRS: a comprehensive systems analysis of genetic dermatological disorders. BIOMEDICAL DERMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41702-018-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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34
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De Luca G, Cavalli G, Campochiaro C, Tresoldi M, Dagna L. Myocarditis: An Interleukin-1-Mediated Disease? Front Immunol 2018; 9:1335. [PMID: 29951067 PMCID: PMC6008311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo De Luca
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cavalli
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Moreno Tresoldi
- Unit of General Medicine and Advanced Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases (UnIRAR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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35
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Prinz JC. Melanocytes: Target Cells of an HLA-C*06:02-Restricted Autoimmune Response in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2053-2058. [PMID: 28941475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HLA-C*06:02 is the main psoriasis risk allele. By the unbiased analysis of a Vα3S1/Vβ13S1 T-cell receptor from pathogenic psoriatic CD8+ T cells, we had recently proven that HLA-C*06:02 directs an autoimmune response against melanocytes through autoantigen presentation in psoriasis and identified ADAMTSL5 as a melanocyte autoantigen. We concluded that psoriasis is based on a melanocyte-specific immune response and that HLA-C*06:02 may predispose to psoriasis via this newly identified autoimmune pathway. Understanding this pathway, however, requires more detailed explanation. It is based on the fact that an HLA class I-restricted autoreactive CD8+ T-cell response must be directed against a particular target cell type, because HLA class I molecules present peptide antigens generated from cytoplasmic (i.e., intracellular) proteins. This review summarizes the findings on the melanocyte-specific autoimmune response in the context of the immune mechanisms related to HLA function and T-cell receptor-antigen recognition. Identifying melanocytes as target cells of the psoriatic immune response now explains psoriasis as a primary autoimmune skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Christoph Prinz
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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36
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Abstract
Vitiligo reflects simultaneous contributions of multiple genetic risk factors and environmental triggers. Genomewide association studies have discovered approximately 50 genetic loci contributing to vitiligo risk. At many vitiligo susceptibility loci, the relevant genes and DNA sequence variants are identified. Many encode proteins involved in immune regulation, several play roles in cellular apoptosis, and others regulate functions of melanocytes. Although many of the specific biologic mechanisms need elucidation, it is clear that vitiligo is an autoimmune disease involving a complex relationship between immune system programming and function, aspects of the melanocyte autoimmune target, and dysregulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Room 3100, MS8300, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Genevieve H L Andersen
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Room 3100, MS8300, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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37
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Dey-Rao R, Sinha AA. Vitiligo blood transcriptomics provides new insights into disease mechanisms and identifies potential novel therapeutic targets. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:109. [PMID: 28129744 PMCID: PMC5273810 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Significant gaps remain regarding the pathomechanisms underlying the autoimmune response in vitiligo (VL), where the loss of self-tolerance leads to the targeted killing of melanocytes. Specifically, there is incomplete information regarding alterations in the systemic environment that are relevant to the disease state. METHODS We undertook a genome-wide profiling approach to examine gene expression in the peripheral blood of VL patients and healthy controls in the context of our previously published VL-skin gene expression profile. We used several in silico bioinformatics-based analyses to provide new insights into disease mechanisms and suggest novel targets for future therapy. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering methods of the VL-blood dataset demonstrate a "disease-state"-specific set of co-expressed genes. Ontology enrichment analysis of 99 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) uncovers a down-regulated immune/inflammatory response, B-Cell antigen receptor (BCR) pathways, apoptosis and catabolic processes in VL-blood. There is evidence for both type I and II interferon (IFN) playing a role in VL pathogenesis. We used interactome analysis to identify several key blood associated transcriptional factors (TFs) from within (STAT1, STAT6 and NF-kB), as well as "hidden" (CREB1, MYC, IRF4, IRF1, and TP53) from the dataset that potentially affect disease pathogenesis. The TFs overlap with our reported lesional-skin transcriptional circuitry, underscoring their potential importance to the disease. We also identify a shared VL-blood and -skin transcriptional "hot spot" that maps to chromosome 6, and includes three VL-blood dysregulated genes (PSMB8, PSMB9 and TAP1) described as potential VL-associated genetic susceptibility loci. Finally, we provide bioinformatics-based support for prioritizing dysregulated genes in VL-blood or skin as potential therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS We examined the VL-blood transcriptome in context with our (previously published) VL-skin transcriptional profile to address a major gap in knowledge regarding the systemic changes underlying skin-specific manifestation of vitiligo. Several transcriptional "hot spots" observed in both environments offer prioritized targets for identifying disease risk genes. Finally, within the transcriptional framework of VL, we identify five novel molecules (STAT1, PRKCD, PTPN6, MYC and FGFR2) that lend themselves to being targeted by drugs for future potential VL-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dey-Rao
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 6078 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Animesh A Sinha
- Department of Dermatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 6078 Clinical and Translational Research Center, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Caillat-Zucman S. New insights into the understanding of MHC associations with immune-mediated disorders. HLA 2016; 89:3-13. [DOI: 10.1111/tan.12947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Caillat-Zucman
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité; Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Diderot; Paris France
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39
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Strassner JP, Harris JE. Understanding mechanisms of autoimmunity through translational research in vitiligo. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:81-88. [PMID: 27764715 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease of the skin that leads to life-altering depigmentation and remains difficult to treat. However, clinical observations and translational studies over 30-40 years have led to the development of an insightful working model of disease pathogenesis: Genetic risk spanning both immune and melanocyte functions is pushed over a threshold by known and suspected environmental factors to initiate autoimmune T cell-mediated killing of melanocytes. While under cellular stress, melanocytes appear to signal innate immunity to activate T cells. Once the autoimmune T cell response is established, the IFN-γ-STAT1-CXCL10 signaling axis becomes the primary inflammatory pathway driving both progression and maintenance of vitiligo. This pathway is a tempting target for both existing and developing pharmaceuticals, but further detailing how melanocytes signal their own demise may also lead to new therapeutic targets. Research in vitiligo may be the future key to understand the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmunity, as vitiligo is common, reversible, progresses over the life of the individual, has been relatively well-defined, and is quite easy to study using translational and clinical approaches. What is revealed in these studies can lead to innovative treatments and also help elucidate the principles that underlie similar organ-specific autoimmune diseases, especially in cases where the target organ is less accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Strassner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., LRB 225, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., LRB 225, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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40
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Jin Y, Andersen G, Yorgov D, Ferrara TM, Ben S, Brownson KM, Holland PJ, Birlea SA, Siebert J, Hartmann A, Lienert A, van Geel N, Lambert J, Luiten RM, Wolkerstorfer A, Wietze van der Veen JP, Bennett DC, Taïeb A, Ezzedine K, Kemp EH, Gawkrodger DJ, Weetman AP, Kõks S, Prans E, Kingo K, Karelson M, Wallace MR, McCormack WT, Overbeck A, Moretti S, Colucci R, Picardo M, Silverberg NB, Olsson M, Valle Y, Korobko I, Böhm M, Lim HW, Hamzavi I, Zhou L, Mi QS, Fain PR, Santorico SA, Spritz RA. Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1418-1424. [PMID: 27723757 PMCID: PMC5120758 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which depigmented skin results from destruction of melanocytes1, with epidemiologic association with other autoimmune diseases2. In previous linkage and genome-wide association studies (GWAS1, GWAS2), we identified 27 vitiligo susceptibility loci in patients of European (EUR) ancestry. We carried out a third GWAS (GWAS3) in EUR subjects, with augmented GWAS1 and GWAS2 controls, genome-wide imputation, and meta-analysis of all three GWAS, followed by an independent replication. The combined analyses, with 4,680 cases and 39,586 controls, identified 23 new loci and 7 suggestive loci, most encoding immune and apoptotic regulators, some also associated with other autoimmune diseases, as well as several melanocyte regulators. Bioinformatic analyses indicate a predominance of causal regulatory variation, some corresponding to eQTL at these loci. Together, the identified genes provide a framework for vitiligo genetic architecture and pathobiology, highlight relationships to other autoimmune diseases and melanoma, and offer potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Genevieve Andersen
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel Yorgov
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tracey M Ferrara
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Songtao Ben
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelly M Brownson
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paulene J Holland
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stanca A Birlea
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Anke Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Lienert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jo Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Wolkerstorfer
- Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J P Wietze van der Veen
- Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Medical Centre Haaglanden, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alain Taïeb
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Peau, Department of Dermatology, Hôpital St.-André, Bordeaux, France
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Peau, Department of Dermatology, Hôpital St.-André, Bordeaux, France
| | - E Helen Kemp
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Gawkrodger
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Anthony P Weetman
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ele Prans
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Karelson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margaret R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wayne T McCormack
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Silvia Moretti
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Colucci
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratorio Fisiopatologia Cutanea, Istituto Dermatologico San Gallicano, Rome, Italy
| | - Nanette B Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.,Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mats Olsson
- International Vitiligo Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yan Valle
- Vitiligo Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA
| | - Igor Korobko
- Vitiligo Research Foundation, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Iltefat Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pamela R Fain
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie A Santorico
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Vitiligo, an acquired depigmentation disorder, manifests as white macules on the skin and can cause significant psychological stress and stigmatization. Recent advances have shed light on key components that drive disease onset and progression as well as therapeutic approaches. Vitiligo can be triggered by stress to the melanin pigment-producing cells of the skin, the melanocytes. The triggers, which range from sunburn to mechanical trauma and chemical exposures, ultimately cause an autoimmune response that targets melanocytes, driving progressive skin depigmentation. The most significant progress in our understanding of disease etiology has been made on three fronts: (1) identifying cellular responses to stress, including antioxidant pathways and the unfolded protein response (UPR), as key players in disease onset, (2) characterizing immune responses that target melanocytes and drive disease progression, and (3) identifying major susceptibility genes. The current model for vitiligo pathogenesis postulates that oxidative stress causes cellular disruptions, including interruption of protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to the activation of the UPR and expression of UPR-regulated chemokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8. These chemokines recruit immune components to the skin, causing melanocytes to be targeted for destruction. Oxidative stress can further increase melanocyte targeting by promoting antigen presentation. Two key components of the autoimmune response that promote disease progression are the interferon (IFN)-γ/CXCL10 axis and IL-17-mediated responses. Several genome-wide association studies support a role for these pathways, with the antioxidant gene
NRF2, UPR gene
XBP1, and numerous immune-related genes including class I and class II major histocompatibility genes associated with a risk for developing vitiligo. Novel approaches to promote repigmentation in vitiligo are being investigated and may yield effective, long-lasting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashiela Manga
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Nada Elbuluk
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Seth J Orlow
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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