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Zhou L, Yu S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wen Y, Zhang Z, Ru Y, He Z, Chen X. Nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of guard mother cell division by inhibiting the synthesis of ACC. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2716-2732. [PMID: 37842726 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A stoma forms by a series of asymmetric divisions of stomatal lineage precursor cell and the terminal division of a guard mother cell (GMC). GMC division is restricted to once through genetic regulation mechanisms. Here, we show that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the regulation of the GMC division. NO donor treatment results in the formation of single guard cells (SGCs). SGCs are also produced in plants that accumulate high NO, whereas clustered guard cells (GCs) appear in plants with low NO accumulation. NO treatment promotes the formation of SGCs in the stomatal signalling mutants sdd1, epf1 epf2, tmm1, erl1 erl2 and er erl1 erl2, reduces the cell number per stomatal cluster in the fama-1 and flp1 myb88, but has no effect on stomatal of cdkb1;1 cyca2;234. Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a positive regulator of GMC division, reduces the NO-induced SGC formation. Further investigation found NO inhibits ACC synthesis by repressing the expression of several ACC SYNTHASE (ACS) genes, and in turn ACC represses NO accumulation by promoting the expression of HEMOGLOBIN 1 (HB1) encoding a NO scavenger. This work shows NO plays a role in the regulation of GMC division by modulating ACC accumulation in the Arabidopsis cotyledon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- International Agricultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zijing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanyu Ru
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaorong He
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Denninger P. RHO OF PLANTS signalling and the activating ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS: specificity in cellular signal transduction in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3685-3699. [PMID: 38683617 PMCID: PMC11194304 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Every cell constantly receives signals from its neighbours or the environment. In plants, most signals are perceived by RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and then transmitted into the cell. The molecular switches RHO OF PLANTS (ROP) are critical proteins for polar signal transduction and regulate multiple cell polarity processes downstream of RLKs. Many ROP-regulating proteins and scaffold proteins of the ROP complex are known. However, the spatiotemporal ROP signalling complex composition is not yet understood. Moreover, how specificity is achieved in different ROP signalling pathways within one cell still needs to be determined. This review gives an overview of recent advances in ROP signalling and how specificity by downstream scaffold proteins can be achieved. The composition of the ROP signalling complexes is discussed, focusing on the possibility of the simultaneous presence of ROP activators and inactivators within the same complex to balance ROP activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the function of plant-specific ROP GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS polarizing ROP signalling and defining the specificity of the initiated ROP signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Denninger
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany
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3
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Zhong S, Zhao P, Peng X, Li HJ, Duan Q, Cheung AY. From gametes to zygote: Mechanistic advances and emerging possibilities in plant reproduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:4-35. [PMID: 38431529 PMCID: PMC11060694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiongbo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiaohong Duan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Alice Y Cheung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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4
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Matsumoto H, Ueda M. Polarity establishment in the plant zygote at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261809. [PMID: 38436556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The complex structures of multicellular organisms originate from a unicellular zygote. In most angiosperms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, the zygote is distinctly polar and divides asymmetrically to produce an apical cell, which generates the aboveground part of the plant body, and a basal cell, which generates the root tip and extraembryonic suspensor. Thus, zygote polarity is pivotal for establishing the apical-basal axis running from the shoot apex to the root tip of the plant body. The molecular mechanisms and spatiotemporal dynamics behind zygote polarization remain elusive. However, advances in live-cell imaging of plant zygotes have recently made significant insights possible. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize our understanding of the early steps in apical-basal axis formation in Arabidopsis, with a focus on de novo transcriptional activation after fertilization and the intracellular dynamics leading to the first asymmetric division of the zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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5
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Hiromoto Y, Minamino N, Kikuchi S, Kimata Y, Matsumoto H, Nakagawa S, Ueda M, Higaki T. Comprehensive and quantitative analysis of intracellular structure polarization at the apical-basal axis in elongating Arabidopsis zygotes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22879. [PMID: 38129559 PMCID: PMC10739889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of multiple intracellular structures or proteins is a promising approach to provide a deeper understanding of and new insights into cellular polarity. In this study, we developed an image analysis pipeline to obtain intensity profiles of fluorescent probes along the apical-basal axis in elongating Arabidopsis thaliana zygotes based on two-photon live-cell imaging data. This technique showed the intracellular distribution of actin filaments, mitochondria, microtubules, and vacuolar membranes along the apical-basal axis in elongating zygotes from the onset of cell elongation to just before asymmetric cell division. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the quantitative data on intracellular distribution revealed that the zygote may be compartmentalized into two parts, with a boundary located 43.6% from the cell tip, immediately after fertilization. To explore the biological significance of this compartmentalization, we examined the positions of the asymmetric cell divisions from the dataset used in this distribution analysis. We found that the cell division plane was reproducibly inserted 20.5% from the cell tip. This position corresponded well with the midpoint of the compartmentalized apical region, suggesting a potential relationship between the zygote compartmentalization, which begins with cell elongation, and the position of the asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hiromoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Suzuka Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hikari Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sakumi Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Nakajima K, Higaki T, Ueda T, Inami M. Gaining New Insights in Plant Biology through Human-Machine Collaboration. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1257-1261. [PMID: 37952100 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nakajima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Masahiko Inami
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8904 Japan
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Ashraf MA, Liu L, Facette MR. A polarized nuclear position specifies the correct division plane during maize stomatal development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:125-139. [PMID: 37300534 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division generates different cell types and is a feature of development in multicellular organisms. Prior to asymmetric cell division, cell polarity is established. Maize (Zea mays) stomatal development serves as an excellent plant model system for asymmetric cell division, especially the asymmetric division of the subsidiary mother cell (SMC). In SMCs, the nucleus migrates to a polar location after the accumulation of polarly localized proteins but before the appearance of the preprophase band. We examined a mutant of an outer nuclear membrane protein that is part of the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex that localizes to the nuclear envelope in interphase cells. Previously, maize linc kash sine-like2 (mlks2) was observed to have abnormal stomata. We confirmed and identified the precise defects that lead to abnormal asymmetric divisions. Proteins that are polarly localized in SMCs prior to division polarized normally in mlks2. However, polar localization of the nucleus was sometimes impaired, even in cells that have otherwise normal polarity. This led to a misplaced preprophase band and atypical division planes. MLKS2 localized to mitotic structures; however, the structure of the preprophase band, spindle, and phragmoplast appeared normal in mlks2. Time-lapse imaging revealed that mlks2 has defects in premitotic nuclear migration toward the polarized site and unstable position at the division site after formation of the preprophase band. Overall, our results show that nuclear envelope proteins promote premitotic nuclear migration and stable nuclear position and that the position of the nucleus influences division plane establishment in asymmetrically dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arif Ashraf
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Plant Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Michelle R Facette
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Hartman KS, Muroyama A. Polarizing to the challenge: New insights into polarity-mediated division orientation in plant development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102383. [PMID: 37285693 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Land plants depend on oriented cell divisions that specify cell identities and tissue architecture. As such, the initiation and subsequent growth of plant organs require pathways that integrate diverse systemic signals to inform division orientation. Cell polarity is one solution to this challenge, allowing cells to generate internal asymmetry both spontaneously and in response to extrinsic cues. Here, we provide an update on our understanding of how plasma membrane-associated polarity domains control division orientation in plant cells. These cortical polar domains are flexible protein platforms whose positions, dynamics, and recruited effectors can be modulated by varied signals to control cellular behavior. Several recent reviews have explored the formation and maintenance of polar domains during plant development [1-4], so we focus here on substantial advances in our understanding of polarity-mediated division orientation from the last five years to provide a current snapshot of the field and highlight areas for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensington S Hartman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Muroyama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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9
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Trinh DC, Martin M, Bald L, Maizel A, Trehin C, Hamant O. Increased gene expression variability hinders the formation of regional mechanical conflicts leading to reduced organ shape robustness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302441120. [PMID: 37459526 PMCID: PMC10372692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302441120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To relate gene networks and organ shape, one needs to address two wicked problems: i) Gene expression is often variable locally, and shape is reproducible globally; ii) gene expression can have cascading effects on tissue mechanics, with possibly counterintuitive consequences for the final organ shape. Here, we address such wicked problems, taking advantage of simpler plant organ development where shape only emerges from cell division and elongation. We confirm that mutation in VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE 3 (VIP3), a subunit of the conserved polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (Paf1C), increases gene expression variability in Arabidopsis. Then, we focused on the Arabidopsis sepal, which exhibits a reproducible shape and stereotypical regional growth patterns. In vip3 sepals, we measured higher growth heterogeneity between adjacent cells. This even culminated in the presence of negatively growing cells in specific growth conditions. Interestingly, such increased local noise interfered with the stereotypical regional pattern of growth. We previously showed that regional differential growth at the wild-type sepal tip triggers a mechanical conflict, to which cells resist by reinforcing their walls, leading to growth arrest. In vip3, the disturbed regional growth pattern delayed organ growth arrest and increased final organ shape variability. Altogether, we propose that gene expression variability is managed by Paf1C to ensure organ robustness by building up mechanical conflicts at the regional scale, instead of the local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy-Chi Trinh
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Department of Pharmacological, Medical and Agronomical Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Cau Giay District, Hanoi11300, Vietnam
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Lotte Bald
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CNRS, 69364Lyon Cedex 07, France
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10
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Allsman LA, Bellinger MA, Huang V, Duong M, Contreras A, Romero AN, Verboonen B, Sidhu S, Zhang X, Steinkraus H, Uyehara AN, Martinez SE, Sinclair RM, Soriano GS, Diep B, Byrd V. D, Noriega A, Drakakaki G, Sylvester AW, Rasmussen CG. Subcellular positioning during cell division and cell plate formation in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204889. [PMID: 37484472 PMCID: PMC10360171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During proliferative plant cell division, the new cell wall, called the cell plate, is first built in the middle of the cell and then expands outward to complete cytokinesis. This dynamic process requires coordinated movement and arrangement of the cytoskeleton and organelles. Methods Here we use live-cell markers to track the dynamic reorganization of microtubules, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and endomembrane compartments during division and the formation of the cell plate in maize leaf epidermal cells. Results The microtubule plus-end localized protein END BINDING1 (EB1) highlighted increasing microtubule dynamicity during mitosis to support rapid changes in microtubule structures. The localization of the cell-plate specific syntaxin KNOLLE, several RAB-GTPases, as well as two plasma membrane localized proteins was assessed after treatment with the cytokinesis-specific callose-deposition inhibitor Endosidin7 (ES7) and the microtubule-disrupting herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC). While ES7 caused cell plate defects in Arabidopsis thaliana, it did not alter callose accumulation, or disrupt cell plate formation in maize. In contrast, CIPC treatment of maize epidermal cells occasionally produced irregular cell plates that split or fragmented, but did not otherwise disrupt the accumulation of cell-plate localized proteins. Discussion Together, these markers provide a robust suite of tools to examine subcellular trafficking and organellar organization during mitosis and cell plate formation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy A. Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Marschal A. Bellinger
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Duong
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alondra Contreras
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Andrea N. Romero
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Verboonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sukhmani Sidhu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Holly Steinkraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie E. Martinez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rosalie M. Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela Salazar Soriano
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Beatrice Diep
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dawson Byrd V.
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Noriega
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anne W. Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Carolyn G. Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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11
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Fung HF, Bergmann DC. Function follows form: How cell size is harnessed for developmental decisions. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151312. [PMID: 36989838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell size has profound effects on biological function, influencing a wide range of processes, including biosynthetic capacity, metabolism, and nutrient uptake. As a result, size is typically maintained within a narrow, population-specific range through size control mechanisms, which are an active area of study. While the physiological consequences of cell size are relatively well-characterized, less is known about its developmental consequences, and specifically its effects on developmental transitions. In this review, we compare systems where cell size is linked to developmental transitions, paying particular attention to examples from plants. We conclude by proposing that size can offer a simple readout of complex inputs, enabling flexible decisions during plant development.
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12
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Kimata Y, Yamada M, Murata T, Kuwata K, Sato A, Suzuki T, Kurihara D, Hasebe M, Higashiyama T, Ueda M. Novel inhibitors of microtubule organization and phragmoplast formation in diverse plant species. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201657. [PMID: 36849250 PMCID: PMC9971157 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division is essential for development and involves spindle assembly, chromosome separation, and cytokinesis. In plants, the genetic tools for controlling the events in cell division at the desired time are limited and ineffective owing to high redundancy and lethality. Therefore, we screened cell division-affecting compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana zygotes, whose cell division is traceable without time-lapse observations. We then determined the target events of the identified compounds using live-cell imaging of tobacco BY-2 cells. Subsequently, we isolated two compounds, PD-180970 and PP2, neither of which caused lethal damage. PD-180970 disrupted microtubule (MT) organization and, thus, nuclear separation, and PP2 blocked phragmoplast formation and impaired cytokinesis. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that these compounds reduced the phosphorylation of diverse proteins, including MT-associated proteins (MAP70) and class II Kinesin-12. Moreover, these compounds were effective in multiple plant species, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and moss (Physcomitrium patens). These properties make PD-180970 and PP2 useful tools for transiently controlling plant cell division at key manipulation nodes conserved across diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kimata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Moé Yamada
- Department of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Murata
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE), Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Yoshida D, Akita K, Higaki T. Machine learning and feature analysis of the cortical microtubule organization of Arabidopsis cotyledon pavement cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:987-998. [PMID: 36219259 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of cytoskeletal features can provide valuable insights into cell biology. In recent years, digital image analysis of cytoskeletal features has become an important research tool for quantitative evaluation of cytoskeleton organization. In this study, we examined the utility of a supervised machine learning approach with digital image analysis to distinguish different cellular organizational patterns. We focused on the jigsaw puzzle-shaped pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Measurements of three features of cortical microtubules in these cells (parallelness, density, and the coefficient of variation of the intensity distribution of fluorescently labeled cytoskeletons [as an indicator of microtubule bundling]) were obtained from microscopic images. A random forest machine learning model was then used with these images to differentiate mutant and wild type, and Taxol-treated and control cells. Using these three metrics, we were able to distinguish wild type from bpp125 triple mutant cells, with approximately 80% accuracy; classification accuracy was 88% for control and Taxol-treated cells. Different features contributed most to the classification, namely, coefficient of variation for the wild-type/mutant cells and parallelness for the Taxol-treated/control cells. The random forest method used enabled quantitative evaluation of the contribution of features to the classification, and partial dependence plots showed the relationships between metric values and classification accuracy. While further improvements to the method are needed, our small-scale analysis shows the potential for this approach in large-scale screening analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Meijirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Organization in Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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14
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Muratore IB, Garnier S. Ontogeny of collective behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220065. [PMID: 36802780 PMCID: PMC9939274 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During their lifetime, superorganisms, like unitary organisms, undergo transformations that change the machinery of their collective behaviour. Here, we suggest that these transformations are largely understudied and propose that more systematic research into the ontogeny of collective behaviours is needed if we hope to better understand the link between proximate behavioural mechanisms and the development of collective adaptive functions. In particular, certain social insects engage in self-assemblage, forming dynamic and physically connected architectures with striking similarities to developing multicellular organisms, making them good model systems for ontogenetic studies of collective behaviour. However, exhaustive time series and three-dimensional data are required to thoroughly characterize the different life stages of the collective structures and the transitions between these stages. The well-established fields of embryology and developmental biology offer practical tools and theoretical frameworks that could speed up the acquisition of new knowledge about the formation, development, maturity and dissolution of social insect self-assemblages and, by extension, other superorganismal behaviours. We hope that this review will encourage an expansion of the ontogenetic perspective in the field of collective behaviour and, in particular, in self-assemblage research, which has far-reaching applications in robotics, computer science and regenerative medicine. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Collective behaviour through time'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Garnier
- Department of Biological Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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15
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Takatsuka H, Higaki T, Ito M. At the Nexus between Cytoskeleton and Vacuole: How Plant Cytoskeletons Govern the Dynamics of Large Vacuoles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044143. [PMID: 36835552 PMCID: PMC9967756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Large vacuoles are a predominant cell organelle throughout the plant body. They maximally account for over 90% of cell volume and generate turgor pressure that acts as a driving force of cell growth, which is essential for plant development. The plant vacuole also acts as a reservoir for sequestering waste products and apoptotic enzymes, thereby enabling plants to rapidly respond to fluctuating environments. Vacuoles undergo dynamic transformation through repeated enlargement, fusion, fragmentation, invagination, and constriction, eventually resulting in the typical 3-dimensional complex structure in each cell type. Previous studies have indicated that such dynamic transformations of plant vacuoles are governed by the plant cytoskeletons, which consist of F-actin and microtubules. However, the molecular mechanism of cytoskeleton-mediated vacuolar modifications remains largely unclear. Here we first review the behavior of cytoskeletons and vacuoles during plant development and in response to environmental stresses, and then introduce candidates that potentially play pivotal roles in the vacuole-cytoskeleton nexus. Finally, we discuss factors hampering the advances in this research field and their possible solutions using the currently available cutting-edge technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Takatsuka
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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16
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Godfroy O, Zheng M, Yao H, Henschen A, Peters AF, Scornet D, Colin S, Ronchi P, Hipp K, Nagasato C, Motomura T, Cock JM, Coelho SM. The baseless mutant links protein phosphatase 2A with basal cell identity in the brown alga Ectocarpus. Development 2023; 150:dev201283. [PMID: 36786333 PMCID: PMC10112911 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The first mitotic division of the initial cell is a key event in all multicellular organisms and is associated with the establishment of major developmental axes and cell fates. The brown alga Ectocarpus has a haploid-diploid life cycle that involves the development of two multicellular generations: the sporophyte and the gametophyte. Each generation deploys a distinct developmental programme autonomously from an initial cell, the first cell division of which sets up the future body pattern. Here, we show that mutations in the BASELESS (BAS) gene result in multiple cellular defects during the first cell division and subsequent failure to produce basal structures during both generations. BAS encodes a type B″ regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and transcriptomic analysis identified potential effector genes that may be involved in determining basal cell fate. The bas mutant phenotype is very similar to that observed in distag (dis) mutants, which lack a functional Tubulin-binding co-factor Cd1 (TBCCd1) protein, indicating that TBCCd1 and PP2A are two essential components of the cellular machinery that regulates the first cell division and mediates basal cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Godfroy
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Haiqin Yao
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Agnes Henschen
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Delphine Scornet
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Sebastien Colin
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - J. Mark Cock
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Susana M. Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Ali MF, Shin JM, Fatema U, Kurihara D, Berger F, Yuan L, Kawashima T. Cellular dynamics of coenocytic endosperm development in Arabidopsis thaliana. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:330-342. [PMID: 36646830 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
After double fertilization, the endosperm in the seeds of many flowering plants undergoes repeated mitotic nuclear divisions without cytokinesis, resulting in a large coenocytic endosperm that then cellularizes. Growth during the coenocytic phase is strongly associated with the final seed size; however, a detailed description of the cellular dynamics controlling the unique coenocytic development in flowering plants has remained elusive. By integrating confocal microscopy live-cell imaging and genetics, we have characterized the entire development of the coenocytic endosperm of Arabidopsis thaliana including nuclear divisions, their timing intervals, nuclear movement and cytoskeleton dynamics. Around each nucleus, microtubules organize into aster-shaped structures that drive actin filament (F-actin) organization. Microtubules promote nuclear movement after division, while F-actin restricts it. F-actin is also involved in controlling the size of both the coenocytic endosperm and the mature seed. The characterization of cytoskeleton dynamics in real time throughout the entire coenocyte endosperm period provides foundational knowledge of plant coenocytic development, insights into the coordination of F-actin and microtubules in nuclear dynamics, and new opportunities to increase seed size and our food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Foteh Ali
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ji Min Shin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Umma Fatema
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Frédéric Berger
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tomokazu Kawashima
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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18
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Cui Y, He M, Liu D, Liu J, Liu J, Yan D. Intercellular Communication during Stomatal Development with a Focus on the Role of Symplastic Connection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032593. [PMID: 36768915 PMCID: PMC9917297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stomata are microscopic pores on the plant epidermis that serve as a major passage for the gas and water exchange between a plant and the atmosphere. The formation of stomata requires a series of cell division and cell-fate transitions and some key regulators including transcription factors and peptides. Monocots have different stomatal patterning and a specific subsidiary cell formation process compared with dicots. Cell-to-cell symplastic trafficking mediated by plasmodesmata (PD) allows molecules including proteins, RNAs and hormones to function in neighboring cells by moving through the channels. During stomatal developmental process, the intercellular communication between stomata complex and adjacent epidermal cells are finely controlled at different stages. Thus, the stomata cells are isolated or connected with others to facilitate their formation or movement. In the review, we summarize the main regulation mechanism underlying stomata development in both dicots and monocots and especially the specific regulation of subsidiary cell formation in monocots. We aim to highlight the important role of symplastic connection modulation during stomata development, including the status of PD presence at different cell-cell interfaces and the function of relevant mobile factors in both dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Meiqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Datong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Improvement for Low & Middle Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lixiahe Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Nan Q, Char SN, Yang B, Bennett EJ, Yang B, Facette MR. Polarly localized WPR proteins interact with PAN receptors and the actin cytoskeleton during maize stomatal development. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:469-487. [PMID: 36227066 PMCID: PMC9806561 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of cells prior to asymmetric cell division is crucial for correct cell divisions, cell fate, and tissue patterning. In maize (Zea mays) stomatal development, the polarization of subsidiary mother cells (SMCs) prior to asymmetric division is controlled by the BRICK (BRK)-PANGLOSS (PAN)-RHO FAMILY GTPASE (ROP) pathway. Two catalytically inactive receptor-like kinases, PAN2 and PAN1, are required for correct division plane positioning. Proteins in the BRK-PAN-ROP pathway are polarized in SMCs, with the polarization of each protein dependent on the previous one. As most of the known proteins in this pathway do not physically interact, possible interactors that might participate in the pathway are yet to be described. We identified WEAK CHLOROPLAST MOVEMENT UNDER BLUE LIGHT 1 (WEB1)/PLASTID MOVEMENT IMPAIRED 2 (PMI2)-RELATED (WPR) proteins as players during SMC polarization in maize. WPRs physically interact with PAN receptors and polarly accumulate in SMCs. The polarized localization of WPR proteins depends on PAN2 but not PAN1. CRISPR-Cas9-induced mutations result in division plane defects in SMCs, and ectopic expression of WPR-RFP results in stomatal defects and alterations to the actin cytoskeleton. We show that certain WPR proteins directly interact with F-actin through their N-terminus. Our data implicate WPR proteins as potentially regulating actin filaments, providing insight into their molecular function. These results demonstrate that WPR proteins are important for cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Nan
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Si Nian Char
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- University of CaliforniaUniversity of California, San Diego, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Eric J Bennett
- University of CaliforniaUniversity of California, San Diego, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Michelle R Facette
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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20
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Shin JM, Yuan L, Kawashima T. Live-cell imaging reveals the cellular dynamics in seed development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111485. [PMID: 36206961 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Seed development in flowering plants is highly complex and governed by three genetically distinct tissues: the fertilization products, the diploid embryo and triploid endosperm, as well as the seed coat that has maternal origin. There are diverse cellular dynamics such as nuclear movement in gamete cells for fertilization, cell polarity establishment for embryo development, and multinuclear endosperm formation. These tissues also coordinate and synchronize the developmental timing for proper seed formation through cell-to-cell communications. Live-cell imaging using advanced microscopy techniques enables us to decipher the dynamics of these events. Especially, the establishment of a less-invasive semi-in vivo live-cell imaging approach has allowed us to perform time-lapse analyses for long period observation of Arabidopsis thaliana intact seed development dynamics. Here we highlight the recent trends of live-cell imaging for seed development and discuss where we are heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Shin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, USA; Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, USA; Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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21
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Glanc M. Plant cell division from the perspective of polarity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5361-5371. [PMID: 35604840 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of cell division is a major determinant of plant morphogenesis. In spite of considerable efforts over the past decades, the precise mechanism of division plane selection remains elusive. The majority of studies on the topic have addressed division orientation from either a predominantly developmental or a cell biological perspective. Thus, mechanistic insights into the links between developmental and cellular factors affecting division orientation are particularly lacking. Here, I review recent progress in the understanding of cell division orientation in the embryo and primary root meristem of Arabidopsis from both developmental and cell biological standpoints. I offer a view of multilevel polarity as a central aspect of cell division: on the one hand, the division plane is a readout of tissue- and organism-wide polarities; on the other hand, the cortical division zone can be seen as a transient polar subcellular plasma membrane domain. Finally, I argue that a polarity-focused conceptual framework and the integration of developmental and cell biological approaches hold great promise to unravel the mechanistic basis of plant cell division orientation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matouš Glanc
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Mills AM, Rasmussen CG. Defects in division plane positioning in the root meristematic zone affect cell organization in the differentiation zone. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276936. [PMID: 36074053 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division plane orientation is critical for plant and animal development and growth. TANGLED1 (TAN1) and AUXIN-INDUCED-IN-ROOT-CULTURES9 (AIR9) are division-site localized microtubule-binding proteins required for division plane positioning. tan1 and air9 Arabidopsis thaliana single mutants have minor or no noticeable phenotypes but the tan1 air9 double mutant has synthetic phenotypes including stunted growth, misoriented divisions, and aberrant cell-file rotation in the root differentiation zone. These data suggest that TAN1 plays a role in nondividing cells. To determine whether TAN1 is required in elongating and differentiating cells in the tan1 air9 double mutant, we limited its expression to actively dividing cells using the G2/M-specific promoter of the syntaxin KNOLLE (pKN:TAN1-YFP). Unexpectedly, in addition to rescuing division plane defects, pKN:TAN1-YFP rescued root growth and the root differentiation zone cell file rotation defects in the tan1 air9 double mutant. This suggests that defects that occur in the meristematic zone later affect the organization of elongating and differentiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Mills
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, USA.,Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA
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23
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Yoshida S, Weijers D. Quantitative analysis of 3D cellular geometry and modeling of the Arabidopsis embryo. J Microsc 2022; 287:107-113. [PMID: 35759505 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As many multicellular organisms, land plants start their life as a single cell, which forms an embryo. Embryo morphology is relatively simple, yet comprises basic tissues and organs, as well as stem cells that sustain post-embryonic development. Being condensed in both time and space, early plant embryogenesis offers an excellent window to study general principles of plant development. However, it has been technically challenging to obtain high spatial microscopic resolution, or to perform live imaging, that would enable an in-depth investigation. Recent advances in sample preparation and microscopy now allow studying the detailed cellular morphology of plant embryos in 3D. When coupled to quantitative image analysis and computational modeling, this allows resolving the temporal and spatial interactions between cellular patterning and genetic networks. In this review, we discuss examples of interdisciplinary studies that showcase the potential of the early plant embryo for revealing principles underlying plant development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Yoshida
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Köln, D-50829, Germany
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University
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24
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Zhang L, Ambrose C. CLASP balances two competing cell division plane cues during leaf development. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:682-693. [PMID: 35668154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Starting as small, densely packed boxes, leaf mesophyll cells expand to form an intricate mesh of interconnected cells and air spaces, the organization of which dictates the internal surface area of the leaf for light capture and gas exchange during photosynthesis. Despite their importance, little is known about the basic patterns of mesophyll cell division, and how they contribute to cell and intercellular space organization. To address this, we tracked divisions within individual cell lineages in three dimensions over time in Arabidopsis spongy mesophyll. We found that early on, successive cell division planes switch their orientation such that each new cell wall intersects the previous at a right angle, creating a new multi-cell junction (the intersection of three or more cells). These junctions then open to create intercellular spaces. During subsequent enlargement of the spaces, the division planes of the surrounding cells show an increasing tendency to tilt in the direction of their adjacent intercellular spaces. This disrupts the alternating pattern, and by extension, halts the initiation of new multi-cell junctions and intercellular spaces, but allows the expansion of existing spaces. Both division patterns are specified before mitosis by the orientation of interphase cortical microtubules, which gradually narrow to form a preprophase band in the same orientation to establish the future plane of cell division. In the absence of the microtubule-associated protein CLASP, the early alternating division plane and microtubule patterns are compromised, whereas space-oriented divisions are exacerbated. This results in large distortions of the topological relations between cells and intercellular spaces, as well as changes in their relative abundance. Our data reveal the existence of two competing cell division mechanisms that are balanced by CLASP to specify the distribution of cells and intercellular spaces in spongy mesophyll tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Biology, The University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts and Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, The University of Saskatchewan, College of Arts and Science, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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25
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Yi P, Goshima G. Division site determination during asymmetric cell division in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2120-2139. [PMID: 35201345 PMCID: PMC9134084 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During development, both animals and plants exploit asymmetric cell division (ACD) to increase tissue complexity, a process that usually generates cells dissimilar in size, morphology, and fate. Plants lack the key regulators that control ACD in animals. Instead, plants have evolved two unique cytoskeletal structures to tackle this problem: the preprophase band (PPB) and phragmoplast. The assembly of the PPB and phragmoplast and their contributions to division plane orientation have been extensively studied. However, how the division plane is positioned off the cell center during asymmetric division is poorly understood. Over the past 20 years, emerging evidence points to a critical role for polarly localized membrane proteins in this process. Although many of these proteins are species- or cell type specific, and the molecular mechanism underlying division asymmetry is not fully understood, common features such as morphological changes in cells, cytoskeletal dynamics, and nuclear positioning have been observed. In this review, we provide updates on polarity establishment and nuclear positioning during ACD in plants. Together with previous findings about symmetrically dividing cells and the emerging roles of developmental cues, we aim to offer evolutionary insight into a common framework for asymmetric division-site determination and highlight directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Toba 517-0004, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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26
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Sakai Y, Higaki T, Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Kohchi T, Hasezawa S. Migration of prospindle before the first asymmetric division in germinating spore of Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:5-12. [PMID: 35800969 PMCID: PMC9200083 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.1217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of the plant body starts with spore germination in bryophytes. In many cases, the first division of the spore occurs after germination and cell elongation of the spore. In Marchantia polymorpha, asymmetric division occurs upon spore germination to generate two daughter cells: the larger one retains the ability to divide and develops into the thallus via sporeling or protonema, while the smaller one maintains tip growth and differentiates into the first rhizoid, providing a scaffold for initial development. Although spore germination of M. polymorpha was described in the 19th century, the intracellular processes of the first asymmetric division of the spore have not been well characterized. In this study, we used live-cell imaging analyses to elucidate microtubule dynamics during the first asymmetric division concomitantly with germination. In particular, we demonstrated that the preprophase band was not formed in the spore and that the bipolar prospindle, which is a microtubule structure surrounding the nucleus during prophase, migrated from the center to the periphery in the spore, suggesting that it was the earliest visible sign of cell polarity. We also showed that the occurrence of asymmetric division depended on actin filaments. Our findings regarding the first division of the spore in M. polymorpha will lead to a better model for cell-autonomous asymmetric division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sakai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-78-803-5727
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Sciences, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8584 Japan
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27
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Aini H, Sato Y, Uno K, Higashiyama T, Okamoto T. Dynamics of mitochondrial distribution during development and asymmetric division of rice zygotes. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022; 35:47-60. [PMID: 34633536 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria change their distribution from nuclear peripheral to uniformly distributed in cytoplasm during zygotic development of rice, and the mitochondria re-distribute around nucleus for even segregation into daughter cells. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that actively move and change their localization along with actin filaments during the cell cycle. Studies of mitochondrial dynamics and distribution in plant cells have mainly been conducted on somatic cells, and our understanding about these aspects during the formation and development of zygotes remains limited. In this study, mitochondrial nucleoids of rice egg cells and zygotes were successfully stained by using N-aryl pyrido cyanine 3 (PC3), and their intracellular localization and distribution were demonstrated. Mitochondria in rice egg cells were small and coccoid in shape and were primarily distributed around the nucleus. Upon gamete fusion, the resulting zygotes showed mitochondrial dispersion and accumulation equivalent to those in rice egg cells until 8 h after fusion (HAF). Around 12 HAF, the mitochondria started to disperse throughout the cytoplasm of the zygotes, and this dispersive distribution pattern continued until the zygotes entered the mitotic phase. At early prophase, the mitochondria redistributed from dispersive to densely accumulated around the nucleus, and during the metaphase and anaphase, the mitochondria were depleted from possible mitotic spindle region. Thereafter, during cell plate formation between daughter nuclei, the mitochondria distributed along the phragmoplast, where the new cell wall was formed. Finally, relatively equivalent amounts of mitochondria were detected in the apical and basal cells which were produced through asymmetric division of the zygotes. Further observation by treating the egg cell with latrunculin B revealed that the accumulation of mitochondria around the nuclear periphery in egg cells and early zygotes depended on the actin meshwork converging toward the egg or zygote nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifah Aini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Sato
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kakishi Uno
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
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28
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Zhao P, Shi C, Wang L, Sun MX. The parental contributions to early plant embryogenesis and the concept of maternal-to-zygotic transition in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:102144. [PMID: 34823206 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is a major developmental transition in the life cycles of animals. It consists of two associated processes: maternal transcript clearance and zygotic genome activation (ZGA). The concept of MZT has been controversially discussed in plants. In this short review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the timing of ZGA and the similarities and differences between ZGA in eudicots and monocots. We discuss the parental contributions to the transcriptome of the proembryo and parental control of early embryogenesis, and we examine distinct differences in the ZGA between animals and plants, update relevant concepts on MZT, and highlight outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ce Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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29
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Ramalho JJ, Jones VAS, Mutte S, Weijers D. Pole position: How plant cells polarize along the axes. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:174-192. [PMID: 34338785 PMCID: PMC8774072 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Having a sense of direction is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine cell shape, division orientation, or function, and ultimately the formation of a functional, multicellular body. Cells acquire and integrate directional information by establishing discrete subcellular domains along an axis with distinct molecular profiles, a process known as cell polarization. Insight into the principles and mechanisms underlying cell polarity has been propelled by decades of extensive research mostly in yeast and animal models. Our understanding of cell polarity establishment in plants, which lack most of the regulatory molecules identified in other eukaryotes, is more limited, but significant progress has been made in recent years. In this review, we explore how plant cells coordinately establish stable polarity axes aligned with the organ axes, highlighting similarities in the molecular logic used to polarize both plant and animal cells. We propose a classification system for plant cell polarity events and nomenclature guidelines. Finally, we provide a deep phylogenetic analysis of polar proteins and discuss the evolution of polarity machineries in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumanth Mutte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6703WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Prusicki MA, Balboni M, Sofroni K, Hamamura Y, Schnittger A. Caught in the Act: Live-Cell Imaging of Plant Meiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:718346. [PMID: 34992616 PMCID: PMC8724559 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.718346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging is a powerful method to obtain insights into cellular processes, particularly with respect to their dynamics. This is especially true for meiosis, where chromosomes and other cellular components such as the cytoskeleton follow an elaborate choreography over a relatively short period of time. Making these dynamics visible expands understanding of the regulation of meiosis and its underlying molecular forces. However, the analysis of meiosis by live-cell imaging is challenging; specifically in plants, a temporally resolved understanding of chromosome segregation and recombination events is lacking. Recent advances in live-cell imaging now allow the analysis of meiotic events in plants in real time. These new microscopy methods rely on the generation of reporter lines for meiotic regulators and on the establishment of ex vivo culture and imaging conditions, which stabilize the specimen and keep it alive for several hours or even days. In this review, we combine an overview of the technical aspects of live-cell imaging in plants with a summary of outstanding questions that can now be addressed to promote live-cell imaging in Arabidopsis and other plant species and stimulate ideas on the topics that can be addressed in the context of plant meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Arp Schnittger
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Deng Y, Fu W, Tang B, Tao L, Zhang L, Zhou X, Wang Q, Li J, Chen J. Transcriptome analysis of ovary culture-induced embryogenesis in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). PeerJ 2021; 9:e12145. [PMID: 35003908 PMCID: PMC8684322 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background.
Ovary culture is a useful technique used to generate double haploid (DH) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. However, cucumber ovary culture have a low rate of embryo induction and plant regeneration. Moreover, the cucumber embryogenesis mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we explored the molecular basis of cucumber embryogenesis in order to establish a foundation for a more efficient ovary culture method. Using transcriptome sequencing, we also investigated the differential expression of genes during the embryogenesis process.
Methods.
Cytological and morphological observations have divided cucumber ovary culture into three stages: early embryo development (T0), embryo morphogenesis (T1, T2, T3 and T4), and shoot formation (T5). We selected six key time points for transcriptome sequencing and analysis: T0 (the ovules were cultured for 0 d), T1 (the ovules were cultured for 2 d), T2 (the embryos were cultured for 10 d), T3 (the embryos were cultured for 20 d), T4 (the embryos were cultured for 30 d), and T5 (the shoots after 60 d culture).
Results.
We used cytology and morphology to observe the characteristics of the cucumber’s developmental transformation during embryogenesis and plant regeneration. The differentially expressed genes(DEGs) at developmental transition points were analyzed using transcriptome sequencing. In the early embryogenesis stage, the cells expanded, which was the signal for gametophytes to switch to the sporophyte development pathway. RNA-seq revealed that when compared to the fresh unpollinated ovaries, there were 3,468 up-regulated genes in the embryos, including hormone signal transduction genes, hormone response genes, and stress-induced genes. The reported embryogenesis-related genes BBM, HSP90 and AGL were also actively expressed during this stage. In the embryo morphogenesis stage (from cell division to cotyledon-embryo formation), 480 genes that functioned in protein complex binding, microtubule binding, tetrapyrrole binding, tubulin binding and other microtubule activities were continuously up-regulated during the T1, T2, T3 and T4 time points. This indicated that the cytoskeleton structure was continuously being built and maintained by the action of microtubule-binding proteins and enzyme modification. In the shoot formation stage, 1,383 genes were up-regulated that were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylalanine metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. These up-regualted genes included six transcription factors that contained a B3 domain, nine genes in the AP2/ERF family, and two genes encoding WUS homologous domain proteins.
Conclusions.
Evaluation of molecular gynogenesis events may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of cucumber ovarian culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyan, China
| | - Wenyuan Fu
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyan, China
| | - Lian Tao
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyan, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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32
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Zhou X, Zhao P, Sun MX. Autophagy in sexual plant reproduction: new insights. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7658-7667. [PMID: 34338297 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a mechanism by which damaged or unwanted cells are degraded and their constituents recycled. Over the past decades, research focused on autophagy has expanded from yeast to mammals and plants, and the core machinery regulating autophagy appears to be conserved. In plants, autophagy has essential roles in responses to stressful conditions and also contributes to normal development, especially in the context of reproduction. Here, based on recent efforts to understand the roles and molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy, we highlight the specific roles of autophagy in plant reproduction and provide new insights for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Protection and Application of Special Plant Germplasm in Wuling Area of China, Engineering Research Centre for the Protection and Utilization of Bioresource in Ethnic Area of Southern China, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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33
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Vaddepalli P, de Zeeuw T, Strauss S, Bürstenbinder K, Liao CY, Ramalho JJ, Smith RS, Weijers D. Auxin-dependent control of cytoskeleton and cell shape regulates division orientation in the Arabidopsis embryo. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4946-4955.e4. [PMID: 34610273 PMCID: PMC8612740 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Premitotic control of cell division orientation is critical for plant development, as cell walls prevent extensive cell remodeling or migration. While many divisions are proliferative and add cells to existing tissues, some divisions are formative and generate new tissue layers or growth axes. Such formative divisions are often asymmetric in nature, producing daughters with different fates. We have previously shown that, in the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo, developmental asymmetry is correlated with geometric asymmetry, creating daughter cells of unequal volume. Such divisions are generated by division planes that deviate from a default “minimal surface area” rule. Inhibition of auxin response leads to reversal to this default, yet the mechanisms underlying division plane choice in the embryo have been unclear. Here, we show that auxin-dependent division plane control involves alterations in cell geometry, but not in cell polarity axis or nuclear position. Through transcriptome profiling, we find that auxin regulates genes controlling cell wall and cytoskeleton properties. We confirm the involvement of microtubule (MT)-binding proteins in embryo division control. Organization of both MT and actin cytoskeleton depends on auxin response, and genetically controlled MT or actin depolymerization in embryos leads to disruption of asymmetric divisions, including reversion to the default. Our work shows how auxin-dependent control of MT and actin cytoskeleton properties interacts with cell geometry to generate asymmetric divisions during the earliest steps in plant development. Auxin responses regulate directional cell expansion in Arabidopsis embryos Cell shape and division orientation are tightly coupled Transcriptome analysis identifies MT-associated IQD proteins in division control Cytoskeletal dynamics control division orientation
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Vaddepalli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thijs de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Che-Yang Liao
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Jacob Ramalho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, Cologne, Germany; John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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34
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Tsutsui H. Not Just a Storage Space-Vacuoles Determine the Position of the First Zygotic Division. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1221-1223. [PMID: 34529085 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsutsui
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
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35
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Matsumoto H, Kimata Y, Higaki T, Higashiyama T, Ueda M. Dynamic Rearrangement and Directional Migration of Tubular Vacuoles are Required for the Asymmetric Division of the Arabidopsis Zygote. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1280-1289. [PMID: 34077537 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In most flowering plants, the asymmetric cell division of zygotes is the initial step that establishes the apical-basal axis. In the Arabidopsis zygote, vacuolar accumulation at the basal cell end is crucial to ensure zygotic division asymmetry. Despite the importance, it was unclear whether this polar vacuolar distribution was achieved by predominant biogenesis at the basal region or by directional movement after biogenesis. Here, we found that apical and basal vacuolar contents are dynamically exchanged via a tubular vacuolar network and the vacuoles gradually migrate toward the basal end. The mutant of a vacuolar membrane protein, SHOOT GRAVITROPISM2 (SGR2), failed to form tubular vacuoles, and the mutant of a putative vacuolar fusion factor, VESICLE TRANSPORT THROUGH INTERACTION WITH T-SOLUBLE N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE-SENSITIVE FUSION PROTEIN ATTACHMENT PROTEIN RECEPTORS (SNARES) 11 (VTI11), could not flexibly rearrange the vacuolar network. Both mutants failed to exchange the apical and basal vacuolar contents and to polarly migrate the vacuoles, resulting in a more symmetric division of zygotes. Additionally, we observed that in contrast to sgr2, the zygotic defects of vti11 were rescued by the pharmacological depletion of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), a distinct phospholipid in the vacuolar membrane. Thus, SGR2 and VTI11 have individual sites of action in zygotic vacuolar membrane processes. Further, a mutant of YODA (YDA) mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, a core component of the embryonic axis formation pathway, generated the proper vacuolar network; however, it failed to migrate the vacuoles toward the basal region, which suggests impaired directional cues. Overall, we conclude that SGR2- and VTI11-dependent vacuolar exchange and YDA-mediated directional migration are necessary to achieve polar vacuolar distribution in the zygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE)
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36
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Schütz LM, Louveaux M, Vilches Barro A, Bouziri S, Cerrone L, Wolny A, Kreshuk A, Hamprecht FA, Maizel A. Integration of Cell Growth and Asymmetric Division during Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1269-1279. [PMID: 33725093 PMCID: PMC8579162 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation determines to a large extent the ability of plants to forage their environment and thus their growth. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other angiosperms, lateral root initiation requires radial cell expansion and several rounds of anticlinal cell divisions that give rise to a central core of small cells, which express different markers than the larger surrounding cells. These small central cells then switch their plane of divisions to periclinal and give rise to seemingly morphologically similar daughter cells that have different identities and establish the different cell types of the new root. Although the execution of these anticlinal and periclinal divisions is tightly regulated and essential for the correct development of the lateral root, we know little about their geometrical features. Here, we generate a four-dimensional reconstruction of the first stages of lateral root formation and analyze the geometric features of the anticlinal and periclinal divisions. We identify that the periclinal divisions of the small central cells are morphologically dissimilar and asymmetric. We show that mother cell volume is different when looking at anticlinal vs. periclinal divisions and the repeated anticlinal divisions do not lead to reduction in cell volume, although cells are shorter. Finally, we show that cells undergoing a periclinal division are characterized by a strong cell expansion. Our results indicate that cells integrate growth and division to precisely partition their volume upon division during the first two stages of lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Marie Schütz
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Agrilution Systems GmbH, Munich 81249, Germany
| | - Marion Louveaux
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Institut Pasteur, Paris 75014, France
| | - Amaya Vilches Barro
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sami Bouziri
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Wolny
- HCI-IWR, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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37
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Marconi M, Gallemi M, Benkova E, Wabnik K. A coupled mechano-biochemical model for cell polarity guided anisotropic root growth. eLife 2021; 10:72132. [PMID: 34723798 PMCID: PMC8716106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants develop new organs to adjust their bodies to dynamic changes in the environment. How independent organs achieve anisotropic shapes and polarities is poorly understood. To address this question, we constructed a mechano-biochemical model for Arabidopsis root meristem growth that integrates biologically plausible principles. Computer model simulations demonstrate how differential growth of neighboring tissues results in the initial symmetry-breaking leading to anisotropic root growth. Furthermore, the root growth feeds back on a polar transport network of the growth regulator auxin. Model, predictions are in close agreement with in vivo patterns of anisotropic growth, auxin distribution, and cell polarity, as well as several root phenotypes caused by chemical, mechanical, or genetic perturbations. Our study demonstrates that the combination of tissue mechanics and polar auxin transport organizes anisotropic root growth and cell polarities during organ outgrowth. Therefore, a mobile auxin signal transported through immobile cells drives polarity and growth mechanics to coordinate complex organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marconi
- CBGP Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Marcal Gallemi
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benkova
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- CBGP Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
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Dresselhaus T, Jürgens G. Comparative Embryogenesis in Angiosperms: Activation and Patterning of Embryonic Cell Lineages. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:641-676. [PMID: 33606951 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-082520-094112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Following fertilization in flowering plants (angiosperms), egg and sperm cells unite to form the zygote, which generates an entire new organism through a process called embryogenesis. In this review, we provide a comparative perspective on early zygotic embryogenesis in flowering plants by using the Poaceae maize and rice as monocot grass and crop models as well as Arabidopsis as a eudicot model of the Brassicaceae family. Beginning with the activation of the egg cell, we summarize and discuss the process of maternal-to-zygotic transition in plants, also taking recent work on parthenogenesis and haploid induction into consideration. Aspects like imprinting, which is mainly associated with endosperm development and somatic embryogenesis, are not considered. Controversial findings about the timing of zygotic genome activation as well as maternal versus paternal contribution to zygote and early embryo development are highlighted. The establishment of zygotic polarity, asymmetric division, and apical and basal cell lineages represents another chapter in which we also examine and compare the role of major signaling pathways, cell fate genes, and hormones in early embryogenesis. Except for the model Arabidopsis, little is known about embryopatterning and the establishment of the basic body plan in angiosperms. Using available in situ hybridization, RNA-sequencing, and marker data, we try to compare how and when stem cell niches are established. Finally, evolutionary aspects of plant embryo development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dresselhaus
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Gerd Jürgens
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
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Jiang YT, Yang LH, Ferjani A, Lin WH. Multiple functions of the vacuole in plant growth and fruit quality. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2021; 1:4. [PMID: 37789408 PMCID: PMC10509827 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-021-00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles are organelles in plant cells that play pivotal roles in growth and developmental regulation. The main functions of vacuoles include maintaining cell acidity and turgor pressure, regulating the storage and transport of substances, controlling the transport and localization of key proteins through the endocytic and lysosomal-vacuolar transport pathways, and responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further, proteins localized either in the tonoplast (vacuolar membrane) or inside the vacuole lumen are critical for fruit quality. In this review, we summarize and discuss some of the emerging functions and regulatory mechanisms associated with plant vacuoles, including vacuole biogenesis, vacuole functions in plant growth and development, fruit quality, and plant-microbe interaction, as well as some innovative research technology that has driven advances in the field. Together, the functions of plant vacuoles are important for plant growth and fruit quality. The investigation of vacuole functions in plants is of great scientific significance and has potential applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tong Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lu-Han Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei-shi, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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40
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Umeda M, Ikeuchi M, Ishikawa M, Ito T, Nishihama R, Kyozuka J, Torii KU, Satake A, Goshima G, Sakakibara H. Plant stem cell research is uncovering the secrets of longevity and persistent growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:326-335. [PMID: 33533118 PMCID: PMC8252613 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cells have several extraordinary features: they are generated de novo during development and regeneration, maintain their pluripotency, and produce another stem cell niche in an orderly manner. This enables plants to survive for an extended period and to continuously make new organs, representing a clear difference in their developmental program from animals. To uncover regulatory principles governing plant stem cell characteristics, our research project 'Principles of pluripotent stem cells underlying plant vitality' was launched in 2017, supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Japanese government. Through a collaboration involving 28 research groups, we aim to identify key factors that trigger epigenetic reprogramming and global changes in gene networks, and thereby contribute to stem cell generation. Pluripotent stem cells in the shoot apical meristem are controlled by cytokinin and auxin, which also play a crucial role in terminating stem cell activity in the floral meristem; therefore, we are focusing on biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, perception, and signaling of these hormones. Besides, we are uncovering the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and of stem cell death and replenishment under DNA stress, which will illuminate plant-specific features in preserving stemness. Our technology support groups expand single-cell omics to describe stem cell behavior in a spatiotemporal context, and provide correlative light and electron microscopic technology to enable live imaging of cell and subcellular dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution. In this perspective, we discuss future directions of our ongoing projects and related research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma630‐0192Japan
| | - Momoko Ikeuchi
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceNiigata UniversityNiigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Masaki Ishikawa
- National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki444‐8585Japan
- Department of Basic BiologyThe Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI)Okazaki444‐8585Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Graduate School of Science and TechnologyNara Institute of Science and TechnologyIkoma630‐0192Japan
| | | | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Keiko U. Torii
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712USA
- Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuoka819‐0395Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8602Japan
- Sugashima Marine Biological LaboratoryGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityToba517‐0004Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityNagoya464‐8601Japan
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Susaki D, Suzuki T, Maruyama D, Ueda M, Higashiyama T, Kurihara D. Dynamics of the cell fate specifications during female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001123. [PMID: 33770073 PMCID: PMC7997040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The female gametophytes of angiosperms contain cells with distinct functions, such as those that enable reproduction via pollen tube attraction and fertilization. Although the female gametophyte undergoes unique developmental processes, such as several rounds of nuclear division without cell plate formation and final cellularization, it remains unknown when and how the cell fate is determined during development. Here, we visualized the living dynamics of female gametophyte development and performed transcriptome analysis of individual cell types to assess the cell fate specifications in Arabidopsis thaliana. We recorded time lapses of the nuclear dynamics and cell plate formation from the 1-nucleate stage to the 7-cell stage after cellularization using an in vitro ovule culture system. The movies showed that the nuclear division occurred along the micropylar–chalazal (distal–proximal) axis. During cellularization, the polar nuclei migrated while associating with the forming edge of the cell plate, and then, migrated toward each other to fuse linearly. We also tracked the gene expression dynamics and identified that the expression of MYB98pro::GFP–MYB98, a synergid-specific marker, was initiated just after cellularization in the synergid, egg, and central cells and was then restricted to the synergid cells. This indicated that cell fates are determined immediately after cellularization. Transcriptome analysis of the female gametophyte cells of the wild-type and myb98 mutant revealed that the myb98 synergid cells had egg cell–like gene expression profiles. Although in myb98, egg cell–specific gene expression was properly initiated in the egg cells only after cellularization, but subsequently expressed ectopically in one of the 2 synergid cells. These results, together with the various initiation timings of the egg cell–specific genes, suggest complex regulation of the individual gametophyte cells, such as cellularization-triggered fate initiation, MYB98-dependent fate maintenance, cell morphogenesis, and organelle positioning. Our system of live-cell imaging and cell type–specific gene expression analysis provides insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of cell fate specifications in the development of female gametophytes in plants. The female gametophytes of angiosperms contain cells with distinct functions, such as those that enable reproduction via pollen tube attraction and fertilization. Live-cell imaging and transcriptome analysis of single female gametophyte cell reveal novel insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of cell fate specifications in the model plant Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Susaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (DK)
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (DK)
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42
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Susaki D, Suzuki T, Maruyama D, Ueda M, Higashiyama T, Kurihara D. Dynamics of the cell fate specifications during female gametophyte development in Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001123. [PMID: 33770073 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.07.023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The female gametophytes of angiosperms contain cells with distinct functions, such as those that enable reproduction via pollen tube attraction and fertilization. Although the female gametophyte undergoes unique developmental processes, such as several rounds of nuclear division without cell plate formation and final cellularization, it remains unknown when and how the cell fate is determined during development. Here, we visualized the living dynamics of female gametophyte development and performed transcriptome analysis of individual cell types to assess the cell fate specifications in Arabidopsis thaliana. We recorded time lapses of the nuclear dynamics and cell plate formation from the 1-nucleate stage to the 7-cell stage after cellularization using an in vitro ovule culture system. The movies showed that the nuclear division occurred along the micropylar-chalazal (distal-proximal) axis. During cellularization, the polar nuclei migrated while associating with the forming edge of the cell plate, and then, migrated toward each other to fuse linearly. We also tracked the gene expression dynamics and identified that the expression of MYB98pro::GFP-MYB98, a synergid-specific marker, was initiated just after cellularization in the synergid, egg, and central cells and was then restricted to the synergid cells. This indicated that cell fates are determined immediately after cellularization. Transcriptome analysis of the female gametophyte cells of the wild-type and myb98 mutant revealed that the myb98 synergid cells had egg cell-like gene expression profiles. Although in myb98, egg cell-specific gene expression was properly initiated in the egg cells only after cellularization, but subsequently expressed ectopically in one of the 2 synergid cells. These results, together with the various initiation timings of the egg cell-specific genes, suggest complex regulation of the individual gametophyte cells, such as cellularization-triggered fate initiation, MYB98-dependent fate maintenance, cell morphogenesis, and organelle positioning. Our system of live-cell imaging and cell type-specific gene expression analysis provides insights into the dynamics and mechanisms of cell fate specifications in the development of female gametophytes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Susaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Maruyama
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Minako Ueda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Higashiyama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurihara
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Nagoya, Japan
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43
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Khanday I, Sundaresan V. Plant zygote development: recent insights and applications to clonal seeds. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 59:101993. [PMID: 33422964 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, haploid gametes - an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse to form the first diploid cell - the zygote. The zygote is the progenitor stem cell that gives rise to all the embryonic and post embryonic tissues and organs. Unlike animals, both maternal and paternal gene products participate in the initial development of zygotes in plants. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding of the zygotic transition and embryo initiation in angiosperms, including the role of parental contributions to gene expression in the zygote. We further discuss utilization of this knowledge in agricultural biotechnology through synthetic apomixis. Parthenogenesis obtained by manipulation of embryogenic factors, combined with mutations that bypass meiosis, enables clonal propagation of hybrid crops through seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiyaz Khanday
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Venkatesan Sundaresan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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44
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Harnvanichvech Y, Gorelova V, Sprakel J, Weijers D. The Arabidopsis embryo as a quantifiable model for studying pattern formation. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e3. [PMID: 37077211 PMCID: PMC10095805 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic diversity of flowering plants stems from common basic features of the plant body pattern with well-defined body axes, organs and tissue organisation. Cell division and cell specification are the two processes that underlie the formation of a body pattern. As plant cells are encased into their cellulosic walls, directional cell division through precise positioning of division plane is crucial for shaping plant morphology. Since many plant cells are pluripotent, their fate establishment is influenced by their cellular environment through cell-to-cell signaling. Recent studies show that apart from biochemical regulation, these two processes are also influenced by cell and tissue morphology and operate under mechanical control. Finding a proper model system that allows dissecting the relationship between these aspects is the key to our understanding of pattern establishment. In this review, we present the Arabidopsis embryo as a simple, yet comprehensive model of pattern formation compatible with high-throughput quantitative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosapol Harnvanichvech
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: Dolf Weijers, E-mail:
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45
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González-Gutiérrez AG, Gutiérrez-Mora A, Verdín J, Rodríguez-Garay B. An F-Actin Mega-Cable Is Associated With the Migration of the Sperm Nucleus During the Fertilization of the Polarity-Inverted Central Cell of Agave inaequidens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:774098. [PMID: 34899803 PMCID: PMC8652256 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.774098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Asparagaceae's large embryo sacs display a central cell nucleus polarized toward the chalaza, which means the sperm nucleus that fuses with it during double fertilization migrates an atypical long distance before karyogamy. Because of the size and inverted polarity of the central cell in Asparagaceae, we hypothesize that the second fertilization process is supported by an F-actin machinery different from the short-range F-actin structures observed in Arabidopsis and other plant models. Here, we analyzed the F-actin dynamics of Agave inaequidens, a classical Asparagaceae, before, during, and after the central cell fertilization. Several parallel F-actin cables, spanning from the central cell nucleus to the micropylar pole, and enclosing the vacuole, were observed. As fertilization progressed, a thick F-actin mega-cable traversing the vacuole appeared, connecting the central cell nucleus with the micropylar pole near the egg cell. This mega-cable wrapped the sperm nucleus in transit to fuse with the central cell nucleus. Once karyogamy finished, and the endosperm started to develop, the mega-cable disassembled, but new F-actin structures formed. These observations suggest that Asparagaceae, and probably other plant species with similar embryo sacs, evolved an F-actin machinery specifically adapted to support the migration of the fertilizing sperm nucleus within a large-sized and polarity-inverted central cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G. González-Gutiérrez
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Antonia Gutiérrez-Mora
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Jorge Verdín
- Unidad de Biotecnología Industrial, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Jorge Verdín,
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay
- Unidad de Biotecnología Vegetal, CIATEJ, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
- Benjamín Rodríguez-Garay,
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46
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Chen H, Miao Y, Wang K, Bayer M. Zygotic Embryogenesis in Flowering Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2288:73-88. [PMID: 34270005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In the context of plant regeneration, in vitro systems to produce embryos are frequently used. In many of these protocols, nonzygotic embryos are initiated that will produce shoot-like structures but may lack a primary root. By increasing the auxin-to-cytokinin ratio in the growth medium, roots are then regenerated in a second step. Therefore, in vitro systems might not or only partially execute a similar developmental program as employed during zygotic embryogenesis. There are, however, in vitro systems that can remarkably mimic zygotic embryogenesis such as Brassica microspore-derived embryos. In this case, the patterning process of these haploid embryos closely follows zygotic embryogenesis and all fundamental tissue types are generated in a rather similar manner. In this review, we discuss the most fundamental molecular events during early zygotic embryogenesis and hope that this brief summary can serve as a reference for studying and developing in vitro embryogenesis systems in the context of doubled haploid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houming Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yingjing Miao
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bayer
- Department of Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, Germany.
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47
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Abstract
Arabidopsis stomatal development requires asymmetric cell division, where the nucleus moves to the division site based on cellular polarity cues. A new study reveals the role of distinct cytoskeletal networks, both guided by the polarity factor BASL, for nuclear movement before and after division.
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48
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Tian R, Paul P, Joshi S, Perry SE. Genetic activity during early plant embryogenesis. Biochem J 2020; 477:3743-3767. [PMID: 33045058 PMCID: PMC7557148 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seeds are essential for human civilization, so understanding the molecular events underpinning seed development and the zygotic embryo it contains is important. In addition, the approach of somatic embryogenesis is a critical propagation and regeneration strategy to increase desirable genotypes, to develop new genetically modified plants to meet agricultural challenges, and at a basic science level, to test gene function. We briefly review some of the transcription factors (TFs) involved in establishing primary and apical meristems during zygotic embryogenesis, as well as TFs necessary and/or sufficient to drive somatic embryo programs. We focus on the model plant Arabidopsis for which many tools are available, and review as well as speculate about comparisons and contrasts between zygotic and somatic embryo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tian
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sanjay Joshi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
| | - Sharyn E. Perry
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, U.S.A
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Opposing, Polarity-Driven Nuclear Migrations Underpin Asymmetric Divisions to Pattern Arabidopsis Stomata. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4467-4475.e4. [PMID: 32946753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular development depends on generating and precisely positioning distinct cell types within tissues. During leaf development, pores in the epidermis called stomata are spaced at least one cell apart for optimal gas exchange. This pattern is primarily driven by iterative asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) in stomatal progenitors, which generate most of the cells in the tissue. A plasma membrane-associated polarity crescent defined by BREAKING OF ASYMMETRY IN THE STOMATAL LINEAGE (BASL) and BREVIS RADIX family (BRXf) proteins is required for asymmetric divisions and proper stomatal pattern, but the cellular mechanisms that orient ACDs remain unclear. Here, utilizing long-term, quantitative time-lapse microscopy, we identified two oppositely oriented nuclear migrations that precede and succeed ACD during epidermal patterning. The pre- and post-division migrations are dependent on microtubules and actin, respectively, and the polarity crescent is the unifying landmark that is both necessary and sufficient to orient both nuclear migrations. We identified a specific and essential role for MYOXI-I in controlling post-ACD nuclear migration. Loss of MYOXI-I decreases stomatal density, owing to an inability to accurately orient a specific subset of ACDs. Taken together, our analyses revealed successive and polarity-driven nuclear migrations that regulate ACD orientation in the Arabidopsis stomatal lineage.
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50
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Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) improves image resolution of specimens without requirements of sophisticated techniques or equipment. Probes or proteins are anchored onto an acrylamide gel matrix which is then expanded with osmotic pressure. As the physical distance between two signal points increases, previously confounded signals can be resolved while their relative spatial locations are retained. ExM has been successfully applied to several animal tissues, but its application to plant tissues was only recently demonstrated. Here we provide a detailed ExM protocol for plant tissues using fluorescent immunostaining of developing Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seeds as an example. This modified ExM protocol enables expansion of ovule/seed samples, and preserves the majority of fluorescent protein signals in the expanded samples. The fluorescent immunostaining observed using this protocol demonstrates the feasibility of detecting cellular events and subcellular structures in expanded plant samples. This ExM protocol variant for plants can serve as a guideline for applying ExM to various plant tissues and help increase the resolution of corresponding microscopy based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kao
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael D Nodine
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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