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Lightman SL, Conway-Campbell BL. Circadian and ultradian rhythms: Clinical implications. J Intern Med 2024; 296:121-138. [PMID: 38825772 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is an extremely dynamic system with a combination of both circadian and ultradian oscillations. This state of 'continuous dynamic equilibration' provides a platform that is able to anticipate events, is sensitive in its response to stressors, remains robust during perturbations of both the internal and external environments and shows plasticity to adapt to a changed environment. In this review, we describe these oscillations of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones and why they are so important for GC-dependent gene activation in the brain and liver, and their consequent effects on the regulation of synaptic and memory function as well as appetite control and metabolic regulation. Abnormalities of mood, appetite and metabolic regulation are well-known consequences of GC therapy, and we suggest that the pattern of GC treatment and hormone replacement should be a much higher priority for endocrinologists and the pharmaceutical industry. One of the major impediments to our research on the importance of these cortisol rhythms in our patients has been our inability to measure repeated levels of hormones across the day in patients in their home or work surroundings. We describe how new wearable methodologies now allow the measurement of 24-h cortisol profiles - including during sleep - and will enable us to define physiological normality and allow us both to develop better diagnostic tests and inform, at an individual patient level, how to improve replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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2
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Upton TJ, Zavala E, Methlie P, Kämpe O, Tsagarakis S, Øksnes M, Bensing S, Vassiliadi DA, Grytaas MA, Botusan IR, Ueland G, Berinder K, Simunkova K, Balomenaki M, Margaritopoulos D, Henne N, Crossley R, Russell G, Husebye ES, Lightman SL. High-resolution daily profiles of tissue adrenal steroids by portable automated collection. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg8464. [PMID: 37343084 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhythms are intrinsic to endocrine systems, and disruption of these hormone oscillations occurs at very early stages of the disease. Because adrenal hormones are secreted with both circadian and ultradian periods, conventional single-time point measurements provide limited information about rhythmicity and, crucially, do not provide information during sleep, when many hormones fluctuate from nadir to peak concentrations. If blood sampling is attempted overnight, then this necessitates admission to a clinical research unit, can be stressful, and disturbs sleep. To overcome this problem and to measure free hormones within their target tissues, we used microdialysis, an ambulatory fraction collector, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to obtain high-resolution profiles of tissue adrenal steroids over 24 hours in 214 healthy volunteers. For validation, we compared tissue against plasma measurements in a further seven healthy volunteers. Sample collection from subcutaneous tissue was safe, well tolerated, and allowed most normal activities to continue. In addition to cortisol, we identified daily and ultradian variation in free cortisone, corticosterone, 18-hydroxycortisol, aldosterone, tetrahydrocortisol and allo-tetrahydrocortisol, and the presence of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. We used mathematical and computational methods to quantify the interindividual variability of hormones at different times of the day and develop "dynamic markers" of normality in healthy individuals stratified by sex, age, and body mass index. Our results provide insight into the dynamics of adrenal steroids in tissue in real-world settings and may serve as a normative reference for biomarkers of endocrine disorders (ULTRADIAN, NCT02934399).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Upton
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Eder Zavala
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paal Methlie
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Øksnes
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Sophie Bensing
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne A Grytaas
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Ileana R Botusan
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Grethe Ueland
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Katarina Berinder
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katerina Simunkova
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Maria Balomenaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens 106 76, Greece
| | | | - Nina Henne
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | | | - Georgina Russell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5021, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen N-5021, Norway
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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3
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Leite JA, Orellana AM, Andreotti DZ, Matumoto AM, de Souza Ports NM, de Sá Lima L, Kawamoto EM, Munhoz CD, Scavone C. Ouabain Reverts CUS-Induced Disruption of the HPA Axis and Avoids Long-Term Spatial Memory Deficits. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041177. [PMID: 37189795 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ouabain (OUA) is a cardiotonic steroid that modulates Na+, K+ -ATPase activity. OUA has been identified as an endogenous substance that is present in human plasma, and it has been shown to be associated with the response to acute stress in both animals and humans. Chronic stress is a major aggravating factor in psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety. The present work investigates the effects of the intermittent administration of OUA (1.8 μg/kg) during the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) protocol in a rat's central nervous system (CNS). The results suggest that the intermittent OUA treatment reversed CUS-induced HPA axis hyperactivity through a reduction in (i) glucocorticoids levels, (ii) CRH-CRHR1 expression, and by decreasing neuroinflammation with a reduction in iNOS activity, without interfering with the expression of antioxidant enzymes. These changes in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus may reflect in the rapid extinction of aversive memory. The present data demonstrate the ability of OUA to modulate the HPA axis, as well as to revert CUS-induced long-term spatial memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Alves Leite
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Orellana
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Diana Zukas Andreotti
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Midori Matumoto
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa de Sá Lima
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mitiko Kawamoto
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Departament of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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4
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Ju LS, Morey TE, Seubert CN, Martynyuk AE. Intergenerational Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040567. [PMID: 37106766 PMCID: PMC10135810 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated neurocognitive decline after general anesthesia/surgery, also known as perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND), is a widely recognized public health problem that may affect millions of patients each year. Advanced age, with its increasing prevalence of heightened stress, inflammation, and neurodegenerative alterations, is a consistent contributing factor to the development of PND. Although a strong homeostatic reserve in young adults makes them more resilient to PND, animal data suggest that young adults with pathophysiological conditions characterized by excessive stress and inflammation may be vulnerable to PND, and this altered phenotype may be passed to future offspring (intergenerational PND). The purpose of this narrative review of data in the literature and the authors' own experimental findings in rodents is to draw attention to the possibility of intergenerational PND, a new phenomenon which, if confirmed in humans, may unravel a big new population that may be affected by parental PND. In particular, we discuss the roles of stress, inflammation, and epigenetic alterations in the development of PND. We also discuss experimental findings that demonstrate the effects of surgery, traumatic brain injury, and the general anesthetic sevoflurane that interact to induce persistent dysregulation of the stress response system, inflammation markers, and behavior in young adult male rats and in their future offspring who have neither trauma nor anesthetic exposure (i.e., an animal model of intergenerational PND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Sha Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Timothy E Morey
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Christoph N Seubert
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Anatoly E Martynyuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100254, JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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5
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Walker JJ, Romanò N. Fast dynamics in the HPA axis: Insight from mathematical and experimental studies. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 27:100403. [PMID: 36632146 PMCID: PMC9823091 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is characterised by complex dynamics spanning several timescales. This ranges from slow circadian rhythms in blood hormone concentration to faster ultradian pulses of hormone secretion and even more rapid oscillations in electrical and calcium activity in neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Here, we focus on the system's oscillations on the short timescale. We highlight some of the mathematical modelling and experimental work that has been carried out to characterise the mechanisms regulating this highly dynamic mode of neuroendocrine signalling and discuss some future directions that may be explored to enhance understanding of HPA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J. Walker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, UK,Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, UK,Corresponding author: Walker, Jamie J
| | - Nicola Romanò
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Corresponding author: Romanò, Nicola twitter icon
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6
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Toews JNC, Philippe TJ, Hill LA, Dordevic M, Miguelez-Crespo A, Homer NZM, Nixon M, Hammond GL, Viau V. Corticosteroid-binding Globulin (SERPINA6) Establishes Postpubertal Sex Differences in Rat Adrenal Development. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6702154. [PMID: 36112420 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Encoded by SerpinA6, plasma corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) transports glucocorticoids and regulates their access to cells. We determined how CBG influences plasma corticosterone and adrenal development in rats during the pubertal to adult transition using CRISPR/cas9 to disrupt SerpinA6 gene expression. In the absence of CBG, total plasma corticosterone levels were ∼80% lower in adult rats of both sexes, with a greater absolute reduction in females than in males. Notably, free corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone were comparable between all groups. Between 30 and 90 days of age, wild-type female rats showed increases in adrenal weight and the size of the corticosterone-producing region, the zona fasciculata (zf), in tandem with increases in plasma CBG and corticosterone concentrations, whereas no such changes were observed in males. This sex difference was lost in rats without CBG, such that adrenal growth and zf expansion were similar between sexes. The sex-specific effects of CBG on adrenal morphology were accompanied by remarkable changes in gene expression: ∼40% of the adrenal transcriptome was altered in females lacking CBG, whereas almost no effect was seen in males. Over half of the adrenal genes that normally exhibit sexually dimorphic expression after puberty were similarly expressed in males and females without CBG, including those responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and mobilization, steroidogenesis, and growth. Rat adrenal SerpinA6 transcript levels were very low or undetectable. Thus, sex differences in adrenal growth, morphology and gene expression profiles that emerge during puberty in rats are dependent on concomitant increases in plasma CBG produced by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N C Toews
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tristan J Philippe
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lesley A Hill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Matthew Dordevic
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Allende Miguelez-Crespo
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Natalie Z M Homer
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Nixon
- British Heart Foundation/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Hammond
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Victor Viau
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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7
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Zavala E. Misaligned hormonal rhythmicity: Mechanisms of origin and their clinical significance. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13144. [PMID: 35514212 PMCID: PMC9286602 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Rhythmic hormonal secretion is key for sustaining health. While a central pacemaker in the hypothalamus is the main driver of circadian periodicity, many hormones oscillate with different frequencies and amplitudes. These rhythms carry information about healthy physiological functions, while at the same time they must be able to respond to external cues and maintain their robustness against severe perturbations. Since endocrine disruptions can lead to hormonal misalignment and disease, understanding the clinical significance of these rhythms can help support diagnosis and disease management. While the misalignment of dynamic hormone profiles can be quantitatively analysed though statistical and computational techniques, mathematical modelling can provide fundamental understanding about the mechanisms underpinning endocrine rhythms, particularly around the question of what makes them robust to some perturbations but fragile to others. In this study, I will review the key challenges of understanding hormonal rhythm misalignment from a mathematical perspective, including their causes and clinical significance. By reviewing modelling examples of coupled endocrine axes, I will address the question of how perturbations in one endocrine axis propagate to another, leading to the more complex issue of disentangling the contribution of each endocrine system to a robust dynamic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Zavala
- Centre for Systems Modelling & Quantitative BiomedicineUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
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8
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Galvis D, Zavala E, Walker JJ, Upton T, Lightman SL, Angelini GD, Evans J, Rogers CA, Phillips K, Gibbison B. Modelling the dynamic interaction of systemic inflammation and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during and after cardiac surgery. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210925. [PMID: 35472267 PMCID: PMC9042572 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Major surgery and critical illness produce a potentially life-threatening systemic inflammatory response. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the key physiological systems that counterbalances this systemic inflammation through changes in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. These hormones normally exhibit highly correlated ultradian pulsatility with an amplitude modulated by circadian processes. However, these dynamics are disrupted by major surgery and critical illness. In this work, we characterize the inflammatory, ACTH and cortisol responses of patients undergoing cardiac surgery and show that the HPA axis response can be classified into one of three phenotypes: single-pulse, two-pulse and multiple-pulse dynamics. We develop a mathematical model of cortisol secretion and metabolism that predicts the physiological mechanisms responsible for these different phenotypes. We show that the effects of inflammatory mediators are important only in the single-pulse pattern in which normal pulsatility is lost-suggesting that this phenotype could be indicative of the greatest inflammatory response. Investigating whether and how these phenotypes are correlated with clinical outcomes will be critical to patient prognosis and designing interventions to improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Galvis
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine (SMQB), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eder Zavala
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine (SMQB), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jamie J Walker
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.,College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Thomas Upton
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Jon Evans
- Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Chris A Rogers
- Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Kirsty Phillips
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Ben Gibbison
- Department of Anaesthesia, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
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9
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Grindstaff JL, Beaty LE, Ambardar M, Luttbeg B. Integrating theoretical and empirical approaches for a robust understanding of endocrine flexibility. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274311. [PMID: 35258612 PMCID: PMC8987727 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying hormones beyond single 'snapshot' measurements, as recognition that individual variation in the endocrine response to environmental change may underlie many rapid, coordinated phenotypic changes. Repeated measures of hormone levels in individuals provide additional insight into individual variation in endocrine flexibility - that is, how individuals modulate hormone levels in response to the environment. The ability to quickly and appropriately modify phenotype is predicted to be favored by selection, especially in unpredictable environments. The need for repeated samples from individuals can make empirical studies of endocrine flexibility logistically challenging, but methods based in mathematical modeling can provide insights that circumvent these challenges. Our Review introduces and defines endocrine flexibility, reviews existing studies, makes suggestions for future empirical work, and recommends mathematical modeling approaches to complement empirical work and significantly advance our understanding. Mathematical modeling is not yet widely employed in endocrinology, but can be used to identify innovative areas for future research and generate novel predictions for empirical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne E Beaty
- School of Science, Penn State Erie - The Behrend College, Erie, PA 16563, USA
| | - Medhavi Ambardar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA
| | - Barney Luttbeg
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, OK 74078, USA
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10
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Ibatov A, Kubareva M, Afanasyeva N, Narbut A, Zakharova L, Nagibina J, Eliseeva M, Kolesnikova I. Sleep disorders in nurses working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:29-34. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212205229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Spaggiari G, Setti M, Tagliavini S, Roli L, De Santis MC, Trenti T, Rochira V, Santi D. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -thyroid axes activation lasting one year after an earthquake swarm: results from a big data analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1501-1513. [PMID: 33123965 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To cope physical and/or psychological threats, the human body activates multiple processes, mediated by a close interconnection among brain, endocrine and inflammatory systems. The aim of the study was to assess the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes involvement after an acute stressful event (Emilia Romagna earthquake swarm) with a big data approach. METHODS A retrospective, observational trial was performed, collecting all biochemical examinations regarding HPA and HPT axes performed in the same laboratory the year before and the year after the earthquake swarm (20-29 May 2012). RESULTS Comparing 2576 pre-earthquake to 3021 post-earthquake measurements, a cortisol serum level increase was observed (p < 0.001). Similar increase was evident for urinary free cortisol (p = 0.016), but not for adrenocorticotropic hormone (p = 0.222). The biochemical hypercortisolism incidence increased from 7.6 to 10.3% after earthquakes (p = 0.001). Comparing 68,456 pre-earthquake to 116,521 post-earthquake measurements, a reduction in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels was evident (p = 0.018), together with an increase in free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). Moreover, a significant increase in altered TSH after earthquakes was registered considering the epicenter-nearest measurements (p < 0.001). No clinically relevant alterations were observed considering thyroid-specific autoantibodies. CONCLUSION A long-term HPA axis activation in the inhabitants of the earthquake-affected areas was highlighted for the first time. Moreover, an increased incidence of biochemical hypercortisolism emerged after earthquakes. We confirmed a recruitment of HPT axis after stressful events, together with increased incidence of altered TSH in the. Our big data study allowed to increase knowledge about the connection between external stressors and endocrine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Spaggiari
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - M Setti
- Service of Clinical Engineering, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - S Tagliavini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - L Roli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - M C De Santis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - T Trenti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
| | - V Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy.
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - D Santi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Ospedale Civile of Baggiovara, via Giardini 1355, 41126, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
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12
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Danan D, Todder D, Zohar J, Cohen H. Is PTSD-Phenotype Associated with HPA-Axis Sensitivity? Feedback Inhibition and Other Modulating Factors of Glucocorticoid Signaling Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116050. [PMID: 34205191 PMCID: PMC8200046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we found that basal corticosterone pulsatility significantly impacts the vulnerability for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Rats that exhibited PTSD-phenotype were characterized by blunted basal corticosterone pulsatility amplitude and a blunted corticosterone response to a stressor. This study sought to identify the mechanisms underlining both the loss of pulsatility and differences in downstream responses. Serial blood samples were collected manually via jugular vein cannula at 10-min intervals to evaluate suppression of corticosterone following methylprednisolone administration. The rats were exposed to predator scent stress (PSS) after 24 h, and behavioral responses were assessed 7 days post-exposure for retrospective classification into behavioral response groups. Brains were harvested for measurements of the glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor, FK506-binding protein-51 and arginine vasopressin in specific brain regions to assess changes in hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) regulating factors. Methylprednisolone produced greater suppression of corticosterone in the PTSD-phenotype group. During the suppression, the PTSD-phenotype rats showed a significantly more pronounced pulsatile activity. In addition, the PTSD-phenotype group showed distinct changes in the ventral and dorsal CA1, dentate gyrus as well as in the paraventricular nucleus and supra-optic nucleus. These results demonstrate a pre-trauma vulnerability state that is characterized by an over-reactivity of the HPA and changes in its regulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Danan
- Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84170, Israel; (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Doron Todder
- Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84170, Israel; (D.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Joseph Zohar
- Post-Trauma Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv 52621, Israel;
| | - Hagit Cohen
- Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ministry of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84170, Israel; (D.D.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-544-369106
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13
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Fudulu DP, Horn G, Hazell G, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Martinez A, Angelini GD, Lightman SL, Spiga F. Co-culture of monocytes and zona fasciculata adrenal cells: An in vitro model to study the immune-adrenal cross-talk. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111195. [PMID: 33571577 PMCID: PMC8024787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is the primary neuroendocrine system activated to re-establish homeostasis during periods of stress, including critical illness and major surgery. During critical illness, evidence suggests that locally induced inflammation of the adrenal gland could facilitate immune-adrenal cross-talk and, in turn, modulate cortisol secretion. It has been hypothesized that immune cells are necessary to mediate the effect of inflammatory stimuli on the steroidogenic pathway that has been observed in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we developed and characterized a trans-well co-culture model of THP1 (human monocytic cell)-derived macrophages and ATC7 murine zona fasciculata adrenocortical cells. We found that co-culture of ATC7 and THP1 cells results in a significant increase in the basal levels of IL-6 mRNA in ATC7 cells, and this effect was potentiated by treatment with LPS. Addition of LPS to co-cultures of ATC7 and THP1 significantly decreased the expression of key adrenal steroidogenic enzymes (including StAR and DAX-1), and this was also found in ATC7 cells treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, 24-h treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone prevented the effects of LPS stimulation on IL-6, StAR and DAX-1 mRNA in ATC7 cells co-cultured with THP1 cells. Our data suggest that the expression of IL-6 and steroidogenic genes in response to LPS depends on the activation of intra-adrenal immune cells. Moreover, we also show that the effects of LPS can be modulated by glucocorticoids in a time- and dose-dependent manner with potential implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Fudulu
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom; Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, 68 Horfield Rd, Bristol, BS2 8ED, United Kingdom.
| | - George Horn
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Hazell
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- Génétique Reproduction & Développement, CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique Reproduction & Développement, CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gianni D Angelini
- Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, 68 Horfield Rd, Bristol, BS2 8ED, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
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14
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Antunes DF, Reyes-Contreras M, Glauser G, Taborsky B. Early social experience has life-long effects on baseline but not stress-induced cortisol levels in a cooperatively breeding fish. Horm Behav 2021; 128:104910. [PMID: 33309816 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In cooperatively breeding cichlid fish, the early social environment has lifelong effects on the offspring's behaviour, life-history trajectories and brain gene expression. Here, we asked whether the presence or absence of parents and subordinate helpers during early life also shapes fluctuating levels of cortisol, the major stress hormone in the cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher. To non-invasively characterize baseline and stress-induced cortisol levels, we adapted the 'static' holding-water method often used to collect waterborne steroid hormones in aquatic organisms by including a flow-through system allowing for repeated sampling without handling of the experimental subjects. We used 8-year-old N. pulcher either raised with (+F) or without (-F) parents and helpers in early life. We found that N. pulcher have a peak of their circadian cortisol cycle in the early morning, and that they habituated to the experimental procedure after four days. Therefore, we sampled the experimental fish in the afternoon after four days of habituation. -F fish had significantly lower baseline cortisol levels, whereas stress-induced cortisol levels did not differ between treatments. Thus, we show that the early social environment has life-long effects on aspects of the physiological stress system of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) axis. We discuss how these differences in physiological state may have contributed to the specialization in different social and life-history trajectories of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo F Antunes
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Reyes-Contreras
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Taborsky
- Behavioural Ecology Division, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Sheng JA, Bales NJ, Myers SA, Bautista AI, Roueinfar M, Hale TM, Handa RJ. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Development, Programming Actions of Hormones, and Maternal-Fetal Interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 14:601939. [PMID: 33519393 PMCID: PMC7838595 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can further result in long-term alterations in neuropeptide and neurotransmitter synthesis in the central nervous system, as well as glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in the periphery. Together, these changes can potentially lead to a disruption in neuroendocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and metabolic functions in adulthood. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the HPA axis and its development. We will also examine the maternal-fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and disruption of the normal fetal environment which becomes a major risk factor for many neurodevelopmental pathologies in adulthood, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julietta A. Sheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Natalie J. Bales
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sage A. Myers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Anna I. Bautista
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mina Roueinfar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Taben M. Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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16
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Smith LIF, Zhao Z, Walker J, Lightman S, Spiga F. Activation and expression of endogenous CREB-regulated transcription coactivators (CRTC) 1, 2 and 3 in the rat adrenal gland. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12920. [PMID: 33314405 PMCID: PMC7900988 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The activation and nuclear translocation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC)2 occurs in the rat adrenal gland, in response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and stressors, and has been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). We have recently demonstrated the activation of CRTC isoforms, CRTC1 and CRTC3, in adrenocortical cell lines. In the present study, we aimed to determine the activation and expression of the three CRTC isoforms in vivo in relation to Star transcription, under basal conditions and following a robust endotoxic stress challenge. Rat adrenal glands and blood plasma were collected following i.v. administration of either an ultradian-sized pulse of ACTH or administration of lipopolysaccharide, as well as under unstressed conditions across the 24-hour period. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) were measured and the adrenal glands were processed for measurement of protein by western immunoblotting, RNA by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and association of CRTC2 and CRTC3 with the Star promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation. An increase in nuclear localisation of CRTC2 and CRTC3 followed increases in both ultradian and endotoxic stress-induced plasma ACTH, and this was associated with increased CREB phosphorylation and corresponding increases in Star transcription. Both CRTC2 and CRTC3 were shown to associate with the Star promoter, with the dynamics of CRTC3 binding corresponding to that of nuclear changes in protein levels. CRTC isoforms show little variation in ultradian expression or variation across 24 hours, although evidence of long-term down-regulation following endotoxic stress was found. We conclude that co-transcription factors CRTC2 and, more clearly, CRTC3 appear to act alongside phosphorylated CREB in the generation of ultradian pulses of Star transcription, essential for the maintenance of basal StAR expression. Similarly, our findings suggest CRTC2 and CRTC3 mediate Star transcriptional initiation following an endotoxic stressor; however, other transcription factors are likely to be responsible for the long-term up-regulation of adrenal Star transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna I. F. Smith
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Zidong Zhao
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Jamie Walker
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in HealthcareUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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17
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Zavala E, Voliotis M, Zerenner T, Tabak J, Walker JJ, Li XF, Terry JR, Lightman SL, O'Byrne K, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Dynamic Hormone Control of Stress and Fertility. Front Physiol 2020; 11:598845. [PMID: 33329048 PMCID: PMC7718016 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.598845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine axes display a remarkable diversity of dynamic signaling processes relaying information between the brain, endocrine glands, and peripheral target tissues. These dynamic processes include oscillations, elastic responses to perturbations, and plastic long term changes observed from the cellular to the systems level. While small transient dynamic changes can be considered physiological, larger and longer disruptions are common in pathological scenarios involving more than one neuroendocrine axes, suggesting that a robust control of hormone dynamics would require the coordination of multiple neuroendocrine clocks. The idea of apparently different axes being in fact exquisitely intertwined through neuroendocrine signals can be investigated in the regulation of stress and fertility. The stress response and the reproductive cycle are controlled by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis, respectively. Despite the evidence surrounding the effects of stress on fertility, as well as of the reproductive cycle on stress hormone dynamics, there is a limited understanding on how perturbations in one neuroendocrine axis propagate to the other. We hypothesize that the links between stress and fertility can be better understood by considering the HPA and HPG axes as coupled systems. In this manuscript, we investigate neuroendocrine rhythms associated to the stress response and reproduction by mathematically modeling the HPA and HPG axes as a network of interlocked oscillators. We postulate a network architecture based on physiological data and use the model to predict responses to stress perturbations under different hormonal contexts: normal physiological, gonadectomy, hormone replacement with estradiol or corticosterone (CORT), and high excess CORT (hiCORT) similar to hypercortisolism in humans. We validate our model predictions against experiments in rodents, and show how the dynamic responses of these endocrine axes are consistent with our postulated network architecture. Importantly, our model also predicts the conditions that ensure robustness of fertility to stress perturbations, and how chronodisruptions in glucocorticoid hormones can affect the reproductive axis' ability to withstand stress. This insight is key to understand how chronodisruption leads to disease, and to design interventions to restore normal rhythmicity and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Zavala
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Zerenner
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joël Tabak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie J. Walker
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao Feng Li
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Terry
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin O'Byrne
- Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, Living Systems Institute, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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18
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Churilov AN, Milton J, Salakhova ER. An integrate-and-fire model for pulsatility in the neuroendocrine system. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:083132. [PMID: 32872840 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A model for pulsatility in neuroendocrine regulation is proposed which combines Goodwin-type feedback control with impulsive input from neurons located in the hypothalamus. The impulsive neural input is modeled using an integrate-and-fire mechanism; namely, inputs are generated only when the membrane potential crosses a threshold, after which it is reset to baseline. The resultant model takes the form of a functional-differential equation with continuous and impulsive components. Despite the impulsive nature of the inputs, realistic hormone profiles are generated, including ultradian and circadian rhythms, pulsatile secretory patterns, and even chaotic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Churilov
- Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky av. 28, Stary Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - John Milton
- Keck Science Department, The Claremont Colleges, 925 North Mills Ave., Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | - Elvira R Salakhova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky av. 28, Stary Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Goncharova ND. The HPA Axis under Stress and Aging: Individual Vulnerability is Associated with Behavioral Patterns and Exposure Time. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000007. [PMID: 32666621 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With aging, incidence of severe stress-related diseases increases. However, mechanisms, underlying individual vulnerability to stress and age-related diseases are not clear. The goal of this review is to analyze finding from the recent literature on age-related characteristics of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis associated with stress reactivity in animals that show behavioral signs of anxiety and depression under mild stress, and in human patients with anxiety disorders and depression with emphasis on the impact of the circadian rhythm and the negative feedback mechanisms involved in the stress response. One can conclude that HPA axis reaction to psycho-emotional stress, at least acute stress, increases in the aged individuals with anxiety and depression behavior. Elevated stress reactivity is associated with disruption of the circadian rhythm and the mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated glucocorticoid negative feedback. The disordered function of the HPA axis in individuals with anxiety and depression behavior can contribute to aging-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda D Goncharova
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, Research Institute of Medical Primatology, 177 Mira Street, Veseloye, Adler, Sochi, Krasnodar, 354376, Russia
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20
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Somvanshi PR, Mellon SH, Yehuda R, Flory JD, Makotkine I, Bierer L, Marmar C, Jett M, Doyle FJ. Role of enhanced glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity in inflammation in PTSD: insights from computational model for circadian-neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E48-E66. [PMID: 32315214 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00398.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although glucocorticoid resistance contributes to increased inflammation, individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity along with increased inflammation. It is not clear how inflammation coexists with a hyperresponsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To understand this better, we developed and analyzed an integrated mathematical model for the HPA axis and the immune system. We performed mathematical simulations for a dexamethasone (DEX) suppression test and IC50-dexamethasone for cytokine suppression by varying model parameters. The model analysis suggests that increasing the steepness of the dose-response curve for GR activity may reduce anti-inflammatory effects of GRs at the ambient glucocorticoid levels, thereby increasing proinflammatory response. The adaptive response of proinflammatory cytokine-mediated stimulatory effects on the HPA axis is reduced due to dominance of the GR-mediated negative feedback on the HPA axis. To verify these hypotheses, we analyzed the clinical data on neuroendocrine variables and cytokines obtained from war-zone veterans with and without PTSD. We observed significant group differences for cortisol and ACTH suppression tests, proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, promoter methylation of GR gene, and IC50-DEX for lysozyme suppression. Causal inference modeling revealed significant associations between cortisol suppression and post-DEX cortisol decline, promoter methylation of human GR gene exon 1F (NR3C1-1F), IC50-DEX, and proinflammatory cytokines. We noted significant mediation effects of NR3C1-1F promoter methylation on inflammatory cytokines through changes in GR sensitivity. Our findings suggest that increased GR sensitivity may contribute to increased inflammation; therefore, interventions to restore GR sensitivity may normalize inflammation in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod R Somvanshi
- Harvard John Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Janine D Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Iouri Makotkine
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Linda Bierer
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Charles Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research (USACEHR), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Harvard John Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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21
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Spiga F, Zhao Z, Lightman SL. Prolonged treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid methylprednisolone affects adrenal steroidogenic function and response to inflammatory stress in the rat. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:703-714. [PMID: 32156515 PMCID: PMC7327516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids are widely prescribed for the treatment of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and they can also affect the way the adrenal gland produces endogenous glucocorticoids. Indeed, patients undergoing synthetic glucocorticoid treatment can develop adrenal insufficiency, a condition characterised by reduced responsiveness of the adrenal to ACTH stimulation or stressors (e.g. surgical or inflammatory stress). To better elucidate the long-term effect of synthetic glucocorticoids treatment and withdrawal on adrenal function, we have investigated the long-term effects of prolonged treatment with methylprednisolone on HPA axis dynamics and on the adrenal steroidogenic pathway, both in basal conditions and in response to an inflammatory stress (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). We have found that 5-days treatment with methylprednisolone suppresses basal ACTH and corticosterone secretion, as well as corticosterone secretion in response to a high dose of ACTH, and down-regulates key genes in the adrenal steroidogenic pathway, including StAR, MRAP, CYP11a1 and CYP11b1. These effects were paralleled by changes in the adrenal expression of transcription factors regulating steroidogenic gene expression, as well as changes in the expression of adrenal clock genes. Importantly, 5 days after withdrawal of the treatment, ACTH levels are restored, yet basal levels of corticosterone, as well as most of the key steroidogenic genes and their regulators, remain down regulated. We also show that, although 5-days treatment with methylprednisolone reduces the corticosterone response to LPS, an increase in intra-adrenal pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression was observed. Our data suggests that the steroidogenic pathway is directly affected by synthetic glucocorticoid treatment in the long-term, presumably via a mechanism involving activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Furthermore, our data suggests a pro-inflammatory effect of synthetic glucocorticoids treatment in the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spiga
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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22
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Lightman SL, Birnie MT, Conway-Campbell BL. Dynamics of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion and Implications for Disease. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa002. [PMID: 32060528 PMCID: PMC7240781 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen several critical advances in our understanding of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Homeostatic physiological circuits need to integrate multiple internal and external stimuli and provide a dynamic output appropriate for the response parameters of their target tissues. The HPA axis is an example of such a homeostatic system. Recent studies have shown that circadian rhythmicity of the major output of this system-the adrenal glucocorticoid hormones corticosterone in rodent and predominately cortisol in man-comprises varying amplitude pulses that exist due to a subhypothalamic pulse generator. Oscillating endogenous glucocorticoid signals interact with regulatory systems within individual parts of the axis including the adrenal gland itself, where a regulatory network can further modify the pulsatile release of hormone. The HPA axis output is in the form of a dynamic oscillating glucocorticoid signal that needs to be decoded at the cellular level. If the pulsatile signal is abolished by the administration of a long-acting synthetic glucocorticoid, the resulting disruption in physiological regulation has the potential to negatively impact many glucocorticoid-dependent bodily systems. Even subtle alterations to the dynamics of the system, during chronic stress or certain disease states, can potentially result in changes in functional output of multiple cells and tissues throughout the body, altering metabolic processes, behavior, affective state, and cognitive function in susceptible individuals. The recent development of a novel chronotherapy, which can deliver both circadian and ultradian patterns, provides great promise for patients on glucocorticoid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stafford L Lightman
- Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew T Birnie
- Translational Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Gallol LE, Busolini FI, Mohamed FH. Influence of melatonin and sexual hormones on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the adrenal cortex of a seasonal breeder (Lagostomus maximus). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:3052-3067. [PMID: 32445505 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) is a rodent of nocturnal habits, whose physiology and behavior vary according to modifications of environmental signals. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of melatonin and sexual hormones on the viscacha adrenal cortex proliferative activity through the immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) along with hormonal determinations. PCNA expression was studied in male viscachas to assess the effect of melatonin administration, castration, and the annual reproductive cycle. In female viscachas, PCNA was studied in nonpregnant and pregnant viscachas. PCNA expression was observed in adrenocortical cells (PCNA-A) and endothelial cells (PCNA-E). Melatonin-administered animals showed a significantly lower number of PCNA-A compared to the control group. No significant difference could be established in the number of PCNA-A and PCNA-E between castrated and control animals. However, the morphometric analysis showed an increase in the size of the cortex of castrated animals, along with other cytological features. Significant differences in serum testosterone levels were observed during the male viscacha reproductive cycle, with the lowest levels encountered during the regression period (winter). Male viscachas exhibited a significantly high number of PCNA-A during late autumn and a high number of PCNA-E during winter. In females, hormonal determinations showed a peak of progesterone and estrogen during mid-pregnancy, along with a notably high number of PCNA-A and an increase in the number of PCNA-E. Our results suggest that proliferation in the adrenal cortex of the viscacha varies in relation to melatonin, sexual hormones, and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ezequiel Gallol
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina.,Centro Científico Tecnológico del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Iván Busolini
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina.,Centro Científico Tecnológico del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Luis, 5700, Argentina
| | - Fabian Heber Mohamed
- Cátedra de Histología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, 5700, Argentina
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Smith LIF, Huang V, Olah M, Trinh L, Liu Y, Hazell G, Conway-Campbell B, Zhao Z, Martinez A, Lefrançois-Martinez AM, Lightman S, Spiga F, Aguilera G. Involvement of CREB-regulated transcription coactivators (CRTC) in transcriptional activation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) by ACTH. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110612. [PMID: 31604124 PMCID: PMC6899503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies in vivo have suggested the involvement of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator (CRTC)2 on ACTH-induced transcription of the key steroidogenic protein, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR). The present study uses two ACTH-responsive adrenocortical cell lines, to examine the role of CRTC on Star transcription. Here we show that ACTH-induced Star primary transcript, or heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA), parallels rapid increases in nuclear levels of the 3 isoforms of CRTC; CRTC1, CRTC2 and CRTC3. Furthermore, ACTH promotes recruitment of CRTC2 and CRTC3 by the Star promoter and siRNA knockdown of either CRTC3 or CRTC2 attenuates the increases in ACTH-induced Star hnRNA. Using pharmacological inhibitors of PKA, MAP kinase and calcineurin, we show that the effects of ACTH on Star transcription and CRTC nuclear translocation depend predominantly on the PKA pathway. The data provides evidence that CRTC2 and CRTC3, contribute to activation of Star transcription by ACTH, and that PKA/CRTC-dependent pathways are part of the multifactorial mechanisms regulating Star transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna I F Smith
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Victoria Huang
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Olah
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Loc Trinh
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georgina Hazell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Becky Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zidong Zhao
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Antoine Martinez
- Génétique Reproduction & Développement, CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anne-Marie Lefrançois-Martinez
- Génétique Reproduction & Développement, CNRS UMR 6293, Inserm U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Greti Aguilera
- Section on Endocrine Physiology, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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25
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Ciato D, Albani A. Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Resistance in Corticotropinomas: New Developments and Drug Targets. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32117053 PMCID: PMC7025590 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cushing's disease is characterized by excessive adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretion caused by a corticotroph tumor of the pituitary gland, leading to hypercortisolism and increased morbidity and mortality. The molecular causes of the disease are not completely understood, therefore more research is needed to discover novel molecular targets and more effective treatments. To date, the SSTR-analog pasireotide is the only approved drug for Cushing's Disease treatment that is directly targeting the source of the disease. Targeting directly the activity of glucocorticoid receptor or the factors modulating it might be a new valid option for the medical management of Cushing's disease. Here, we briefly review the molecular mechanisms involved in the glucocorticoid negative feedback and glucocorticoid resistance and examine novel targets and therapies that might effectively restore glucocorticoid sensitivity.
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Abstract
The human stress response has evolved to maintain homeostasis under conditions of real or perceived stress. This objective is achieved through autoregulatory neural and hormonal systems in close association with central and peripheral clocks. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a key regulatory pathway in the maintenance of these homeostatic processes. The end product of this pathway - cortisol - is secreted in a pulsatile pattern, with changes in pulse amplitude creating a circadian pattern. During acute stress, cortisol levels rise and pulsatility is maintained. Although the initial rise in cortisol follows a large surge in adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, if long-term inflammatory stress occurs, adrenocorticotropic hormone levels return to near basal levels while cortisol levels remain raised as a result of increased adrenal sensitivity. In chronic stress, hypothalamic activation of the pituitary changes from corticotropin-releasing hormone-dominant to arginine vasopressin-dominant, and cortisol levels remain raised due at least in part to decreased cortisol metabolism. Acute elevations in cortisol levels are beneficial to promoting survival of the fittest as part of the fight-or-flight response. However, chronic exposure to stress results in reversal of the beneficial effects, with long-term cortisol exposure becoming maladaptive, which can lead to a broad range of problems including the metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, mental health disorders, cardiovascular disease and increased susceptibility to infections. Neuroimmunoendocrine modulation in disease states and glucocorticoid-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Russell
- Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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Colombetti G, Zavala E. Are emotional states based in the brain? A critique of affective brainocentrism from a physiological perspective. BIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY 2019; 34:45. [PMID: 31485092 PMCID: PMC6704080 DOI: 10.1007/s10539-019-9699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We call affective brainocentrism the tendency to privilege the brain over other parts of the organism when defining or explaining emotions. We distinguish two versions of this tendency. According to brain-sufficient, emotional states are entirely realized by brain processes. According to brain-master, emotional states are realized by both brain and bodily processes, but the latter are entirely driven by the brain: the brain is the master regulator of bodily processes. We argue that both these claims are problematic, and we draw on physiological accounts of stress to make our main case. These accounts illustrate the existence of complex interactions between the brain and endocrine systems, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, and even gut microbiota. We argue that, because of these complex brain-body interactions, the brain cannot be isolated and identified as the basis of stress. We also mention recent evidence suggesting that complex brain-body interactions characterize the physiology of depression and anxiety. Finally, we call for an alternative dynamical, systemic, and embodied approach to the study of the physiology of emotions that does not privilege the brain, but rather aims at understanding how mutually regulating brain and bodily processes jointly realize a variety of emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Colombetti
- Department of Sociology, Philosophy, and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ UK
| | - Eder Zavala
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD UK
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28
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Ohe K, Tanaka T, Horita Y, Harada Y, Yamasaki T, Abe I, Tanabe M, Nomiyama T, Kobayashi K, Enjoji M, Yanase T. Circular IRE-type RNAs of the NR5A1 gene are formed in adrenocortical cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:1-6. [PMID: 30853179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered circular RNAs (circRNAs) are mostly formed by back-splicing where the downstream 5' splice site splices to the upstream 3' splice site by conventional pre-mRNA splicing. These circRNAs regulate gene expression by acting as sponges for micro-RNAs or RNA-binding proteins. Here we show that the NR5A1 (previously called Ad4BP or SF-1) gene which is exclusively expressed in the adrenal cortex and steroidogenic tissue can form atypical circRNAs by unconventional splicing. Two stem loops with inositol-requiring protein-1α (IRE1α) cleavage sites are connected by an IRE1α cleavage site to form a circRNA (circIRE RNA). From total RNA of normal human adrenal cortex, we detected a circIRE RNA with connected ends by IRE1α cleavage sites in exon 6 and exon 1 (circIRE NR5A1 ex6-1 RNA). circIRE NR5A1 ex6-1 RNA was not detected in the adrenocortical cancer cell line, H295R. When IRE1α was expressed in H295R cells a different circIRE NR5A1 RNA connecting IRE1-cleavage sites in exon 7 and exon 1 was detected (circIRE NR5A1 ex7-1 RNA). The expression of this circIRE RNA was inhibited by the IRE1 inhibitor 1, STF-083010, implicating that it was formed via the ER stress pathway, where IRE1α is a major factor. This is the first report of this type of circular RNA connected by IRE1-cleavage sites found to be expressed in mammalian cells in a tissue-specific manner. To our surprise, the concomitant expression of NR5A1 was increased by IRE1α implicating that NR5A1 was not subjected to IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD) but rather activating a transcriptional regulatory network to cope with ER stress in steroidogenic tissue reminiscent to XBP1 in other tissue. We believe this is the first report of such tissue-specific transcriptional cascade responding to ER stress as well as the novel finding of circular RNAs connected by IRE1α cleavage sites expressed in mammalian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohe
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Tanaka
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan; Department of Bioregulatory Science of Life-related Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Yuta Horita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Harada
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yamasaki
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Ichiro Abe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1 Zokumyoin, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8502, Japan
| | - Makito Tanabe
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomiyama
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1 Zokumyoin, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8502, Japan
| | - Munechika Enjoji
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanase
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan; Department of Bioregulatory Science of Life-related Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-180, Japan.
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29
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Zavala E, Wedgwood KCA, Voliotis M, Tabak J, Spiga F, Lightman SL, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Mathematical Modelling of Endocrine Systems. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:244-257. [PMID: 30799185 PMCID: PMC6425086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hormone rhythms are ubiquitous and essential to sustain normal physiological functions. Combined mathematical modelling and experimental approaches have shown that these rhythms result from regulatory processes occurring at multiple levels of organisation and require continuous dynamic equilibration, particularly in response to stimuli. We review how such an interdisciplinary approach has been successfully applied to unravel complex regulatory mechanisms in the metabolic, stress, and reproductive axes. We discuss how this strategy is likely to be instrumental for making progress in emerging areas such as chronobiology and network physiology. Ultimately, we envisage that the insight provided by mathematical models could lead to novel experimental tools able to continuously adapt parameters to gradual physiological changes and the design of clinical interventions to restore normal endocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Zavala
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
| | - Kyle C A Wedgwood
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Joël Tabak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
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30
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Hazell G, Horn G, Lightman SL, Spiga F. Dynamics of ACTH-Mediated Regulation of Gene Transcription in ATC1 and ATC7 Adrenal Zona Fasciculata Cell Lines. Endocrinology 2019; 160:587-604. [PMID: 30768667 PMCID: PMC6380881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that mouse ATC1 and ATC7 cells, the first adrenocortical cell lines to exhibit a complete zona fasciculata (ZF) cell phenotype, respond to dynamic ACTH stimulation in a similar manner as the adrenal gland in vivo. Exploiting our previous in vivo observations that gene transcription within the steroidogenic pathway is dynamically regulated in response to a pulse of ACTH, we exposed ATC1 and ATC7 cells to various patterns of ACTH, including pulsatile and constant, and measured the transcriptional activation of this pathway. We show that pulses of ACTH administered to ATC7 cells can reliably stimulate a pulsatile pattern of transcriptional activity that is comparable to that observed in adrenal ZF cells in vivo. Hourly pulses of ACTH stimulate dynamic increases in CREB phosphorylation (pCREB) and transcription of genes involved in critical steps of steroidogenesis including signal transduction (e.g., MRAP), cholesterol delivery (e.g., StAR), and steroid biosynthesis (e.g., CYP11A1), as well as those relating to transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic factors (e.g., SF-1 and Nur-77). In contrast, constant ACTH stimulation results in a prolonged and exaggerated pCREB and steroidogenic gene transcriptional response. We also show that when a large dose of ACTH (100 nM) is applied after these treatment regimens, a significant increase in steroidogenic transcriptional responsiveness is achieved only in cells that have been exposed to pulsatile, rather than constant, ACTH. Our data support our in vivo observations that pulsatile ACTH is important for the optimal transcriptional responsiveness of the adrenal. Importantly, our data suggest that ATC7 cells respond to dynamic ACTH stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Hazell
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - George Horn
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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31
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Beñaldo FA, Llanos AJ, Araya-Quijada C, Rojas A, Gonzalez-Candia A, Herrera EA, Ebensperger G, Cabello G, Valenzuela GJ, Serón-Ferré M. Effects of Melatonin on the Defense to Acute Hypoxia in Newborn Lambs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:433. [PMID: 31354619 PMCID: PMC6640618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal lambs, as other neonates, have physiologically a very low plasma melatonin concentration throughout 24 h. Previously, we found that melatonin given to neonates daily for 5 days decreased heart weight and changed plasma cortisol and gene expression in the adrenal and heart. Whether these changes could compromise the responses to life challenges is unknown. Therefore, firstly, we studied acute effects of melatonin on the defense mechanisms to acute hypoxia in the neonate. Eleven lambs, 2 weeks old, were instrumented and subjected to an episode of acute isocapnic hypoxia, consisting of four 30 min periods: normoxia (room air), normoxia after an i.v. bolus of melatonin (0.27 mg kg-1, n = 6) or vehicle (ethanol 1:10 NaCl 0.9%, n = 5), hypoxia (PaO2: 30 ± 2 mmHg), and recovery (room air). Mean pulmonary and systemic blood pressures, heart rate, and cardiac output were measured, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance and stroke volume were calculated. Blood samples were taken every 30 min to measure plasma norepinephrine, cortisol, glucose, triglycerides, and redox markers (8-isoprostane and FRAP). Melatonin blunted the increase of pulmonary vascular resistance triggered by hypoxia, markedly exacerbated the heart rate response, decreased heart stroke volume, and lessened the magnitude of the increase of plasmatic norepinephrine and cortisol levels induced by hypoxia. No changes were observed in pulmonary blood pressure, systemic blood pressures and resistance, cardiac output, glucose, triglyceride plasma concentrations, or redox markers. Melatonin had no effect on cardiovascular, endocrine, or metabolic variables, under normoxia. Secondly, we examined whether acute melatonin administration under normoxia could have an effect in gene expression on the adrenal, lung, and heart. Lambs received a bolus of vehicle or melatonin and were euthanized 30 min later to collect tissues. We found that melatonin affected expression of the immediate early genes egr1 in adrenal, ctgf in lung, and nr3c1, the glucocorticoid receptor, in adrenal and heart. We speculate that these early gene responses may contribute to the observed alterations of the newborn defense mechanisms to hypoxia. This could be particularly important since the use of melatonin is proposed for several diseases in the neonatal period in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A. Beñaldo
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal J. Llanos
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Araya-Quijada
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Auristela Rojas
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Emilio A. Herrera
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Germán Ebensperger
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gertrudis Cabello
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile
| | - Guillermo J. Valenzuela
- Department of Women's Health, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - María Serón-Ferré
- Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: María Serón-Ferré
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32
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Le Tissier P, Fiordelisio Coll T, Mollard P. The Processes of Anterior Pituitary Hormone Pulse Generation. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3524-3535. [PMID: 30020429 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 60 years ago, Geoffrey Harris described his "neurohumoral theory," in which the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion was a "simple" hierarchal relationship, with the hypothalamus as the controller. In models based on this theory, the electrical activity of hypothalamic neurons determines the release of hypophysiotropic hormones into the portal circulation, and the pituitary simply responds with secretion of a pulse of hormone into the bloodstream. The development of methodologies allowing the monitoring of the activities of members of the hypothalamic-vascular-pituitary unit is increasingly allowing dissection of the mechanisms generating hypothalamic and pituitary pulses. These have revealed that whereas hypothalamic input is required, its role as a driver of pulsatile pituitary hormone secretion varies between pituitary axes. The organization of pituitary cells has a key role in the modification of their response to hypophysiotropic factors that can lead to a memory of previous demand and enhanced function. Feedback can lead to oscillatory hormone output that is independent of pulses of hypophysiotropic factors and instead, results from the temporal relationship between pituitary output and target organ response. Thus, the mechanisms underlying the generation of pulses cannot be generalized, and the circularity of feedforward and feedback interactions must be considered to understand both normal physiological function and pathology. We describe some examples of the clinical implications of recognizing the importance of the pituitary and target organs in pulse generation and suggest avenues for future research in both the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Le Tissier
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Fiordelisio Coll
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología Comparada, Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Patrice Mollard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the major neuroendocrine axis regulating homeostasis in mammals. Glucocorticoid hormones are rapidly synthesized and secreted from the adrenal gland in response to stress. In addition, under basal conditions glucocorticoids are released rhythmically with both a circadian and an ultradian (pulsatile) pattern. These rhythms are important not only for normal function of glucocorticoid target organs, but also for the HPA axis responses to stress. Several studies have shown that disruption of glucocorticoid rhythms is associated with disease both in humans and in rodents. In this review, we will discuss our knowledge of the negative feedback mechanisms that regulate basal ultradian synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids, including the role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and their chaperone protein FKBP51. Moreover, in light of recent findings, we will also discuss the importance of intra-adrenal glucocorticoid receptor signaling in regulating glucocorticoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Gjerstad
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- CONTACT Francesca SpigaUniversity of Bristol, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, BristolBS1 3NY, UK
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34
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Stanojević A, Marković VM, Čupić Ž, Kolar-Anić L, Vukojević V. Advances in mathematical modelling of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dynamics and the neuroendocrine response to stress. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The brain is continuously exposed to varying levels of adrenal corticosteroid hormones such as corticosterone in rodents and cortisol in humans. Natural fluctuations occur due to ultradian and circadian variations or are caused by exposure to stressful situations. Brain cells express two types of corticosteroid receptors, i.e. mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, which differ in distribution and affinity. These receptors can mediate both rapid non-genomic and slow gene-mediated neuronal actions. As a consequence of these factors, natural (e.g. stress-induced) shifts in corticosteroid level are associated with a complex mosaic of time- and region-dependent changes in neuronal activity. A series of experiments in humans and rodents have revealed that these time- and region-dependent cellular characteristics are also reflected in distinct cognitive patterns after stress. Thus, directly after a peak of corticosteroids, attention and vigilance are increased, and areas involved in emotional responses and simple behavioral strategies show enhanced activity. In the aftermath of stress, areas involved in higher cognitive functions become activated allowing individuals to link stressful events to the specific context and to store information for future use. Both phases of the brain's response to stress are important to face a continuously changing environment, promoting adaptation at the short as well as long term. We argue that a balanced response during the two phases is essential for resilience. This balance may become compromised after repeated stress exposure, particularly in genetically vulnerable individuals and aggravate disease manifestation. This not only applies to psychiatric disorders but also to neurological diseases such as epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Joëls
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceBrain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Godoy LD, Rossignoli MT, Delfino-Pereira P, Garcia-Cairasco N, de Lima Umeoka EH. A Comprehensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:127. [PMID: 30034327 PMCID: PMC6043787 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is recognized as an important issue in basic and clinical neuroscience research, based upon the founding historical studies by Walter Canon and Hans Selye in the past century, when the concept of stress emerged in a biological and adaptive perspective. A lot of research after that period has expanded the knowledge in the stress field. Since then, it was discovered that the response to stressful stimuli is elaborated and triggered by the, now known, stress system, which integrates a wide diversity of brain structures that, collectively, are able to detect events and interpret them as real or potential threats. However, different types of stressors engage different brain networks, requiring a fine-tuned functional neuroanatomical processing. This integration of information from the stressor itself may result in a rapid activation of the Sympathetic-Adreno-Medullar (SAM) axis and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, the two major components involved in the stress response. The complexity of the stress response is not restricted to neuroanatomy or to SAM and HPA axes mediators, but also diverge according to timing and duration of stressor exposure, as well as its short- and/or long-term consequences. The identification of neuronal circuits of stress, as well as their interaction with mediator molecules over time is critical, not only for understanding the physiological stress responses, but also to understand their implications on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívea Dornela Godoy
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Polianna Delfino-Pereira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique de Lima Umeoka
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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37
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De Silva MSI, Dayton AW, Rhoten LR, Mallett JW, Reese JC, Squires MD, Dalley AP, Porter JP, Judd AM. Involvement of adenosine monophosphate activated kinase in interleukin-6 regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme in the bovine zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. Steroids 2018; 134:53-66. [PMID: 29501754 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In bovine adrenal zona fasciculata (ZF) and NCI-H295R cells, interleukin-6 (IL-6) increases cortisol release, increases expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) (increases steroidogenic proteins), and decreases the expression of adrenal hypoplasia congenita-like protein (DAX-1) (inhibits steroidogenic proteins). In contrast, IL-6 decreases bovine adrenal zona reticularis (ZR) androgen release, StAR, P450scc, and SF-1 expression, and increases DAX-1 expression. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated kinase (AMPK) regulates steroidogenesis, but its role in IL-6 regulation of adrenal steroidogenesis is unknown. In the present study, an AMPK activator (AICAR) increased (P < 0.01) NCI-H295R StAR promoter activity, StAR and P450scc expression, and the phosphorylation of AMPK (PAMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (PACC) (indexes of AMPK activity). In ZR (decreased StAR, P450scc, SF-1, increased DAX-1) (P < 0.01) and ZF tissues (increased StAR, P450scc, SF-1, decreased DAX-1) (P < 0.01), AICAR modified StAR, P450scc, SF-1 and DAX-1 mRNAs/proteins similar to the effects of IL-6. The activity (increased PAMPK and PACC) (P < 0.01) of AMPK in the ZF and ZR was increased by AICAR and IL-6. In support of an AMPK role in IL-6 ZF and ZR effects, the AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked (P < 0.01) the effects of IL-6 on the expression of StAR, P450scc, SF-1, and DAX-1. Therefore, IL-6 modification of the expression of StAR and P450scc in the ZF and ZR may involve activation of AMPK and these changes may be related to changes in the expression of SF-1 and DAX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matharage S I De Silva
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Adam W Dayton
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Lance R Rhoten
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - John W Mallett
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jared C Reese
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mathieu D Squires
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Andrew P Dalley
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - James P Porter
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Allan M Judd
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology and Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, 4005 LSB, Provo, Utah 84602, United States.
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