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Gretzinger J, Schmitt F, Mötsch A, Carlhoff S, Lamnidis TC, Huang Y, Ringbauer H, Knipper C, Francken M, Mandt F, Hansen L, Freund C, Posth C, Rathmann H, Harvati K, Wieland G, Granehäll L, Maixner F, Zink A, Schier W, Krausse D, Krause J, Schiffels S. Evidence for dynastic succession among early Celtic elites in Central Europe. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:1467-1480. [PMID: 38831077 PMCID: PMC11343710 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01888-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The early Iron Age (800 to 450 BCE) in France, Germany and Switzerland, known as the 'West-Hallstattkreis', stands out as featuring the earliest evidence for supra-regional organization north of the Alps. Often referred to as 'early Celtic', suggesting tentative connections to later cultural phenomena, its societal and population structure remain enigmatic. Here we present genomic and isotope data from 31 individuals from this context in southern Germany, dating between 616 and 200 BCE. We identify multiple biologically related groups spanning three elite burials as far as 100 km apart, supported by trans-regional individual mobility inferred from isotope data. These include a close biological relationship between two of the richest burial mounds of the Hallstatt culture. Bayesian modelling points to an avuncular relationship between the two individuals, which may suggest a practice of matrilineal dynastic succession in early Celtic elites. We show that their ancestry is shared on a broad geographic scale from Iberia throughout Central-Eastern Europe, undergoing a decline after the late Iron Age (450 BCE to ~50 CE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Gretzinger
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felicitas Schmitt
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Angela Mötsch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selina Carlhoff
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Yilei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt Engelhorn Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Francken
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Mandt
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Leif Hansen
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Freund
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Rathmann
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies in the Humanities 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Trajectories of the Human Past', Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Günther Wieland
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany
| | - Lena Granehäll
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Albert Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Wolfram Schier
- Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Krausse
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, Esslingen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Boucher RD, Wittig RM, Lemoine SRT, Maro A, Wang X, Koch PL, Oelze VM. Strontium isotopes track female dispersal in Taï chimpanzees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24981. [PMID: 38828504 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are patrilocal, with males remaining in their natal community and females dispersing when they reach sexual maturity. However, the details of female chimpanzee dispersal, such as their possible origin, are difficult to assess, even in habituated communities. This study investigates the utility of 87Sr/86Sr analysis for (1) assessing Sr baseline differences between chimpanzee territories and (2) identifying the status (immigrant or natal) of females of unknown origin within the territories of five neighboring communities in Taï National Park (Côte d'Ivoire). MATERIALS AND METHODS To create a local Sr isoscape for the Taï Chimpanzee Project (TCP) study area, we sampled environmental samples from TCP-established territories (n = 35). To assess dispersal patterns, 34 tooth enamel samples (one per individual) were selected from the Taï chimpanzee skeletal collection. 87Sr/86Sr analysis was performed on all 69 samples at the W.M. Keck Lab. The theoretical density and overlap of chimpanzee communities as well as generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to test each question. RESULTS 87Sr/86Sr ratios for natal male chimpanzees ranged from 0.71662 to 0.72187, which is well within the corresponding environmental baseline range of 0.70774-0.73460. The local Sr isoscapes fit was estimated with the root-mean-square error value, which was 0.0048 (22% of the whole 87Sr/86Sr data range). GLMMs identified significant differences in 87Sr/86Sr ratios between natal and unknown North community origin groups, suggesting that after 1980, females of unknown origin could be immigrants to North community (n = 7, z-ratio = -4.08, p = 0.0001, power = 0.94). DISCUSSION This study indicates that 87Sr/86This study indicates that 87Sr/86Sr analysis can successfully identify immigrant females in skeletal collections obtained from wild chimpanzee communities, enabling the tracking of female dispersal patterns historically. There are, however, significant limitations within the scope of this study, such as (1) the absence of reliable maps for the TCP study area, (2) limited capacity for environmental sampling, (3) small sample sizes, and (4) tooth formation in wild chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Boucher
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences, UMR5229 CNRS, University of Lyon 1, Bron cedex, France
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Aleksey Maro
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Xueye Wang
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Paul L Koch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Vicky M Oelze
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
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Parasayan O, Laurelut C, Bôle C, Bonnabel L, Corona A, Domenech-Jaulneau C, Paresys C, Richard I, Grange T, Geigl EM. Late Neolithic collective burial reveals admixture dynamics during the third millennium BCE and the shaping of the European genome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl2468. [PMID: 38896620 PMCID: PMC11186501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The third millennium BCE was a pivotal period of profound cultural and genomic transformations in Europe associated with migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, which shaped the ancestry patterns in the present-day European genome. We performed a high-resolution whole-genome analysis including haplotype phasing of seven individuals of a collective burial from ~2500 cal BCE and of a Bell Beaker individual from ~2300 cal BCE in the Paris Basin in France. The collective burial revealed the arrival in real time of steppe ancestry in France. We reconstructed the genome of an unsampled individual through its relatives' genomes, enabling us to shed light on the early-stage admixture patterns, dynamics, and propagation of steppe ancestry in Late Neolithic Europe. We identified two major Neolithic/steppe-related ancestry admixture pulses around 3000/2900 BCE and 2600 BCE. These pulses suggest different population expansion dynamics with striking links to the Corded Ware and Bell Beaker cultural complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oğuzhan Parasayan
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Christophe Laurelut
- INRAP Grand Est, Châlons-en-Champagne, France
- UMR 8215 Trajectoires (CNRS-University Paris I), Paris, France
| | - Christine Bôle
- Genomics Core Facility, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM U1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Paris Descartes Sorbonne Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Alois Corona
- Service archéologique interdépartemental, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Cynthia Domenech-Jaulneau
- Service Régional, Direction Régionale des Affaires culturelles d’Île-de-France, UMR 8215 Trajectoires (CNRS-University Paris I), Paris, France
| | - Cécile Paresys
- INRAP Grand Est, Châlons-en-Champagne, France
- UMR 6472 CEPAM (CNRS-Nice University), Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- INRAP Grand Est, Châlons-en-Champagne, France
- UMR 6472 CEPAM (CNRS-Nice University), Nice, France
| | - Thierry Grange
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Eva-Maria Geigl
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
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Orfanou E, Zach B, Rohrlach AB, Schneider FN, Paust E, Lucas M, Hermes T, Ilgner J, Scott E, Ettel P, Haak W, Spengler R, Roberts P. Biomolecular evidence for changing millet reliance in Late Bronze Age central Germany. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4382. [PMID: 38388679 PMCID: PMC10883991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bronze Age of Central Europe was a period of major social, economic, political and ideological change. The arrival of millet is often seen as part of wider Bronze Age connectivity, yet understanding of the subsistence regimes underpinning this dynamic period remains poor for this region, in large part due to a dominance of cremation funerary rites, which hinder biomolecular studies. Here, we apply stable isotope analysis, radiocarbon dating and archaeobotanical analysis to two Late Bronze Age (LBA) sites, Esperstedt and Kuckenburg, in central Germany, where human remains were inhumed rather than cremated. We find that people buried at these sites did not consume millet before the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) (ca. 1600 BCE). However, by the early LBA (ca. 1300-1050 BCE) people consumed millet, often in substantial quantities. This consumption appears to have subsequently diminished or ceased around 1050-800 BCE, despite charred millet grains still being found in the archaeological deposits from this period. The arrival of millet in this region, followed by a surge in consumption spanning two centuries, indicates a complex interplay of cultural and economic factors, as well as a potential use of millet to buffer changes in aridity in a region increasingly prone to crop failure in the face of climate change today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Orfanou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Chair of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Barbara Zach
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Chair of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Florian N Schneider
- Chair of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Enrico Paust
- Chair of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Mary Lucas
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Lars Thørings Veg 10, 9006, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Taylor Hermes
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, USA
| | - Jana Ilgner
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Erin Scott
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Ettel
- Chair of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Spengler
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- isoTROPIC Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Institut Für Ur- Und Frühgeschichte, Philosophische Fakultät, Universität Zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.
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Penske S, Küßner M, Rohrlach AB, Knipper C, Nováček J, Childebayeva A, Krause J, Haak W. Kinship practices at the early bronze age site of Leubingen in Central Germany. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3871. [PMID: 38365887 PMCID: PMC10873355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe ~ 2200 BC, a regional and supra-regional hierarchical social organization emerged with few individuals in positions of power (chiefs), set apart by rich graves with extensive burial constructions. However, the social organization and stratification within the majority of people, who represent the non-elite, remain unclear. Here, we present genome-wide data of 46 individuals from the Early Bronze Age burial ground of Leubingen in today's Germany, integrating archaeological, genetic and strontium isotope data to gain new insights into Early Bronze Age societies. We were able to reconstruct five pedigrees which constitute the members of close biological kinship groups (parents and their offspring), and also identify individuals who are not related to individuals buried at the site. Based on combined lines of evidence, we observe that the kinship structure of the burial community was predominantly patrilineal/virilocal involving female exogamy. Further, we detect a difference in the amount of grave goods among the individuals buried at Leubingen based on genetic sex, age at death and locality but see no difference in the types of grave goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423, Weimar, Germany.
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423, Weimar, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Orlando L. A genetic window into the human social past. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312672120. [PMID: 37647367 PMCID: PMC10500179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312672120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse31000, France
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7
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Blöcher J, Brami M, Feinauer IS, Stolarczyk E, Diekmann Y, Vetterdietz L, Karapetian M, Winkelbach L, Kokot V, Vallini L, Stobbe A, Haak W, Papageorgopoulou C, Krause R, Sharapova S, Burger J. Descent, marriage, and residence practices of a 3,800-year-old pastoral community in Central Eurasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303574120. [PMID: 37603728 PMCID: PMC10483636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303574120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prehistoric societal organization at the family level is still limited. Here, we generated genome data from 32 individuals from an approximately 3,800-y-old burial mound attributed to the Bronze Age Srubnaya-Alakul cultural tradition at the site of Nepluyevsky, located in the Southern Ural region of Central Eurasia. We found that life expectancy was generally very low, with adult males living on average 8 y longer than females. A total of 35 first-degree, 40 second-degree, and 48 third-degree biological relationships connected 23 of the studied individuals, allowing us to propose a family tree spanning three generations with six brothers at its center. The oldest of these brothers had eight children with two women and the most children overall, whereas the other relationships were monogamous. Notably, related female children above the age of five were completely absent from the site, and adult females were more genetically diverse than males. These results suggest that biological relationships between male siblings played a structural role in society and that descent group membership was based on patrilineality. Women originated from a larger mating network and moved to join the men, with whom they were buried. Finally, the oldest brother likely held a higher social position, which was expressed in terms of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blöcher
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Maxime Brami
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Isabelle Sofie Feinauer
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm10691, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm10405, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm10691, Sweden
| | - Eliza Stolarczyk
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Lisa Vetterdietz
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Marina Karapetian
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow125009, Russia
| | - Laura Winkelbach
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kokot
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Stobbe
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini69100, Greece
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Svetlana Sharapova
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg620108, Russia
| | - Joachim Burger
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
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8
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Zhao D, Chen Y, Xie G, Ma P, Wen Y, Zhang F, Wang Y, Cui Y, Gao S. A multidisciplinary study on the social customs of the Tang Empire in the Medieval Ages. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288128. [PMID: 37494335 PMCID: PMC10370703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary research on human remains can provide important information about population dynamics, culture diffusion, as well as social organization and customs in history. In this study, multidisciplinary analyses were undertaken on a joint burial (M56) in the Shuangzhao cemetery of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), one of the most prosperous dynasties in Chinese history, to shed light on the genetic profile and sociocultural aspects of this dynasty. The archaeological investigation suggested that this burial belonged to the Mid-Tang period and was used by common civilians. The osteological analysis identified the sex, age, and health status of the three individuals excavated from M56, who shared a similar diet inferred from the stable isotopic data. Genomic evidence revealed that these co-buried individuals had no genetic kinship but all belonged to the gene pool of the ancient populations in the Central Plains, represented by Yangshao and Longshan individuals, etc. Multiple lines of evidence, including archaeology, historic records, as well as chemical and genetic analyses, have indicated a very probable familial joint burial of husband and wives. Our study provides insights into the burial customs and social organization of the Tang Dynasty and reconstructs a scenario of civilian life in historic China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Zhao
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gaowen Xie
- Xianyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xianyang, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yufeng Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Xianyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xianyang, China
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhu Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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9
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Depaermentier ML, Krause-Kyora B, Hajdas I, Kempf M, Kuhn T, Spichtig N, Schwarz PA, Gerling C. Bioarchaeological analyses reveal long-lasting continuity at the periphery of the Late Antique Roman Empire. iScience 2023; 26:107034. [PMID: 37360687 PMCID: PMC10285633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Basel-Waisenhaus burial community (Switzerland) has been traditionally interpreted as immigrated Alamans because of the location and dating of the burial ground - despite the typical late Roman funeral practices. To evaluate this hypothesis, multi-isotope and aDNA analyses were conducted on the eleven individuals buried there. The results show that the burial ground was occupied around AD 400 by people belonging largely to one family, whereas isotope and genetic records most probably point toward a regionally organized and indigenous, instead of an immigrated, community. This strengthens the recently advanced assumption that the withdrawal of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian limes after the "Crisis of the Third Century AD" was not necessarily related to a replacement of the local population by immigrated Alamannic peoples, suggesting a long-lasting continuity of occupation at the Roman periphery at the Upper and High Rhine region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux L.C. Depaermentier
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben Krause-Kyora
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Irka Hajdas
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5 HPK H31, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kempf
- Department of Geography, Physical Geography, Landscape Ecology and Geoinformation, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 8, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuhn
- Aquatic and Isotope Biogeochemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Spichtig
- Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt, Petersgraben 11, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter-Andrew Schwarz
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Gerling
- Department of Ancient Civilizations, Prehistoric and Early Historic and Provincial Roman Archaeology, Vindonissa Professorship, University of Basel, Petersgraben 51, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Kimsis J, Petersone-Gordina E, Poksane A, Vilcāne A, Moore J, Gerhards G, Ranka R. Application of natural sciences methodology in archaeological study of Iron Age burials in Latvia: pilot study. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2023; 19:8-15. [PMID: 36348137 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural sciences provide several modern methodologies that could be successfully applied in archaeological studies. In this pilot study, archaeological human remains from two Iron Age cemeteries (7th-twelfth centuries AD), Lejasbitēni and Čunkāni-Dreņģeri, which are located in different regions of Latvia, were studied. We applied ancient DNA (aDNA) and tooth enamel peptide analysis to determine the biological sex of the individuals. In addition, aDNA analysis was used to perform mtDNA haplogroup analysis. In most cases, the results of aDNA analysis regarding the biological sex of individuals coincided with the gender assigned based on grave orientation and grave goods. The results of sex determination using peptide analysis in all four individuals for whom data were available matched the possible gender. Of the 17 samples that had sufficient DNA for sequencing, seven samples had enough reads to perform mtDNA haplogroup analysis. The H2a2a, I4a1, H2a2a1, and H16c mtDNA haplogroups were identified in the individuals from the Lejasbitēni cemetery, while the T2b and K1a + 150 mtDNA haplogroups were identified in the individuals from the Čunkāni-Dreņģeri cemetery. Overall, the obtained results demonstrated the feasibility of applying aDNA and tooth enamel peptide analysis for biological sex determination within archaeological studies. The availability of human aDNA data will be highly useful for investigating the demographic history and social structures in Iron Age Latvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Kimsis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Alise Poksane
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Antonija Vilcāne
- Institute of Latvian History, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Joanna Moore
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Guntis Gerhards
- Institute of Latvian History, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Renate Ranka
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia.
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11
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Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210611120. [PMID: 36649412 PMCID: PMC9942848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210611120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing reliance on animal and plant domestication in the Near East and beyond during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) (the ninth to eighth millennium BC) has often been associated with a "revolutionary" social transformation from mobility toward more sedentary lifestyles. We are able to yield nuanced insights into the process of the Neolithization in the Near East based on a bioarchaeological approach integrating isotopic and archaeogenetic analyses on the bone remains recovered from Nevalı Çori, a site occupied from the early PPNB in Turkey where some of the earliest evidence of animal and plant domestication emerged, and from Ba'ja, a typical late PPNB site in Jordan. In addition, we present the archaeological sequence of Nevalı Çori together with newly generated radiocarbon dates. Our results are based on strontium (87Sr/86Sr), carbon, and oxygen (δ18O and δ13Ccarb) isotopic analyses conducted on 28 human and 29 animal individuals from the site of Nevalı Çori. 87Sr/86Sr results indicate mobility and connection with the contemporaneous surrounding sites during the earlier PPNB prior to an apparent decline in this mobility at a time of growing reliance on domesticates. Genome-wide data from six human individuals from Nevalı Çori and Ba'ja demonstrate a diverse gene pool at Nevalı Çori that supports connectedness within the Fertile Crescent during the earlier phases of Neolithization and evidence of consanguineous union in the PPNB Ba'ja and the Iron Age Nevalı Çori.
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12
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Pospieszny Ł, Makarowicz P, Lewis J, Szczepanek A, Górski J, Włodarczak P, Romaniszyn J, Grygiel R, Belka Z. Assessing the mobility of Bronze Age societies in East-Central Europe. A strontium and oxygen isotope perspective on two archaeological sites. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282472. [PMID: 36930597 PMCID: PMC10022790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
European Bronze Age societies are generally characterised by increased mobility and the application of isotopic methods to archaeology has allowed the rate and range of human travels to be quantified. However, little is known about the mobility of the people inhabiting East-Central Europe in the late Early and Middle Bronze Age (1950-1250 BC) whose primary subsistence strategy was herding supported by crop cultivation. This paper presents the results of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses in the enamel of people buried in collective graves at the cemeteries in Gustorzyn and Żerniki Górne. These sites are located in Kujawy and the Nida Basin, a lowland and an upland region with clearly different environmental conditions, respectively. Both sites are classified as belonging to the Trzciniec cultural circle and were used between 16th and 13th centuries BC. Among the 34 examined individuals only an adult female from Gustorzyn can be assessed as non-local based on both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O signatures in her first molar. This may indicate the practice of exogamy in the studied population but more generally corresponds with the hypothesis of limited mobility within these societies, as has previously been inferred from archaeological evidence, anthropological analysis, and stable isotope-based diet reconstruction. New and existing data evaluated in this paper show that the 87Sr/86Sr variability in the natural environment of both regions is relatively high, allowing the tracking of short-range human mobility. A series of oxygen isotope analyses (conducted for all but one individuals studied with strontium isotopes) indicates that δ18O ratios measured in phosphate are in agreement with the predicted modern oxygen isotope precipitation values, and that this method is useful in detecting travels over larger distances. The challenges of using both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O isotopic systems in provenance studies in the glacial landscapes of temperate Europe are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Pospieszny
- Institute of Archaeology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie Lewis
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Szczepanek
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Górski
- Department of History and Cultural Heritage, University of Pope Jan Paweł II, Kraków, Poland
- Archaeological Museum in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Włodarczak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Science, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Romaniszyn
- Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Zdzislaw Belka
- Isotope Research Unit, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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13
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Ellis S, Johnstone RA, Cant MA, Franks DW, Weiss MN, Alberts SC, Balcomb KC, Benton CH, Brent LJN, Crockford C, Davidian E, Delahay RJ, Ellifrit DK, Höner OP, Meniri M, McDonald RA, Nichols HJ, Thompson FJ, Vigilant L, Wittig RM, Croft DP. Patterns and consequences of age-linked change in local relatedness in animal societies. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1766-1776. [PMID: 36163259 PMCID: PMC10423498 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate payoff of behaviours depends not only on their direct impact on an individual, but also on the impact on their relatives. Local relatedness-the average relatedness of an individual to their social environment-therefore has profound effects on social and life history evolution. Recent work has begun to show that local relatedness has the potential to change systematically over an individual's lifetime, a process called kinship dynamics. However, it is unclear how general these kinship dynamics are, whether they are predictable in real systems and their effects on behaviour and life history evolution. In this study, we combine modelling with data from real systems to explore the extent and impact of kinship dynamics. We use data from seven group-living mammals with diverse social and mating systems to demonstrate not only that kinship dynamics occur in animal systems, but also that the direction and magnitude of kinship dynamics can be accurately predicted using a simple model. We use a theoretical model to demonstrate that kinship dynamics can profoundly affect lifetime patterns of behaviour and can drive sex differences in helping and harming behaviour across the lifespan in social species. Taken together, this work demonstrates that kinship dynamics are likely to be a fundamental dimension of social evolution, especially when considering age-linked changes and sex differences in behaviour and life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ellis
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | | | - Michael A Cant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Michael N Weiss
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Center for Whale Research, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Claire H Benton
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Catherine Crockford
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, Lyon, France
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eve Davidian
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Ngorongoro Hyena Project, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Richard J Delahay
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK
| | | | - Oliver P Höner
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
- Ngorongoro Hyena Project, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Magali Meniri
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Robbie A McDonald
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Faye J Thompson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Linda Vigilant
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Darren P Croft
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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14
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Lee M, Gerdau-Radonic K. An inter- and intra-observer test of the computer program CRANID. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 337:111375. [PMID: 35839682 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The use of cranial analysis, through metric and/or morphological data, remains a popular method within biological anthropology and its subfields to allow for the analysis of an individual. These methods increasingly use multivariate statistics to empirically measure the degree of similarities between individuals and populations. CRANID is a piece of freeware which allows the user to estimate ancestry from 29 cranial measurements. This paper utilised a previously published dataset (Lee and Gerdau 2020 [29]) of cranial measurements to simulate multiple users estimating the ancestry for a single cranium of known origin. Only 32-68 % of the generated ancestry estimations were found to match the broad geographic region of the tested cranium depending on the statistical test. This paper also highlights aspects of CRANID's results that may make it harder for users to understand the results the program provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lee
- Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Karina Gerdau-Radonic
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7044 Archimѐde - Archéologie et Histoire Ancienne: Méditerranée-Europe - MISHA, 5 allée du Gal Rouvillois, CS 50008, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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15
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Massy K, Friedrich R, Mittnik A, Stockhammer PW. Pedigree-based Bayesian modelling of radiocarbon dates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270374. [PMID: 35771856 PMCID: PMC9246184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, archaeogenetic analysis has revolutionized archaeological research and enabled novel insights into mobility, relatedness and health of past societies. Now, it is possible to develop these results further and integrate archaeogenetic insights into biological relatedness with radiocarbon dates as means of chronologically sequenced information. In our article, we demonstrate the potential of combining relative chronological information with absolute radiocarbon dates by Bayesian interpretation in order to improve age determinations. Using artificial pedigrees with four sets of simulated radiocarbon dates we show that the combination of relationship information with radiocarbon dates improves the age determination in many cases at least between 20 to 50%. Calibrated age ranges are more constrained than simply calibrating radiocarbon ages independently from each other. Thereby, the precision of modelled ages depends on the precision of the single radiocarbon dates, the number of modelled generations, the shape of the calibration curve and the availability of samples that can be precisely fixed in time due to specific patterns in the calibration curve (“anchor points”). Ambiguous calibrated radiocarbon dates, which are caused by inversions of the calibration curve, can be partly or almost entirely resolved through Bayesian modelling based upon information from pedigrees. Finally, we discuss selected case studies of biological pedigrees achieved for Early Bronze Age Southern Germany by recent archaeogenetic analysis, whereby the sites and pedigrees differ with regard to the quality of information, which can be used for a Bayesian model of the radiocarbon dates. In accordance with the abstract models, radiocarbon dates can again be better constrained and are therefore more applicable for archaeological interpretation and chronological placement of the dated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Massy
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alissa Mittnik
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philipp W. Stockhammer
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Greenfield TL, McMahon AM, O’Connell TC, Reade H, Holmden C, Fletcher AC, Zettler RL, Petrie CA. Were there royal herds? Understanding herd management and mobility using isotopic characterizations of cattle tooth enamel from Early Dynastic Ur. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265170. [PMID: 35704593 PMCID: PMC9200365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During the third millennium BC, Mesopotamia (the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, in modern Iraq-Syria), was dominated by the world’s earliest cities and states, which were ruled by powerful elites. Ur, in present-day southern Iraq, was one of the largest and most important of these cities, and irrigation-based agriculture and large herds of domesticated animals were the twin mainstays of the economy and diet. Texts suggest that the societies of the Mesopotamian city-states were extremely hierarchical and underpinned by institutionalised and heavily-managed farming systems. Prevailing narratives suggest that the animal management strategies within these farming systems in the third millennium BC were homogenous. There have been few systematic science-based studies of human and animal diets, mobility, or other forms of human-animal interaction in Mesopotamia, but such approaches can inform understanding of past economies, including animal management, social hierarchies, diet and migration. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotopic analysis of animal tooth enamel from both royal and private/non-royal burial contexts at Early Dynastic Ur (2900–2350 BC) indicate that a variety of herd management strategies and habitats were exploited. These data also suggest that there is no correlation between animal-management practices and the cattle found in royal or private/non-royal burial contexts. The results demonstrate considerable divergence between agro-pastoral models promoted by the state and the realities of day-to-day management practices. The data from Ur suggest that the animals exploited different plant and water sources, and that animals reared in similar ways ended up in different depositional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L. Greenfield
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (TLG); (AMM)
| | - Augusta M. McMahon
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TLG); (AMM)
| | - Tamsin C. O’Connell
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Reade
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Holmden
- The Saskatchewan Isotope Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Richard L. Zettler
- University of Pennsylvania, Near Eastern Languages & Civilizations, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cameron A. Petrie
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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17
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Ancient DNA gives new insights into a Norman Neolithic monumental cemetery dedicated to male elites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120786119. [PMID: 35446690 PMCID: PMC9170172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120786119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By integrating genomic and archaeological data, we provide new insights into the Neolithic French monumental site of Fleury-sur-Orne in Normandy, where a group of selected individuals was buried in impressively long monuments. The earliest individuals buried at Fleury-sur-Orne match the expected western European Neolithic genetic diversity, while three individuals, designated as genetic outliers, were buried after 4,000 calibrated BCE. We hypothesize that different, unrelated families or clans used the site over several centuries. Thirteen of 14 of the analyzed individuals were male, indicating an overarching patrilineal system. However, one exception, a female buried with a symbolically male artifact, suggests that the embodiment of the male gender in death was required to access burial at the monumental structures. The Middle Neolithic in western Europe is characterized by monumental funerary structures, known as megaliths, along the Atlantic façade. The first manifestations of this phenomenon occurred in modern-day France with the long mounds of the Cerny culture. Here, we present genome-wide data from the fifth-millennium BCE site of Fleury-sur-Orne in Normandy (France), famous for its impressively long monuments built for selected individuals. The site encompasses 32 monuments of variable sizes, containing the burials of 19 individuals from the Neolithic period. To address who was buried at the site, we generated genome-wide data for 14 individuals, of whom 13 are males, completing previously published data [M. Rivollat et al., Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5344 (2020)]. Population genetic and Y chromosome analyses show that the Fleury-sur-Orne group fits within western European Neolithic genetic diversity and that the arrival of a new group is detected after 4,000 calibrated BCE. The results of analyzing uniparentally inherited markers and an overall low number of long runs of homozygosity suggest a patrilineal group practicing female exogamy. We find two pairs of individuals to be father and son, buried together in the same monument/grave. No other biological relationship can link monuments together, suggesting that each monument was dedicated to a genetically independent lineage. The combined data and documented father–son line of descent suggest a male-mediated transmission of sociopolitical authority. However, a single female buried with an arrowhead, otherwise considered a symbol of power of the male elite of the Cerny culture, questions a strictly biological sex bias in the burial rites of this otherwise “masculine” monumental cemetery.
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18
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Abstract
Joint phylogenetic analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) with modern phylogenies is hampered by low sequence coverage and post-mortem deamination, often resulting in overconservative or incorrect assignment. We provide a new efficient likelihood-based workflow, pathPhynder, that takes advantage of all the polymorphic sites in the target sequence. This effectively evaluates the number of ancestral and derived alleles present on each branch and reports the most likely placement of an ancient sample in the phylogeny and a haplogroup assignment, together with alternatives and supporting evidence. To illustrate the application of pathPhynder, we show improved Y chromosome assignments for published aDNA sequences, using a newly compiled Y variation data set (120,908 markers from 2,014 samples) that significantly enhances Y haplogroup assignment for low coverage samples. We apply the method to all published male aDNA samples from Africa, giving new insights into ancient migrations and the relationships between ancient and modern populations. The same software can be used to place samples with large amounts of missing data into other large non-recombining phylogenies such as the mitochondrial tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Martiniano
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca De Sanctis
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pille Hallast
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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WAKU DAISUKE, GAKUHARI TAKASHI, KOGANEBUCHI KAE, YONEDA MINORU, KONDO OSAMU, MASUYAMA TADAYUKI, YAMADA YASUHIRO, OOTA HIROKI. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing reveals double-buried Jomon individuals excavated from the Ikawazu shell-mound site were not in a mother–child relationship. ANTHROPOL SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.220129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DAISUKE WAKU
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - TAKASHI GAKUHARI
- Center for Cultural Resource Studies, College of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa
| | - KAE KOGANEBUCHI
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - MINORU YONEDA
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - OSAMU KONDO
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | | | - YASUHIRO YAMADA
- Department of Philosophy, History and Cultural Studies, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo
| | - HIROKI OOTA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo
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20
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Lewis DM, Al-Shawaf L, Semchenko AY, Evans KC. Error Management Theory and biased first impressions: How do people perceive potential mates under conditions of uncertainty? EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Kocher A, Papac L, Barquera R, Key FM, Spyrou MA, Hübler R, Rohrlach AB, Aron F, Stahl R, Wissgott A, van Bömmel F, Pfefferkorn M, Mittnik A, Villalba-Mouco V, Neumann GU, Rivollat M, van de Loosdrecht MS, Majander K, Tukhbatova RI, Musralina L, Ghalichi A, Penske S, Sabin S, Michel M, Gretzinger J, Nelson EA, Ferraz T, Nägele K, Parker C, Keller M, Guevara EK, Feldman M, Eisenmann S, Skourtanioti E, Giffin K, Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Friederich S, Schimmenti V, Khartanovich V, Karapetian MK, Chaplygin MS, Kufterin VV, Khokhlov AA, Chizhevsky AA, Stashenkov DA, Kochkina AF, Tejedor-Rodríguez C, de Lagrán ÍGM, Arcusa-Magallón H, Garrido-Pena R, Royo-Guillén JI, Nováček J, Rottier S, Kacki S, Saintot S, Kaverzneva E, Belinskiy AB, Velemínský P, Limburský P, Kostka M, Loe L, Popescu E, Clarke R, Lyons A, Mortimer R, Sajantila A, de Armas YC, Hernandez Godoy ST, Hernández-Zaragoza DI, Pearson J, Binder D, Lefranc P, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Lai L, Zoledziewska M, Beckett JF, Langová M, Danielisová A, Ingman T, Atiénzar GG, de Miguel Ibáñez MP, Romero A, Sperduti A, Beckett S, Salter SJ, Zilivinskaya ED, Vasil'ev DV, von Heyking K, Burger RL, Salazar LC, Amkreutz L, Navruzbekov M, Rosenstock E, Alonso-Fernández C, Slavchev V, Kalmykov AA, Atabiev BC, Batieva E, Calmet MA, Llamas B, Schultz M, Krauß R, Jiménez-Echevarría J, Francken M, Shnaider S, de Knijff P, Altena E, Van de Vijver K, Fehren-Schmitz L, Tung TA, Lösch S, Dobrovolskaya M, Makarov N, Read C, Van Twest M, Sagona C, Ramsl PC, Akar M, Yener KA, Ballestero EC, Cucca F, Mazzarello V, Utrilla P, Rademaker K, Fernández-Domínguez E, Baird D, Semal P, Márquez-Morfín L, Roksandic M, Steiner H, Salazar-García DC, Shishlina N, Erdal YS, Hallgren F, Boyadzhiev Y, Boyadzhiev K, Küßner M, Sayer D, Onkamo P, Skeates R, Rojo-Guerra M, Buzhilova A, Khussainova E, Djansugurova LB, Beisenov AZ, Samashev Z, Massy K, Mannino M, Moiseyev V, Mannermaa K, Balanovsky O, Deguilloux MF, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Kitov EP, Dobeš M, Ernée M, Meller H, Alt KW, Prüfer K, Warinner C, Schiffels S, Stockhammer PW, Bos K, Posth C, Herbig A, Haak W, Krause J, Kühnert D. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution. Science 2021; 374:182-188. [PMID: 34618559 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix M Key
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ron Hübler
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Franziska Aron
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Raphaela Stahl
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Wissgott
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian van Bömmel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Pfefferkorn
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alissa Mittnik
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maïté Rivollat
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | | | - Kerttu Majander
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rezeda I Tukhbatova
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Lyazzat Musralina
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ayshin Ghalichi
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Sabin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joscha Gretzinger
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tiago Ferraz
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathrin Nägele
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cody Parker
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe Arizona, USA
| | - Marcel Keller
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelyn K Guevara
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michal Feldman
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Eisenmann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Giffin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Friederich
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Valery Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina K Karapetian
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir V Kufterin
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Stashenkov
- Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia
| | - Anna F Kochkina
- Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia
| | - Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Garrido-Pena
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany.,University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sacha Kacki
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France.,Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK
| | - Sylvie Saintot
- INRAP, ARAR UMR 5138, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Limburský
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Louise Loe
- Oxford Archaeology South, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK
| | | | - Rachel Clarke
- Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Alice Lyons
- Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK
| | | | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Silvia Teresita Hernandez Godoy
- Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo, Dirección Provincial de Cultura, Matanzas, Cuba.,Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba
| | - Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.,Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Pearson
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Didier Binder
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM UMR 7264, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Lefranc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Archimède UMR 7044, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anatoly R Kantorovich
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Maslov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michaela Langová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Danielisová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tara Ingman
- Koç University, Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Paz de Miguel Ibáñez
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of Civilizations, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Asia Africa e Mediterraneo, Università di Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sophie Beckett
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia.,Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Susannah J Salter
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Emma D Zilivinskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Kristin von Heyking
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard L Burger
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lucy C Salazar
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, 2301 EC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Rosenstock
- Freie Universität Berlin, Einstein Center Chronoi, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Biaslan Ch Atabiev
- Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, 361401 Nalchik, Republic Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia
| | - Elena Batieva
- Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov 346780, Russia
| | | | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michael Schultz
- University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Hildeshein, Germany
| | - Raiko Krauß
- Institute for Prehistory, Early History and Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Francken
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Svetlana Shnaider
- ArchaeoZoology in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn, CNRS-IAET SB RAS International Research Laboratory, IRL 2013, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands
| | - Eveline Altena
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Van de Vijver
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.,Dienst Archeologie-Stad Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Lars Fehren-Schmitz
- UCSC Paleogenomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tiffiny A Tung
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Dobrovolskaya
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Nikolaj Makarov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Chris Read
- Applied Archaeology School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland
| | - Melanie Van Twest
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK
| | - Claudia Sagona
- School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C Ramsl
- Institute of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Murat Akar
- Department of Archaeology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Alahan-Antakya, Hatay 31060, Turkey
| | - K Aslihan Yener
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), New York University, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Eduardo Carmona Ballestero
- Territorial Service of Culture and Tourism from Valladolid, Castilla y León Regional Government, C/ San Lorenzo, 5, 47001, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of History, Geography and Comunication, University of Burgos, Paseo de Comendadores, s/n 09001 Burgos (Burgos), Spain
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica-CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Pilar Utrilla
- Área de Prehistoria, P3A DGA Research Group, IPH, University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kurt Rademaker
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Douglas Baird
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Patrick Semal
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mirjana Roksandic
- Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Caribbean Research Institute, Univeristy of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Steiner
- South Tyrol Provincial Heritage Service, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Domingo Carlos Salazar-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.,Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalia Shishlina
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.,State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yilmaz Selim Erdal
- Human_G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Yavor Boyadzhiev
- National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Kamen Boyadzhiev
- National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany
| | - Duncan Sayer
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Robin Skeates
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK
| | - Manuel Rojo-Guerra
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Arman Z Beisenov
- Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zainolla Samashev
- Branch of Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, 24 of 511 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Berel," Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan
| | - Ken Massy
- Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcello Mannino
- Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svend Hansen
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Egor P Kitov
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Ernée
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Meller
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Kurt W Alt
- Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, A - 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.,Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Spalenring 145, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (DBE), Universitätsspital Basel (HFZ), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
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22
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Freilich S, Ringbauer H, Los D, Novak M, Pavičić DT, Schiffels S, Pinhasi R. Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16729. [PMID: 34408163 PMCID: PMC8373892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA studies have revealed how human migrations from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age transformed the social and genetic structure of European societies. Present-day Croatia lies at the heart of ancient migration routes through Europe, yet our knowledge about social and genetic processes here remains sparse. To shed light on these questions, we report new whole-genome data for 28 individuals dated to between ~ 4700 BCE-400 CE from two sites in present-day eastern Croatia. In the Middle Neolithic we evidence first cousin mating practices and strong genetic continuity from the Early Neolithic. In the Middle Bronze Age community that we studied, we find multiple closely related males suggesting a patrilocal social organisation. We also find in that community an unexpected genetic ancestry profile distinct from individuals found at contemporaneous sites in the region, due to the addition of hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. These findings support archaeological evidence for contacts with communities further north in the Carpathian Basin. Finally, an individual dated to Roman times exhibits an ancestry profile that is broadly present in the region today, adding an important data point to the substantial shift in ancestry that occurred in the region between the Bronze Age and today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Cavazzuti C, Hajdu T, Lugli F, Sperduti A, Vicze M, Horváth A, Major I, Molnár M, Palcsu L, Kiss V. Human mobility in a Bronze Age Vatya 'urnfield' and the life history of a high-status woman. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254360. [PMID: 34319991 PMCID: PMC8318297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present osteological and strontium isotope data of 29 individuals (26 cremations and 3 inhumations) from Szigetszentmiklós-Ürgehegy, one of the largest Middle Bronze Age cemeteries in Hungary. The site is located in the northern part of the Csepel Island (a few kilometres south of Budapest) and was in use between c. 2150 and 1500 BC, a period that saw the rise, the apogee, and, ultimately, the collapse of the Vatya culture in the plains of Central Hungary. The main aim of our study was to identify variation in mobility patterns among individuals of different sex/age/social status and among individuals treated with different burial rites using strontium isotope analysis. Changes in funerary rituals in Hungary have traditionally been associated with the crises of the tell cultures and the introgression of newcomers from the area of the Tumulus Culture in Central Europe around 1500 BC. Our results show only slight discrepancies between inhumations and cremations, as well as differences between adult males and females. The case of the richly furnished grave n. 241 is of particular interest. The urn contains the cremated bones of an adult woman and two 7 to 8-month-old foetuses, as well as remarkably prestigious goods. Using 87Sr/86Sr analysis of different dental and skeletal remains, which form in different life stages, we were able to reconstruct the potential movements of this high-status woman over almost her entire lifetime, from birth to her final days. Our study confirms the informative potential of strontium isotopes analyses performed on different cremated tissues. From a more general, historical perspective, our results reinforce the idea that exogamic practices were common in Bronze Age Central Europe and that kinship ties among high-rank individuals were probably functional in establishing or strengthening interconnections, alliances, and economic partnerships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cavazzuti
- Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italia
- Archaeology Department, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Tamás Hajdu
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Federico Lugli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Museo delle Civiltà, Sezione di Bioarcheologia, Rome, Italy
- University of Napoli “L’Orientale”, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Aniko Horváth
- ICER Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Major
- ICER Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mihály Molnár
- ICER Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Palcsu
- ICER Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
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24
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Reiter SS, Møller NA, Nielsen BH, Bech JH, Olsen ALH, Jørkov MLS, Kaul F, Mannering U, Frei KM. Into the fire: Investigating the introduction of cremation to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark: A comparative study between different regions applying strontium isotope analyses and archaeological methods. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249476. [PMID: 33979332 PMCID: PMC8115792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in funerary practices are key to the understanding of social transformations of past societies. Over the course of the Nordic Bronze Age, funerary practices changed from inhumation to cremation. The aim of this study is to shed light on this fundamental change through a cross-examination of archaeometric provenance data and archaeological discussions of the context and layouts of early cremation graves. To this end, we conducted 19 new provenance analyses of strontium isotopes from Early Nordic Bronze age contexts in Thisted County and Zealand and Late Bronze Age contexts from Thisted County and Vesthimmerland (Denmark). These data are subsequently compared with data from other extant relevant studies, including those from Late Bronze Age Fraugde on the Danish island of Fyn. Overall, the variations within our provenience data suggest that the integration and establishment of cremation may not have had a one-to-one relationship with in-migration to Nordic Bronze Age Denmark. Moreover, there seems to be no single blanket scenario which dictated the uptake of cremation as a practice within this part of Southern Scandinavia. By addressing habitus in relation to the deposition of cremations as juxtaposed with these provenance data¸ we hypothesize several potential pathways for the uptake of cremation as a new cultural practice within the Danish Nordic Bronze Age and suggest that this may have been a highly individual process, whose tempo may have been dictated by the specificities of the region(s) concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S. Reiter
- Department of Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, The National Museum of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (Brede), Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Flemming Kaul
- Department of Ancient Cultures of Denmark and the Mediterranean, The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Mannering
- Department of Ancient Cultures of Denmark and the Mediterranean, The National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin M. Frei
- Department of Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, The National Museum of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby (Brede), Denmark
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25
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Žegarac A, Winkelbach L, Blöcher J, Diekmann Y, Krečković Gavrilović M, Porčić M, Stojković B, Milašinović L, Schreiber M, Wegmann D, Veeramah KR, Stefanović S, Burger J. Ancient genomes provide insights into family structure and the heredity of social status in the early Bronze Age of southeastern Europe. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10072. [PMID: 33980902 PMCID: PMC8115322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four palaeogenomes from Mokrin, a major Early Bronze Age necropolis in southeastern Europe, were sequenced to analyse kinship between individuals and to better understand prehistoric social organization. 15 investigated individuals were involved in genetic relationships of varying degrees. The Mokrin sample resembles a genetically unstructured population, suggesting that the community’s social hierarchies were not accompanied by strict marriage barriers. We find evidence for female exogamy but no indications for strict patrilocality. Individual status differences at Mokrin, as indicated by grave goods, support the inference that females could inherit status, but could not transmit status to all their sons. We further show that sons had the possibility to acquire status during their lifetimes, but not necessarily to inherit it. Taken together, these findings suggest that Southeastern Europe in the Early Bronze Age had a significantly different family and social structure than Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age societies of Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Žegarac
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - L Winkelbach
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Blöcher
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Y Diekmann
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Krečković Gavrilović
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Porčić
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Stojković
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L Milašinović
- National Museum of Kikinda, Trg Srpskih Dobrovoljaca 21, 23300, Kikinda, Serbia
| | - M Schreiber
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - D Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - K R Veeramah
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11790, USA
| | - S Stefanović
- Laboratory of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.,Biosense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - J Burger
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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26
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Saupe T, Montinaro F, Scaggion C, Carrara N, Kivisild T, D'Atanasio E, Hui R, Solnik A, Lebrasseur O, Larson G, Alessandri L, Arienzo I, De Angelis F, Rolfo MF, Skeates R, Silvestri L, Beckett J, Talamo S, Dolfini A, Miari M, Metspalu M, Benazzi S, Capelli C, Pagani L, Scheib CL. Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2576-2591.e12. [PMID: 33974848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Across Europe, the genetics of the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition is increasingly characterized in terms of an influx of Steppe-related ancestry. The effect of this major shift on the genetic structure of populations in the Italian Peninsula remains underexplored. Here, genome-wide shotgun data for 22 individuals from commingled cave and single burials in Northeastern and Central Italy dated between 3200 and 1500 BCE provide the first genomic characterization of Bronze Age individuals (n = 8; 0.001-1.2× coverage) from the central Italian Peninsula, filling a gap in the literature between 1950 and 1500 BCE. Our study confirms a diversity of ancestry components during the Chalcolithic and the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the central Italian Peninsula as early as 1600 BCE, with this ancestry component increasing through time. We detect close patrilineal kinship in the burial patterns of Chalcolithic commingled cave burials and a shift away from this in the Bronze Age (2200-900 BCE) along with lowered runs of homozygosity, which may reflect larger changes in population structure. Finally, we find no evidence that the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in Central Italy directly led to changes in frequency of 115 phenotypes present in the dataset, rather that the post-Roman Imperial period had a stronger influence, particularly on the frequency of variants associated with protection against Hansen's disease (leprosy). Our study provides a closer look at local dynamics of demography and phenotypic shifts as they occurred as part of a broader phenomenon of widespread admixture during the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Saupe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Francesco Montinaro
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Cinzia Scaggion
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nicola Carrara
- Museum of Anthropology, University of Padova, Palazzo Cavalli, via Giotto 1, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat 49 3000, Belgium
| | - Eugenia D'Atanasio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Ruoyun Hui
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Ophélie Lebrasseur
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK; Palaeogenomics & Bio-Archaeology Research Network, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Greger Larson
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Luca Alessandri
- Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Poststraat 6, Groningen 9712, the Netherlands
| | - Ilenia Arienzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Via Diocleziano 328, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Flavio De Angelis
- Centre of Molecular Anthropology for Ancient DNA Studies, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Mario Federico Rolfo
- Department of History, Culture and Society, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Columbia 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Robin Skeates
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Letizia Silvestri
- Department of History, Culture and Society, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via Columbia 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | - Sahra Talamo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician," University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Andrea Dolfini
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Monica Miari
- Superintendency of Archeology, Fine Arts and Landscape for the metropolitan city of Bologna and the provinces of Modena, Reggio Emilia and Ferrara, Comune di Bologna, Sede Via Belle Arti n. 52, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani, 1, Ravenna 40126, Italy
| | - Cristian Capelli
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Luca Pagani
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi, 58/B, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia; St. John's College, University of Cambridge, St. John's Street, Cambridge CB2 1TP, UK.
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27
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Colleter R, Bataille CP, Dabernat H, Pichot D, Hamon P, Duchesne S, Labaune-Jean F, Jean S, Le Cloirec G, Milano S, Trost M, Steinbrenner S, Marchal M, Guilbeau-Frugier C, Telmon N, Crubézy É, Jaouen K. The last battle of Anne of Brittany: Solving mass grave through an interdisciplinary approach (paleopathology, biological anthropology, history, multiple isotopes and radiocarbon dating). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248086. [PMID: 33951047 PMCID: PMC8099129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass graves are usually key historical markers with strong incentive for archeological investigations. The identification of individuals buried in mass graves has long benefitted from traditional historical, archaeological, anthropological and paleopathological techniques. The addition of novel methods including genetic, genomic and isotopic geochemistry have renewed interest in solving unidentified mass graves. In this study, we demonstrate that the combined use of these techniques allows the identification of the individuals found in two Breton historical mass graves, where one method alone would not have revealed the importance of this discovery. The skeletons likely belong to soldiers from the two enemy armies who fought during a major event of Breton history: the siege of Rennes in 1491, which ended by the wedding of the Duchess of Brittany with the King of France and signaled the end of the independence of the region. Our study highlights the value of interdisciplinary approaches with a particular emphasis on increasingly accurate isotopic markers. The development of the sulfur isoscape and testing of the triple isotope geographic assignment are detailed in a companion paper [13].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Colleter
- INRAP (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives), Cesson-Sévigné, France
- CNRS, CAGT, UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément P. Bataille
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Henri Dabernat
- CNRS, CAGT, UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Duchesne
- INRAP (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives), Cesson-Sévigné, France
- CNRS, CAGT, UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Labaune-Jean
- INRAP (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives), Cesson-Sévigné, France
- CNRS, CReAAH, UMR 6566, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Jean
- INRAP (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives), Cesson-Sévigné, France
| | - Gaétan Le Cloirec
- INRAP (Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives), Cesson-Sévigné, France
- CNRS, CReAAH, UMR 6566, Rennes, France
| | - Stefania Milano
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuel Trost
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Steinbrenner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marine Marchal
- CNRS, CAGT, UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Guilbeau-Frugier
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse, INSERM U1048, 31432, Toulouse, France
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, CMEAB, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Norbert Telmon
- CNRS, CAGT, UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Éric Crubézy
- CNRS, CAGT, UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Klervia Jaouen
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Leipzig, Germany
- CNRS, GET UMR 5563, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
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28
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Wang X, Roberts P, Tang Z, Yang S, Storozum M, Groß M, Fernandes R. The Circulation of Ancient Animal Resources Across the Yellow River Basin: A Preliminary Bayesian Re-evaluation of Sr Isotope Data From the Early Neolithic to the Western Zhou Dynasty. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.583301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many questions still remain regarding the acquisition and circulation of ancient domesticated animals across the Yellow River Basin, one of the key areas for the development of complex societies in ancient China. Here, we re-evaluate previously published strontium isotope data (87Sr/86Sr, n = 167) from tooth enamel of domesticated animals at 10 archaeological sites in the Yellow River Basin to shed new light on the transition between the Neolithic (7000–5000 BCE) and the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE). The results show that from the Late Neolithic to the Western Zhou Dynasty, some domesticated animals, mostly cattle and sheep, were increasingly sourced from non-local areas. We employed Bayesian methods to define an isoscape of bioavailable Sr for the Yellow River Basin and to show the considerable diversity in the origins of non-local domesticated animals, some of which may have come from locations hundreds of kilometers away from the site as early as the Late Neolithic. The increasingly variable 87Sr/86Sr ratios of domesticated animals from the Neolithic to the Western Zhou Dynasty are consistent with that of associated human remains, and also match the archaeological and zooarchaeological evidence for increased circulation of animal products in the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, we infer that local economies increasingly incorporated non-local animals as part of wider circulation networks that emerged with the development of complex societies since the Late Neolithic.
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29
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Andreasen R, Thomsen E. Strontium Is Released Rapidly From Agricultural Lime–Implications for Provenance and Migration Studies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.588422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of strontium isotopes in pre-historic mobility studies requires accurate isoscapes for evaluating whether pre-historic individuals are local to the areas in which they were buried or not. Isoscapes are often based on modern-day samples, commonly surface waters. There is, however, growing evidence that modern-day farming has a significant impact on the strontium isotopic composition of surface waters and farmed soils, mainly due to the use of agricultural lime for soil improvement. In this paper, we investigate the fate of strontium from agricultural lime in an experimentally-manipulated field in central Jutland, Denmark. Agricultural limestone was added to this field at very high rates in 2012 and 2013 to investigate CO2 storage in soils. Strontium was first measured from the site in 2014. In 2019 we reevaluated strontium concentrations and found that 80–100% of the strontium from the agricultural lime had leached out of the organic-rich topsoil, and likely seeped into the underlying groundwater and nearby surface waters. In both the sandy soils of the liming test site and farmed soils and heathland in the adjacent area, Sr exhibits a degree of mobility similar to that of calcium, which is in agreement with data for other soil types and what is predicted by the size of its hydrated ions. Strontium isotopic compositions of unfarmed heathland samples show much higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and so are not influenced by carbonates, suggesting that the limestone 87Sr/86Sr signature seen in the farmland and in streams and rivers in contact with this comes from agricultural lime, and not from natural carbonate relicts occasionally found in the area. This suggests that the 87Sr/86Sr signatures of the area were higher in pre-historic times, and that an isoscape map based on samples from modern-day farmland is inappropriate for application to provenance and mobility studies of pre-historic people. Thus, it is critical that the possible impact of farming is evaluated when conducting provenance and mobility studies, especially in areas with Sr-poor soils and where agricultural lime is used for soil improvement. Overlooking this can result in significant overestimation of the degree of pre-historic mobility.
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30
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Varalli A, Desideri J, David-Elbiali M, Goude G, Honegger M, Besse M. Bronze Age innovations and impact on human diet: A multi-isotopic and multi-proxy study of western Switzerland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245726. [PMID: 33503025 PMCID: PMC7840060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The archaeological Bronze Age record in Europe reveals unprecedented changes in subsistence strategies due to innovative farming techniques and new crop cultivation. Increasing cultural exchanges affected the economic system. The inhabitants of Switzerland played a pivotal role in this European context through relationships with the Mediterranean, the High and Middle Danube regions and the Alps thanks to the area’s central position. This research aims to reconstruct, for the first time in Switzerland, human socio-economic systems through the study of human diet, herding and farming practices and their changes throughout the Bronze Age (2200–800 BCE) by means of biochemical markers. The study includes 41 human, 22 terrestrial and aquatic animal specimens and 30 charred seeds and chaff samples from sites in western Switzerland. Stable isotope analyses were performed on cereal and legume seeds (δ13C, δ15N), animal bone collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15N, δ34S), human bone and tooth dentine collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15N,) and human tooth enamel (δ13Cenamel). The isotopic data suggest a) an intensification of soil fertilization and no hydric stress throughout the Bronze Age, b) a human diet mainly composed of terrestrial resources despite the proximity of Lake Geneva and the Rhone river, c) a diet based on C3 plants during the Early and Middle Bronze Age as opposed to the significant consumption of 13C-enriched resources (probably millet) by individuals from the Final Bronze Age, d) no important changes in dietary patterns throughout an individual’s lifespan but a more varied diet in childhood compared to adulthood, e) no differences in diet according to biological criteria (age, sex) or funerary behavior (burial architecture, grave goods).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Varalli
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jocelyne Desideri
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mireille David-Elbiali
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gwenaëlle Goude
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist of Culture, LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Matthieu Honegger
- Institut d’Archéologie, University of Neuchâtel, Hauterive, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Thomsen E, Andreasen R, Rasmussen TL. Homogeneous Glacial Landscapes Can Have High Local Variability of Strontium Isotope Signatures: Implications for Prehistoric Migration Studies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.588318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, strontium (Sr) isotopes are used to distinguish locals and migrants in prehistoric studies, by measuring87Sr/86Sr in human remains and comparing these values to the distribution of the bioavailable87Sr/86Sr in the study area, often in surface water. However, it has recently been shown that agricultural lime can have a substantial impact on the87Sr/86Sr ratio and strontium concentration in surface water in areas where soils are low- to non-calcareous. Agricultural lime is rich in strontium with low87Sr/86Sr ratios, such that interpretations of prehistoric migration based on surface waters affected by agricultural lime often overestimate the number of migrants in a given area. However, the impact of agricultural lime was questioned in a new study, which argues that strontium derived from agricultural lime is retained in the topsoil of the fields and therefore do not contaminate the surface water. In the present study and in a companion study in this volume, we show that strontium derived from agricultural lime is highly mobile in soils, and so contaminate surface waters extensively. We also show that the87Sr/86Sr ratios are consistently higher in waters from “pristine areas” (where no agricultural lime has been applied within a distance of 150 m from the sample locality) than in water from farmland, thus confirming that it is of vital importance for accurate mapping of isoscapes to avoid sampling waters contaminated by agricultural lime. Our new measurements of87Sr/86Sr ratios in central Jutland, Denmark, raise the highest measured values to 0.7186. High values between 0.7140 and 0.7156 occur repeatedly and it is apparent that nearly all prehistoric human finds in Jutland, previously believed to have journeyed from afar are more likely of local origin. Furthermore, we show that carbonate-rich areas along the coast of southwest Zealand carry high87Sr/86Sr values (0.7112–0.7132), where we would expect low values. This surprising result indicates that nearly all humans buried at the Viking Age site, Trelleborg could well have originated locally, in contrast to past studies, which have suggested that about 50% of the burials were of individuals who came from afar.
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32
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Giacolini T, Conversi D, Alcaro A. The Brain Emotional Systems in Addictions: From Attachment to Dominance/Submission Systems. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:609467. [PMID: 33519403 PMCID: PMC7843379 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.609467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human development has become particularly complex during the evolution. In this complexity, adolescence is an extremely important developmental stage. Adolescence is characterized by biological and social changes that create the prerequisites to psychopathological problems, including both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors. Central to the dynamics of the biological changes during adolescence are the synergy between sexual and neurophysiological development, which activates the motivational/emotional systems of Dominance/Submission. The latter are characterized by the interaction between the sexual hormones, the dopaminergic system and the stress axis (HPA). The maturation of these motivational/emotional systems requires the integration with the phylogenetically more recent Attachment/CARE Systems, which primarily have governed the subject's relationships until puberty. The integration of these systems is particularly complex in the human species, due to the evolution of the process of competition related to sexual selection: from a simple fight between two individuals (of the same genus and species) to a struggle for the acquisition of a position in rank and the competition between groups. The latter is an important evolutionary acquisition and believed to be the variable that has most contributed to enhancing the capacity for cooperation in the human species. The interaction between competition and cooperation, and between competition and attachment, characterizes the entire human relational and emotional structure and the unending work of integration to which the BrainMind is involved. The beginning of the integration of the aforementioned motivational/emotional systems is currently identified in the prepubertal period, during the juvenile stage, with the development of the Adrenarche-the so-called Adrenal Puberty. This latter stage is characterized by a low rate of release of androgens, the hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which activate the same behaviors as those observed in the PLAY system. The Adrenarche and the PLAY system are biological and functional prerequisites of adolescence, a period devoted to learning the difficult task of integrating the phylogenetically ancient Dominance/Submission Systems with the newer Attachment/CARE Systems. These systems accompany very different adaptive goals which can easily give rise to mutual conflict and can in turn make the balance of the BrainMind precarious and vulnerable to mental suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodosio Giacolini
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Conversi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Alcaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Saag L, Vasilyev SV, Varul L, Kosorukova NV, Gerasimov DV, Oshibkina SV, Griffith SJ, Solnik A, Saag L, D'Atanasio E, Metspalu E, Reidla M, Rootsi S, Kivisild T, Scheib CL, Tambets K, Kriiska A, Metspalu M. Genetic ancestry changes in Stone to Bronze Age transition in the East European plain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabd6535. [PMID: 33523926 PMCID: PMC7817100 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The transition from Stone to Bronze Age in Central and Western Europe was a period of major population movements originating from the Ponto-Caspian Steppe. Here, we report new genome-wide sequence data from 30 individuals north of this area, from the understudied western part of present-day Russia, including 3 Stone Age hunter-gatherers (10,800 to 4250 cal BCE) and 26 Bronze Age farmers from the Corded Ware complex Fatyanovo Culture (2900 to 2050 cal BCE). We show that Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry was present in northwestern Russia already from around 10,000 BCE. Furthermore, we see a change in ancestry with the arrival of farming-Fatyanovo Culture individuals were genetically similar to other Corded Ware cultures, carrying a mixture of Steppe and European early farmer ancestry. Thus, they likely originate from a fast migration toward the northeast from somewhere near modern-day Ukraine-the closest area where these ancestries coexisted from around 3000 BCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehti Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - Sergey V Vasilyev
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liivi Varul
- Archaeological Research Collection, School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
| | - Natalia V Kosorukova
- Cherepovets State University and Cherepovets Museum Association, Cherepovets 162600, Russia
| | - Dmitri V Gerasimov
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Samuel J Griffith
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Anu Solnik
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lauri Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Eugenia D'Atanasio
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Maere Reidla
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Siiri Rootsi
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christiana Lyn Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
- St. John's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TP, UK
| | - Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Aivar Kriiska
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
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Toncala A, Trautmann B, Velte M, Kropf E, McGlynn G, Peters J, Harbeck M. On the premises of mixing models to define local bioavailable 87Sr/ 86Sr ranges in archaeological contexts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140902. [PMID: 32717600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In archaeological mobility studies, non-local humans and animals can be identified by means of stable strontium isotope analysis. However, defining the range of local 87Sr/86Sr ratios is prerequisite. To achieve this goal, proxy-based mixing models have recently been proposed using 87Sr/86Sr ratios measured in modern local vegetation, water and soil samples. Our study complements earlier efforts by introducing archaeological animal bones as an additional proxy. We then evaluate the different modelling approaches by contrasting proxy-results generated for the county of Erding (Upper Bavaria, Germany) with a comprehensive set of strontium measurements obtained from tooth enamel of late antique and early medieval human individuals (n = 49) from the same micro-region. We conclude that current mixing models based on environmental proxies clearly underestimate the locally bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr ratios due to the limited sample size of modern environmental specimens and a suit of imponderables inherent to efforts modelling complex geobiological processes. In sum, currently available mixing models are deemed inadequate and can therefore not be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Toncala
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Trautmann
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Maren Velte
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Kropf
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - George McGlynn
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joris Peters
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Paleoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Kaulbachstr. 37 III, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Karolinenplatz 2a, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241278. [PMID: 33196640 PMCID: PMC7668604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a high-resolution cross-disciplinary analysis of kinship structure and social institutions in two Late Copper Age Bell Beaker culture cemeteries of South Germany containing 24 and 18 burials, of which 34 provided genetic information. By combining archaeological, anthropological, genetic and isotopic evidence we are able to document the internal kinship and residency structure of the cemeteries and the socially organizing principles of these local communities. The buried individuals represent four to six generations of two family groups, one nuclear family at the Alburg cemetery, and one seemingly more extended at Irlbach. While likely monogamous, they practiced exogamy, as six out of eight non-locals are women. Maternal genetic diversity is high with 23 different mitochondrial haplotypes from 34 individuals, whereas all males belong to one single Y-chromosome haplogroup without any detectable contribution from Y-chromosomes typical of the farmers who had been the sole inhabitants of the region hundreds of years before. This provides evidence for the society being patrilocal, perhaps as a way of protecting property among the male line, while in-marriage from many different places secured social and political networks and prevented inbreeding. We also find evidence that the communities practiced selection for which of their children (aged 0–14 years) received a proper burial, as buried juveniles were in all but one case boys, suggesting the priority of young males in the cemeteries. This is plausibly linked to the exchange of foster children as part of an expansionist kinship system which is well attested from later Indo-European-speaking cultural groups.
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Toncheva D, Serbezov D, Karachanak-Yankova S, Nesheva D. Ancient mitochondrial DNA pathogenic variants putatively associated with mitochondrial disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233666. [PMID: 32970680 PMCID: PMC7514063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA variants associated with diseases are widely studied in contemporary populations, but their prevalence has not yet been investigated in ancient populations. The publicly available AmtDB database contains 1443 ancient mtDNA Eurasian genomes from different periods. The objective of this study was to use this data to establish the presence of pathogenic mtDNA variants putatively associated with mitochondrial diseases in ancient populations. The clinical significance, pathogenicity prediction and contemporary frequency of mtDNA variants were determined using online platforms. The analyzed ancient mtDNAs contain six variants designated as being "confirmed pathogenic" in modern patients. The oldest of these, m.7510T>C in the MT-TS1 gene, was found in a sample from the Neolithic period, dated 5800-5400 BCE. All six have well established clinical association, and their pathogenic effect is corroborated by very low population frequencies in contemporary populations. Analysis of the geographic location of the ancient samples, contemporary epidemiological trends and probable haplogroup association indicate diverse spatiotemporal dynamics of these variants. The dynamics in the prevalence and distribution is conceivably result of de novo mutations or human migrations and subsequent evolutionary processes. In addition, ten variants designated as possibly or likely pathogenic were found, but the clinical effect of these is not yet well established and further research is warranted. All detected mutations putatively associated with mitochondrial disease in ancient mtDNA samples are in tRNA coding genes. Most of these mutations are in a mt-tRNA type (Model 2) that is characterized by loss of D-loop/T-loop interaction. Exposing pathogenic variants in ancient human populations expands our understanding of their origin and prevalence dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences–BAS, Sofia, Bulgaria
- * E-mail:
| | - Dimitar Serbezov
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sena Karachanak-Yankova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Nesheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Croix S, Frei KM, Sindbæk SM, Søvsø M. Individual geographic mobility in a Viking-Age emporium-Burial practices and strontium isotope analyses of Ribe's earliest inhabitants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237850. [PMID: 32853240 PMCID: PMC7451598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual geographic mobility is a key social dynamic of early Viking-Age urbanization in Scandinavia. We present the first comprehensive geographic mobility study of Scandinavia’s earliest emporium, Ribe, which emerged around AD 700 in the North Sea region of Denmark. This article presents the results of strontium isotope analyses of 21 individuals buried at Ribe, combined with an in-depth study of the varied cultural affinities reflected by the burial practices. In order to investigate geographic mobility in early life/childhood, we sampled multiple teeth and/or petrous bone of individuals, which yielded a total of 43 strontium isotope analyses. Most individuals yielded strontium isotope values that fell within a relatively narrow range, between 87Sr/86Sr = 0.709 to 0.711. Only two individuals yielded values >87Sr/86Sr = 0.711. This suggests that most of these individuals had local origins but some had cultural affinities beyond present-day Denmark. Our results raise new questions concerning our understanding of the social and cultural dynamics behind the urbanization of Scandinavia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Croix
- Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Søren Michael Sindbæk
- Centre for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet), School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark
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Buonasera T, Eerkens J, de Flamingh A, Engbring L, Yip J, Li H, Haas R, DiGiuseppe D, Grant D, Salemi M, Nijmeh C, Arellano M, Leventhal A, Phinney B, Byrd BF, Malhi RS, Parker G. A comparison of proteomic, genomic, and osteological methods of archaeological sex estimation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11897. [PMID: 32681049 PMCID: PMC7368048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex estimation of skeletons is fundamental to many archaeological studies. Currently, three approaches are available to estimate sex-osteology, genomics, or proteomics, but little is known about the relative reliability of these methods in applied settings. We present matching osteological, shotgun-genomic, and proteomic data to estimate the sex of 55 individuals, each with an independent radiocarbon date between 2,440 and 100 cal BP, from two ancestral Ohlone sites in Central California. Sex estimation was possible in 100% of this burial sample using proteomics, in 91% using genomics, and in 51% using osteology. Agreement between the methods was high, however conflicts did occur. Genomic sex estimates were 100% consistent with proteomic and osteological estimates when DNA reads were above 100,000 total sequences. However, more than half the samples had DNA read numbers below this threshold, producing high rates of conflict with osteological and proteomic data where nine out of twenty conditional DNA sex estimates conflicted with proteomics. While the DNA signal decreased by an order of magnitude in the older burial samples, there was no decrease in proteomic signal. We conclude that proteomics provides an important complement to osteological and shotgun-genomic sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Buonasera
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Rm 5241B Meyer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Jelmer Eerkens
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Alida de Flamingh
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Laurel Engbring
- Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julia Yip
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Rm 5241B Meyer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Randall Haas
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | - Dave Grant
- D&D Osteological Services, LLC, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomic Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charlene Nijmeh
- Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Monica Arellano
- Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Alan Leventhal
- Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area, Milpitas, CA, USA.,Department of Anthropology, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomic Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian F Byrd
- Far Western Anthropological Research Group, Inc, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ripan S Malhi
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Glendon Parker
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Rm 5241B Meyer Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Integration of ancient DNA with transdisciplinary dataset finds strong support for Inca resettlement in the south Peruvian coast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18359-18368. [PMID: 32661160 PMCID: PMC7414190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005965117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic, archaeological, historical, and biogeochemical data are integrated to examine six individuals from two cemeteries in the Chincha Valley of southern Peru. Results demonstrate consistency among these independent datasets in support of a model of north Peruvian coast peoples moving to the Chincha Valley during the Late Horizon (1400 to 1532 CE). Our transdisciplinary work provides strong support for Inca resettlement, a state policy that reshaped the Andean sociopolitical landscape yet represents one of the most notoriously difficult phenomena to identify in the archaeological record. This research offers an ideal case study that sets a methodological standard for investigating ancient mobility in complex societies by synthesizing aDNA with multiple independent lines of evidence. Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis provides a powerful means of investigating human migration, social organization, and a plethora of other crucial questions about humanity’s past. Recently, specialists have suggested that the ideal research design involving aDNA would include multiple independent lines of evidence. In this paper, we adopt a transdisciplinary approach integrating aDNA with archaeological, biogeochemical, and historical data to investigate six individuals found in two cemeteries that date to the Late Horizon (1400 to 1532 CE) and Colonial (1532 to 1825 CE) periods in the Chincha Valley of southern Peru. Genomic analyses indicate that these individuals are genetically most similar to ancient and present-day populations from the north Peruvian coast located several hundred kilometers away. These genomic data are consistent with 16th century written records as well as ceramic, textile, and isotopic data. These results provide some of the strongest evidence yet of state-sponsored resettlement in the pre-Colonial Andes. This study highlights the power of transdisciplinary research designs when using aDNA data and sets a methodological standard for investigating ancient mobility in complex societies.
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Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, Strobl C, Bodner M, Schnaller L, Xavier C, Rizzi E, Bonomi Ponzi L, Vai S, Raveane A, Cavadas B, Semino O, Torroni A, Olivieri A, Lari M, Pereira L, Parson W, Caramelli D, Achilli A. The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10700. [PMID: 32612271 PMCID: PMC7329865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbria is located in Central Italy and took the name from its ancient inhabitants, the Umbri, whose origins are still debated. Here, we investigated the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation of 545 present-day Umbrians (with 198 entire mitogenomes) and 28 pre-Roman individuals (obtaining 19 ancient mtDNAs) excavated from the necropolis of Plestia. We found a rather homogeneous distribution of western Eurasian lineages across the region, with few notable exceptions. Contemporary inhabitants of the eastern part, delimited by the Tiber River and the Apennine Mountains, manifest a peculiar mitochondrial proximity to central-eastern Europeans, mainly due to haplogroups U4 and U5a, and an overrepresentation of J (30%) similar to the pre-Roman remains, also excavated in East Umbria. Local genetic continuities are further attested to by six terminal branches (H1e1, J1c3, J2b1, U2e2a, U8b1b1 and K1a4a) shared between ancient and modern mitogenomes. Eventually, we identified multiple inputs from various population sources that likely shaped the mitochondrial gene pool of ancient Umbri over time, since early Neolithic, including gene flows with central-eastern Europe. This diachronic mtDNA portrait of Umbria fits well with the genome-wide population structure identified on the entire peninsula and with historical sources that list the Umbri among the most ancient Italic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Modi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Hovirag Lancioni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Irene Cardinali
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco R Capodiferro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Rambaldi Migliore
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Abir Hussein
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christina Strobl
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Bodner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Schnaller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Catarina Xavier
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ermanno Rizzi
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Vai
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raveane
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bruno Cavadas
- IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Porto, Portugal.,i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ornella Semino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Pereira
- IPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Porto, Portugal.,i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto), 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - David Caramelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Achilli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Olalde I, Posth C. Latest trends in archaeogenetic research of west Eurasians. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 62:36-43. [PMID: 32610222 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the past ten years, archaeogenetic research has exponentially grown to study the genetic history of human populations, using genome-wide data from large numbers of ancient individuals. Of the entire globe, Europe and the Near East are the regions where ancient DNA data is by far most abundant with over 2500 genomes published at present. In this review, we focus on archaeological contexts that have received less attention in the literature, specifically those associated with west Eurasian hunter-gatherers as well as populations from the Iron Age and later historical periods. In addition, we emphasize a recent shift from continent-wide to regional and even site-specific studies, which is starting to provide novel insights into sociocultural aspects of past societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Olalde
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
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Knipper C, Koncz I, Ódor JG, Mende BG, Rácz Z, Kraus S, van Gyseghem R, Friedrich R, Vida T. Coalescing traditions-Coalescing people: Community formation in Pannonia after the decline of the Roman Empire. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231760. [PMID: 32348315 PMCID: PMC7190109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of the Roman rule caused significant political instability and led to the emergence of various ‘Barbarian’ powers. While the names of the involved groups appeared in written sources, it is largely unknown how these changes affected the daily lives of the people during the 5th century AD. Did late Roman traditions persist, did new customs emerge, and did both amalgamate into new cultural expressions? A prime area to investigate these population and settlement historical changes is the Carpathian Basin (Hungary). Particularly, we studied archaeological and anthropological evidence, as well as radiogenic and stable isotope ratios of strontium, carbon, and nitrogen of human remains from 96 graves at the cemetery of Mözs-Icsei dűlő. Integrated data analysis suggests that most members of the founder generation at the site exhibited burial practises of late Antique traditions, even though they were heterogeneous regarding their places of origin and dietary habits. Furthermore, the isotope data disclosed a nonlocal group of people with similar dietary habits. According to the archaeological evidence, they joined the community a few decades after the founder generation and followed mainly foreign traditions with artificial skull modification as their most prominent characteristic. Moreover, individuals with modified skulls and late Antique grave attributes attest to deliberate cultural amalgamation, whereas burials of largely different isotope ratios underline the recipient habitus of the community. The integration of archaeological and bioarchaeological information at the individual level discloses the complex coalescence of people and traditions during the 5th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Knipper
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometery gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - István Koncz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE–Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Rácz
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE–Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandra Kraus
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometery gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Friedrich
- Curt-Engelhorn-Center Archaeometery gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tivadar Vida
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, ELTE–Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1915. [PMID: 32313080 PMCID: PMC7171184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies of Neolithic and Bronze Age skeletons from Europe have provided evidence for strong population genetic changes at the beginning and the end of the Neolithic period. To further understand the implications of these in Southern Central Europe, we analyze 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. Similar to previously described genetic changes in other parts of Europe from the early 3rd millennium BCE, we detect an arrival of ancestry related to Late Neolithic pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Switzerland as early as 2860–2460 calBCE. Our analyses suggest that this genetic turnover was a complex process lasting almost 1000 years and involved highly genetically structured populations in this region. European populations underwent strong genetic changes during the Neolithic. Here, Furtwängler et al. provide ancient nuclear and mitochondrial genomic data from the region of Switzerland during the end of the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age that reveal a complex genetic turnover during the arrival of steppe ancestry.
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Beyond broad strokes: sociocultural insights from the study of ancient genomes. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:355-366. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Mittnik A, Massy K, Knipper C, Wittenborn F, Friedrich R, Pfrengle S, Burri M, Carlichi-Witjes N, Deeg H, Furtwängler A, Harbeck M, von Heyking K, Kociumaka C, Kucukkalipci I, Lindauer S, Metz S, Staskiewicz A, Thiel A, Wahl J, Haak W, Pernicka E, Schiffels S, Stockhammer PW, Krause J. Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe. Science 2019; 366:731-734. [PMID: 31601705 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax6219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Revealing and understanding the mechanisms behind social inequality in prehistoric societies is a major challenge. By combining genome-wide data, isotopic evidence, and anthropological and archaeological data, we have gone beyond the dominating supraregional approaches in archaeogenetics to shed light on the complexity of social status, inheritance rules, and mobility during the Bronze Age. We applied a deep microregional approach and analyzed genome-wide data of 104 human individuals deriving from farmstead-related cemeteries from the Late Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age in southern Germany. Our results reveal individual households, lasting several generations, that consisted of a high-status core family and unrelated low-status individuals; a social organization accompanied by patrilocality and female exogamy; and the stability of this system over 700 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Mittnik
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ken Massy
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry gGmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Ronny Friedrich
- Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry gGmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Saskia Pfrengle
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marta Burri
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Heidi Deeg
- Museumsverein Bad Mergentheim eV, 97980 Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Anja Furtwängler
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Bavarian Natural History Collections, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Isil Kucukkalipci
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Lindauer
- Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry gGmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie Metz
- Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz, Direktion Landesarchäologie-Außenstelle Trier, 54290 Trier, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Thiel
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Badem-Württemberg, 73728 Esslingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Wahl
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ernst Pernicka
- Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry gGmbH, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany. .,Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Frei KM, Bergerbrant S, Sjögren KG, Jørkov ML, Lynnerup N, Harvig L, Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Price TD, Frei R, Kristiansen K. Mapping human mobility during the third and second millennia BC in present-day Denmark. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219850. [PMID: 31433798 PMCID: PMC6703675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present results of the largest multidisciplinary human mobility investigation to date of skeletal remains from present-day Denmark encompassing the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Through a multi-analytical approach based on 88 individuals from 37 different archaeological localities in which we combine strontium isotope and radiocarbon analyses together with anthropological investigations, we explore whether there are significant changes in human mobility patterns during this period. Overall, our data suggest that mobility of people seems to have been continuous throughout the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. However, our data also indicate a clear shift in mobility patterns from around 1600 BC onwards, with a larger variation in the geographical origin of the migrants, and potentially including more distant regions. This shift occurred during a transition period at the beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age at a time when society flourished, expanded and experienced an unprecedented economic growth, suggesting that these aspects were closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Margarita Frei
- National Museum of Denmark, Department of Research, Collections and Conservation, Environmental Archaeology and Material Science, I.C. Modewegsvej, Brede, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Bergerbrant
- Institute for Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl-Göran Sjögren
- Institute for Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Louise Jørkov
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Harvig
- Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Højbjerg, Moesgaard Museum, Denmark
| | - Morten E. Allentoft
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Sikora
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T. Douglas Price
- Institute for Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Robert Frei
- Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Re-integrating Archaeology: A Contribution to aDNA Studies and the Migration Discourse on the 3rd Millennium BC in Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/ppr.2019.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since aDNA research suggested a marked gene influx from Eastern into Central Europe in the 3rd millenniumbc, outdated, simplistic narratives of massive migrations of closed populations have re-appeared in archaeological discussions. A more sophisticated model of migration from the steppes was proposed recently by Kristiansenet al. As a reaction to that proposal, this paper aims to contribute to this ongoing debate by refining the latter model, better integrating archaeological data and anthropological knowledge. It is argued that a polythetic classification of the archaeological material in Central Europe in the 3rd millennium reveals the presence of a new complex of single grave burial rituals which transcends the traditional culture labels. Genetic steppe ancestry is mainly connected to this new kind of burials, rather than to Corded Ware or Bell Beaker materials. Here it is argued that a polythetic view on the archaeological record suggests more complicated histories of migration, population mixtures and interaction than assumed by earlier models, and ways to better integrate detailed studies of archaeological materials with a deeper exploration of anthropological models of mobility and social group composition and the molecular biological data are explored.
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Abstract
We sequenced the genomes of 15 skeletons from a 5,000-y-old mass grave in Poland associated with the Globular Amphora culture. All individuals had been brutally killed by blows to the head, but buried with great care. Genome-wide analyses demonstrate that this was a large extended family and that the people who buried them knew them well: mothers are buried with their children, and siblings next to each other. From a population genetic viewpoint, the individuals are clearly distinct from neighboring Corded Ware groups because of their lack of steppe-related ancestry. Although the reason for the massacre is unknown, it is possible that it was connected with the expansion of Corded Ware groups, which may have resulted in violent conflict. The third millennium BCE was a period of major cultural and demographic changes in Europe that signaled the beginning of the Bronze Age. People from the Pontic steppe expanded westward, leading to the formation of the Corded Ware complex and transforming the genetic landscape of Europe. At the time, the Globular Amphora culture (3300–2700 BCE) existed over large parts of Central and Eastern Europe, but little is known about their interaction with neighboring Corded Ware groups and steppe societies. Here we present a detailed study of a Late Neolithic mass grave from southern Poland belonging to the Globular Amphora culture and containing the remains of 15 men, women, and children, all killed by blows to the head. We sequenced their genomes to between 1.1- and 3.9-fold coverage and performed kinship analyses that demonstrate that the individuals belonged to a large extended family. The bodies had been carefully laid out according to kin relationships by someone who evidently knew the deceased. From a population genetic viewpoint, the people from Koszyce are clearly distinct from neighboring Corded Ware groups because of their lack of steppe-related ancestry. Although the reason for the massacre is unknown, it is possible that it was connected with the expansion of Corded Ware groups, which may have resulted in competition for resources and violent conflict. Together with the archaeological evidence, these analyses provide an unprecedented level of insight into the kinship structure and social behavior of a Late Neolithic community.
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Modi A, Nesheva D, Sarno S, Vai S, Karachanak-Yankova S, Luiselli D, Pilli E, Lari M, Vergata C, Yordanov Y, Dimitrova D, Kalcev P, Staneva R, Antonova O, Hadjidekova S, Galabov A, Toncheva D, Caramelli D. Ancient human mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Bulgaria: new insights into the genetic history of Thracians. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5412. [PMID: 30931994 PMCID: PMC6443937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41945-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the best documented Indo-European civilizations that inhabited Bulgaria is the Thracians, who lasted for more than five millennia and whose origin and relationships with other past and present-day populations are debated among researchers. Here we report 25 new complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient individuals coming from three necropolises located in different regions of Bulgaria – Shekerdja mogila, Gabrova mogila and Bereketska mogila – dated to II-III millennium BC. The identified mtDNA haplogroup composition reflects the mitochondrial variability of Western Eurasia. In particular, within the ancient Eurasian genetic landscape, Thracians locate in an intermediate position between Early Neolithic farmers and Late Neolithic-Bronze Age steppe pastoralists, supporting the scenario that the Balkan region has been a link between Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean since the prehistoric time. Spatial Principal Component Analysis (sPCA) performed on Thracian and modern mtDNA sequences, confirms the pattern highlighted on ancient populations, overall indicating that the maternal gene pool of Thracians reflects their central geographical position at the gateway of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Modi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Desislava Nesheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Vai
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Elena Pilli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Lari
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Vergata
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Yordan Yordanov
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Petar Kalcev
- The Regional Historical Museum of Stara Zagora, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Rada Staneva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga Antonova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Savina Hadjidekova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Angel Galabov
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Draga Toncheva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - David Caramelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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