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Power IM, Paulo C, Rausis K. The Mining Industry's Role in Enhanced Weathering and Mineralization for CO 2 Removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:43-53. [PMID: 38127732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced weathering and mineralization (EWM) aim to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by accelerating the reaction of this greenhouse gas with alkaline minerals. This suite of geochemical negative emissions technologies has the potential to achieve CO2 removal rates of >1 gigatonne per year, yet will require gigatonnes of suitable rock. As a supplier of rock powder, the mining industry will be at the epicenter of the global implementation of EWM. Certain alkaline mine wastes sequester CO2 under conventional mining conditions, which should be quantified across the industry. Furthermore, mines are ideal locations for testing acceleration strategies since tailings impoundments are contained and highly monitored. While some environmentally benign mine wastes may be repurposed for off-site use─reducing costs and risks associated with their storage─numerous new mines will be needed to supply rock powders to reach the gigatonne scale. Large-scale EWM pilots with mining companies are required to progress technology readiness, including carbon verification approaches. With its knowledge of geological formations and ore processing, the mining industry can play an essential role in extracting the most reactive rocks with the greatest CO2 removal capacities, creating supply chains, and participating in life-cycle assessments. The motivations for mining companies to develop EWM include reputational benefits and carbon offsets needed to achieve carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Power
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Carlos Paulo
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Kwon Rausis
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
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Algeo TJ, Shen J. Theory and classification of mass extinction causation. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad237. [PMID: 38116094 PMCID: PMC10727847 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory regarding the causation of mass extinctions is in need of systematization, which is the focus of this contribution. Every mass extinction has both an ultimate cause, i.e. the trigger that leads to various climato-environmental changes, and one or more proximate cause(s), i.e. the specific climato-environmental changes that result in elevated biotic mortality. With regard to ultimate causes, strong cases can be made that bolide (i.e. meteor) impacts, large igneous province (LIP) eruptions and bioevolutionary events have each triggered one or more of the Phanerozoic Big Five mass extinctions, and that tectono-oceanic changes have triggered some second-order extinction events. Apart from bolide impacts, other astronomical triggers (e.g. solar flares, gamma bursts and supernova explosions) remain entirely in the realm of speculation. With regard to proximate mechanisms, most extinctions are related to either carbon-release or carbon-burial processes, the former being associated with climatic warming, ocean acidification, reduced marine productivity and lower carbonate δ13C values, and the latter with climatic cooling, increased marine productivity and higher carbonate δ13C values. Environmental parameters such as marine redox conditions and terrestrial weathering intensity do not show consistent relationships with carbon-cycle changes. In this context, mass extinction causation can be usefully classified using a matrix of ultimate and proximate factors. Among the Big Five mass extinctions, the end-Cretaceous biocrisis is an example of a bolide-triggered carbon-release event, the end-Permian and end-Triassic biocrises are examples of LIP-triggered carbon-release events, and the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian biocrises are examples of bioevolution-triggered carbon-burial events. Whereas the bolide-impact and LIP-eruption mechanisms appear to invariably cause carbon release, bioevolutionary triggers can result in variable carbon-cycle changes, e.g. carbon burial during the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian events, carbon release associated with modern anthropogenic climate warming, and little to no carbon-cycle impact due to certain types of ecosystem change (e.g. the advent of the first predators around the end-Ediacaran; the appearance of Paleolithic human hunters in Australasia and the Americas). Broadly speaking, studies of mass extinction causation have suffered from insufficiently critical thinking-an impartial survey of the extant evidence shows that (i) hypotheses of a common ultimate cause (e.g. bolide impacts or LIP eruptions) for all Big Five mass extinctions are suspect given manifest differences in patterns of environmental and biotic change among them; (ii) the Late Ordovician and Late Devonian events were associated with carbon burial and long-term climatic cooling, i.e. changes that are inconsistent with a bolide-impact or LIP-eruption mechanism; and (iii) claims of periodicity in Phanerozoic mass extinctions depended critically on the now-disproven idea that they shared a common extrinsic trigger (i.e. bolide impacts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Algeo
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences—Wuhan, Wuhan430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences—Wuhan, Wuhan430074, China
- Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH45221, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences—Wuhan, Wuhan430074, China
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Gou LF, Xu Y, Tong F, Jin Z. Li isotopic seasonality in a small catchment at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Roles of hydrology and temperature dependency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161896. [PMID: 36709901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicate weathering is critical to sustain our habitable planet. Lithium (Li) isotopes enable us to investigate the nature of silicate weathering. A number of riverine Li isotope (δ7Lirw) investigations have been made from polar to equatorial terrains, but there remains no consensus about the controlling mechanisms of both weathering and δ7Lirw. Here we investigated δ7Lirw response to climate by collecting weekly river water samples in a small catchment (the Buha River within the Lake Qinghai basin) on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, with stable tectonic, lithology, and topography. In the hydrology year of 2007 of the Buha River, we find that during the dry seasons, δ7Lirw ratios show temperature dependency typically, when the groundwater fed the river. During the monsoon seasons, δ7Lirw were obviously lower than the temperature dependency predicted values, when abundant rock dissolved and thereby fresh Li release into rivers. We propose that the hydrology and temperature dependency together play important roles in regulating δ7Lirw ratios in such an alpine small catchment. The mechanism is that long residence time facilitates the equilibrium chemical and Li isotopic fractionation during the dry seasons, so a temperature dependency of δ7Lirw is achieved. In contrast, rapid erosion and weathering contribution of fresh rock-like δ7Li to river water would significantly decrease δ7Lirw ratios during the monsoon seasons. This hypothesis can better interpret previously reported data of seasonal δ7Lirw variation, as a superposition between temperature dependency and hydrology regulation on silicates weathering in the small catchments besides tectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Gou
- Department of Geography, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fengtai Tong
- International Centre for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Geography, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China.
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Zhang S, Hill RT, Wang H. Genomic characterization and molecular dating of the novel bacterium Permianibacter aggregans HW001 T, which originated from Permian ground water. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:12-27. [PMID: 37077290 PMCID: PMC10077173 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Permian Basin is a unique ecosystem located in the southwest of the USA. An unanswered question is whether the bacteria in the Permian Basin adapted to the changing paleomarine environment and survived in the remnants of Permian groundwater. In our previous study, a novel bacterial strain, Permianibacter aggregans HW001T, was isolated from microalgae cultures incubated with Permian Basin waters, and was shown to originate from the Permian Ocean. In this study, strain HW001T was shown to be the representative strain of a novel family, classified as 'Permianibacteraceae'. The results of molecular dating suggested that the strain HW001T diverged ~ 447 million years ago (mya), which is the early Permian period (~ 250 mya). Genome analysis was used to access its potential energy utilization and biosynthesis capacity. A large number of transporters, carbohydrate-active enzymes and protein-degradation related genes have been annotated in the genome of strain HW001T. In addition, a series of important metabolic pathways, such as peptidoglycan biosynthesis, osmotic stress response system and multifunctional quorum sensing were annotated, which may confer the ability to adapt to various unfavorable environmental conditions. Finally, the evolutionary history of strain HW001T was reconstructed and the horizontal transfer of genes was predicted, indicating that the adaptation of P. aggregans to a changing marine environment depends on the evolution of their metabolic capabilities, especially in signal transmission. In conclusion, the results of this study provide genomic information for revealing the adaptive mechanism of strain HW001T to the changing ancient oceans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00164-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangfei Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
- Biology Department, College of Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
| | - Russell T. Hill
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458 China
- Biology Department, College of Science, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 China
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An 80-million-year sulphur isotope record of pyrite burial over the Permian-Triassic. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17370. [PMID: 36253491 PMCID: PMC9576676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive use of sulphur isotope ratios (δ34S) for understanding ancient biogeochemical cycles, many studies focus on specific time-points of interest, such as the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). We have generated an 80 million-year Permian-Triassic δ34Sevap curve from the Staithes S-20 borehole, Yorkshire, England. The Staithes δ34Sevap record replicates the major features of the global curve, while confirming a new excursion at the Olenekian/Anisian boundary at ~ 247 million years ago. We incorporate the resultant δ34Sevap curve into a sulphur isotope box model. Our modelling approach reveals three significant pyrite burial events (i.e. PBEs) in the Triassic. In particular, it predicts a significant biogeochemical response across the EPME, resulting in a substantial increase in pyrite burial, possibly driven by Siberian Traps volcanism. Our model suggests that after ~ 10 million years pyrite burial achieves relative long-term stability until the latest Triassic.
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Shu JP, Wang H, Shen H, Wang RJ, Fu Q, Wang YD, Jiao YN, Yan YH. Phylogenomic Analysis Reconstructed the Order Matoniales from Paleopolyploidy Veil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11121529. [PMID: 35736680 PMCID: PMC9228301 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic conflicts limit our understanding of the evolution of terrestrial life under multiple whole genome duplication events, and the phylogeny of early terrestrial plants remains full of controversy. Although much incongruence has been solved with so-called robust topology based on single or lower copy genes, the evolutionary mechanisms behind phylogenetic conflicts such as polyploidization remain poorly understood. Here, through decreasing the effects of polyploidization and increasing the samples of species, which represent all four orders and eight families that comprise early leptosporangiate ferns, we have reconstructed a robust phylogenetic tree and network with 1125 1-to-1 orthologs based on both coalescent and concatenation methods. Our data consistently suggest that Matoniales, as a monophyletic lineage including Matoniaceae and Dipteridaceae, should be redefined as an ordinal rank. Furthermore, we have identified and located at least 11 whole-genome duplication events within the evolutionary history of four leptosporangiates lineages, and associated polyploidization with higher speciation rates and mass extinction events. We hypothesize that paleopolyploidization may have enabled leptosporangiate ferns to survive during mass extinction events at the end Permian period and then flourish throughout the Mesozoic era, which is supported by extensive fossil records. Our results highlight how ancient polyploidy can result in rapid species radiation, thus causing phylogenetic conflicts yet allowing plants to survive and thrive during mass extinction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ping Shu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, the National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518114, China;
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Hao Wang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (H.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Hui Shen
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China; (H.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Rui-Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (Q.F.); (Y.-D.W.)
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; (Q.F.); (Y.-D.W.)
| | - Yuan-Nian Jiao
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;
| | - Yue-Hong Yan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, the National Orchid Conservation Center of China and the Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518114, China;
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Wang YF, Ji XY, Xing LC, Wang PD, Liu J, Zhang TD, Zhao HN, He HT. Improved volume variable cluster model method for crystal-lattice optimization: effect on isotope fractionation factor. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2022; 23:1. [PMID: 35598206 PMCID: PMC9124387 DOI: 10.1186/s12932-022-00078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic fractionation factor and element partition coefficient can be calculated only after the geometric optimization of the molecular clusters is completed. Optimization directly affects the accuracy of some parameters, such as the average bond length, molecular volume, harmonic vibrational frequency, and other thermodynamic parameters. Here, we used the improved volume variable cluster model (VVCM) method to optimize the molecular clusters of a typical oxide, quartz. We documented the average bond length and relative volume change. Finally, we extracted the harmonic vibrational frequencies and calculated the equilibrium fractionation factor of the silicon and oxygen isotopes. Given its performance in geometrical optimization and isotope fractionation factor calculation, we further applied the improved VVCM method to calculate isotope equilibrium fractionation factors of Cd and Zn between the hydroxide (Zn-Al layered double hydroxide), carbonate (cadmium-containing calcite) and their aqueous solutions under superficial conditions. We summarized a detailed procedure and used it to re-evaluate published theoretical results for cadmium-containing hydroxyapatite, emphasizing the relative volume change for all clusters and confirming the optimal point charge arrangement (PCA). The results showed that the average bond length and isotope fractionation factor are consistent with those published in previous studies, and the relative volume changes are considerably lower than the results calculated using the periodic boundary method. Specifically, the average Si-O bond length of quartz was 1.63 Å, and the relative volume change of quartz centered on silicon atoms was - 0.39%. The average Zn-O bond length in the Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide was 2.10 Å, with a relative volume change of 1.96%. Cadmium-containing calcite had an average Cd-O bond length of 2.28 Å, with a relative volume change of 0.45%. At 298 K, the equilibrium fractionation factors between quartz, Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide, cadmium-containing calcite, and their corresponding aqueous solutions were [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively. These results strongly support the reliability of the improved VVCM method for geometric optimization of molecular clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Wang
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Xin-Yue Ji
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Le-Cai Xing
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Survey and Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Peng-Dong Wang
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Tian-Di Zhang
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Hao-Nan Zhao
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Hong-Tao He
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Survey and Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
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Massive and rapid predominantly volcanic CO 2 emission during the end-Permian mass extinction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014701118. [PMID: 34493684 PMCID: PMC8449420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction event (∼252 Mya) is associated with one of the largest global carbon cycle perturbations in the Phanerozoic and is thought to be triggered by the Siberian Traps volcanism. Sizable carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) have been found at numerous sites around the world, suggesting massive quantities of 13C-depleted CO2 input into the ocean and atmosphere system. The exact magnitude and cause of the CIEs, the pace of CO2 emission, and the total quantity of CO2, however, remain poorly known. Here, we quantify the CO2 emission in an Earth system model based on new compound-specific carbon isotope records from the Finnmark Platform and an astronomically tuned age model. By quantitatively comparing the modeled surface ocean pH and boron isotope pH proxy, a massive (∼36,000 Gt C) and rapid emission (∼5 Gt C yr-1) of largely volcanic CO2 source (∼-15%) is necessary to drive the observed pattern of CIE, the abrupt decline in surface ocean pH, and the extreme global temperature increase. This suggests that the massive amount of greenhouse gases may have pushed the Earth system toward a critical tipping point, beyond which extreme changes in ocean pH and temperature led to irreversible mass extinction. The comparatively amplified CIE observed in higher plant leaf waxes suggests that the surface waters of the Finnmark Platform were likely out of equilibrium with the initial massive centennial-scale release of carbon from the massive Siberian Traps volcanism, supporting the rapidity of carbon injection. Our modeling work reveals that carbon emission pulses are accompanied by organic carbon burial, facilitated by widespread ocean anoxia.
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Zhu G, Ma J, Wei G, Zhang L. A Rapid and Simple Method for Lithium Purification and Isotopic Analysis of Geological Reference Materials by MC-ICP-MS. Front Chem 2020; 8:557489. [PMID: 33330354 PMCID: PMC7719721 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.557489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method has been developed to purify lithium (Li) from matrix elements in geological reference materials, using a single-column packed with AGMP-50 cation exchange resin, followed by high-precision Li isotope measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). A series of tests, such as different types of resin, loading amount of Li, loading volumes, and various eluents, were conducted to ascertain the optimal conditions for Li purification and the effects of intensity, acidity, and presence of potential matrix elements on Li isotope measurements were also evaluated. In our experiment, Al and high-field-strength elements (HFSEs), such as Ti, Zr, and Hf, were eluted by 0.2 M HCl + 0.3 M HF, and 0.73 M HCl was used to separate Li from other matrix elements, such as Na. This method is suitable for processing large amount of Li (60–270 ng) and enabling a Li recovery of close to 100%, with effective removal of matrix elements such as Na and Ca. Besides, our method achieves low matrix interferences (e.g., Na/Li << 1 and Ca/Li << 1 for rock and seawater via a single-column procedure; Ca/Li < 2 for carbonate via a two-column procedure) and also uses small volume of eluents and is rapid (~5 h), enabling a total separation to be completed in ~0.5 d. Using this method, we report Li isotopic compositions of various geological reference materials, including igneous rocks, seawater, and carbonate. The Li isotopic compositions are consistent with the data published previously for the analyzed reference materials. As such, the reported method is ideally suited for Li separation from multiple types of geological samples prior to isotopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gangjian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Khlebodarova TM, Likhoshvai VA. Causes of global extinctions in the history of life: facts and hypotheses. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:407-419. [PMID: 33659824 PMCID: PMC7716527 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleontologists define global extinctions on Earth as a loss of about three-quarters of plant and animal species over a relatively short period of time. At least five global extinctions are documented in the Phanerozoic fossil record (~500-million-year period): ~65, 200, 260, 380, and 440 million years ago. In addition, there is evidence of global extinctions in earlier periods of life on Earth - during the Late Cambrian (~500 million years ago) and Ediacaran periods (more than 540 million years ago). There is still no common opinion on the causes of their occurrence. The current study is a systematized review of the data on recorded extinctions of complex life forms on Earth from the moment of their occurrence during the Ediacaran period to the modern period. The review discusses possible causes for mass extinctions in the light of the influence of abiogenic factors, planetary or astronomical, and the consequences of their actions. We evaluate the pros and cons of the hypothesis on the presence of periodicity in the extinction of Phanerozoic marine biota. Strong evidence that allows us to hypothesize that additional mechanisms associated with various internal biotic factors are responsible for the emergence of extinctions in the evolution of complex life forms is discussed. Developing the idea of the internal causes of periodicity and discontinuity in evolution, we propose our own original hypothesis, according to which the bistability phenomenon underlies the complex dynamics of the biota development, which is manifested in the form of global extinctions. The bistability phenomenon arises only in ecosystems with predominant sexual reproduction. Our hypothesis suggests that even in the absence of global abiotic catastrophes, extinctions of biota would occur anyway. However, our hypothesis does not exclude the possibility that in different periods of the Earth's history the biota was subjected to powerful external influences that had a significant impact on its further development, which is reflected in the Earth's fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Khlebodarova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V A Likhoshvai
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Gou LF, Liu CY, Deng L, Jin Z. Quantifying the impact of recovery during chromatographic purification on the accuracy of lithium isotopic determination by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8577. [PMID: 31498931 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lithium (Li) isotopes have increasingly been applied as tracers in Earth and planetary sciences and their effectiveness relies upon accurate and precise Li isotopic data. Nowadays, multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) combined with chromatographic purification is the most common strategy for obtaining Li isotopic ratios in natural samples, with a long-term internal precision better than 0.3‰ in most laboratories. However, there is a large discrepancy in the Li isotopic compositions of the same reference materials determined by MC-ICP-MS among international laboratories (e.g. ca 3.5‰ difference for measurements of homogeneous seawater), which has been attributed to insufficient recovery of Li during chromatographic purification. Despite this recognition, the exact impact of Li recovery during purification on Li isotopic determinations by MC-ICP-MS has never been quantified. METHODS We employed a normal distribution function to model Li elution curves and quantified the Li isotopic fractionation resulting from Li recovery during chromatographic purification. Furthermore, we compared the calculated and measured relative recovery (R) with the Li isotopic ratios determined by ICP-MS to validate our theoretical calculation. RESULTS The theoretical calculations showed that R should be higher than 99.8% in order to avoid observable Li isotopic fractionation during chromatographic purification at IEECAS. This idea is further supported by the better long-term external precisions for data with R ≥ 99.8% compared with previous values of 99.5% ≤ R < 99.8%. Our results indicated that the large differences in the reported Li isotopic ratios for homogeneous seawater among international laboratories are probably attributable to Li isotopic fractionation occurring during ion exchange chromatography. CONCLUSIONS Our theoretical calculation via R is the first quantitative and convenient approach for monitoring Li isotopic fractionation during sample purification, ensuring that R ≥ 99.8% can avoid observable Li isotopic fractionation during purification, which will improve the accuracy of Li isotopic measurements by MC-ICP-MS and the comparability among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Fei Gou
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chun-Yao Liu
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Deng
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Kump LR. Prolonged Late Permian-Early Triassic hyperthermal: failure of climate regulation? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170078. [PMID: 30177562 PMCID: PMC6127386 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The extreme warmth associated with the mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary was likely produced by a rapid build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from the eruption and emplacement of the Siberian Traps. In comparison to another hyperthermal event, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the Permian-Triassic event, while leaving a similar carbon isotope record, likely had larger amounts of CO2 emitted and did not follow the expected time scale of climate recovery. The quantities and rates of CO2 emission likely exhausted the capacity of the long-term climate regulator associated with silicate weathering. Failure was enhanced by slow rock uplift and high continentality associated with the supercontinental phase of global tectonics at the time of the Siberian Traps eruption.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Hyperthermals: rapid and extreme global warming in our geological past'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Kump
- Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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