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Abstract
Studies of rare human genetic disorders of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism have highlighted the crucial role that membrane phospholipids play in mitochondrial bioenergetics and human health. The phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes is highly conserved from yeast to humans, with each class of phospholipid performing a specific function in the assembly and activity of various mitochondrial membrane proteins, including the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Recent studies have uncovered novel roles of cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine, two crucial mitochondrial phospholipids, in organismal physiology. Studies on inter-organellar and intramitochondrial phospholipid transport have significantly advanced our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis. Here, we discuss these recent advances in the function and transport of mitochondrial phospholipids while describing their biochemical and biophysical properties and biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, we highlight the roles of mitochondrial phospholipids in human health by describing the various genetic diseases caused by disruptions in their biosynthesis and discuss advances in therapeutic strategies for Barth syndrome, the best-studied disorder of mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaumy Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Travis H. Richard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Vishal M. Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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2
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Wang Y, Li Z, Wang X, Zhao Z, Jiao L, Liu R, Wang K, Ma R, Yang Y, Chen G, Wang Y, Bian X. Insights into membrane association of the SMP domain of extended synaptotagmin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1504. [PMID: 36932127 PMCID: PMC10023780 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Synaptotagmin-like Mitochondrial-lipid-binding Protein (SMP) domain is a newly identified lipid transfer module present in proteins that regulate lipid homeostasis at membrane contact sites (MCSs). However, how the SMP domain associates with the membrane to extract and unload lipids is unclear. Here, we performed in vitro DNA brick-assisted lipid transfer assays and in silico molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the molecular basis of the membrane association by the SMP domain of extended synaptotagmin (E-Syt), which tethers the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane (PM). We demonstrate that the SMP domain uses its tip region to recognize the extremely curved subdomain of tubular ER and the acidic-lipid-enriched PM for highly efficient lipid transfer. Supporting these findings, disruption of these mechanisms results in a defect in autophagosome biogenesis contributed by E-Syt. Our results suggest a model that provides a coherent picture of the action of the SMP domain at MCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenni Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Jiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruming Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Keying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- The Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base on Engineering Biology, International Campus of Zhejiang University, Haining, China.
| | - Xin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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San-Jose LM, Bestion E, Pellerin F, Richard M, Di Gesu L, Salmona J, Winandy L, Legrand D, Bonneaud C, Guillaume O, Calvez O, Elmer KR, Yurchenko AA, Recknagel H, Clobert J, Cote J. Investigating the genetic basis of vertebrate dispersal combining RNA-seq, RAD-seq and quantitative genetics. Mol Ecol 2023. [PMID: 36872057 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Although animal dispersal is known to play key roles in ecological and evolutionary processes such as colonization, population extinction and local adaptation, little is known about its genetic basis, particularly in vertebrates. Untapping the genetic basis of dispersal should deepen our understanding of how dispersal behaviour evolves, the molecular mechanisms that regulate it and link it to other phenotypic aspects in order to form the so-called dispersal syndromes. Here, we comprehensively combined quantitative genetics, genome-wide sequencing and transcriptome sequencing to investigate the genetic basis of natal dispersal in a known ecological and evolutionary model of vertebrate dispersal: the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara. Our study supports the heritability of dispersal in semi-natural populations, with less variation attributable to maternal and natal environment effects. In addition, we found an association between natal dispersal and both variation in the carbonic anhydrase (CA10) gene, and in the expression of several genes (TGFB2, SLC6A4, NOS1) involved in central nervous system functioning. These findings suggest that neurotransmitters (serotonin and nitric oxide) are involved in the regulation of dispersal and shaping dispersal syndromes. Several genes from the circadian clock (CRY2, KCTD21) were also differentially expressed between disperser and resident lizards, supporting that the circadian rhythm, known to be involved in long-distance migration in other taxa, might affect dispersal as well. Since neuronal and circadian pathways are relatively well conserved across vertebrates, our results are likely to be generalisable, and we therefore encourage future studies to further investigate the role of these pathways in shaping dispersal in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M San-Jose
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Elvire Bestion
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR 2029, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Félix Pellerin
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR 2029, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Lucie Di Gesu
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Jordi Salmona
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurane Winandy
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Legrand
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR 2029, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Camille Bonneaud
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR 2029, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Olivier Calvez
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR 2029, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Kathryn R Elmer
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrey A Yurchenko
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hans Recknagel
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, UAR 2029, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174, CNRS, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, IRD, Toulouse, France
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Kim H, Lee S, Jun Y, Lee C. Structural basis for mitoguardin-2 mediated lipid transport at ER-mitochondrial membrane contact sites. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3702. [PMID: 35764626 PMCID: PMC9239997 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact site (ERMCS) is crucial for exchanging biological molecules such as phospholipids and Ca2+ ions between these organelles. Mitoguardin-2 (MIGA2), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, forms the ERMCS in higher eukaryotic cells. Here, we report the crystal structures of the MIGA2 Lipid Droplet (LD) targeting domain and the ER membrane protein VAPB bound to the phosphorylated FFAT motif of MIGA2. These structures reveal that the MIGA2 LD targeting domain has a large internal hydrophobic pocket that accommodates phospholipids and that two phosphorylations of the FFAT motif are required for tight interaction of MIGA2 with VAPB, which enhances the rate of lipid transport. Further biochemical studies show that MIGA2 transports phospholipids between membranes with a strong preference for binding and trafficking phosphatidylserine (PS). These results provide a structural and molecular basis for understanding how MIGA2 mediates the formation of ERMCS and facilitates lipid trafficking at the ERMCS. The ER-mitochondria contact sites are crucial for exchanging phospholipids. Here, Kim et al. present crystal structures of mitoguardin-2 (MIGA2) which reveal that MIGA2 directly binds phospholipids and transfers them between the ER and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea.,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seowhang Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Jun
- Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Changwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Korea. .,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea.
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METALIC reveals interorganelle lipid flux in live cells by enzymatic mass tagging. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:996-1004. [PMID: 35654841 PMCID: PMC9203272 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The distinct activities of organelles depend on the proper function of their membranes. Coordinated membrane biogenesis of different organelles necessitates lipid transport from their site of synthesis to their destination. Several factors have been proposed to participate in lipid distribution, but despite its basic importance, in vivo evidence linking the absence of putative transport pathways to specific transport defects remains scarce. A reason for this scarcity is the near absence of in vivo lipid trafficking assays. Here we introduce a versatile method named METALIC (Mass tagging-Enabled TrAcking of Lipids In Cells) to track interorganelle lipid flux inside cells. In this strategy, two enzymes, one directed to a 'donor' and the other to an 'acceptor' organelle, add two distinct mass tags to lipids. Mass-spectrometry-based detection of lipids bearing the two mass tags is then used to quantify exchange between the two organelles. By applying this approach, we show that the ERMES and Vps13-Mcp1 complexes have transport activity in vivo, and unravel their relative contributions to endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria lipid exchange.
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Transcriptome-level assessment of the impact of deformed wing virus on honey bee larvae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15028. [PMID: 34294840 PMCID: PMC8298419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformed wing virus (DWV) prevalence is high in honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations. The virus infects honey bees through vertical and horizontal transmission, leading to behavioural changes, wing deformity, and early mortality. To better understand the impacts of viral infection in the larval stage of honey bees, artificially reared honey bee larvae were infected with DWV (1.55 × 1010 copies/per larva). No significant mortality occurred in infected honey bee larvae, while the survival rates decreased significantly at the pupal stage. Examination of DWV replication revealed that viral replication began at 2 days post inoculation (d.p.i.), increased dramatically to 4 d.p.i., and then continuously increased in the pupal stage. To better understand the impact of DWV on the larval stage, DWV-infected and control groups were subjected to transcriptomic analysis at 4 d.p.i. Two hundred fifty-five differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ -2) were identified. Of these DEGs, 168 genes were downregulated, and 87 genes were upregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that 141 DEGs (55.3%) were categorized into molecular functions, cellular components and biological processes. One hundred eleven genes (38 upregulated and 73 downregulated) were annotated by KO (KEGG Orthology) pathway mapping and involved metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism pathways. Validation of DEGs was performed, and the related gene expression levels showed a similar tendency to the DEG predictions at 4 d.p.i.; cell wall integrity and stress response component 1 (wsc1), cuticular protein and myo-inositol 2-dehydrogenase (iolG) were significantly upregulated, and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein (SK) was significantly downregulated at 4 d.p.i. Related gene expression levels at different d.p.i. revealed that these DEGs were significantly regulated from the larval stage to the pupal stage, indicating the potential impacts of gene expression levels from the larval to the pupal stages. Taken together, DWV infection in the honey bee larval stage potentially influences the gene expression levels from larvae to pupae and reduces the survival rate of the pupal stage. This information emphasizes the consequences of DWV prevalence in honey bee larvae for apiculture.
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Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals Gene Families Associated with Predatory Behavior in Photuris femme fatale Fireflies. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060627. [PMID: 32517321 PMCID: PMC7348864 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the basis of phenotypic variation is a key objective of genetics. This work has been mostly limited to model systems with a plethora of genetic manipulation and functional characterization tools. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and new computational tools, it is possible to identify candidate genes related to phenotypic variation in non-model organisms. Fireflies are excellent for studying phenotypic variation because of their diverse and well-characterized behaviors. Most adult fireflies emit a single mating flash pattern and do not eat. In contrast, adult females of many species in the genus Photuris employ multiple flash patterns and prey upon mate-seeking males of other firefly species. To investigate the genetic basis for this variation, we used comparative transcriptomics to identify positively selected genes between a predatory firefly, Photuris sp., and a non-predatory relative, Photuris frontalis, controlling for genes generally under selection in fireflies by comparing to a Photinus firefly. Nine gene families were identified under positive selection in the predatory versus non-predatory Photuris comparison, including genes involved in digestion, detoxification, vision, reproduction, and neural processes. These results generate intriguing hypotheses about the genetic basis for insect behavior and highlight the utility of comparative transcriptomic tools to investigate complex behaviors in non-model systems.
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Abstract
Lipids are distributed in a highly heterogeneous fashion in different cellular membranes. Only a minority of lipids achieve their final intracellular distribution through transport by vesicles. Instead, the bulk of lipid traffic is mediated by a large group of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), which move small numbers of lipids at a time using hydrophobic cavities that stabilize lipid molecules outside membranes. Although the first LTPs were discovered almost 50 years ago, most progress in understanding these proteins has been made in the past few years, leading to considerable temporal and spatial refinement of our understanding of the function of these lipid transporters. The number of known LTPs has increased, with exciting discoveries of their multimeric assembly. Structural studies of LTPs have progressed from static crystal structures to dynamic structural approaches that show how conformational changes contribute to lipid handling at a sub-millisecond timescale. A major development has been the finding that many intracellular LTPs localize to two organelles at the same time, forming a shuttle, bridge or tube that links donor and acceptor compartments. The understanding of how different lipids achieve their final destination at the molecular level allows a better explanation of the range of defects that occur in diseases associated with lipid transport and distribution, opening up the possibility of developing therapies that specifically target lipid transfer.
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