1
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Anderson T, Wu W, Sirbu O, Tong K, Siti W, Rui Liu X, Kou B, Murayama K, Asanuma H, Wang Z. A Light-Powered Single-Stranded DNA Molecular Motor with Colour-Selective Single-Step Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405250. [PMID: 38782715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Top-down control of small motion is possible through top-down controlled molecular motors in replacement of larger actuators like MEMS or NEMS (micro- or nano-electromechanical systems) in the current precision technology. Improving top-down control of molecular motors to every single step is desirable for this purpose, and also for synchronization of motor actions for amplified effects. Here we report a designed single-stranded DNA molecular motor powered by alternated ultraviolet and visible light for processive track-walking, with the two light colours each locking the motor in a full directional step to allow saturated driving but no overstepping. This novel nano-optomechanical driving mechanism pushes the top-down control of molecular motors down to every single step, thus providing a key technical capability to advance the molecular motor-based precision technology and also motor synchronization for amplified effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Anderson
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olga Sirbu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keshao Tong
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winna Siti
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Rui Liu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bo Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials and Application Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, 211100, Nanjing, China
| | - Keiji Murayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Asanuma
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, 464-8603, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zhisong Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117542, Singapore, Singapore
- Integrated Science and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, 119077, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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van Vliet S, Sheng J, Stindt CN, Feringa BL. All-visible-light-driven salicylidene schiff-base-functionalized artificial molecular motors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6461. [PMID: 39085193 PMCID: PMC11291758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Light-driven rotary molecular motors are among the most promising classes of responsive molecular machines and take advantage of their intrinsic chirality which governs unidirectional rotation. As a consequence of their dynamic function, they receive considerable interest in the areas of supramolecular chemistry, asymmetric catalysis and responsive materials. Among the emerging classes of responsive photochromic molecules, multistate first-generation molecular motors driven by benign visible light remain unexplored, which limits the exploitation of the full potential of these mechanical light-powered systems. Herein, we describe a series of all-visible-light-driven first-generation molecular motors based on the salicylidene Schiff base functionality. Remarkable redshifts up to 100 nm in absorption are achieved compared to conventional first-generation motor structures. Taking advantage of all-visible-light-driven multistate motor scaffolds, adaptive behaviour is found as well, and potential application in multistate photoluminescence is demonstrated. These functional visible-light-responsive motors will likely stimulate the design and synthesis of more sophisticated nanomachinery with a myriad of future applications in powering dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven van Vliet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Synthesis of Styrylbenzazole Photoswitches and Evaluation of their Photochemical Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401409. [PMID: 38761405 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Styrylbenzazoles form a promising yet under-represented class of photoswitches that can perform a light-driven E-Z isomerization of the central alkene double bond without undergoing irreversible photocyclization, typical of the parent stilbene. In this work, we report the synthesis and photochemical study of 23 styrylbenzazole photoswitches. Their thermal stabilities, quantum yields, maximum absorption wavelengths and photostationary state (PSS) distributions can be tuned by changing the benzazole heterocycle and the substitution pattern on the aryl ring. In particular, we found that push-pull systems show large redshifts of the maximum absorption wavelengths and the highest quantum yields, whereas ortho-substituted styrylbenzazole photoswitches exhibit the most favorable PSS ratios. Taking advantage of both design principles, we produced 2,6-dimethyl-4-(dimethylamino)-styrylbenzothiazole, a thermally stable and efficient P-type photoswitch which displays negative photochromism upon irradiation with visible light up to 470 nm to obtain a near-quantitative isomerization with a very high quantum yield of 59 %. Furthermore, 4-hydroxystyrylbenzoxazole was demonstrated to be a pH-sensitive switch which exhibits a 100 nm redshift upon deprotonation. Ortho-methylation of its benzothiazole analogue improved the obtained PSS ratio in its deprotonated state from E : Z=53 : 47 to E : Z=18 : 82. We anticipate that this relatively unexplored class of photoswitches will form a valuable expansion of the current family of photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Ångström Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Yao X, Vishnu JA, Lupfer C, Hoenders D, Skarsetz O, Chen W, Dattler D, Perrot A, Wang WZ, Gao C, Giuseppone N, Schmid F, Walther A. Scalable Approach to Molecular Motor-Polymer Conjugates for Light-Driven Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403514. [PMID: 38613525 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The integration of molecular machines and motors into materials represents a promising avenue for creating dynamic and functional molecular systems, with potential applications in soft robotics or reconfigurable biomaterials. However, the development of truly scalable and controllable approaches for incorporating molecular motors into polymeric matrices has remained a challenge. Here, it is shown that light-driven molecular motors with sensitive photo-isomerizable double bonds can be converted into initiators for Cu-mediated controlled/living radical polymerization enabling the synthesis of star-shaped motor-polymer conjugates. This approach enables scalability, precise control over the molecular structure, block copolymer structures, and high-end group fidelity. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these materials can be crosslinked to form gels with quasi-ideal network topology, exhibiting light-triggered contraction. The influence of arm length and polymer structure is investigated, and the first molecular dynamics simulation framework to gain deeper insights into the contraction processes is developed. Leveraging this scalable methodology, the creation of bilayer soft robotic devices and cargo-lifting artificial muscles is showcased, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of this advanced polymer chemistry approach. It is anticipated that the integrated experimental and simulation framework will accelerate scalable approaches for active polymer materials based on molecular machines, opening up new horizons in materials science and bioscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Yao
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jude Ann Vishnu
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Lupfer
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Skarsetz
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Chuan Gao
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron - CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Friederike Schmid
- KOMET 1, Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, D 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- Life-Like Materials and Systems, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Zuo Y, Chen Z, Li Z, Fu E, Xin Y, Chen C, Li C, Zhang S. Unraveling the Dynamic Molecular Motions of a Twin-Cavity Cage with Slow Configurational but Rapid Conformational Interconversions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405858. [PMID: 38604976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Featuring diverse structural motions/changes, dynamic molecular systems hold promise for executing complex tasks. However, their structural complexity presents formidable challenge in elucidating their kinetics, especially when multiple structural motions are intercorrelated. We herein introduce a twin-cavity cage that features interconvertible C3- and C1-configurations, with each configuration exhibiting interchangeable P- and M-conformations. This molecule is therefore composed of four interconnected chiral species (P)-C3, (M)-C3, (P)-C1, (M)-C1. We showcase an effective approach to decouple these sophisticated structural changes into two kinetically distinct pathways. Utilizing time-dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy at various temperatures, which disregards the transition between mirror-image conformations, we first determine the rate constant (kc) for the C3- to C1-configuration interconversion, while time-dependent circular dichroism spectroscopy at different temperatures quantifies the observed rate constant (kobs) of the ensemble of all the structural changes. As kobs ≫ ${{\rm { \gg }}}$ kc, it allows us to decouple the overall molecular motions into a slow configurational transformation and rapid conformational interconversions, with the latter further dissected into two independent conformational interchanges, namely (P)-C3← → ${ \mathbin{{\stackrel{\textstyle\rightarrow} { {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}} } }} }$ (M)-C3 and (P)-C1← → ${ \mathbin{{\stackrel{\textstyle\rightarrow} { {\smash{\leftarrow}\vphantom{_{\vbox to.5ex{\vss}}}} } }} }$ (M)-C1. This work, therefore, sheds light on the comprehensive kinetic study of complex molecular dynamics, offering valuable insights for the rational design of smart dynamic materials for applications of sensing, separation, catalysis, molecular machinery, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Enguang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghang Xin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenfei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, 200240, Shanghai, China
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6
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Shi W, Ma J, Jiang C, Taketsugu T. Advanced theoretical design of light-driven molecular rotary motors: enhancing thermal helix inversion and visible-light activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15672-15680. [PMID: 38766713 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have advanced the field of light-driven molecular rotary motors (LDMRMs) by achieving two pivotal goals: lowering the thermal helix inversion (THI) barrier and extending the absorption wavelength into the visible spectrum. This study involves the structural reengineering of a second-generation visible LDMRM, resulting in the synthesis of a novel class, specifically, 2-((2S)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-1-yl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-dibenzo[e,g]indole-6,9-dicarbonitrile. This redesigned motor stands out with its two photoisomerization stages and two thermal helix inversions, featuring exceptionally low THI barriers (4.00 and 2.05 kcal mol-1 at the OM2/MRCI level for the EM → EP and ZM → ZP processes, respectively). Moreover, it displays absorption wavelengths in the visible light range (482.98 and 465.76 nm for the EP and ZP isomers, respectively, at the TD-PBE0-D3/6-31G(d,p) level), surpassing its predecessors in efficiency, as indicated by the narrow HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Ultrafast photoisomerization kinetics (approximately 0.8-1.6 ps) and high quantum yields (around 0.3-0.6) were observed through trajectory surface hopping simulations. Additionally, the simulated time-resolved fluorescence emission spectrum indicates a significantly reduced "dark state" duration (0.09-0.26 ps) in these newly designed LDMRMs compared to the original ones, marking a substantial leap forward in the design and efficiency of LDMRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Shi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jianzheng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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7
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Huang Z, Han X, Zhao Z, Yang H, Chen H, Gao HJ. Formation and Manipulation of Diatomic Rotors at the Symmetry-Breaking Surfaces of a Kagome Superconductor. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6023-6030. [PMID: 38739284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Construction of diatomic rotors, which is crucial for artificial nanomachines, remains challenging due to surface constraints and limited chemical design. Here we report the construction of diatomic Cr-Cs and Fe-Cs rotors where a Cr or Fe atom switches around a Cs atom at the Sb surface of the newly discovered kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5. The switching rate is controlled by the bias voltage between the rotor and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip. The spatial distribution of rates exhibits C2 symmetry, possibly linked to the symmetry-breaking charge orders of CsV3Sb5. We have expanded the rotor construction to include different transition metals (Cr, Fe, V) and alkali metals (Cs, K). Remarkably, designed configurations of rotors are achieved through STM manipulation. Rotor orbits and quantum states are precisely controlled by tuning the inter-rotor distance. Our findings establish a novel platform for the controlled fabrication of atomic motors on symmetry-breaking quantum materials, paving the way for advanced nanoscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Huang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Xianghe Han
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
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8
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Gisbert Y, Fellert M, Stindt CN, Gerstner A, Feringa BL. Molecular Motors' Magic Methyl and Its Pivotal Influence on Rotation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12609-12619. [PMID: 38656891 PMCID: PMC11082891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motors have found a wide range of applications, powering a transition from molecules to dynamic molecular systems for which their motion must be precisely tuned. To achieve this adjustment, strategies involving laborious changes in their design are often used. Herein, we show that control over a single methyl group allows a drastic change in rotational properties. In this regard, we present the straightforward asymmetric synthesis of β-methylated first-generation overcrowded-alkene-based molecular motors. Both enantiomers of the new motors were prepared in good yields and high enantiopurities, and these motors were thoroughly studied by variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT-NMR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, showing a crucial influence of the methylation pattern on the rotational behavior of the motors. Starting from a common chiral precursor, we demonstrate that subsequent methylation can drastically reduce the speed of the motor and reverse the direction of the rotation. We show for the first time that complete unidirectionality can be achieved even when the energy difference between the stable and metastable states is small, resulting in the coexistence of both states under ambient conditions without hampering the energy ratcheting process. This discovery opens the way for the design of more advanced first-generation motors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Alexander Gerstner
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
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9
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Roy P, Sardjan AS, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Excited State Dynamics in Unidirectional Photochemical Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12255-12270. [PMID: 38656968 PMCID: PMC11082934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Unidirectional photochemically driven molecular motors (PMMs) convert the energy of absorbed light into continuous rotational motion. As such they are key components in the design of molecular machines. The prototypical and most widely employed class of PMMs is the overcrowded alkenes, where rotational motion is driven by successive photoisomerization and thermal helix inversion steps. The efficiency of such PMMs depends upon the speed of rotation, determined by the rate of ground state thermal helix inversion, and the quantum yield of photoisomerization, which is dependent on the excited state energy landscape. The former has been optimized by synthetic modification across three generations of overcrowded alkene PMMs. These improvements have often been at the expense of photoisomerization yield, where there remains room for improvement. In this perspective we review the application of ultrafast spectroscopy to characterize the excited state dynamics in PMMs. These measurements lead to a general mechanism for all generations of PMMs, involving subpicosecond decay of a Franck-Condon excited state to populate a dark excited state which decays within picoseconds via conical intersections with the electronic ground state. The model is discussed in the context of excited state dynamics calculations. Studies of PMM photochemical dynamics as a function of solvent suggest exploitation of intramolecular charge transfer and solvent polarity as a route to controlling photoisomerization yield. A test of these ideas for a first generation motor reveals a high degree of solvent control over isomerization yield. These results suggest a pathway to fine control over the performance of future PMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
- School
of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Andy S. Sardjan
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R. Browne
- Molecular
Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre
for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen R. Meech
- School
of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, U.K.
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10
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Xu F, Sheng J, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Danowski W, Hilbers MF, Buma WJ, Feringa BL. All-visible-light-driven stiff-stilbene photoswitches. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6763-6769. [PMID: 38725493 PMCID: PMC11077541 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00983e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches are potent tools to construct dynamic functional systems and responsive materials that can be controlled in a non-invasive manner. As P-type photoswitches, stiff-stilbenes attract increasing interest, owing to their superiority in quantum yield, significant geometric differences between isomers, excellent thermostability and robust switching behavior. Nevertheless, the UV-light-triggered photoisomerization of stiff-stilbenes has been a main drawback for decades as UV light is potentially harmful and has low penetration depth. Here, we provided a series of para-formylated stiff-stilbenes by Rieche ortho-formylation to achieve all-visible-light-responsiveness. Additional phenolic groups provide access to late-stage chemical modification facilitating design of molecules responsive to visible light. Remarkably, the photoisomerization of aldehyde-appended stiff-stilbenes could be fully manipulated using visible light, accompanied by a high photostationary state (PSS) distribution. These features render them excellent candidates for future visible-light-controllable smart materials and dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University Box 523 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge Strasbourg F-67000 France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michiel F Hilbers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Center for System Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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11
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Sheng J, Danowski W, Sardjan AS, Hou J, Crespi S, Ryabchun A, Domínguez MP, Jan Buma W, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Formylation boosts the performance of light-driven overcrowded alkene-derived rotary molecular motors. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01521-0. [PMID: 38671301 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors and machines constitute a critical element in the transition from individual molecular motion to the creation of collective dynamic molecular systems and responsive materials. The design of artificial light-driven molecular motors operating with high efficiency and selectivity constitutes an ongoing fundamental challenge. Here we present a highly versatile synthetic approach based on Rieche formylation that boosts the quantum yield of the forward photoisomerization reaction while reaching near-perfect selectivity in the steps involved in the unidirectional rotary cycle and drastically reducing competing photoreactions. This motor is readily accessible in its enantiopure form and operates with nearly quantitative photoconversions. It can easily be functionalized further and outperforms its direct predecessor as a reconfigurable chiral dopant in cholesteric liquid crystal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Supramolecular Science and Engineering (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andy S Sardjan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jiaxin Hou
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Ryabchun
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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12
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Shah SJ, Singh A, Goswami D, Ishida M, Rath SP. Reversible open-closed conformational switching of nano-size metalloporphyrin dimers triggered by light and temperature. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6758-6765. [PMID: 38533553 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00223g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The current work demonstrates the reversible control of substantial molecular motion in 'nano-sized' molecules, where two structural isomers can 'open' and 'close' their cavities in response to light or heat. The isomers differ widely in their photophysical properties, including colour, polarity, two-photon absorption and π-conjugation, and can easily be separated through column chromatography and thus have wide applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jehanger Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Ajitesh Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Debabrata Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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13
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van Ewijk C, Xu F, Maity S, Sheng J, Stuart MCA, Feringa BL, Roos WH. Light-Triggered Disassembly of Molecular Motor-based Supramolecular Polymers Revealed by High-Speed AFM. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319387. [PMID: 38372499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoresponsive supramolecular polymers have a major potential for applications in responsive materials that are externally triggered by light with spatio-temporal control of their polymerisation state. While changes in macroscopic properties revealed the adaptive nature of these materials, it remains challenging to capture the dynamic depolymerisation process at the molecular level, which requires fast observation techniques combined with in situ irradiation. By implementing in situ UV illumination into a High-Speed Atomic Force Microscope (HS-AFM) setup, we have been able to capture the disassembly of a light-driven molecular motor-based supramolecular polymer. The real-time visualisation of the light-triggered disassembly process not only reveals cooperative depolymerisation, it also shows that this process continues after illumination is halted. Combining the data with cryo-electron microscopy and spectroscopy approaches, we obtain a molecular-level description of the motor-based polymer dynamics reminiscent of actin chain-end depolymerisation. Our detailed understanding of supramolecular depolymerisation will drive the development of future responsive polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris van Ewijk
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Fan Xu
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Sourav Maity
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Jinyu Sheng
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The, Netherlands
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14
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Wu J, Kreimendahl L, Tao S, Anhalt O, Greenfield JL. Photoswitchable imines: aryliminopyrazoles quantitatively convert to long-lived Z-isomers with visible light. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3872-3878. [PMID: 38487238 PMCID: PMC10935669 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05841g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Arylimines offer promise in dynamic-covalent materials due to their recyclability and ease of synthesis. However, their light-triggered E/Z isomerism has received little attention. This is attributed to challenges that include low thermal stability of their metastable state (<60 s at 20 °C), incomplete photoswitching (<50% to the metastable state), and the need for UV light (≤365 nm). We overcome these limitations with a novel class of imine photoswitch, the aryliminopyrazoles (AIPs). These AIPs can be switched using visible light (470 nm), attain photostationary states with over 95% of the Z-isomer, exhibit great resistance to fatigue, and have thermal half-lives up to 19.2 hours at room temperature. Additionally, they display T-type and negative photochromism under visible light irradiation-a useful property. The photochromic properties, quantitative assembly and accessibility of precursors set these photoswitches apart from their azo-based analogues. These findings open avenues for next-generation photoresponsive dynamic-covalent materials driven solely by these new photochromic linkages and further exploration of photocontrolled dynamic combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Wu
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Lasse Kreimendahl
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Suyuan Tao
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Olga Anhalt
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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15
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Shi X, Pumm AK, Maffeo C, Kohler F, Feigl E, Zhao W, Verschueren D, Golestanian R, Aksimentiev A, Dietz H, Dekker C. A DNA turbine powered by a transmembrane potential across a nanopore. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:338-344. [PMID: 37884658 PMCID: PMC10950783 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rotary motors play key roles in energy transduction, from macroscale windmills to nanoscale turbines such as ATP synthase in cells. Despite our abilities to construct engines at many scales, developing functional synthetic turbines at the nanoscale has remained challenging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate rationally designed nanoscale DNA origami turbines with three chiral blades. These DNA nanoturbines are 24-27 nm in height and diameter and can utilize transmembrane electrochemical potentials across nanopores to drive DNA bundles into sustained unidirectional rotations of up to 10 revolutions s-1. The rotation direction is set by the designed chirality of the turbine. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations show how hydrodynamic flows drive this turbine. At high salt concentrations, the rotation direction of turbines with the same chirality is reversed, which is explained by a change in the anisotropy of the electrophoretic mobility. Our artificial turbines operate autonomously in physiological conditions, converting energy from naturally abundant electrochemical potentials into mechanical work. The results open new possibilities for engineering active robotics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna-Katharina Pumm
- Department of Bioscience, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Christopher Maffeo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fabian Kohler
- Department of Bioscience, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Elija Feigl
- Department of Bioscience, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Verschueren
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- The SW7 Group, London, UK
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
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16
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Beckham JL, Bradford TS, Ayala-Orozco C, Santos AL, Arnold D, van Venrooy AR, García-López V, Pal R, Tour JM. Distinguishing Molecular Mechanical Action from Photothermal and Photodynamic Behavior. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306669. [PMID: 38062893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Molecular motors (MM) are molecular machines, or nanomachines, that rotate unidirectionally upon photostimulation and perform mechanical work on their environment. In the last several years, it has been shown that the photomechanical action of MM can be used to permeabilize lipid bilayers, thereby killing cancer cells and pathogenic microorganisms and controlling cell signaling. The work contributes to a growing acknowledgement that the molecular actuation characteristic of these systems is useful for various applications in biology. However, the mechanical effects of molecular motion on biological materials are difficult to disentangle from photodynamic and photothermal action, which are also present when a light-absorbing fluorophore is irradiated with light. Here, an overview of the key methods used by various research groups to distinguish the effects of photomechanical, photodynamic, and photothermal action is provided. It is anticipated that this discussion will be helpful to the community seeking to use MM to develop new and distinctive medical technologies that result from mechanical disruption of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Thomas S Bradford
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ciceron Ayala-Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ana L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- IdISBA-Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, 07120, Spain
| | - Dallin Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alexis R van Venrooy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Víctor García-López
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Robert Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 222, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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17
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Beckham JL, Tour JM. Molecular motion cools off gold nanoclusters. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:170-171. [PMID: 38129575 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01756-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Rehhagen C, Argüello Cordero MA, Kamounah FS, Deneva V, Angelov I, Krupp M, Svenningsen SRW, Pittelkow M, Lochbrunner S, Antonov L. Reversible Switching Based on Truly Intramolecular Long-Range Proton Transfer─Turning the Theoretical Concept into Experimental Reality. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2043-2053. [PMID: 38214997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a working prototype of a conjugated proton crane, a reversible tautomeric switching molecule in which truly intramolecular long-range proton transfer occurs in solution at room temperature. The system consists of a benzothiazole rotor attached to a 7-hydroxy quinoline stator. According to the experimental and theoretical results, the OH proton is delivered under irradiation to the quinolyl nitrogen atom through a series of consecutive proton transfer and twisting steps. The use of a rigid rotor prevents undesired side processes that decrease the switching performance in previously described proton cranes and provides an unprecedented switching efficiency and fatigue resistance. The newly designed system confirms the theoretical concept for the application of proton transfer-initiated intramolecular twisting as the switching mechanism, developed more than 10 years ago, and provides unique insights for the further development of tautomeric molecular switches and motors, molecular logic gates, and new molecular-level energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Rehhagen
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vera Deneva
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Angelov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marvin Krupp
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - So Ren W Svenningsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Liudmil Antonov
- Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, BG-1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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19
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Singh H, Chenna A, Gangwar U, Dutta S, Kurur ND, Goel G, Haridas V. Bispidine as a promising scaffold for designing molecular machines. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9054-9060. [PMID: 37937510 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of artificial molecular machines is a challenging endeavor. Herein, we have synthesized a series of bispidine diamides D1-D6 that exhibit rotation reminiscent of a motor motion. Dynamic NMR, X-ray diffraction, quantum mechanical calculations, and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into their rotational dynamics. All the diamides D1-D6 exhibited mutually independent rotation around the two bispidine arms. However, the rate of rotation and the presence or absence of directionality in amide bond rotation were found to depend on the solvent, temperature, and nature of substitution on the amide carbonyl. These engineered systems may aid in the development of biologically relevant synthetic molecular motors. Studies on homochiral and heterochiral bispidine-peptides revealed that the direction of rotation can be controlled by chirality and the nature of the amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Akshay Chenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Upanshu Gangwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Souvik Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Narayanan D Kurur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
| | - Gaurav Goel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - V Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.
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20
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Wen J, Mai S, González L. Excited-State Dynamics Simulations of a Light-Driven Molecular Motor in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9520-9529. [PMID: 37917883 PMCID: PMC10658450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors, where light can be transformed into motion, are promising in the design of nanomechanical devices. For applications, however, finding relationships between molecular motion and the environment is important. Here, we report the study of excited-state dynamics of an overcrowded alkene in solution using a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach combined with excited-state molecular dynamics simulations. Using QM/MM surface-hopping trajectories, we calculated time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectra. These show the rise of a short-lived Franck-Condon state, followed by the formation of a dark state in the first 150 fs before the molecular motor relaxes to the ground state in about 1 ps. From the analysis of radial distribution functions, we infer that the orientation of the solvent with respect to the molecular motor in the electronic excited state is similar to that in the ground state during the photoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- State
Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Sebastian Mai
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, Vienna 1090, Austria
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21
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Ahmad M, Gartland SA, Langton MJ. Photo- and Redox-Regulated Transmembrane Ion Transporters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308842. [PMID: 37478126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic supramolecular ion transporters find applications as potential therapeutics and as tools for engineering functional membranes. Stimuli-responsive systems enable external control over transport, which is necessary for targeted activation. The Minireview provides an overview of current approaches to developing stimuli-responsive ion transport systems, including channels and mobile carriers, that can be controlled using photo or redox inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Shaun A Gartland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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22
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Li J, Lao J, Zou H. Aza-dicyclopenta[ a, g]naphthalenes: controllable seesaw-like emissive behavior and narrowband AIEgens. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11203-11212. [PMID: 37860664 PMCID: PMC10583707 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular motions significantly influence the emissive behavior and properties of organic fluorescent molecules. However, achieving controllable emission remains a major challenge for fluorophores. In the case of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), the desired properties of aggregated emission and narrowband spectrum demand molecular motion patterns that inherently oppose each other. A nitrogen-containing dicyclopenta[a,g]naphthalene scaffold was discovered as a controllable luminogenic structure through a highly efficient one-step intermolecular cascade reaction. By carefully balancing molecular motions and introducing additional nitrogen atoms into the skeleton, pyrrole-conjugated dicyclopenta[a,g]naphthalenes with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) could be transformed into dual-state emission luminogens (DSEgens). This transformation was achieved by incorporating an additional weak H-bond "lock." Furthermore, the DSEgens could be converted into AIEgens with an exciting narrow full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM, <50 nm) by methylation. This unprecedented discovery is attributed to the contribution of the weak H-bond "lock," which overcomes the limitations of broad band emission in AIEgens caused by restrictions of intramolecular motion. Specific organelle probes were developed by replacing the methyl group of the onium product with different positioning groups. This study emphasizes the delicate balance of molecular motions in controlling luminescence and demonstrates a successful approach to designing organic luminogens with controllable emission and narrowband AIEgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Lao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 P. R. China
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23
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Sheng J, Pooler DRS, Feringa BL. Enlightening dynamic functions in molecular systems by intrinsically chiral light-driven molecular motors. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5875-5891. [PMID: 37581608 PMCID: PMC10464662 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental property which plays a major role in chemistry, physics, biological systems and materials science. Chiroptical artificial molecular motors (AMMs) are a class of molecules which can convert light energy input into mechanical work, and they hold great potential in the transformation from simple molecules to dynamic systems and responsive materials. Taking distinct advantages of the intrinsic chirality in these structures and the unique opportunity to modulate the chirality on demand, chiral AMMs have been designed for the development of light-responsive dynamic processes including switchable asymmetric catalysis, chiral self-assembly, stereoselective recognition, transmission of chirality, control of spin selectivity and biosystems as well as integration of unidirectional motion with specific mechanical functions. This review focuses on the recently developed strategies for chirality-led applications by the class of intrinsically chiral AMMs. Finally, some limitations in current design and challenges associated with recent systems are discussed and perspectives towards promising candidates for responsive and smart molecular systems and future applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Sheng
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daisy R S Pooler
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Albaugh A, Gu G, Gingrich TR. Sterically driven current reversal in a molecular motor model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210500120. [PMID: 37549273 PMCID: PMC10438832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulations can help unravel the complicated ways in which molecular structure determines function. Here, we use molecular simulations to show how slight alterations of a molecular motor's structure can cause the motor's typical dynamical behavior to reverse directions. Inspired by autonomous synthetic catenane motors, we study the molecular dynamics of a minimal motor model, consisting of a shuttling ring that moves along a track containing interspersed binding sites and catalytic sites. The binding sites attract the shuttling ring while the catalytic sites speed up a reaction between molecular species, which can be thought of as fuel and waste. When that fuel and waste are held in nonequilibrium steady-state concentrations, the free energy from the reaction drives directed motion of the shuttling ring along the track. Using this model and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, we show that the shuttling ring's direction can be reversed by simply adjusting the spacing between binding and catalytic sites on the track. We present a steric mechanism behind the current reversal, supported by kinetic measurements from the simulations. These results demonstrate how molecular simulation can guide future development of artificial molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Albaugh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI48202
| | - Geyao Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Todd R. Gingrich
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
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25
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Singhania A, Kalita S, Chettri P, Ghosh S. Accounts of applied molecular rotors and rotary motors: recent advances. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:3177-3208. [PMID: 37325522 PMCID: PMC10262963 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are nanoscale devices capable of performing mechanical works at molecular level. These systems could be a single molecule or a collection of component molecules that interrelate with one another to produce nanomechanical movements and resulting performances. The design of the components of molecular machine with bioinspired traits results in various nanomechanical motions. Some known molecular machines are rotors, motors, nanocars, gears, elevators, and so on based on their nanomechanical motion. The conversion of these individual nanomechanical motions to collective motions via integration into suitable platforms yields impressive macroscopic output at varied sizes. Instead of limited experimental acquaintances, the researchers demonstrated several applications of molecular machines in chemical transformation, energy conversion, gas/liquid separation, biomedical use, and soft material fabrication. As a result, the development of new molecular machines and their applications has accelerated over the previous two decades. This review highlights the design principles and application scopes of several rotors and rotary motor systems because these machines are used in real applications. This review also offers a systematic and thorough overview of current advancements in rotary motors, providing in-depth knowledge and predicting future problems and goals in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Singhania
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Sudeshna Kalita
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Prerna Chettri
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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26
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Corra S, Curcio M, Credi A. Photoactivated Artificial Molecular Motors. JACS AU 2023; 3:1301-1313. [PMID: 37234111 PMCID: PMC10207102 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control of long-range motion at the molecular scale holds great potential for the development of ground-breaking applications in energy storage and bionanotechnology. The past decade has seen tremendous development in this area, with a focus on the directional operation away from thermal equilibrium, giving rise to tailored man-made molecular motors. As light is a highly tunable, controllable, clean, and renewable source of energy, photochemical processes are appealing to activate molecular motors. Nonetheless, the successful operation of molecular motors fueled by light is a highly challenging task, which requires a judicious coupling of thermal and photoinduced reactions. In this paper, we focus on the key aspects of light-driven artificial molecular motors with the aid of recent examples. A critical assessment of the criteria for the design, operation, and technological potential of such systems is provided, along with a perspective view on future advances in this exciting research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Corra
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Curcio
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center
for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto
per la Sintesi Organica e Fotoreattività, CNR area della ricerca
Bologna, via Gobetti,
101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso-Montanari”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento, 8, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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27
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Perrot A, Wang WZ, Buhler E, Moulin E, Giuseppone N. Bending Actuation of Hydrogels through Rotation of Light-Driven Molecular Motors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300263. [PMID: 36715696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The unidirectional rotation of chemically crosslinked light-driven molecular motors is shown to progressively shift the swelling equilibrium of hydrogels. The concentration of molecular motors and the initial strand density of the polymer network are key parameters to modulate the macroscopic contraction of the material, and both parameters can be tuned using polymer chains of different molecular weights. These findings led to the design of optimized hydrogels revealing a half-time contraction of approximately 5 min. Furthermore, under inhomogeneous stimulation, the local contraction event was exploited to design useful bending actuators with an energy output 400 times higher than for previously reported self-assembled systems involving rotary motors. In the present configuration, we measure that a single molecular motor can lift up loads of 200 times its own molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wen-Zhi Wang
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Buhler
- Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR CNRS 7057, Université Paris Cité, Bâtiment Condorcet, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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28
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Liu L, Fang WH, Martinez TJ. A Nitrogen Out-of-Plane (NOOP) Mechanism for Imine-Based Light-Driven Molecular Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6888-6898. [PMID: 36920260 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven molecular motors have generated considerable interest due to their potential applications in material and biological systems. Recently, Greb and Lehn reported a new class of molecular motors, chiral N-alkyl imines, which undergo unidirectional rotation induced by light and heat. The mechanism of unidirectional motion in molecular motors containing a C═N group has been assumed to consist of photoinduced torsion about the double bond. In this work, we present a computational study of the photoisomerization dynamics of a chiral N-alkyl imine motor. We find that the location and energetics of minimal energy conical intersections (MECIs) alone are insufficient to understand the mechanism of the motor. Furthermore, a key part of the mechanism consists of out-of-plane distortions of the N atom (followed by isomerization about the double bond). Dynamic effects and out-of-plane distortions are critical to understand the observed (rather low) quantum yield for photoisomerization. Our results provide hints as to how the photoisomerization quantum yield might be increased, improving the efficiency of this class of molecular motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.,Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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29
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Roy P, Browne WR, Feringa BL, Meech SR. Ultrafast motion in a third generation photomolecular motor. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1253. [PMID: 36878920 PMCID: PMC9988961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling molecular translation at the nanoscale is a key objective for development of synthetic molecular machines. Recently developed third generation photochemically driven molecular motors (3GMs), comprising pairs of overcrowded alkenes capable of cooperative unidirectional rotation offer the possibility of converting light energy into translational motion. Further development of 3GMs demands detailed understanding of their excited state dynamics. Here we use time-resolved absorption and emission to track population and coherence dynamics in a 3GM. Femtosecond stimulated Raman reveals real-time structural dynamics as the excited state evolves from a Franck-Condon bright-state through weakly-emissive dark-state to the metastable product, yielding new insight into the reaction coordinate. Solvent polarity modifies the photoconversion efficiency suggesting charge transfer character in the dark-state. The enhanced quantum yield correlates with suppression of a low-frequency flapping motion in the excited state. This detailed characterization facilitates development of 3GMs, suggesting exploitation of medium and substituent effects to modulate motor efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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30
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Pang X, He H, Zhao K, Zhang N, Zhong Q. Ultrafast nonadiabatic photoisomerization dynamics study of molecular motor based on the synthetic indanylidene-ppyrrolinium frameworks. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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31
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Maffeo C, Quednau L, Wilson J, Aksimentiev A. DNA double helix, a tiny electromotor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:238-242. [PMID: 36564521 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flowing fluid past chiral objects has been used for centuries to power rotary motion in man-made machines. By contrast, rotary motion in nanoscale biological or chemical systems is produced by biasing Brownian motion through cyclic chemical reactions. Here we show that a chiral biological molecule, a DNA or RNA duplex rotates unidirectionally at billions of revolutions per minute when an electric field is applied along the duplex, with the rotation direction being determined by the chirality of the duplex. The rotation is found to be powered by the drag force of the electro-osmotic flow, realizing the operating principle of a macroscopic turbine at the nanoscale. The resulting torques are sufficient to power rotation of nanoscale beads and rods, offering an engineering principle for constructing nanoscale systems powered by electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Maffeo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lauren Quednau
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - James Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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32
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Kulkarni C, Sakaino H, Vantomme G, Meskers SCJ. Circular depolarization spectroscopy: A new tool to study photo-imprinting of chirality. Chirality 2023; 35:147-154. [PMID: 36636906 PMCID: PMC10108228 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
When irradiating a molecular material containing photo-isomerizable groups with pure circularly polarized light, a particular handedness may get imprinted into the material. To study the mechanism and kinetics of this process in situ and operando, we have developed a new chiroptical tool where the circular polarization of the incident circularly polarized light is monitored after transmission through the photoactive layer. Practical limits to the resolution and sensitivity of the measurements as well as its calibration are discussed. To aid interpretation of experimental results, we present kinetic Monte Carlo simulations on a model for the active material involving photo-induced reorientation of molecules in a cholesteric organization. The simulations support the interpretation of a transient minimum in the degree of circular polarization of the transmitted light in terms of a nematic transient state during photo-inversion of a cholesteric organization in the molecular material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidambar Kulkarni
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Hirotoshi Sakaino
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Electronic & Imaging Materials Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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33
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van Venrooy A, Wyderka AM, García-López V, Alemany LB, Martí AA, Tour JM. Probing the Rotary Cycle of Amine-Substituted Molecular Motors. J Org Chem 2023; 88:762-770. [PMID: 36622748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the rotary cycle of molecular motors (MMs), a key component of an approach to opening cells using mechanical motion, is important in furthering the research. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used for in situ analysis of illuminated light-active MMs. We found that the presence of a N,N-dimethylethylenediamine in a position conjugated to the central olefin results in changes to the rotation of a second-generation Feringa-type MM. Importantly, the addition decreases the photostability of the compound. The parent compound 1 can withstand >2 h of illumination with no signs of decomposition, while the amino 7 decomposes after 10 min. We found that the degradation can be mitigated by implementing the simple techniques of modulating the light dose, dilution, and stirring the sample while illuminating. Additionally, the presence of moisture affects the rate of the motor's rotation. The addition of the amino group to 1, without moisture present, makes the rotation of motor 7 three times slower than the unfunctionalized parent compound. We also report the use of a method that can be used to determine the molar extinction coefficient of a light-generated metastable species. This method can be used when in situ NMR illumination is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis van Venrooy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aaron M Wyderka
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Víctor García-López
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lawrence B Alemany
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Angel A Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.,NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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34
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Jiang Y, Danowski W, Feringa BL, Heinke L. Nanoporous Films with Oriented Arrays of Molecular Motors for Photoswitching the Guest Adsorption and Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214202. [PMID: 36367076 PMCID: PMC10107543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are fascinating nanomachines. However, constructing smart materials from such functional molecules presents a severe challenge in material science. Here, we present a bottom-up layer-by-layer assembly of oriented overcrowded-alkene molecular motors forming a crystalline metal-organic framework thin film. While all stator parts of the overcrowded-alkene motors are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the rotors point into the pores, which are large enough allowing for the light-induced molecular rotation. Taking advantage of the thin film's transparency, the motor rotation and its activation energy are determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. As shown by gravimetric uptake experiments, molecular motors in crystalline porous materials are used, for the first time, to control the adsorption and diffusion properties of guest molecules in the pores, here, by switching with light between the (meta-)stable states. The work demonstrates the potential of designed materials with molecular motors and indicates a path for the future development of smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands.,University of Strasbourg CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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35
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Vainikka P, Marrink SJ. Martini 3 Coarse-Grained Model for Second-Generation Unidirectional Molecular Motors and Switches. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:596-604. [PMID: 36625495 PMCID: PMC9878727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial molecular motors (MMs) and switches (MSs), capable of undergoing unidirectional rotation or switching under the appropriate stimuli, are being utilized in multiple complex and chemically diverse environments. Although thorough theoretical work utilizing QM and QM/MM methods have mapped out many of the critical properties of MSs and MMs, as the experimental setups become more complex and ambitious, there is an ever increasing need to study the behavior and dynamics of these molecules as they interact with their environment. To this end, we have parametrized two coarse-grained (CG) models of commonly used MMs and a model for an oxindole-based MS, which can be used to study the ground state behavior of MMs and MSs in large simulations for significantly longer periods of time. We also propose methods to perturb these systems which can allow users to approximate how such systems would respond to MMs rotating or the MSs switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Vainikka
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials, University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AGGroningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Jawiczuk M, Kuźmierkiewicz N, Nowacka AM, Moreń M, Trzaskowski B. Mechanistic, Computational Study of Alkene-Diazene Heterofunctional Cross-Metathesis Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complexes. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Jawiczuk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Kuźmierkiewicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M. Nowacka
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Moreń
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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37
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Pfeifer L, Hoang NV, Crespi S, Pshenichnikov MS, Feringa BL. Dual-function artificial molecular motors performing rotation and photoluminescence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd0410. [PMID: 36332022 PMCID: PMC9635830 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines have caused one of the greatest paradigm shifts in chemistry, and by powering artificial mechanical molecular systems and enabling autonomous motion, they are expected to be at the heart of exciting new technologies. One of the biggest challenges that still needs to be addressed is designing the involved molecules to combine different orthogonally controllable functions. Here, we present a prototype of artificial molecular motors exhibiting the dual function of rotary motion and photoluminescence. Both properties are controlled by light of different wavelengths or by exploiting motors' outstanding two-photon absorption properties using low-intensity near-infrared light. This provides a noninvasive way to both locate and operate these motors in situ, essential for the application of molecular machines in complex (bio)environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nong V. Hoang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maxim S. Pshenichnikov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands
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38
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Towards the engineering of a photon-only two-stroke rotary molecular motor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6433. [PMID: 36307476 PMCID: PMC9616945 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational engineering of photoresponsive materials, e.g., light-driven molecular motors, is a challenging task. Here, we use structure-related design rules to prepare a prototype molecular rotary motor capable of completing an entire revolution using, exclusively, the sequential absorption of two photons; i.e., a photon-only two-stroke motor. The mechanism of rotation is then characterised using a combination of non-adiabatic dynamics simulations and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements. The results show that the rotor moiety rotates axially relative to the stator and produces, within a few picoseconds at ambient T, an intermediate with the same helicity as the starting structure. We discuss how such properties, that include a 0.25 quantum efficiency, can help overcome the operational limitations of the classical overcrowded alkene designs.
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Greff da Silveira L, Livotto PR, Padula D, Vilhena JG, Prampolini G. Accurate Quantum-Mechanically Derived Force-Fields through a Fragment-Based Approach: Balancing Specificity and Transferability in the Prediction of Self-Assembly in Soft Matter. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:6905-6919. [PMID: 36260420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The wide range of time/length scales covered by self-assembly in soft matter makes molecular dynamics (MD) the ideal candidate for simulating such a supramolecular phenomenon at an atomistic level. However, the reliability of MD outcomes heavily relies on the accuracy of the adopted force-field (FF). The spontaneous re-ordering in liquid crystalline materials stands as a clear example of such collective self-assembling processes, driven by a subtle and delicate balance between supramolecular interactions and single-molecule flexibility. General-purpose transferable FFs often dramatically fail to reproduce such complex phenomena, for example, the error on the transition temperatures being larger than 100 K. Conversely, quantum-mechanically derived force-fields (QMD-FFs), specifically tailored for the target system, were recently shown (J. Phys. Chem. Lett.2022,13, 243) to allow for the required accuracy as they not only well reproduced transition temperatures but also yielded a quantitative agreement with the experiment on a wealth of structural, dynamic, and thermodynamic properties. The main drawback of this strategy stands in the computational burden connected to the numerous quantum mechanical (QM) calculations usually required for a target-specific parameterization, which has undoubtedly hampered the routine application of QMD-FFs. In this work, we propose a fragment-based strategy to extend the applicability of QMD-FFs, in which the amount of QM calculations is significantly reduced, being a single-molecule-optimized geometry and its Hessian matrix the only QM information required. To validate this route, a new FF is assembled for a large mesogen, exploiting the parameters obtained for two smaller liquid crystalline molecules, in this and previous work. Lengthy MD simulations are carried out with the new transferred QMD-FF, observing again a spontaneous re-orientation in the correct range of temperatures, with good agreement with the available experimental measures. The present results strongly suggest that a partial transfer of QMD-FF parameters can be invoked without a significant loss of accuracy, thus paving the way to exploit the method's intrinsic predictive capabilities in the simulation of novel soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Greff da Silveira
- Instituto de Química (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paolo Roberto Livotto
- Instituto de Química (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP 91501-970Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniele Padula
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Università di Siena), via Aldo Moro 2, 53100Siena, SI, Italy
| | - J G Vilhena
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), E-28049Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), E-28049Madrid, Spain
| | - Giacomo Prampolini
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici (ICCOM-CNR), Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124Pisa, Italy
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40
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Head vs. Tail Squaramide–Naphthalimide Conjugates: Self-Assembly and Anion Binding Behaviour. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of two squaramide–naphthalimide conjugates (SN1 and SN2) are reported; the structures of SN1 and SN2 differ by the attachment of a squaramide—either at the ‘head’ or the ‘tail’ of the naphthalimide fluorophore. Both compounds displayed weak fluorescence due to the inclusion of a nitro-aromatic squaramide which efficiently quenches the emission of the naphthalimide. Both compounds were also shown to undergo self-aggregation as studied by 1H NMR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, SN1 and SN2 gave rise to stark colourimetric changes in response to basic anions such as AcO−, SO42− HPO42−, and F−. The observed colour changes are thought to be due to deprotonation of a squaramide NH. The same basic anions also result in a further quenching of the naphthalimide emission. No colour change or emission modulations were observed in the presence of Cl−; however, 1H NMR studies suggest that moderate H-bonding occurs between this anion and both SN1 and SN2.
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41
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Mondal A, Toyoda R, Costil R, Feringa BL. Chemically Driven Rotatory Molecular Machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206631. [PMID: 35852813 PMCID: PMC9826306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular machines are at the frontier of biology and chemistry. The ability to control molecular motion and emulating the movement of biological systems are major steps towards the development of responsive and adaptive materials. Amazing progress has been seen for the design of molecular machines including light-induced unidirectional rotation of overcrowded alkenes. However, the feasibility of inducing unidirectional rotation about a single bond as a result of chemical conversion has been a challenging task. In this Review, an overview of approaches towards the design, synthesis, and dynamic properties of different classes of atropisomers which can undergo controlled switching or rotation under the influence of a chemical stimulus is presented. They are categorized as molecular switches, rotors, motors, and autonomous motors according to their type of response. Furthermore, we provide a future perspective and challenges focusing on building sophisticated molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mondal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands,Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceTohoku University6-3 Aramaki-Aza-AobaAobaku, Sendai980-8578Japan
| | - Romain Costil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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42
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Revealing and Tuning the Photophysics of C=N Containing Photothermal Molecules: Excited State Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911779. [PMID: 36233082 PMCID: PMC9570121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular photothermal conversion materials are recently attracting increasing attention for phototherapy applications. Herein we investigate the excitation and de-excitation processes of a photothermal molecule (C1TI) that is among the recently developed class of small-molecule-based photothermal imines with superb photothermal conversion efficiencies (PTCEs) up to 90% and a molecule (M2) that is constructed by replacing the amino group of C1TI with an H atom, via excited-state dynamics simulations based on the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The simulations reveal fast (<150 fs of average time) nonradiative decays of the lowest excited singlet (S1) state to a conical intersection (CI) with the ground (S0) state in high yields (C1TI: 93.9% and M2: 87.1%). The fast decays, driven by C=N bond rotation to a perpendicular structural configuration, are found to be barrierless. The slight structural difference between C1TI and M2 leads to drastically different S0-S1 energy surfaces, especially M2 features a relatively much lower CI (0.8 eV in energy) and much more decay energy (1.0 eV) to approach the CI. This work provides insights into the de-excitation mechanisms and the performance tuning of C=N enabled photothermal materials.
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Santos AL, van Venrooy A, Reed AK, Wyderka AM, García‐López V, Alemany LB, Oliver A, Tegos GP, Tour JM. Hemithioindigo-Based Visible Light-Activated Molecular Machines Kill Bacteria by Oxidative Damage. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203242. [PMID: 36002317 PMCID: PMC9596824 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing health threat. There is an urgent and critical need to develop new antimicrobial modalities and therapies. Here, a set of hemithioindigo (HTI)-based molecular machines capable of specifically killing Gram-positive bacteria within minutes of activation with visible light (455 nm at 65 mW cm-2 ) that are safe for mammalian cells is described. Importantly, repeated exposure of bacteria to HTI does not result in detectable development of resistance. Visible light-activated HTI kill both exponentially growing bacterial cells and antibiotic-tolerant persister cells of various Gram-positive strains, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Visible light-activated HTI also eliminate biofilms of S. aureus and B. subtilis in as little as 1 h after light activation. Quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and protein carbonyls, as well as assays with various ROS scavengers, identifies oxidative damage as the underlying mechanism for the antibacterial activity of HTI. In addition to their direct antibacterial properties, HTI synergize with conventional antibiotics in vitro and in vivo, reducing the bacterial load and mortality associated with MRSA infection in an invertebrate burn wound model. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the antimicrobial activity of HTI-based molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Santos
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- IdISBA – Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas BalearesPalma07120Spain
| | | | - Anna K. Reed
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | | | | | - Lawrence B. Alemany
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Shared Equipment AuthorityRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
| | - Antonio Oliver
- IdISBA – Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas BalearesPalma07120Spain
- Servicio de MicrobiologiaHospital Universitari Son EspasesPalma07120Spain
| | - George P. Tegos
- Office of ResearchReading HospitalTower Health420 S. Fifth AvenueWest ReadingPA19611USA
| | - James M. Tour
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Smalley‐Curl InstituteRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
- NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced MaterialsRice UniversityHoustonTX77005USA
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44
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Synergistic interplay between photoisomerization and photoluminescence in a light-driven rotary molecular motor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5765. [PMID: 36180434 PMCID: PMC9525625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactuators and photoluminescent dyes utilize light to perform mechanical motion and undergo spontaneous radiation emission, respectively. Combining these two functionalities in a single molecule would benefit the construction of advanced molecular machines. Due to the possible detrimental interaction between the two light-dependent functional parts, the design of hybrid systems featuring both functions in parallel remains highly challenging. Here, we develop a light-driven rotary molecular motor with an efficient photoluminescent dye chemically attached to the motor, not compromising its motor function. This molecular system shows efficient rotary motion and bright photoluminescence, and these functions can be addressed by a proper choice of excitation wavelengths and solvents. The moderate interaction between the two parts generates synergistic effects, which are beneficial for lower-energy excitation and chirality transfer from the motor to the photoluminescent dye. Our results provide prospects towards photoactive multifunctional systems capable of carrying out molecular rotary motion and tracking its location in a complex environment. Combining photofunctionalities in a single molecule is challenging due to inherent detrimental interactions. Here, the authors construct a molecular motor that exhibits photoinduced rotary motion together with bright photoluminescence.
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Paolino M, Saletti M, Reale A, Licciardi M, Varvarà P, Marquette A, Léonard J, Bonechi C, Donati A, Giorgi G, Giuliani G, Carlotti B, Ortica F, Latterini L, Gentile M, Paccagnini E, Olivucci M, Cappelli A. Design, Synthesis and Characterization of a Visible‐Light‐Sensitive Molecular Switch and Its PEGylation Towards a Self‐Assembling Molecule. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201477. [PMID: 35695822 PMCID: PMC9541190 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Paolino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Mario Saletti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Annalisa Reale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Mariano Licciardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Paola Varvarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF) Università degli Studi di Palermo Via Archirafi 32 90123 Palermo Italy
| | - Arnaud Marquette
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg CNRS UMR 7504 Strasbourg France
| | - Jérémie Léonard
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg Université de Strasbourg CNRS UMR 7504 Strasbourg France
| | - Claudia Bonechi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Alessandro Donati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Gianluca Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Germano Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Fausto Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Mariangela Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Eugenio Paccagnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
- Chemistry Department Bowling Green State University 43403 Bowling Green OH USA) ok
| | - Andrea Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia (Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018–2022) Università degli Studi di Siena Via A. Moro 2 53100 Siena Italy
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46
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Mo K, Zhang Y, Dong Z, Yang Y, Ma X, Feringa BL, Zhao D. Intrinsically unidirectional chemically fuelled rotary molecular motors. Nature 2022; 609:293-298. [PMID: 35793710 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems mainly utilize chemical energy to fuel autonomous molecular motors, enabling the system to be driven out of equilibrium1. Taking inspiration from rotary motors such as the bacterial flagellar motor2 and adenosine triphosphate synthase3, and building on the success of light-powered unidirectional rotary molecular motors4-6, scientists have pursued the design of synthetic molecular motors solely driven by chemical energy7-13. However, designing artificial rotary molecular motors operating autonomously using a chemical fuel and simultaneously featuring the intrinsic structural design elements to allow full 360° unidirectional rotary motion like adenosine triphosphate synthase remains challenging. Here we show that a homochiral biaryl Motor-3, with three distinct stereochemical elements, is a rotary motor that undergoes repetitive and unidirectional 360° rotation of the two aryl groups around a single-bond axle driven by a chemical fuel. It undergoes sequential ester cyclization, helix inversion and ring opening, and up to 99% unidirectionality is realized over the autonomous rotary cycle. The molecular rotary motor can be operated in two modes: synchronized motion with pulses of a chemical fuel and acid-base oscillations; and autonomous motion in the presence of a chemical fuel under slightly basic aqueous conditions. This rotary motor design with intrinsic control over the direction of rotation, simple chemical fuelling for autonomous motion and near-perfect unidirectionality illustrates the potential for future generations of multicomponent machines to perform mechanical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,SCNU-UG International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Science and Displays, National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Kathan M, Crespi S, Troncossi A, Stindt CN, Toyoda R, Feringa BL. The Influence of Strain on the Rotation of an Artificial Molecular Motor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205801. [PMID: 35718745 PMCID: PMC9544085 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In artificial small‐molecule machines, molecular motors can be used to perform work on coupled systems by applying a mechanical load—such as strain—that allows for energy transduction. Here, we report how ring strain influences the rotation of a rotary molecular motor. Bridging the two halves of the motor with alkyl tethers of varying sizes yields macrocycles that constrain the motor's movement. Increasing the ring size by two methylene increments increases the mobility of the motor stepwise and allows for fine‐tuning of strain in the system. Small macrocycles (8–14 methylene units) only undergo a photochemical E/Z isomerization. Larger macrocycles (16–22 methylene units) can perform a full rotational cycle, but thermal helix inversion is strongly dependent on the ring size. This study provides systematic and quantitative insight into the behavior of molecular motors under a mechanical load, paving the way for the development of complex coupled nanomachinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University Box 523 751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Axel Troncossi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N. Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Tohoku University 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen (The Netherlands
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O'Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near-IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205758. [PMID: 35524420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light offers unique opportunities for controlling the activity of materials and biosystems with high spatiotemporal resolution. Molecular photoswitches are chromophores that undergo reversible isomerization between different states upon irradiation with light, allowing a convenient means to control their influence over the system of interest. However, a significant limitation of classical photoswitches is the requirement to initiate the switching in one or both directions using deleterious UV light with poor tissue penetration. Red-shifted photoswitches are hence in high demand and have attracted keen recent research interest. In this Review, we highlight recent progress towards the development of visible- and NIR-activated photoswitches characterized by distinct photochromic reaction mechanisms. We hope to inspire further endeavors in this field, allowing the full potential of these tools in biotechnology and materials chemistry applications to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Michael O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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49
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Mondal A, Toyoda R, Costil R, Feringa BL. Chemically Driven Rotatory Molecular Machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Mondal
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chmistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Romain Costil
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Ben L Feringa
- University of Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
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50
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Borsley S, Leigh DA, Roberts BMW. Chemical fuels for molecular machinery. Nat Chem 2022; 14:728-738. [PMID: 35778564 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reaction networks that transform out-of-equilibrium 'fuel' to 'waste' are the engines that power the biomolecular machinery of the cell. Inspired by such systems, autonomous artificial molecular machinery is being developed that functions by catalysing the decomposition of chemical fuels, exploiting kinetic asymmetry to harness energy released from the fuel-to-waste reaction to drive non-equilibrium structures and dynamics. Different aspects of chemical fuels profoundly influence their ability to power molecular machines. Here we consider the structure and properties of the fuels that biology has evolved and compare their features with those of the rudimentary synthetic chemical fuels that have so far been used to drive autonomous non-equilibrium molecular-level dynamics. We identify desirable, but context-specific, traits for chemical fuels together with challenges and opportunities for the design and invention of new chemical fuels to power synthetic molecular machinery and other dissipative nanoscale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Borsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David A Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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