1
|
Leeson HC, Aguado J, Gómez-Inclán C, Chaggar HK, Fard AT, Hunter Z, Lavin MF, Mackay-Sim A, Wolvetang EJ. Ataxia Telangiectasia patient-derived neuronal and brain organoid models reveal mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106562. [PMID: 38876322 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia (AT) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in the ATM gene and results in progressive neurodegeneration for reasons that remain poorly understood. In addition to its central role in nuclear DNA repair, ATM operates outside the nucleus to regulate metabolism, redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function. However, a systematic investigation into how and when loss of ATM affects these parameters in relevant human neuronal models of AT was lacking. We therefore used cortical neurons and brain organoids from AT-patient iPSC and gene corrected isogenic controls to reveal levels of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and senescence that vary with developmental maturity. Transcriptome analyses identified disruptions in regulatory networks related to mitochondrial function and maintenance, including alterations in the PARP/SIRT signalling axis and dysregulation of key mitophagy and mitochondrial fission-fusion processes. We further show that antioxidants reduce ROS and restore neurite branching in AT neuronal cultures, and ameliorate impaired neuronal activity in AT brain organoids. We conclude that progressive mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant ROS production are important contributors to neurodegeneration in AT and are strongly linked to ATM's role in mitochondrial homeostasis regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Leeson
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Julio Aguado
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cecilia Gómez-Inclán
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Harman Kaur Chaggar
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Atefah Taherian Fard
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zoe Hunter
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology (AIBN), St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mollinari C, Cardinale A, Lupacchini L, Martire A, Chiodi V, Martinelli A, Rinaldi AM, Fini M, Pazzaglia S, Domenici MR, Garaci E, Merlo D. The DNA repair protein DNA-PKcs modulates synaptic plasticity via PSD-95 phosphorylation and stability. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:3707-3737. [PMID: 39085642 PMCID: PMC11315936 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The key DNA repair enzyme DNA-PKcs has several and important cellular functions. Loss of DNA-PKcs activity in mice has revealed essential roles in immune and nervous systems. In humans, DNA-PKcs is a critical factor for brain development and function since mutation of the prkdc gene causes severe neurological deficits such as microcephaly and seizures, predicting yet unknown roles of DNA-PKcs in neurons. Here we show that DNA-PKcs modulates synaptic plasticity. We demonstrate that DNA-PKcs localizes at synapses and phosphorylates PSD-95 at newly identified residues controlling PSD-95 protein stability. DNA-PKcs -/- mice are characterized by impaired Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), changes in neuronal morphology, and reduced levels of postsynaptic proteins. A PSD-95 mutant that is constitutively phosphorylated rescues LTP impairment when over-expressed in DNA-PKcs -/- mice. Our study identifies an emergent physiological function of DNA-PKcs in regulating neuronal plasticity, beyond genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Mollinari
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Department of Neuroscience, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Martire
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiodi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Experimental Animal Welfare Sector, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Rinaldi
- Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- ENEA SSPT-TECS-TEB, Casaccia Research Center, Division of Health Protection Technology (TECS), Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163, Rome, Italy
- MEBIC Consortium, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Department of Neuroscience, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Derby SJ, Dutton L, Strathdee KE, Stevenson K, Koessinger A, Jackson M, Tian Y, Yu W, Mclay K, Misquitta J, Alsharif S, Clarke CJ, Gilmour L, Thomason P, McGhee E, McGarrity-Cottrell CL, Vanderlinden A, Collis SJ, Rominyi O, Lemgruber L, Solecki G, Olson M, Winkler F, Carlin LM, Heiland DH, Inman GJ, Chalmers AJ, Norman JC, Carruthers R, Birch JL. Inhibition of ATR opposes glioblastoma invasion through disruption of cytoskeletal networks and integrin internalization via macropinocytosis. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:625-639. [PMID: 37936324 PMCID: PMC10995506 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas have highly infiltrative growth patterns that contribute to recurrence and poor survival. Despite infiltration being a critical therapeutic target, no clinically useful therapies exist that counter glioblastoma invasion. Here, we report that inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3 related kinase (ATR) reduces invasion of glioblastoma cells through dysregulation of cytoskeletal networks and subsequent integrin trafficking. METHODS Glioblastoma motility and invasion were assessed in vitro and in vivo in response to ATR inhibition (ATRi) and ATR overexpression using time-lapse microscopy, two orthotopic glioblastoma models, and intravital imaging. Disruption to cytoskeleton networks and endocytic processing were investigated via high-throughput, super-resolution and intravital imaging. RESULTS High ATR expression was associated with significantly poorer survival in clinical datasets while histological, protein expression, and spatial transcriptomics using glioblastoma tumor specimens revealed higher ATR expression at infiltrative margins. Pharmacological inhibition with two different compounds and RNAi targeting of ATR opposed the invasion of glioblastoma, whereas overexpression of ATR drove migration. Subsequent investigation revealed that cytoskeletal dysregulation reduced macropinocytotic internalization of integrins at growth-cone-like structures, resulting in a tumor microtube retraction defect. The biological relevance and translational potential of these findings were confirmed using two orthotopic in vivo models of glioblastoma and intravital imaging. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a novel role for ATR in determining invasion in glioblastoma cells and propose that pharmacological targeting of ATR could have far-reaching clinical benefits beyond radiosensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Derby
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Dutton
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen E Strathdee
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katrina Stevenson
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna Koessinger
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Jackson
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yuling Tian
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wenxi Yu
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathy Mclay
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Josette Misquitta
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sama Alsharif
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Lesley Gilmour
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Aurelie Vanderlinden
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Spencer J Collis
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ola Rominyi
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- Cellular Analysis Facility, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gergely Solecki
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryeson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Winkler
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gareth J Inman
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jim C Norman
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- CRUK Scotland Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ross Carruthers
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanna L Birch
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Cancer Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reichlmeir M, Canet-Pons J, Koepf G, Nurieva W, Duecker RP, Doering C, Abell K, Key J, Stokes MP, Zielen S, Schubert R, Ivics Z, Auburger G. In Cerebellar Atrophy of 12-Month-Old ATM-Null Mice, Transcriptome Upregulations Concern Most Neurotransmission and Neuropeptide Pathways, While Downregulations Affect Prominently Itpr1, Usp2 and Non-Coding RNA. Cells 2023; 12:2399. [PMID: 37830614 PMCID: PMC10572167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The autosomal recessive disorder Ataxia-Telangiectasia is caused by a dysfunction of the stress response protein, ATM. In the nucleus of proliferating cells, ATM senses DNA double-strand breaks and coordinates their repair. This role explains T-cell dysfunction and tumour risk. However, it remains unclear whether this function is relevant for postmitotic neurons and underlies cerebellar atrophy, since ATM is cytoplasmic in postmitotic neurons. Here, we used ATM-null mice that survived early immune deficits via bone-marrow transplantation, and that reached initial neurodegeneration stages at 12 months of age. Global cerebellar transcriptomics demonstrated that ATM depletion triggered upregulations in most neurotransmission and neuropeptide systems. Downregulated transcripts were found for the ATM interactome component Usp2, many non-coding RNAs, ataxia genes Itpr1, Grid2, immediate early genes and immunity factors. Allelic splice changes affected prominently the neuropeptide machinery, e.g., Oprm1. Validation experiments with stressors were performed in human neuroblastoma cells, where ATM was localised only to cytoplasm, similar to the brain. Effect confirmation in SH-SY5Y cells occurred after ATM depletion and osmotic stress better than nutrient/oxidative stress, but not after ATM kinase inhibition or DNA stressor bleomycin. Overall, we provide pioneer observations from a faithful A-T mouse model, which suggest general changes in synaptic and dense-core vesicle stress adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Reichlmeir
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Júlia Canet-Pons
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Gabriele Koepf
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Wasifa Nurieva
- Transposition and Genome Engineering, Research Centre of the Division of Hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany; (W.N.); (Z.I.)
| | - Ruth Pia Duecker
- Division of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.P.D.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Claudia Doering
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Kathryn Abell
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA; (K.A.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Jana Key
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| | - Matthew P. Stokes
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA 01923, USA; (K.A.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Stefan Zielen
- Division of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.P.D.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
- Respiratory Research Institute, Medaimun GmbH, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Division of Pediatrics, Pulmonology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Goethe-University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (R.P.D.); (S.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Transposition and Genome Engineering, Research Centre of the Division of Hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Paul Ehrlich Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany; (W.N.); (Z.I.)
| | - Georg Auburger
- Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, Clinic of Neurology, Exp. Neurology, Heinrich Hoffmann Str. 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (M.R.); (J.C.-P.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Briguglio S, Cambria C, Albizzati E, Marcello E, Provenzano G, Frasca A, Antonucci F. New Views of the DNA Repair Protein Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated in Central Neurons: Contribution in Synaptic Dysfunctions of Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2181. [PMID: 37681912 PMCID: PMC10486624 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase principally known to orchestrate DNA repair processes upon DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mutations in the Atm gene lead to Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT), a recessive disorder characterized by ataxic movements consequent to cerebellar atrophy or dysfunction, along with immune alterations, genomic instability, and predisposition to cancer. AT patients show variable phenotypes ranging from neurologic abnormalities and cognitive impairments to more recently described neuropsychiatric features pointing to symptoms hardly ascribable to the canonical functions of ATM in DNA damage response (DDR). Indeed, evidence suggests that cognitive abilities rely on the proper functioning of DSB machinery and specific synaptic changes in central neurons of ATM-deficient mice unveiled unexpected roles of ATM at the synapse. Thus, in the present review, upon a brief recall of DNA damage responses, we focus our attention on the role of ATM in neuronal physiology and pathology and we discuss recent findings showing structural and functional changes in hippocampal and cortical synapses of AT mouse models. Collectively, a deeper knowledge of ATM-dependent mechanisms in neurons is necessary not only for a better comprehension of AT neurological phenotypes, but also for a higher understanding of the pathological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders involving ATM dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Briguglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Clara Cambria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Elena Albizzati
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, MI, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38068 Trento, TN, Italy;
| | - Angelisa Frasca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, IN-CNR, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Gong H, Wang JS, Li MN, Cao DL, Gu J, Zhao LX, Zhang XD, Deng YT, Dong FL, Gao YJ, Sun WX, Jiang BC. Nerve Injury-Induced γH2AX Reduction in Primary Sensory Neurons Is Involved in Neuropathic Pain Processing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10148. [PMID: 37373296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the serine 139 of the histone variant H2AX (γH2AX) is a DNA damage marker that regulates DNA damage response and various diseases. However, whether γH2AX is involved in neuropathic pain is still unclear. We found the expression of γH2AX and H2AX decreased in mice dorsal root ganglion (DRG) after spared nerve injury (SNI). Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which promotes γH2AX, was also down-regulated in DRG after peripheral nerve injury. ATM inhibitor KU55933 decreased the level of γH2AX in ND7/23 cells. The intrathecal injection of KU55933 down-regulated DRG γH2AX expression and significantly induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of ATM by siRNA could also decrease the pain threshold. The inhibition of dephosphorylation of γH2AX by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) siRNA partially suppressed the down-regulation of γH2AX after SNI and relieved pain behavior. Further exploration of the mechanism revealed that inhibiting ATM by KU55933 up-regulated extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and down-regulated potassium ion channel genes, such as potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 (Kcnq2) and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 (Kcnd2) in vivo, and KU559333 enhanced sensory neuron excitability in vitro. These preliminary findings imply that the down-regulation of γH2AX may contribute to neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ji-Shuai Wang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Meng-Na Li
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - De-Li Cao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lin-Xia Zhao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xin-Dan Zhang
- The 1st Clinical Department, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yu-Tao Deng
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Fu-Lu Dong
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong-Jing Gao
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Wen-Xing Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Bao-Chun Jiang
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng A, Zhang Y, Sun J, Huang D, Sulaiman JE, Huang X, Wu L, Ye W, Wu C, Lam H, Shi Y, Qian PY. Pterosin sesquiterpenoids from Pteris laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh. protect cells from glutamate excitotoxicity by modulating mitochondrial signals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116308. [PMID: 36822346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Pteris (Pteridaceae) has been used as a traditional herb for a long time. In particular, Pteris laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh. has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat nervous system diseases and some pterosin sesquiterpenes from Pteris show neuroprotective activity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, to investigate the neuroprotective activity and working mechanism of pterosin sesquiterpenes from P. laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh. will provide a better understanding and guidance in using P. laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh. as a traditional Chinese medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY We aim to develop effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases from pterosin sesquiterpenes by evaluating their neuroprotective activity and investigating their working mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary screening on the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity cell model was assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to analyze the activation level of glutamate receptors and mitochondria membrane potential after treatment. Transcriptomics and proteomics analysis was performed to identify possible targets of pterosin B. The key pathways were enriched by the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis through the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The core targets were visualized by a protein-protein interaction network using STRING. The mRNA and protein expressions were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and western blot, respectively. Immunocytochemistry was performed to monitor mitochondrial and apoptotic proteins. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by ROS assay, and Ca2+ was stained with Fluo-4 AM to quantify intracellular Ca2+ levels. RESULTS We found pterosin B from Pteris laeta Wall. ex Ettingsh. showed significant neuroprotective activity against glutamate excitotoxicity, enhancing cell viability from 43.8% to 105% (p-value: <0.0001). We demonstrated that pterosin B worked on the downstream signaling pathways of glutamate excitotoxicity rather than directly blocking the activation of glutamate receptors. Pterosin B restored mitochondria membrane potentials, alleviated intracellular calcium overload from 107.4% to 95.47% (p-value: 0.0006), eliminated cellular ROS by 36.55% (p-value: 0.0143), and partially secured cells from LPS-induced inflammation by increasing cell survival from 46.75% to 58.5% (p-value: 0.0114). Notably, pterosin B enhanced the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) by 2.86-fold (p-value: 0.0006) and 4.24-fold (p-value: 0.0012), and down-regulated Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) expression by 2.5-fold (p-value: 0.0107), indicating that it possibly promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy to maintain mitochondria quality control and homeostasis, and ultimately inhibits apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our work revealed that pterosin B protected cells from glutamate excitotoxicity by targeting the downstream mitochondrial signals, making it a valuable candidate for developing potential therapeutic agents in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Cheng
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Duli Huang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jordy Evan Sulaiman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Long Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wenkang Ye
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China; SZU-HKUST Joint Ph.D. Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chuanhai Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Henry Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China; Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Merlo D, Mollinari C. The Need for a Break. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:523-525. [PMID: 37921166 DOI: 10.2174/0115672050272291231013140116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barzilai A, Mitiagin Y. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated plays an important role in cerebellar integrity and functionality. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:497-502. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
10
|
Yin C, Kulasekaran M, Roy T, Decker B, Alexander S, Margolis M, Jha RC, Kupfer GM, He AR. Homologous Recombination Repair in Biliary Tract Cancers: A Prime Target for PARP Inhibition? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2561. [PMID: 35626165 PMCID: PMC9140037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies that make up ~7% of all gastrointestinal tumors. It is notably aggressive and difficult to treat; in fact, >70% of patients with BTC are diagnosed at an advanced, unresectable stage and are not amenable to curative therapy. For these patients, chemotherapy has been the mainstay treatment, providing an inadequate overall survival of less than one year. Despite the boom in targeted therapies over the past decade, only a few targeted agents have been approved in BTCs (i.e., IDH1 and FGFR inhibitors), perhaps in part due to its relatively low incidence. This review will explore current data on PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used in homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), particularly with respect to BTCs. Greater than 28% of BTC cases harbor mutations in genes involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR). We will summarize the mechanisms for PARPi and its role in synthetic lethality and describe select genes in the HRR pathway contributing to HRD. We will provide our rationale for expanding patient eligibility for PARPi use based on literature and anecdotal evidence pertaining to mutations in HRR genes, such as RAD51C, and the potential use of reliable surrogate markers of HRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yin
- Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (C.Y.); (M.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Monika Kulasekaran
- Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (C.Y.); (M.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Tina Roy
- Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (C.Y.); (M.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Brennan Decker
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA 20007, USA; (B.D.); (S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Sonja Alexander
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA 20007, USA; (B.D.); (S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Mathew Margolis
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA 20007, USA; (B.D.); (S.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Reena C. Jha
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Gary M. Kupfer
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA;
| | - Aiwu R. He
- Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (C.Y.); (M.K.); (T.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu P, Xue L, Zhao C, Li W, Jiang Z, Liu A, Li T, Liu L, Decker M, Cheng X, Yang W, Tang R. Targeting the Homologous Recombination Pathway in Cancer With a Novel Class of RAD51 Inhibitors. Front Oncol 2022; 12:885186. [PMID: 35646698 PMCID: PMC9136011 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.885186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting DNA damage response (DDR) pathway has been proposed as an approach for amplifying tumor-specific replicative lesions. RAD51 plays a central role in the DDR process, and thus represents a promising anti-tumor target. We here report the discovery of a series of next generation RAD51 inhibitors that can prevent RAD51 foci formation. The lead compounds dramatically impaired human cancer cell growth, induced cell cycle arrest in S-phase, and resulted in elevated γH2AX. Furthermore, cancer cells became sensitized to chemotherapy and other DDR inhibitors. Dosed either as a single agent or in combination with cisplatin, the compounds significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. By upregulating ATR-CHK1 signaling, the RAD51 inhibitors increased surface PD-L1 levels in various tumor cells, suggesting a potential combination of RAD51 inhibitors with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Overall, our findings provide the preclinical rationale to explore RAD51 inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or DDR-targeting therapy in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Liting Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Aiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Markus Decker
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Cheng
- High School Sophomore, Hangzhou Foreign Languages School, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Renhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Renhong Tang,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cell cycle involvement in cancer therapy; WEE1 kinase, a potential target as therapeutic strategy. Mutat Res 2022; 824:111776. [PMID: 35247630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2022.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis is the process of cell division and is regulated by checkpoints in the cell cycle. G1-S, S, and G2-M are the three main checkpoints that prevent initiation of the next phase of the cell cycle phase until previous phase has completed. DNA damage leads to activation of the G2-M checkpoint, which can trigger a downstream DNA damage response (DDR) pathway to induce cell cycle arrest while the damage is repaired. If the DNA damage cannot be repaired, the replication stress response (RSR) pathway finally leads to cell death by apoptosis, in this case called mitotic catastrophe. Many cancer treatments (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) cause DNA damages based on SSBs (single strand breaks) or DSBs (double strand breaks), which cause cell death through mitotic catastrophe. However, damaged cells can activate WEE1 kinase (as a part of the DDR and RSR pathways), which prevents apoptosis and cell death by inducing cell cycle arrest at G2 phase. Therefore, inhibition of WEE1 kinase could sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. This review focuses on the role of WEE1 kinase (as a biological macromolecule which has a molecular mass of 96 kDa) in the cell cycle, and its interactions with other regulatory pathways. In addition, we discuss the potential of WEE1 inhibition as a new therapeutic approach in the treatment of various cancers, such as melanoma, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, cervical cancer, etc.
Collapse
|
13
|
DNA Repair Inhibition Leads to Active Export of Repetitive Sequences to the Cytoplasm Triggering an Inflammatory Response. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9286-9307. [PMID: 34593604 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0845-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by evidence of a chronic inflammation that includes activation of microglial cells and altered levels of brain cytokines. Aspects of this response are likely secondary reactions to neurodegeneration, but for many illnesses the inflammation may itself be an early and even causative disease event. In such cases, the inflammation is referred to as "sterile" as it occurs in the absence of an actual bacterial or viral pathogen. A potent trigger of sterile inflammation in CNS microglia has been shown to be the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm (cytoDNA) induced either by direct DNA damage or by inhibited DNA repair. We have shown that cytoDNA comes from the cell nucleus as a result of insufficient DNA damage repair. Using wild-type and Atm -/- mouse microglia, we extend these observations here by showing that its genomic origins are not random, but rather are heavily biased toward transcriptionally inactive, intergenic regions, in particular repetitive elements and AT-rich sequences. Once released from the genome, in both males and females, we show that cytoDNA is actively exported to the cytoplasm by a CRM1-dependent mechanism. In the cytoplasm, it is degraded either by a cytosolic exonuclease, Trex1, or an autophagy pathway that ends with degradation in the lysosome. Blocking the accumulation of cytoDNA prevents the emergence of the sterile inflammation reaction. These findings offer new insights into the emergence of sterile inflammation and offer novel approaches that may be of use in combatting a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sterile inflammation describes a state where the defenses of the immune system are activated in the absence of a true pathogen. A potent trigger of this unorthodox response is the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm, which immune cells interpret as an invading virus or pathogen. We show that when DNA damage increases, fragments of the cell's own genome are actively exported to the cytoplasm where they are normally degraded. If this degradation is incomplete an immune reaction is triggered. Both age and stress increase DNA damage, and as age-related neurodegenerative diseases are frequently accompanied by a chronic low-level inflammation, strategies that reduce the induction of cytoplasmic DNA or speed its clearance become attractive therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
14
|
Akagawa R, Nabeshima YI, Kawauchi T. Alternative Functions of Cell Cycle-Related and DNA Repair Proteins in Post-mitotic Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753175. [PMID: 34746147 PMCID: PMC8564117 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of neuronal morphological changes is essential for neuronal migration, maturation, synapse formation, and high-order function. Many cytoplasmic proteins involved in the regulation of neuronal microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton have been identified. In addition, some nuclear proteins have alternative functions in neurons. While cell cycle-related proteins basically control the progression of the cell cycle in the nucleus, some of them have an extra-cell cycle-regulatory function (EXCERF), such as regulating cytoskeletal organization, after exit from the cell cycle. Our expression analyses showed that not only cell cycle regulators, including cyclin A1, cyclin D2, Cdk4/6, p21cip1, p27kip1, Ink4 family, and RAD21, but also DNA repair proteins, including BRCA2, p53, ATM, ATR, RAD17, MRE11, RAD9, and Hus1, were expressed after neurogenesis, suggesting that these proteins have alternative functions in post-mitotic neurons. In this perspective paper, we discuss the alternative functions of the nuclear proteins in neuronal development, focusing on possible cytoplasmic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remi Akagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo-ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
ATR regulates neuronal activity by modulating presynaptic firing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4067. [PMID: 34210973 PMCID: PMC8249387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) protein, as a key DNA damage response (DDR) regulator, plays an essential function in response to replication stress and controls cell viability. Hypomorphic mutations of ATR cause the human ATR-Seckel syndrome, characterized by microcephaly and intellectual disability, which however suggests a yet unknown role for ATR in non-dividing cells. Here we show that ATR deletion in postmitotic neurons does not compromise brain development and formation; rather it enhances intrinsic neuronal activity resulting in aberrant firing and an increased epileptiform activity, which increases the susceptibility of ataxia and epilepsy in mice. ATR deleted neurons exhibit hyper-excitability, associated with changes in action potential conformation and presynaptic vesicle accumulation, independent of DDR signaling. Mechanistically, ATR interacts with synaptotagmin 2 (SYT2) and, without ATR, SYT2 is highly upregulated and aberrantly translocated to excitatory neurons in the hippocampus, thereby conferring a hyper-excitability. This study identifies a physiological function of ATR, beyond its DDR role, in regulating neuronal activity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sharma AK, Shukla SK, Kalonia A, Shaw P, Khanna K, Gupta R, Yashavarddhan MH, Bhatnagar A. Evaluation of decontamination efficacy of electrolytically generated hypochlorous acid for vesicating agent: A multimodel Study. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:287-299. [PMID: 33719970 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210311140922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur Mustard is a strong vesicant and chemical warfare agent that imposes toxicity to the lungs, eyes, and skin after accidental or intended exposure. OBJECTIVES The current study was intended to explore in vitro and in vivo decontamination properties of electrolytically generated HOCl (hypochlorous acid) against CEES (2-chloroethyle ethyle sulphide), a known sulfur mustard simulant & vesicating agent. METHODS In vitro studies were carried out using UV spectroscopy and GC-MS methods. In vivo studies were perfomred in Strain A and immune compromised mice by subcutaneous as well as prophylactic topical administrion of HOCl pretreated CEES. The blister formation and mortality were considered as end-point. Histopathological study was conducted on skin samples by H & E method. DNA damage studies measuring γ-H2AX and ATM has been carried out in human blood using flow cytometry. Anti-bacterial action was tested by employing broth micro dilution methods. Comparative study was also carried out with known oxidizing agents. RESULTS The topical application of pre-treated CEES at 5, 30 min and 1 h time points showed significant (p<0.001) inhibition of blister formation. DNA damage study showed reduced mean flourences intensity of DSBs nearly 17-20 times, suggesting that HOCl plays a protective role against DNA damage. Histopathology showed no sign of necrosis in the epidermis upto 5 min although moderate changes were observed at 30 min. Pretreated samples were analyzed for detection of reaction products with m/z value of 75.04, 69.08, 83.93, 85.95, 123.99, 126.00, and 108.97. HOCl showed strong bactericidal effect at 40 ppm. The absorbance spectra of HOCl treated CEES showed lowered peaks in comparison to CEES alone and other oxidizing agents Conclusion: In a nutshell, our results signify the decontamination role of HOCl for biological surface application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Shukla
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Aman Kalonia
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Priyanka Shaw
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Kushagra Khanna
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Richa Gupta
- Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun. India
| | - M H Yashavarddhan
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| | - Assem Bhatnagar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi-110054. India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pizzamiglio L, Focchi E, Antonucci F. ATM Protein Kinase: Old and New Implications in Neuronal Pathways and Brain Circuitry. Cells 2020; 9:E1969. [PMID: 32858941 PMCID: PMC7564642 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that the human autosomal recessive disease ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare pathology, interest in the function of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) is extensive. From a clinical point of view, the role of ATM in the central nervous system (CNS) is the most impacting, as motor disability is the predominant symptom affecting A-T patients. Coherently, spino-cerebellar neurodegeneration is the principal hallmark of A-T and other CNS regions such as dentate and olivary nuclei and brain stem are implicated in A-T pathophysiology. Recently, several preclinical studies also highlighted the involvement of ATM in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, thus extending A-T symptomatology to new brain areas and pathways. Here, we review old and recent evidence that largely demonstrates not only the historical ATM account in DNA damage response and cell cycle regulation, but the multiple pathways through which ATM controls oxidative stress homeostasis, insulin signalling pathways, epigenetic regulation, synaptic transmission, and excitatory-inhibitory balance. We also summarise recent evidence on ATM implication in neurological and cognitive diseases beyond A-T, bringing out ATM as new pathological substrate and potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Pizzamiglio
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC), Université Côte d’Azur (UCA), CNRS UMR7275, 06560 Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France;
| | - Elisa Focchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheng A, Tse KH, Chow HM, Gan Y, Song X, Ma F, Qian YXY, She W, Herrup K. ATM loss disrupts the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy 2020; 17:1998-2010. [PMID: 32757690 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1805860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein is found associated with multiple organelles including synaptic vesicles, endosomes and lysosomes, often in cooperation with ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related). Mutation of the ATM gene results in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive disorder with defects in multiple organs including the nervous system. Precisely how ATM deficiency leads to the complex phenotypes of A-T, however, remains elusive. Here, we reported that part of the connection may lie in autophagy and lysosomal abnormalities. We found that ATM was degraded through the autophagy pathway, while ATR was processed by the proteasome. Autophagy and lysosomal trafficking were both abnormal in atm-/- neurons and the deficits impacted cellular functions such as synapse maintenance, neuronal survival and glucose uptake. Upregulated autophagic flux was observed in atm-/- lysosomes, associated with a more acidic pH. Significantly, we found that the ATP6V1A (ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit A) proton pump was an ATM kinase target. In atm-/- neurons, lysosomes showed enhanced retrograde transport and accumulated in the perinuclear regions. We attributed this change to an unexpected physical interaction between ATM and the retrograde transport motor protein, dynein. As a consequence, SLC2A4/GLUT4 (solute carrier family 4 [facilitated glucose transporter], member 4) translocation to the plasma membrane was inhibited and trafficking to the lysosomes was increased, leading to impaired glucose uptake capacity. Together, these data underscored the involvement of ATM in a variety of neuronal vesicular trafficking processes, offering new and therapeutically useful insights into the pathogenesis of A-T.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; A-T: ataxia-telangiectasia; ALG2: asparagine-linked glycosylation 2 (alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase); AMPK: adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated; ATP6V1A: ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V1 subunit A; ATR: ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related; BFA1: bafilomycin A1; CC3: cleaved-CASP3; CGN: cerebellar granule neuron; CLQ: chloroquine; CN: neocortical neuron; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; DYNLL1: the light chain1 of dynein; EIF4EBP1/4E-BP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; Etop: etoposide; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HBS: HEPES-buffered saline; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; HOMER1: homer protein homolog 1; KU: KU-60019; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3B-II: LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate; Lyso: lysosome; LysopH-GFP: lysopHluorin-GFP; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2: microtubule associated protein 2; MAPK14: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPK8/JNK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; OSBPL1A: oxysterol binding protein like 1A; PIKK: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase related kinase; Rapa: rapamycin; RILP: rab interacting lysosomal protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SEM: standard error of mean; SLC2A4/GLUT4: solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4; TSC2/tuberin: TSC complex subunit 2; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VE: VE-822; WCL: whole-cell lysate; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aifang Cheng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yunqiao Gan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Xuan Song
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Fulin Ma
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | | | - Weiyi She
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tu Y, Chen Z, Zhao P, Sun G, Bao Z, Chao H, Fan L, Li C, You Y, Qu Y, Chen Y, Ji J. Smoothened Promotes Glioblastoma Radiation Resistance Via Activating USP3-Mediated Claspin Deubiquitination. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1749-1762. [PMID: 31900278 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancer types in humans. The standard treatment approach is surgery followed by chemoradiation. However, the molecular mechanisms of innate tumor radioresistance remain poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested the expression of Smoothened (Smo) in primary and recurrent GBM tissues and cells. Then, we determined radiation effectiveness against primary and recurrent GBM cells. Lastly, the functional role of Smo in GBM radioresistance was further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS We reported that Smo was significantly upregulated in recurrent GBM cell lines and tumor tissues following radiation treatment. Higher Smo expression indicated poor prognosis of GBM patients after radiation treatment. Smo had radioresistance effects in both GBM cells and human tumor xenografts. The mechanisms underlying these effects involved the attenuation of DNA damage repair caused by IR. Importantly, we found that the effect of Smo on radioresistance was mediated by Claspin polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, leading to the regulation of ATR-Chk1 signaling. Moreover, we found that Smo reduced Claspin polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by promoting USP3 transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Smo inhibitor GDC-0449 induced radiosensitivity to GBM. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Smo confers radiation resistance in GBM by promoting USP3 transcription, leading to the activation of Claspin-dependent ATR-Chk1 signaling. These findings identify a potential mechanism of GBM resistance to radiation and suggest a potential therapeutic target for radiation resistance in GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyao Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengzhan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangchi Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyuan Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honglu Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China. .,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Shanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Immunology, Key Lab of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Functional interplay between the oxidative stress response and DNA damage checkpoint signaling for genome maintenance in aerobic organisms. J Microbiol 2019; 58:81-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
Cussiol JRR, Soares BL, Oliveira FMBD. From yeast to humans: Understanding the biology of DNA Damage Response (DDR) kinases. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190071. [PMID: 31930279 PMCID: PMC7198005 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA Damage Response (DDR) is a complex network of biological processes that protect cells from accumulating aberrant DNA structures, thereby maintaining genomic stability and, as a consequence, preventing the development of cancer and other diseases. The DDR pathway is coordinated by a signaling cascade mediated by the PI3K-like kinases (PIKK) ATM and ATR and by their downstream kinases CHK2 and CHK1, respectively. Together, these kinases regulate several aspects of the cellular program in response to genomic stress. Much of our understanding of these kinases came from studies performed in the 1990s using yeast as a model organism. The purpose of this review is to present a historical perspective on the discovery of the DDR kinases in yeast and the importance of this model for the identification and functional understanding of their mammalian orthologues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Luísa Soares
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Huang Y, Ma T, Lau PK, Wang J, Zhao T, Du S, Loy MMT, Guo Y. Visualization of Protein Sorting at the Trans-Golgi Network and Endosomes Through Super-Resolution Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:181. [PMID: 31552246 PMCID: PMC6733968 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes are essential protein sorting stations in the secretory transport pathway. Protein sorting is fundamentally a process of spatial segregation, but the spatial relationships among the proteins that constitute the sorting machinery have not been systematically analyzed at high resolution in mammalian cells. Here, using two-color STORM imaging, we show that the TGN/endosome-localized cargo adaptors, AP-1, GGA2 and epsinR, form elongated structures of over 250 nm in length at the juxta-nuclear Golgi area. Many of these structures are associated with clathrin. We found that AP-1 is spatially segregated from AP-3 and GGA2, whereas a fraction of AP-1 and GGA2 punctae are associated with epsinR. Moreover, we observed that the planar cell polarity cargo proteins, Vangl2 and Frizzled6 associate with different cargo adaptors—AP-1 and GGA2 or epsinR, respectively—when exiting the TGN. Knockdown analysis confirms the functional significance of this segregation. Our data indicates that TGN/endosome-localized cargo adaptors have distinct spatial relationships. The spatially segregated cargo adaptors GGA2 and AP-1 regulate sorting of Frizzled6 and Vangl2, respectively and spatially associated cargo adaptors can cooperatively regulate a specific sorting process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianji Ma
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pik Ki Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Teng Zhao
- Light Innovation Technology Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengwang Du
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael M T Loy
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mohammadzadeh A, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Hallaj S, Saei AA, Alivand MR, Valizadeh A, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. Crosstalk between P53 and DNA damage response in ageing. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 80:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
25
|
Chasing Uptake: Super-Resolution Microscopy in Endocytosis and Phagocytosis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:727-739. [PMID: 31227311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since their invention about two decades ago, super-resolution microscopes have become a method of choice in cell biology. Owing to a spatial resolution below 50 nm, smaller than the size of most organelles, and an order of magnitude better than the diffraction limit of conventional light microscopes, super-resolution microscopy is a powerful technique for resolving intracellular trafficking. In this review we discuss discoveries in endocytosis and phagocytosis that have been made possible by super-resolution microscopy - from uptake at the plasma membrane, endocytic coat formation, and cytoskeletal rearrangements to endosomal maturation. The detailed visualization of the diverse molecular assemblies that mediate endocytic uptake will provide a better understanding of how cells ingest extracellular material.
Collapse
|
26
|
Accumulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Due to ATM Deficiency Activates the Microglial Viral Response System with Neurotoxic Consequences. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6378-6394. [PMID: 31189575 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0774-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) is a PI3K-like kinase best known for its role in the DNA damage response (DDR), especially after double-strand breaks. Mutations in the ATM gene result in a condition known as ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) that is characterized by cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity, neurodegeneration, sterility, and acquired immune deficiency. We show here that the innate immune system is not spared in A-T. ATM-deficient microglia adopt an active phenotype that includes the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines that are toxic to cultured neurons and likely contribute to A-T neurodegeneration. Causatively, ATM dysfunction results in the accumulation of DNA in the cytoplasm of microglia as well as a variety of other cell types. In microglia, cytoplasmic DNA primes an antiviral response via the DNA sensor, STING (stimulator of interferon genes). The importance of this response pathway is supported by our finding that inhibition of STING blocks the overproduction of neurotoxic cytokines. Cytosolic DNA also activates the AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) containing inflammasome and induces proteolytic processing of cytokine precursors such as pro-IL-1β. Our study furthers our understanding of neurodegeneration in A-T and highlights the role of cytosolic DNA in the innate immune response.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Conventionally, the immune deficiencies found in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients are viewed as defects of the B and T cells of the acquired immune system. In this study, we demonstrate the microglia of the innate immune system are also affected and uncover the mechanism by which this occurs. Loss of ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) activity leads to a slowing of DNA repair and an accumulation of cytoplasmic fragments of genomic DNA. This ectopic DNA induces the antivirus response, which triggers the production of neurotoxic cytokines. This expands our understanding of the neurodegeneration found in A-T and offers potentially new therapeutic options.
Collapse
|
27
|
Corcoles-Saez I, Ferat JL, Costanzo M, Boone CM, Cha RS. Functional link between mitochondria and Rnr3, the minor catalytic subunit of yeast ribonucleotide reductase. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:286-294. [PMID: 31172013 PMCID: PMC6545439 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.06.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential holoenzyme required for de novo synthesis of dNTPs. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes for two catalytic subunits, Rnr1 and Rnr3. While Rnr1 is required for DNA replication and DNA damage repair, the function(s) of Rnr3 is unknown. Here, we show that carbon source, an essential nutrient, impacts Rnr1 and Rnr3 abundance: Non-fermentable carbon sources or limiting concentrations of glucose down regulate Rnr1 and induce Rnr3 expression. Oppositely, abundant glucose induces Rnr1 expression and down regulates Rnr3. The carbon source dependent regulation of Rnr3 is mediated by Mec1, the budding yeast ATM/ATR checkpoint response kinase. Unexpectedly, this regulation is independent of all currently known components of the Mec1 DNA damage response network, including Rad53, Dun1, and Tel1, implicating a novel Mec1 signalling axis. rnr3Δ leads to growth defects under respiratory conditions and rescues temperature sensitivity conferred by the absence of Tom6, a component of the mitochondrial TOM (translocase of outer membrane) complex responsible for mitochondrial protein import. Together, these results unveil involvement of Rnr3 in mitochondrial functions and Mec1 in mediating the carbon source dependent regulation of Rnr3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Corcoles-Saez
- School of Medical Sciences, North West Cancer Research Institute, Bangor University, Deniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Luc Ferat
- Institute of Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Avenue de la Terrasse, Paris, France
| | - Michael Costanzo
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Charles M Boone
- University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Rita S Cha
- School of Medical Sciences, North West Cancer Research Institute, Bangor University, Deniol Road, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen X, Chen F, Ren Y, Weng G, Xu L, Xue X, Keng PC, Lee SO, Chen Y. IL-6 signaling contributes to radioresistance of prostate cancer through key DNA repair-associated molecules ATM, ATR, and BRCA 1/2. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1471-1484. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
29
|
Frosina G, Marubbi D, Marcello D, Vecchio D, Daga A. The efficacy and toxicity of ATM inhibition in glioblastoma initiating cells-driven tumor models. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 138:214-222. [PMID: 31092378 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM)-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) is a major mechanism of resistance of glioblastoma (GB) - initiating cells (GICs) to radiotherapy. The closely related Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) is also involved in tumor resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. It has been shown that pharmacological inhibition of ATM protein may overcome the DDR-mediated resistance in GICs and significantly radiosensitize GIC-driven GB. Albeit not essential for life as shown by the decade-long lifespan of AT patients, the ATM protein may be involved in a number of important functions other than the response to DNA damage. We discuss our current knowledge about the toxicity of pharmacologic inhibition of ATM and ATR proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Frosina
- Mutagenesis & Cancer Prevention, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Diana Marcello
- Mutagenesis & Cancer Prevention, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Donatella Vecchio
- Mutagenesis & Cancer Prevention, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Antonio Daga
- Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Corti A, Sota R, Dugo M, Calogero RA, Terragni B, Mantegazza M, Franceschetti S, Restelli M, Gasparini P, Lecis D, Chrzanowska KH, Delia D. DNA damage and transcriptional regulation in iPSC-derived neurons from Ataxia Telangiectasia patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:651. [PMID: 30679601 PMCID: PMC6346060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) is neurodegenerative syndrome caused by inherited mutations inactivating the ATM kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR). What makes neurons vulnerable to ATM loss remains unclear. In this study we assessed on human iPSC-derived neurons whether the abnormal accumulation of DNA-Topoisomerase 1 adducts (Top1ccs) found in A-T impairs transcription elongation, thus favoring neurodegeneration. Furthermore, whether neuronal activity-induced immediate early genes (IEGs), a process involving the formation of DNA breaks, is affected by ATM deficiency. We found that Top1cc trapping by CPT induces an ATM-dependent DDR as well as an ATM-independent induction of IEGs and repression especially of long genes. As revealed by nascent RNA sequencing, transcriptional elongation and recovery were found to proceed with the same rate, irrespective of gene length and ATM status. Neuronal activity induced by glutamate receptors stimulation, or membrane depolarization with KCl, triggered a DDR and expression of IEGs, the latter independent of ATM. In unperturbed A-T neurons a set of genes (FN1, DCN, RASGRF1, FZD1, EOMES, SHH, NR2E1) implicated in the development, maintenance and physiology of central nervous system was specifically downregulated, underscoring their potential involvement in the neurodegenerative process in A-T patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Raina Sota
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Universita' degli Studi di Torino, Bioinformatics and Genomics Unit, Molecular Biotechnology Centre, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Terragni
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Department of Neurophysiopathology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology (IPMC) LabEx ICST, CNRS UMR7275, Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France.,University Côte d'Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Silvana Franceschetti
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Department of Neurophysiopathology and Diagnostic Epileptology, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Restelli
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gasparini
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via G Venezian 1, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Krystyna H Chrzanowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Al. Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milano, Italy. .,IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Versatility of the Mec1 ATM/ATR signaling network in mediating resistance to replication, genotoxic, and proteotoxic stresses. Curr Genet 2019; 65:657-661. [PMID: 30610294 PMCID: PMC6510830 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/ATM and Rad3-related (ATM/ATR) family proteins are evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases best known for their roles in mediating the DNA damage response. Upon activation, ATM/ATR phosphorylate numerous targets to stabilize stalled replication forks, repair damaged DNA, and inhibit cell cycle progression to ensure survival of the cell and safeguard integrity of the genome. Intriguingly, separation of function alleles of the human ATM and MEC1, the budding yeast ATM/ATR, were shown to confer widespread protein aggregation and acute sensitivity to different types of proteotoxic agents including heavy metal, amino acid analogue, and an aggregation-prone peptide derived from the Huntington’s disease protein. Further analyses unveiled that ATM and Mec1 promote resistance to perturbation in protein homeostasis via a mechanism distinct from the DNA damage response. In this minireview, we summarize the key findings and discuss ATM/ATR as a multifaceted signalling protein capable of mediating cellular response to both DNA and protein damage.
Collapse
|
32
|
Canet-Pons J, Schubert R, Duecker RP, Schrewe R, Wölke S, Kieslich M, Schnölzer M, Chiocchetti A, Auburger G, Zielen S, Warnken U. Ataxia telangiectasia alters the ApoB and reelin pathway. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:237-255. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
33
|
Corcoles-Saez I, Dong K, Johnson AL, Waskiewicz E, Costanzo M, Boone C, Cha RS. Essential Function of Mec1, the Budding Yeast ATM/ATR Checkpoint-Response Kinase, in Protein Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2018; 46:495-503.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|