1
|
Kawauchi T, Ito S. Exchangeable leaders of collectively migrating glioma abuse N-cadherin trafficking. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202404129. [PMID: 38700903 PMCID: PMC11070641 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202404129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Collectively migrating cells consist of leaders and followers with different features. In this issue, Kim et al. (https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202401057) characterize the leader and follower cells in collective glioma migration and uncover important roles of YAP1/TAZ-mediated regulation of N-cadherin in the leader cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Ito
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ito S, Kawasaki M, Kawauchi T. Primary Culture of Dissociated Neurons from the Embryonic Cerebral Cortex. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:169-175. [PMID: 38630228 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Primary neuronal culture is a valuable in vitro model for analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and function of neural circuits. In contrast to neurons in vivo, primary cultured neurons can easily be transfected with genes of interest or treated with chemicals such as agonists and inhibitors of a specific target molecule. Furthermore, time-dependent morphological changes, such as the acquisition of neuronal polarity, axon elongation, and dendrite branch formation, can be analyzed by using primary neuronal cultures. Here, we describe a method for preparing a primary culture of neurons from the developing cerebral cortex, together with a method for gene transfer to primary cultured cortical neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ito
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Kawasaki
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ito S, Kawauchi T. Immunocytochemistry of Primary Cultured Cerebral Cortical Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:177-186. [PMID: 38630229 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry combined with confocal or superresolution microscopy allows us to observe molecular localization and intracellular structures. However, it is challenging to analyze individual neurons in brain tissue, where neurons are densely packed. In contrast, we can easily observe structures such as the axonal growth cone and dendritic spines in dissociated individual neurons. Thus, the immunocytochemistry of primary cultured neurons is often used because it reflects the in vivo condition at least in part. Here, we describe a method for indirect fluorescence immunocytochemistry of primary cultured neurons from the embryonic cerebral cortex. This involves multiple steps including fixation, permeabilization, and antibody reaction, and in particular, we introduce an optimized protocol for permeabilization to enable the precise localization of target molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ito
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kobayashi K, Iwasa K, Azuma-Suzuki R, Kawauchi T, Nabeshima YI. Feto-maternal cholesterol transport regulated by β-Klotho-FGF15 axis is essential for fetal growth. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301916. [PMID: 37541847 PMCID: PMC10403640 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Klotho (β-KL) is indispensable to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism in adult animals. β-KL is highly expressed in the yolk sac, but its role in the developmental stages has not been established. We hypothesized that β-KL is required for metabolic regulation in the embryo and aimed to clarify the role of β-KL during development. Here, we show that β-KL regulates feto-maternal cholesterol transport through the yolk sac by mediating FGF 15 signaling, and also that impairment of the β-KL-FGF15 axis causes fetal growth restriction (FGR). Embryos of β- kl knockout (β-kl-/-) mice were morphologically normal but exhibited FGR before placental maturation. The body weight of β-kl-/- mice remained lower after birth. β-KL deletion reduced cholesterol supply from the maternal blood and led to lipid shortage in the embryos. These phenotypes were similar to those of embryos lacking FGF15, indicating that β-KL-FGF15 axis is essential for growth and lipid regulation in the embryonic stages. Our findings suggest that lipid abnormalities in early gestation provoke FGR, leading to reduced body size in later life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Kobayashi
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuko Iwasa
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rika Azuma-Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Disease, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maejima I, Hara T, Tsukamoto S, Koizumi H, Kawauchi T, Akuzawa T, Hirai R, Kobayashi H, Isobe I, Emoto K, Kosako H, Sato K. RAB35 is required for murine hippocampal development and functions by regulating neuronal cell distribution. Commun Biol 2023; 6:440. [PMID: 37085665 PMCID: PMC10121692 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
RAB35 is a multifunctional small GTPase that regulates endocytic recycling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cytokinesis. However, its physiological functions in mammalian development remain unclear. Here, we generated Rab35-knockout mice and found that RAB35 is essential for early embryogenesis. Interestingly, brain-specific Rab35-knockout mice displayed severe defects in hippocampal lamination owing to impaired distribution of pyramidal neurons, although defects in cerebral cortex formation were not evident. In addition, Rab35-knockout mice exhibited defects in spatial memory and anxiety-related behaviors. Quantitative proteomics indicated that the loss of RAB35 significantly affected the levels of other RAB proteins associated with endocytic trafficking, as well as some neural cell adhesion molecules, such as contactin-2. Collectively, our findings revealed that RAB35 is required for precise neuronal distribution in the developing hippocampus by regulating the expression of cell adhesion molecules, thereby influencing spatial memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Food and Life Science, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koizumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Adaptive and Maladaptive Responses in Health and Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Rika Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Inoya Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kosako
- Division of Cell Signaling, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shikanai M, Ito S, Nishimura YV, Akagawa R, Fukuda M, Yuzaki M, Nabeshima Y, Kawauchi T. Rab21 regulates caveolin-1-mediated endocytic trafficking to promote immature neurite pruning. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54701. [PMID: 36683567 PMCID: PMC9986827 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins are internalized by clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis. Both pathways converge on early endosomes and are thought to share the small GTPase Rab5 as common regulator. In contrast to this notion, we show here that the clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytic pathways are differentially regulated. Rab5 and Rab21 localize to distinct populations of early endosomes in cortical neurons and preferentially regulate clathrin- and caveolin-mediated pathways, respectively, suggesting heterogeneity in the early endosomes, rather than a converging point. Suppression of Rab21, but not Rab5, results in decreased plasma membrane localization and total protein levels of caveolin-1, which perturbs immature neurite pruning of cortical neurons, an in vivo-specific step of neuronal maturation. Taken together, our data indicate that clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytic pathways run in parallel in early endosomes, which show different molecular regulation and physiological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mima Shikanai
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Shiho Ito
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life ScienceInstitute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, FBRI, CLIK‐5FKobeJapan
| | - Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of MedicineTohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Remi Akagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Life ScienceInstitute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, FBRI, CLIK‐5FKobeJapan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yo‐ichi Nabeshima
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life ScienceInstitute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, FBRI, CLIK‐5FKobeJapan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of PhysiologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Aging Science and Medicine, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Life ScienceInstitute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, FBRI, CLIK‐5FKobeJapan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arakawa Y, Makino Y, Yoshioka E, Shofuda T, Kawauchi T, Terada Y, Tanji M, Kanematsu D, Mineharu Y, Miyamoto S, Kanemura Y. BIOS-05. SANGER SEQUENCING AND COPY-NUMBER ALTERATION ANALYSIS WITH MLPA CAN CLINICALLY CLASSIFY IDH-WILD-TYPE LOWER-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2022. [PMCID: PMC9661086 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac209.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytomas are a heterogeneous entity. According to 2021 WHO classification, IDH-wild-type astrocytomas with any of the following factors show poor prognosis: combination of chromosome 7 gain and 10 loss (+7/-10), and/or EGFR amplification, and/or TERT promoter (TERTp) mutation. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) can detect copy number alterations with a reasonable cost. The purpose of this study was to find precise and cost-effective method for stratifying the prognosis of IDH-wild-type astrocytomas. Sanger sequencing, MLPA, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR were performed for 42 IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytomas surgically treated at Kyoto University Hospital, and overall survival was analyzed for 40 patients. Of the 42 IDH-wild-type astrocytomas, 21 were classified as grade 4 in 2021 WHO classification and all of them had either TERTp mutation or EGFR amplification. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed the prognostic significance of 2021 WHO Classification, and WHO grade was also prognostic. Cox regression hazard model identified PTEN loss and PDGFRA amplification as independent significant prognostic indicators (Risk ratio of 9.75, p< 0.001 and 13.9, p=0.002). The classification recommended by 2021 WHO Classification could be completed using Sanger sequencing and MLPA. Survival analysis revealed PTEN and PDGFRA were significant prognostic factors for IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yasuhide Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Ema Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital , Osaka , USA
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- 2) Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital , Osaka , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , USA
| | - Yukinori Terada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Ktyoto , Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- 2) Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, , Osaka , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sano N, Kawauchi T, Yanagida N, Torikoshi S, Ikeda H, Okoshi T, Hayase M, Nishimura M, Toda H. Diagnosis of spinal dural defect using three-dimensional fast steady-state MR in patient with superficial siderosis: A case report. Surg Neurol Int 2022; 13:296. [PMID: 35855148 PMCID: PMC9282784 DOI: 10.25259/sni_531_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal dural defects can result in superficial siderosis (SS) of the central nervous system. Closure of the defect can stop or slow the progression of the disease. Here, we evaluated, whether preoperative three-dimensional fast steady-state acquisition MR could adequately detect these defects and, thus, facilitate their closure and resolution. Case Description: A 65-year-old right-handed male presented with a 33-year history of the left C8 root avulsion and a 3-year history of slowly progressive gait difficulties and hearing loss. The T2*-weighted imaging revealed symmetrical hemosiderin deposition throughout his central nervous system. A left C6-C7 dural defect involving only inner layer was identified using a three-dimensional MR (3D-FIESTA). It was treated through a left C6-7 hemilaminectomy and successfully sealed with adipose tissue and fibrin glue. Subsequently, the progression of cerebellar ataxia was halted, nevertheless the sensorineural hearing loss worsened even over the next 2 years. Conclusion: 3D-FIESTA reconstruction was approved to be useful tool for identifying the tiny hole of the inner dural layer responsible for SS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Sano
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Narufumi Yanagida
- Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Torikoshi
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ikeda
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Okoshi
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toda
- Department of Neurousurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao M, Murakami S, Matsumaru D, Kawauchi T, Nabeshima YI, Motohashi H. NRF2 Pathway Activation Attenuates Aging-Related Renal Phenotypes due to α-Klotho Deficiency. J Biochem 2022; 171:579-589. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Oxidative stress is one of the major causes of the age-related functional decline in cells and tissues. The KEAP1-NRF2 system plays a central role in the regulation of redox balance, and NRF2 activation exerts antiaging effects by controlling oxidative stress in aged tissues. α-Klotho was identified as an aging suppressor protein based on the premature aging phenotypes of its mutant mice, and its expression is known to gradually decrease during aging. Because α-Klotho has been shown to possess antioxidant function, aging-related phenotypes of α-Klotho mutant mice seem to be attributable to increased oxidative stress at least in part. To examine whether NRF2 activation antagonizes aging-related phenotypes caused by α-Klotho deficiency, we crossed α-Klotho-deficient (Kl–/–) mice with a Keap1-knockdown background, in which the NRF2 pathway is constitutively activated in the whole body. NRF2 pathway activation in Kl–/– mice extended the lifespan and dramatically improved aging-related renal phenotypes. With elevated expression of antioxidant genes accompanied by an oxidative stress decrease, the antioxidant effects of NRF2 seem to make a major contribution to the attenuation of aging-related renal phenotypes of Kl–/– mice. Thus, NRF2 is expected to exert an antiaging function by partly compensating for the functional decline of α-Klotho during physiological aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhao
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shohei Murakami
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yo-ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Akagawa R, Nabeshima YI, Kawauchi T. Alternative Functions of Cell Cycle-Related and DNA Repair Proteins in Post-mitotic Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753175. [PMID: 34746147 PMCID: PMC8564117 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of neuronal morphological changes is essential for neuronal migration, maturation, synapse formation, and high-order function. Many cytoplasmic proteins involved in the regulation of neuronal microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton have been identified. In addition, some nuclear proteins have alternative functions in neurons. While cell cycle-related proteins basically control the progression of the cell cycle in the nucleus, some of them have an extra-cell cycle-regulatory function (EXCERF), such as regulating cytoskeletal organization, after exit from the cell cycle. Our expression analyses showed that not only cell cycle regulators, including cyclin A1, cyclin D2, Cdk4/6, p21cip1, p27kip1, Ink4 family, and RAD21, but also DNA repair proteins, including BRCA2, p53, ATM, ATR, RAD17, MRE11, RAD9, and Hus1, were expressed after neurogenesis, suggesting that these proteins have alternative functions in post-mitotic neurons. In this perspective paper, we discuss the alternative functions of the nuclear proteins in neuronal development, focusing on possible cytoplasmic roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Remi Akagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Makino Y, Arakawa Y, Yoshioka E, Shofuda T, Minamiguchi S, Kawauchi T, Tanji M, Kanematsu D, Nonaka M, Okita Y, Kodama Y, Mano M, Hirose T, Mineharu Y, Miyamoto S, Kanemura Y. Infrequent RAS mutation is not associated with specific histological phenotype in gliomas. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1025. [PMID: 34525976 PMCID: PMC8442437 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in driver genes such as IDH and BRAF have been identified in gliomas. Meanwhile, dysregulations in the p53, RB1, and MAPK and/or PI3K pathways are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma. RAS family genes activate MAPK through activation of RAF and PI3K to promote cell proliferation. RAS mutations are a well-known driver of mutation in many types of cancers, but knowledge of their significance for glioma is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to reveal the frequency and the clinical phenotype of RAS mutant in gliomas. METHODS This study analysed RAS mutations and their clinical significance in 242 gliomas that were stored as unfixed or cryopreserved specimens removed at Kyoto University and Osaka National Hospital between May 2006 and October 2017. The hot spots mutation of IDH1/2, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, and TERT promoter and exon 2 and exon 3 of KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS were analysed with Sanger sequencing method, and 1p/19q codeletion was analysed with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. DNA methylation array was performed in some RAS mutant tumours to improve accuracy of diagnosis. RESULTS RAS mutations were identified in four gliomas with three KRAS mutations and one NRAS mutation in one anaplastic oligodendroglioma, two anaplastic astrocytomas (IDH wild-type in each), and one ganglioglioma. RAS-mutant gliomas were identified with various types of glioma histology. CONCLUSION RAS mutation appears infrequent, and it is not associated with any specific histological phenotype of glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ema Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Minamiguchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nonaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okita
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kodama
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Pathology Network, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masayuki Mano
- Department of Central Laboratory and Surgical Pathology, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takanori Hirose
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Makino Y, Arakawa Y, Yoshioka E, Shofuda T, Kawauchi T, Terada Y, Tanji M, Kanematsu D, Mineharu Y, Miyamoto S, Kanemura Y. Prognostic stratification for IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytoma by Sanger sequencing and copy-number alteration analysis with MLPA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14408. [PMID: 34257410 PMCID: PMC8277860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytoma remain unclear. According to cIMPACT-NOW update 3, IDH-wild-type astrocytomas with any of the following factors show poor prognosis: combination of chromosome 7 gain and 10 loss (+ 7/- 10), and/or EGFR amplification, and/or TERT promoter (TERTp) mutation. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) can detect copy number alterations at reasonable cost. The purpose of this study was to identify a precise, cost-effective method for stratifying the prognosis of IDH-wild-type astrocytoma. Sanger sequencing, MLPA, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR were performed for 42 IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytomas surgically treated at Kyoto University Hospital, and overall survival was analysed for 40 patients who underwent first surgery. Of the 42 IDH-wild-type astrocytomas, 21 were classified as grade 4 using cIMPACT-NOW update 3 criteria and all had either TERTp mutation or EGFR amplification. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed the prognostic significance of cIMPACT-NOW criteria, and World Health Organization grade was also prognostic. Cox regression hazard model identified independent significant prognostic indicators of PTEN loss (risk ratio, 9.75; p < 0.001) and PDGFRA amplification (risk ratio, 13.9; p = 0.002). The classification recommended by cIMPACT-NOW update 3 could be completed using Sanger sequencing and MLPA. Survival analysis revealed PTEN and PDGFRA were significant prognostic factors for IDH-wild-type lower-grade astrocytoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Ema Yoshioka
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Yukinori Terada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kanematsu
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, 540-0006, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Esumi S, Nasu M, Kawauchi T, Miike K, Morooka K, Yanagawa Y, Seki T, Sakimura K, Fukuda T, Tamamaki N. Characterization and Stage-Dependent Lineage Analysis of Intermediate Progenitors of Cortical GABAergic Interneurons. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:607908. [PMID: 34305510 PMCID: PMC8297055 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.607908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate progenitors of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons, which can replenish neurons in the adult brain, were recently identified. However, the generation of intermediate progenitors of GABAergic inhibitory neurons (IPGNs) has not been studied in detail. Here, we characterized the spatiotemporal distribution of IPGNs in mouse cerebral cortex. IPGNs generated neurons during both embryonic and postnatal stages, but the embryonic IPGNs were more proliferative. Our lineage tracing analyses showed that the embryonically proliferating IPGNs tended to localize to the superficial layers rather than the deep cortical layers at 3 weeks after birth. We also found that embryonic IPGNs derived from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) but more than half of the embryonic IPGNs were derived from the CGE and broadly distributed in the cerebral cortex. Taken together, our data indicate that the broadly located IPGNs during embryonic and postnatal stages exhibit a different proliferative property and layer distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Esumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Nasu
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Koichiro Miike
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Seki
- Department of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takaichi Fukuda
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tamamaki
- Department of Morphological Neural Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Makino Y, Kawauchi T, Arakawa Y, Shofuda T, Yoshioka E, Tanji M, Mineharu Y, Kanemura Y, Miyamoto S. LGG-38. GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMORS IN THE PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT AGE IN A SINGLE INSTITUTE. Neuro Oncol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7715690 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa222.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis in brain tumors has been widely spread after the publication of WHO 2016 classification. But it become a major problem that there are some tumors not to be classified on its criteria, especially in pediatric neuroepithelial tumors. To clarify the characteristics of gliomas in pediatric and adolescent and young adult age (AYA), we picked up 131 neuroepithelial tumors under 30-year-old at Kyoto University and analyze their molecular profiles. Hot spot mutations in IDH1/2, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, TERT promoter, and BRAF were analyzed by Sanger sequencing, and 1p/19q codeletion was examined by FISH or MLPA. With the pathohistological diagnosis and genetic information, all tumors were classified based on WHO 2016 classification. The terms “not otherwise specified” (NOS) and “not elsewhere classified” (NEC) were used based on cIMPACT-NOW. There were 25 glioblastomas and 34 pilocytic astrocytomas, which accounted for a larger percentage than in adult tumors. IDH-wild type gliomas accounted for 55% in diffuse astrocytomas and 69% in anaplastic astrocytomas. The percentages of gliomas with NEC were 50% of oligodendrogliomas and 20% in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas, respectively. Most pilocytic astrocytomas were under 20-year-old (27 patients) and located in infratentorial area (21 patients). Based on WHO 2016 classification, not a few neuroepithelial tumors in pediatric and AYA ages could be classified clearly. These tumors had more different genetic abnormalities than those in adult. Therefore, it may be important to evaluate these tumors with comprehensive genetic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Makino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Shofuda
- Department of Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ema Yoshioka
- Department of Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- Department of Clinical Research, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arakawa Y, Makino Y, Kawauchi T, Tanji M, Mineharu Y, Kanemura Y, Miyamoto S. CTNI-22. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE COMBINED TREATMENT OF VINCRISTINE, ACNU, CARBOPLATIN AND INTERFERON-β PLUS RADIOTHERAPY (VAC-FERON-R)IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE ASTROCYTOMA. Neuro Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Diffuse astrocytomas are classified as WHO grade II and its median overall survival (mOS) is 10 to 11 years. The efficacy of chemoradiation in the high-risk feature has been reported. The prognosis is associated with IDH and TERT promoter (TERTp) mutations. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the patients with diffuse astrocytoma treated with vincristine, ACNU, carboplatin and interferon-β plus radiotherapy (VAC-feron-R)in our institute.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Between December 2003 to January 2016, 44 patients were diagnosed as diffuse astrocytoma with integrated diagnosis of histological and molecular analysis. The average age was 43.1 years (22–71 years). They received VAC-feron-R as initial treatment in our institute. We analyzed the IDH1/2 and the TERTp mutation using Sangar sequencing and determined the 1p/19q codeletion by the fluorescence in situ hybridization or the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.
RESULTS
Median follow-up period was 76.5 months, mPFS was 126 months, mOS did not reach, and 10-year survival rate was 60%.IDH status was determined in 29 patients, 9 mutant and 20 wild types. There was no significant difference in PFS and OS between the two groups. TERTp status was determined in 18 patients with IDH wild type, 6 mutant and 12 wild types. mPFS of patients with TERTp wild type did not reach, but that with TERTp mutant type was 34.5 months (p = 0.0356).
CONCLUSION
Compared with previous clinical studies, VAC-feron-R showed a favorable clinical outcome in diffuse astrocytoma. The impact of TERTp status on prognosis was identified but not IDH status in this cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Arakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Masaharu Tanji
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yonehiro Kanemura
- National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nabeshima Y, Abe C, Kawauchi T, Hiroi T, Uto Y, Nabeshima YI. Simple method for large-scale production of macrophage activating factor GcMAF. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19122. [PMID: 33154460 PMCID: PMC7645693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group-specific component protein (Gc protein) is a multifunctional serum protein which has three common allelic variants, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2 in humans. Gc1 contains an O-linked trisaccharide [sialic acid-galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)] on the threonine420 (Thr420) residue and can be converted to a potent macrophage activating factor (GcMAF) by selective removal of sialic acid and galactose, leaving GalNAc at Thr420. In contrast, Gc2 is not glycosylated. GcMAF is considered a promising candidate for immunotherapy and antiangiogenic therapy of cancers and has attracted great interest, but it remains difficult to compare findings among research groups because different procedures have been used to prepare GcMAF. Here, we present a simple, practical method to prepare high-quality GcMAF by overexpressing Gc-protein in a serum-free suspension culture of ExpiCHO-S cells, without the need for a de-glycosylation step. We believe this protocol is suitable for large-scale production of GcMAF for functional analysis and clinical testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Center of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chiaki Abe
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Center of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Center of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hiroi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Center of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Uto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Center of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Miyata T, Imamura H, Toda H, Kawauchi T, Miyakoshi A, Taki J. [Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus Following Clipping of Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysms]. No Shinkei Geka 2020; 48:451-457. [PMID: 32434957 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1436204208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Fukui Hospital
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tsujimoto Y, Ikeda H, Otsuka R, Kawauchi T, Sano N, Hayase M, Toda H. Two Patients Who Underwent Emergency Stenting for Iatrogenic Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Dissection during Thrombectomy. J Neuroendovasc Ther 2020; 14:222-230. [PMID: 37501697 PMCID: PMC10370654 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.cr.2019-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective Iatrogenic artery dissection during reperfusion therapy is one of the complications causing a poor prognosis. We report two cases of emergent stent placement for iatrogenic cervical carotid artery dissection during reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Case Presentation Two patients, a 77-year-old woman and a 77-year-old man, were diagnosed with acute major cerebral artery occlusion, and underwent reperfusion therapy. The iatrogenic internal carotid artery dissection was caused by derivation of a 6-Fr catheter and 0.014-inch wire in the tortuous cervical internal carotid artery, and emergent stent placement was performed. Recanalization was confirmed and no deterioration caused by the iatrogenic dissection was found. Conclusion In patients in whom cerebral infarction is localized on MRI, additional stent placement may be effective for preventing adverse events caused by iatrogenic cervical internal carotid artery dissection during reperfusion therapy for intracranial cerebral artery occlusion related to atherosclerotic change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Otsuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Noritaka Sano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tsujimoto Y, Ikeda H, Otsuka R, Kawauchi T, Sano N, Hayase M, Toda H. A Survived Case of Acute Bilateral Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Treated by Mechanical Thrombectomy. J Neuroendovasc Ther 2020; 14:195-201. [PMID: 37502691 PMCID: PMC10370676 DOI: 10.5797/jnet.cr.2019-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report a survived case of acute bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion successfully treated by mechanical thrombectomy. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was an 82-year-old right-handed man. Sudden consciousness disturbance and aphasia appeared, and cranial magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Cerebral angiography demonstrated occlusion between the cervical and cavernous portions of the bilateral internal carotid artery, and the growth of collateral circulation to the areas where the bilateral internal carotid artery perfused. We performed mechanical thrombectomy first on the left side, which was the main cause of his symptoms and relatively wide ischemic penumbra, and achieved recanalization of the bilateral internal carotid artery and suppressed extensive enlargement of the infarction. CONCLUSION Acute bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion requires an optimal treatment strategy based on the clinical symptoms and preoperative imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Ikeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Otsuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Noritaka Sano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kawauchi T, Nabeshima YI. Growth Arrest Triggers Extra-Cell Cycle Regulatory Function in Neurons: Possible Involvement of p27 kip1 in Membrane Trafficking as Well as Cytoskeletal Regulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:64. [PMID: 31080801 PMCID: PMC6497764 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulation is essential for the development of multicellular organisms, but many cells in adulthood, including neurons, exit from cell cycle. Although cell cycle-related proteins are suppressed after cell cycle exit in general, recent studies have revealed that growth arrest triggers extra-cell cycle regulatory function (EXCERF) in some cell cycle proteins, such as p27(kip1), p57(kip2), anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), and cyclin E. While p27 is known to control G1 length and cell cycle exit via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activities, p27 acquires additional cytoplasmic functions in growth-arrested neurons. Here, we introduce the EXCERFs of p27 in post-mitotic neurons, mainly focusing on its actin and microtubule regulatory functions. We also show that a small amount of p27 is associated with the Golgi apparatus positive for Rab6, p115, and GM130, but not endosomes positive for Rab5, Rab7, Rab8, Rab11, SNX6, or LAMTOR1. p27 is also colocalized with Dcx, a microtubule-associated protein. Based on these results, we discuss here the possible role of p27 in membrane trafficking and microtubule-dependent transport in post-mitotic cortical neurons. Collectively, we propose that growth arrest leads to two different fates in cell cycle proteins; either suppressing their expression or activating their EXCERFs. The latter group of proteins, including p27, play various roles in neuronal migration, morphological changes and axonal transport, whereas the re-activation of the former group of proteins in post-mitotic neurons primes for cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nishimura YV, Kawauchi T. [Pharmacological approach to cerebral cortical development]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:167-171. [PMID: 30971656 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the developing mammalian cerebral cortex, newly generated neurons migrate toward the pial surface to form a mammalian-specific six-layered cerebral cortex. Genetic studies of human neurological diseases have suggested the involvement of several molecules in cortical neuronal migration. In vivo electroporation is another powerful tool for understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal migration. By using these techniques, however, it is difficult to understand molecular basis of time-dependent changes of neuronal morphologies. Here, we introduce a pharmacological approach to cerebral cortical development. Major advantages of the pharmacological approach include the transient suppression of molecules of interest and analyzing time-dependent changes of neuronal morphologies. It also allows us to search molecules regulating neuronal migration with comparative ease. We propose the complementarity between the pharmacological approach and genetics or in vivo electroporation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kawauchi T, Sano N, Sakamoto M, Ookoshi T, Go K, Oichi Y, Ikeda H, Miyakoshi A, Hayase M, Toda H. [Risk Factors for Early Progression of Carotid Stenosis after Cervical Radiation Therapy]. No Shinkei Geka 2019; 47:63-70. [PMID: 30696792 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1436203897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carotid stenosis may occur as a late complication following cervical radiation therapy(RT);however, it may also progress in the early post-RT period. This study aimed to characterize the clinical features associated with the early progression of post-RT carotid stenosis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed clinical records of 30 patients who had undergone unilateral or bilateral cervical RT between January 2010 and November 2014. We analyzed the pre- and post-RT stenosis of their carotid arteries using contrast-enhanced computed tomography images. The arteries were classified as progressive or non-progressive according to the presence or absence of stenosis progression within five years after RT. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we evaluated the following potential clinical risk factors:age;gender;history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, or smoking habit;antiplatelet or statin use;radiation dose;and prior presence of carotid stenosis before RT. RESULTS In total, we reviewed 57 irradiated carotid arteries and identified 9 with early post-RT progression. Carotid stenosis before RT was observed in 88.9% of arteries in the progressive group but only 2% of arteries in the non-progressive group and it predicted progression(univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses, p<0.0001). No other clinical characteristics had a significant association with the progression of carotid stenosis. CONCLUSION Prior presence of carotid stenosis may be a risk factor for its early progression after RT. Pre-RT screening of cervical arteries may be useful, and strict management of carotid stenosis is critical in patients with cervical radiation therapy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Oichi Y, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, Minami M, Kawaoka T, Funakoshi Y, Kawauchi T, Ohtake Y. Morphological Patterns of the Anterior Median Fissure in the Cervical Spinal Cord Evaluated by Computed Tomography After Myelography. Neurospine 2018; 15:388-393. [PMID: 30531661 PMCID: PMC6347349 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1836112.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Computed tomography following myelography (CTM) revealed an unusual flow of contrast dye into the anterior median fissure (AMF) in a patient with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Since then, several AMF configurations have been observed on CTM. Therefore, we evaluated morphological patterns of the AMF on CTM and investigated the significance and mechanisms of contrast dye flow into the AMF.
Methods Morphological patterns of the AMF on CTM were examined in 79 patients. Group A (24 patients) underwent surgery because of symptomatic cervical myelopathy. Group B (43 patients) had no clinical symptoms but showed spinal cord compression on CTM. Group C (12 patients), who showed neither clinical symptoms nor cord changes, underwent CTM for lumbar lesion evaluation. AMF patterns were classified into 4 types according to their configurations on CTM (reversed T, Y, V, and O types).
Results In group B, the reversed T type and Y type appeared significantly more often near the compressed portion (p<0.001). A similar tendency was seen in group A. The V and O types were most frequently observed in group C (p<0.001).
Conclusion On CTM, contrast dye tends to flow into the AMF of the cervical cord when the spinal cord is compressed. We speculate that there may be 3 possible mechanisms for this phenomenon: deformation of the epipial layer of the AMF due to cervical cord compression, AMF dilatation due to atrophy of the anterior funiculus or anterior horn, and temporary AMF dilatation when it becomes an alternative route for cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oichi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Junya Hanakita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Manabu Minami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Taigo Kawaoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yusuke Funakoshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Ohtake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spinal Disorders Center, Fujieda Heisei Memorial Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shikanai M, Nishimura YV, Sakurai M, Nabeshima YI, Yuzaki M, Kawauchi T. Caveolin-1 Promotes Early Neuronal Maturation via Caveolae-Independent Trafficking of N-Cadherin and L1. iScience 2018; 7:53-67. [PMID: 30267686 PMCID: PMC6135901 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon specification is morphologically reproducible in vitro, whereas dendrite formation differs in vitro and in vivo. Cortical neurons initially develop immature neurites, but in vivo these are eliminated concurrently with the formation of a leading process, the future dendrite. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these neuronal maturation events remain unclear. Here we show that caveolin-1, a major component of caveolae that are never observed in neurons, regulates in vivo-specific steps of neuronal maturation. Caveolin-1 is predominantly expressed in immature cortical neurons and regulates clathrin-independent endocytosis. In vivo knockdown of caveolin-1 disturbs immature neurite pruning, leading process elongation, and subsequent neuronal migration. Importantly, N-cadherin and L1, which are required for immature neurite formation, undergo caveolin-1-mediated endocytosis to eliminate immature neurites. Collectively, our findings indicate that caveolin-1 regulates N-cadherin and L1 trafficking independent of caveolae, which contributes to spatiotemporally restricted cellular events; immature neurite pruning and leading process elongation during early neuronal maturation. Clathrin-independent endocytosis regulates early neuronal maturation Caveolin-1 promotes immature neurite pruning and leading process elongation in vivo Caveolin-1 controls N-cadherin and L1 trafficking independent of caveolae Suppression of caveolin-1 results in defects in cortical neuronal migration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mima Shikanai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyaginoku, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8536, Japan
| | - Miwa Sakurai
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hattori E, Miyakoshi A, Go K, Aotake T, Kawakami Y, Sakamoto M, Kawauchi T, Oichi Y, Sano N, Hayase M, Ohta M, Hirose Y, Toda H. [Therapeutic Effects of Low-Dose Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Brain Metastases]. No Shinkei Geka 2018; 46:107-115. [PMID: 29449515 DOI: 10.11477/mf.1436203685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Molecularly targeted therapy has been adopted to treat a number of cancers. Bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor, is a representative agent used in molecularly targeted therapeutic regimens. However, the therapeutic effect of bevacizumab for the treatment of brain metastases remains unknown. We report the clinical effects of low dose bevacizumab(≤2.5mg/kg/week)to treat recurrent brain metastases. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed patients with brain metastases who had been treated with bevacizumab between 2012 and 2016 at our institution. We identified clinical characteristics, including age, gender, primary tumor site, dose of bevacizumab, therapeutic and adverse effects, and magnetic resonance imaging results. The lesions were assessed with the RECIST criteria based on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and FLAIR images. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS The cohort comprised 26 patients(8 men, 18 women)with a median age of 61 years(range 39-82 years). There were no significant clinical differences between the low dose and non-low dose groups. Patients in the low dose group did not report any adverse effects from bevacizumab. Three patients with brain metastases from colon cancer are illustrated to report the clinical course of low dose bevacizumab. CONCLUSION Low dose bevacizumab may be a safe and effective therapeutic option to treat recurrent brain metastases from bevacizumab-sensitive cancers.
Collapse
|
26
|
Shikanai M, Yuzaki M, Kawauchi T. Rab family small GTPases-mediated regulation of intracellular logistics in neural development. Histol Histopathol 2017; 33:765-771. [PMID: 29266163 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rab family small GTPases play essential roles in various cellular events via the regulation of intracellular logistics comprising a large number of membrane traffic pathways. Emerging evidence reveals the physiological roles of Rab proteins in several tissues, including developing brains. Many Rab proteins, such as Rab5, Rab6, Rab7, Rab8, Rab10, Rab11, Rab17 and Rab18, are shown to regulate neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells and/or axon and dendrite formation in primary cultured neurons. Recent studies have also revealed in vivo roles of several Rab family small GTPases in brain development and its related neurological disorders. In this review, we introduce the physiological function of Rab family proteins in neural development with particular focus on neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mima Shikanai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nishimura YV, Nabeshima YI, Kawauchi T. Morphological and Molecular Basis of Cytoplasmic Dilation and Swelling in Cortical Migrating Neurons. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7070087. [PMID: 28753911 PMCID: PMC5532600 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7070087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During corticogenesis, neuronal migration is an essential step for formation of a functional brain, and abnormal migration is known to cause various neurological disorders. Neuronal migration is not just a simple movement of the cell body, but a consequence of various morphological changes and coordinated subcellular events. Recent advances in in vivo and ex vivo cell biological approaches, such as in utero gene transfer, slice culture and ex vivo chemical inhibitor techniques, have revealed details of the morphological and molecular aspects of neuronal migration. Migrating neurons have been found to have a unique structure, dilation or swelling, at the proximal region of the leading process; this structure is not found in other migrating cell types. The formation of this structure is followed by nuclear deformation and forward movement, and coordination of this three-step sequential morphological change (the dilation/swelling formation, nuclear elongation and nuclear movement) is essential for proper neuronal migration and the construction of a functional brain structure. In this review, we will introduce the morphological features of this unique structure in migrating neurons and summarize what is known about the molecules regulating the dilation/swelling formation and nuclear deformation and movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Kawauchi previews work from the Francis group studying tubulin isotype-specific changes in microtubule organization and neuronal migration in vivo. Several tubulin isotypes, including Tuba1a, are associated with brain malformations. In this issue, Belvindrah et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607074) show that Tuba1a and Tuba8 differentially regulate microtubule organization in neurons, and they provide insights into the mechanisms by which Tuba1a mutations disrupt adult mouse brain morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan .,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Miyakoshi A, Toda H, Hayase M, Kawauchi T, Oichi Y, Hattori E. Anticoagulant therapy for recurrent in-stent thrombosis following carotid artery stenting: A case report. Interv Neuroradiol 2017. [PMID: 28637375 DOI: 10.1177/1591019917714461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case in which strict anticoagulant therapy management was useful for a recurrent in-stent thrombosis after carotid artery stenting (CAS). An 84-year-old man presented with cognitive decline that progressed rapidly over two months. Head magnetic resonance imaging showed an acute-stage infarct occurring frequently in the right cerebral hemisphere, and he underwent hospitalization and treatment. On neck magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), severe stenosis was found at the origin of the right internal carotid artery. Since he took aspirin, clopidogrel, and a statin after placement of an indwelling coronary stent, we treated him by adding argatroban and edaravone drip therapy to his existing medication. CAS was performed on day 15 of the hospitalization. A small in-stent thrombosis with plaque protrusion was observed on a carotid sonogram performed at the second day after CAS, and re-examination at the seventh day confirmed enlargement of the lesion and an increase in peak systolic velocity; thus, a second CAS procedure was performed on the same day. After the second CAS, oral cilostazol was added for triple antiplatelet therapy (TAPT), but as the in-stent thrombosis increased further, we started a continuous infusion of heparin with the goal of an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of 50 to 65 seconds. After starting heparin, the lesion did not progress; after 14 days of continuous heparin infusion, the patient was switched to TAPT, and regression of the plaque was confirmed. This case demonstrated to us that controlled anticoagulation therapy can be an effective treatment for cases in which a thrombus recurs within a stent after CAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroki Toda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Oichi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| | - Etsuko Hattori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fukui Red Cross Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maruyama N, Asai T, Abe C, Inada A, Kawauchi T, Miyashita K, Maeda M, Matsuo M, Nabeshima YI. Establishment of a highly sensitive sandwich ELISA for the N-terminal fragment of titin in urine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39375. [PMID: 27991570 PMCID: PMC5171804 DOI: 10.1038/srep39375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle damage and loss of muscle mass are triggered by immobilization, loss of appetite, dystrophies and chronic wasting diseases. In addition, physical exercise causes muscle damage. In damaged muscle, the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of titin, a giant sarcomere protein, are cleaved by calpain-3, and the resulting fragments are excreted into the urine via glomerular filtration. Therefore, we considered titin fragments as promising candidates for reliable and non-invasive biomarkers of muscle injury. Here, we established a sandwich ELISA that can measure the titin N-terminal fragment over a biologically relevant range of concentrations, including those in urine samples from older, non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and from healthy donors under everyday life conditions and after exercise. Our results indicate that the established ELISA could be a useful tool for the screening of muscular dystrophies and also for monitoring the progression of muscle disease, evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic approaches, and investigating exercise-related sarcomeric disruption and repair processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Maruyama
- Diagnostic &Research Reagents Division, Immuno-biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. 1091-1 Naka, Fujioka-shi, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Asai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Chiaki Abe
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima- Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akari Inada
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima- Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima- Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyashita
- Diagnostic &Research Reagents Division, Immuno-biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. 1091-1 Naka, Fujioka-shi, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- Diagnostic &Research Reagents Division, Immuno-biological Laboratories Co., Ltd. 1091-1 Naka, Fujioka-shi, Gunma 375-0005, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsuo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, 2-2 Minatojima- Minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Takagi S, Koyama M, Hayashi K, Kawauchi T. Image Quality Required for the Diagnosis of Skull Fractures Using Head CT: A Comparison of Conventional and Improved Reconstruction Kernels. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:1992-1995. [PMID: 27418472 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although skull fractures are generally assessed on bone images obtained by using head CT, the combined multikernel technique that enables evaluation of both brain and bone through a change in the window settings of an image set has been reported. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the image quality required for the accurate assessment of skull fractures by using head CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS A random sample of 50 patients (25 nonfracture and 25 simple nondisplaced skull fractures) was selected, and sets of conventional brain and bone images and improved combined multikernel images were reconstructed (4614 images). Three radiologists indicated their confidence levels regarding the presence of skull fractures by marking on a continuous scale for each image set. The mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated for each kernel, and the statistical significance of differences was tested by using the Dorfman-Berbaum-Metz method. RESULTS Although a difference in the diagnostic performance of the 3 radiologists was suggested, the mean area under the curve value showed no significant differences among the 3 reconstruction kernels (P = .95 [bone versus combined]), P = .91 [bone versus brain]), and P = .88 [brain versus combined]). However, the quality of brain images was distinctly poorer than the quality of the other 2 images. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in the diagnostic performance of brain, bone, and combined multikernel images for skull fractures. Skull fracture diagnosis is made possible by brain image assessments. Combined multikernel images offer the advantage of high-quality brain and bone images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Takagi
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences (S.T.), Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - M Koyama
- Radiological Center (M.K.), National Defense Medical College Hospital, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Hayashi
- Department of Radiology (K.H., T.K.), National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Kawauchi
- Department of Radiology (K.H., T.K.), National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kawauchi T, Nikolić M, Arai Y. Editorial: In vivo Cell Biology of Cerebral Cortical Development and Its Related Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:162. [PMID: 27445690 PMCID: PMC4914493 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and InnovationKobe, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology AgencySaitama, Japan
| | - Margareta Nikolić
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hatfield, UK
| | - Yoko Arai
- PROTECT, INSERM, Unversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, France; Institut Jacques-Monod, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7529, Université Paris DiderotParis, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kawauchi T. Cellullar insights into cerebral cortical development: focusing on the locomotion mode of neuronal migration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:394. [PMID: 26500496 PMCID: PMC4595654 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain consists of numerous compartments that are closely connected with each other via neural networks, comprising the basis of higher order brain functions. The highly specialized structure originates from simple pseudostratified neuroepithelium-derived neural progenitors located near the ventricle. A long journey by neurons from the ventricular side is essential for the formation of a sophisticated brain structure, including a mammalian-specific six-layered cerebral cortex. Neuronal migration consists of several contiguous steps, but the locomotion mode comprises a large part of the migration. The locomoting neurons exhibit unique features; a radial glial fiber-dependent migration requiring the endocytic recycling of N-cadherin and a neuron-specific migration mode with dilation/swelling formation that requires the actin and microtubule organization possibly regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), Dcx, p27(kip1), Rac1, and POSH. Here I will introduce the roles of various cellular events, such as cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion, and membrane trafficking, in the regulation of the neuronal migration, with particular focus on the locomotion mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency Saitama, Japan ; Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kawauchi T. [Beyond the cell cycle regulation: novel functions of cell cycle-related proteins in brain development]. Seikagaku 2015; 87:485-488. [PMID: 26571625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
|
35
|
Ito H, Shiwaku H, Yoshida C, Homma H, Luo H, Chen X, Fujita K, Musante L, Fischer U, Frints SGM, Romano C, Ikeuchi Y, Shimamura T, Imoto S, Miyano S, Muramatsu SI, Kawauchi T, Hoshino M, Sudol M, Arumughan A, Wanker EE, Rich T, Schwartz C, Matsuzaki F, Bonni A, Kalscheuer VM, Okazawa H. In utero gene therapy rescues microcephaly caused by Pqbp1-hypofunction in neural stem progenitor cells. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:459-71. [PMID: 25070536 PMCID: PMC4378255 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human mutations in PQBP1, a molecule involved in transcription and splicing, result in a reduced but architecturally normal brain. Examination of a conditional Pqbp1-knockout (cKO) mouse with microcephaly failed to reveal either abnormal centrosomes or mitotic spindles, increased neurogenesis from the neural stem progenitor cell (NSPC) pool or increased cell death in vivo. Instead, we observed an increase in the length of the cell cycle, particularly for the M phase in NSPCs. Corresponding to the developmental expression of Pqbp1, the stem cell pool in vivo was decreased at E10 and remained at a low level during neurogenesis (E15) in Pqbp1-cKO mice. The expression profiles of NSPCs derived from the cKO mouse revealed significant changes in gene groups that control the M phase, including anaphase-promoting complex genes, via aberrant transcription and RNA splicing. Exogenous Apc4, a hub protein in the network of affected genes, recovered the cell cycle, proliferation, and cell phenotypes of NSPCs caused by Pqbp1-cKO. These data reveal a mechanism of brain size control based on the simple reduction of the NSPC pool by cell cycle time elongation. Finally, we demonstrated that in utero gene therapy for Pqbp1-cKO mice by intraperitoneal injection of the PQBP1-AAV vector at E10 successfully rescued microcephaly with preserved cortical structures and improved behavioral abnormalities in Pqbp1-cKO mice, opening a new strategy for treating this intractable developmental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Shiwaku
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Homma
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Luo
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - X Chen
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Fujita
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L Musante
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - U Fischer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - S G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital azM Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C Romano
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pediatria e Genetica Medica, IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima, Troina (Enna), Italy
| | - Y Ikeuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Shimamura
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Imoto
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Miyano
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S-i Muramatsu
- Department of Neurology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - T Kawauchi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sudol
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Proteomic Profiling, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Arumughan
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - E E Wanker
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - T Rich
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Schwartz
- JC Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - F Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - A Bonni
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - V M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany
| | - H Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nishimura YV, Shikanai M, Hoshino M, Ohshima T, Nabeshima YI, Mizutani KI, Nagata KI, Nakajima K, Kawauchi T. Cdk5 and its substrates, Dcx and p27kip1, regulate cytoplasmic dilation formation and nuclear elongation in migrating neurons. Development 2014; 141:3540-50. [PMID: 25183872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal migration is crucial for development of the mammalian-specific six-layered cerebral cortex. Migrating neurons are known to exhibit distinct features; they form a cytoplasmic dilation, a structure specific to migrating neurons, at the proximal region of the leading process, followed by nuclear elongation and forward movement. However, the molecular mechanisms of dilation formation and nuclear elongation remain unclear. Using ex vivo chemical inhibitor experiments, we show here that rottlerin, which is widely used as a specific inhibitor for PKCδ, suppresses the formation of a cytoplasmic dilation and nuclear elongation in cortical migrating neurons. Although our previous study showed that cortical neuronal migration depends on Jnk, another downstream target of rottlerin, Jnk inhibition disturbs only the nuclear elongation and forward movement, but not the dilation formation. We found that an unconventional cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5, is a novel downstream target of rottlerin, and that pharmacological or knockdown-mediated inhibition of Cdk5 suppresses both the dilation formation and nuclear elongation. We also show that Cdk5 inhibition perturbs endocytic trafficking as well as microtubule organization, both of which have been shown to be required for dilation formation. Furthermore, knockdown of Dcx, a Cdk5 substrate involved in microtubule organization and membrane trafficking, or p27(kip1), another Cdk5 substrate involved in actin and microtubule organization, disturbs the dilation formation and nuclear elongation. These data suggest that Cdk5 and its substrates, Dcx and p27(kip1), characterize migrating neuron-specific features, cytoplasmic dilation formation and nuclear elongation in the mouse cerebral cortex, possibly through the regulation of microtubule organization and an endocytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 4-1-1 Kizugawa-dai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Mima Shikanai
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8430, Japan
| | - Yo-ichi Nabeshima
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mizutani
- Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 4-1-1 Kizugawa-dai, Kizugawa-shi, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kawauchi T. Regulation of cell adhesion and migration in cortical neurons: Not only Rho but also Rab family small GTPases. Small GTPases 2014; 2:36-40. [PMID: 21686280 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.1.15001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicate that Rho family small GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, control cytoskeletal organization and cell adhesion, and thereby cell migration in vitro and in vivo. Recently, the involvement of other small GTPases, such as Rab and Arf family proteins in cell migration has also been evaluated. Rab5, Rab11 and Rab7, which regulate endocytosis, recycling and lysosomal degradation pathways, respectively, are shown to have essential roles in the migration of immature neurons during the development of cerebral cortex in vivo. These Rab proteins control distinct steps of neuronal migration through the regulation of N-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. In this extra view paper, I will discuss the functions of Rho and Rab family small GTP ases in cell migration with particular focus on the migrating neurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Anatomy; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sakuma C, Kawauchi T, Haraguchi S, Shikanai M, Yamaguchi Y, Gelfand VI, Luo L, Miura M, Chihara T. Drosophila Strip serves as a platform for early endosome organization during axon elongation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5180. [PMID: 25312435 PMCID: PMC4197811 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early endosomes are essential for regulating cell signalling and controlling the amount of cell surface molecules during neuronal morphogenesis. Early endosomes undergo retrograde transport (clustering) before their homotypic fusion. Small GTPase Rab5 is known to promote early endosomal fusion, but the mechanism linking the transport/clustering with Rab5 activity is unclear. Here we show that Drosophila Strip is a key regulator for neuronal morphogenesis. strip knockdown disturbs the early endosome clustering and Rab5-positive early endosomes become smaller and scattered. Strip genetically and biochemically interacts with both Glued (the regulator of dynein-dependent transport) and Sprint (the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab5), suggesting that Strip is a molecular linker between retrograde transport and Rab5 activation. Overexpression of an active form of Rab5 in strip mutant neurons suppresses the axon elongation defects. Thus, Strip acts as a molecular platform for the early endosome organization that plays important roles in neuronal morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chisako Sakuma
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawauchi
- 1] Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shuka Haraguchi
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mima Shikanai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Yamaguchi
- 1] Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Masayuki Miura
- 1] Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- 1] Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan [3] CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 7, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nishimura YV, Shikanai M, Hoshino M, Ohshima T, Nabeshima YI, Mizutani KI, Nagata KI, Nakajima K, Kawauchi T. Cdk5 and its substrates, Dcx and p27kip1, regulate the formation of cytoplasmic dilation and nuclear elongation in migrating neurons. J Cell Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
40
|
Kawauchi T. Cdk5 regulates multiple cellular events in neural development, function and disease. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:335-48. [PMID: 24844647 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) generally regulate cell proliferation in dividing cells, including neural progenitors. In contrast, an unconventional CDK, Cdk5, is predominantly activated in post-mitotic cells, and involved in various cellular events, such as microtubule and actin cytoskeletal organization, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesions, and membrane trafficking. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated that Cdk5 is associated with several cell cycle-related proteins, Cyclin-E and p27(kip1) . Taking advantage of multiple functionality, Cdk5 plays important roles in neuronal migration, layer formation, axon elongation and dendrite arborization in many regions of the developing brain, including cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Cdk5 is also required for neurogenesis at least in the cerebral cortex. Furthermore, Cdk5 is reported to control neurotransmitter release at presynaptic sites, endocytosis of the NMDA receptor at postsynaptic sites and dendritic spine remodeling, and thereby regulate synaptic plasticity and memory formation and extinction. In addition to these physiological roles in brain development and function, Cdk5 is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review, I will introduce the physiological and pathological roles of Cdk5 in mammalian brains from the viewpoint of not only in vivo phenotypes but also its molecular and cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tamaki M, Fujitani Y, Hara A, Uchida T, Tamura Y, Takeno K, Kawaguchi M, Watanabe T, Ogihara T, Fukunaka A, Shimizu T, Mita T, Kanazawa A, Imaizumi MO, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Hojyo S, Fukada T, Kawauchi T, Nagamatsu S, Hirano T, Kawamori R, Watada H. The diabetes-susceptible gene SLC30A8/ZnT8 regulates hepatic insulin clearance. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4513-24. [PMID: 24051378 DOI: 10.1172/jci68807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies demonstrated that common variants of solute carrier family 30 member 8 gene (SLC30A8) increase susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. SLC30A8 encodes zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8), which delivers zinc ion from the cytoplasm into insulin granules. Although it is well known that insulin granules contain high amounts of zinc, the physiological role of secreted zinc remains elusive. In this study, we generated mice with β cell-specific Slc30a8 deficiency (ZnT8KO mice) and demonstrated an unexpected functional linkage between Slc30a8 deletion and hepatic insulin clearance. The ZnT8KO mice had low peripheral blood insulin levels, despite insulin hypersecretion from pancreatic β cells. We also demonstrated that a substantial amount of the hypersecreted insulin was degraded during its first passage through the liver. Consistent with these findings, ZnT8KO mice and human individuals carrying rs13266634, a major risk allele of SLC30A8, exhibited increased insulin clearance, as assessed by c-peptide/insulin ratio. Furthermore, we demonstrated that zinc secreted in concert with insulin suppressed hepatic insulin clearance by inhibiting clathrin-dependent insulin endocytosis. Our results indicate that SLC30A8 regulates hepatic insulin clearance and that genetic dysregulation of this system may play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kawauchi T, Shikanai M, Kosodo Y. Extra-cell cycle regulatory functions of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and CDK inhibitor proteins contribute to brain development and neurological disorders. Genes Cells 2013; 18:176-94. [PMID: 23294285 PMCID: PMC3594971 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In developing brains, neural progenitors exhibit cell cycle-dependent nuclear movement within the ventricular zone [interkinetic nuclear migration (INM)] and actively proliferate to produce daughter progenitors and/or neurons, whereas newly generated neurons exit from the cell cycle and begin pial surface-directed migration and maturation. Dysregulation of the balance between the proliferation and the cell cycle exit in neural progenitors is one of the major causes of microcephaly (small brain). Recent studies indicate that cell cycle machinery influences not only the proliferation but also INM in neural progenitors. Furthermore, several cell cycle-related proteins, including p27(kip1) , p57(kip2) , Cdk5, and Rb, regulate the migration of neurons in the postmitotic state, suggesting that the growth arrest confers dual functions on cell cycle regulators. Consistently, several types of microcephaly occur in conjunction with neuronal migration disorders, such as periventricular heterotopia and lissencephaly. However, cell cycle re-entry by disturbance of growth arrest in mature neurons is thought to trigger neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we introduce the cell cycle protein-mediated regulation of two types of nuclear movement, INM and neuronal migration, during cerebral cortical development, and discuss the roles of growth arrest in cortical development and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sekine K, Kawauchi T, Kubo KI, Honda T, Herz J, Hattori M, Kinashi T, Nakajima K. Reelin controls neuronal positioning by promoting cell-matrix adhesion via inside-out activation of integrin α5β1. Neuron 2012; 76:353-69. [PMID: 23083738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Birthdate-dependent neuronal layering is fundamental to neocortical functions. The extracellular protein Reelin is essential for the establishment of the eventual neuronal alignments. Although this Reelin-dependent neuronal layering is mainly established by the final neuronal migration step called "terminal translocation" beneath the marginal zone (MZ), the molecular mechanism underlying the control by Reelin of terminal translocation and layer formation is largely unknown. Here, we show that after Reelin binds to its receptors, it activates integrin α5β1 through the intracellular Dab1-Crk/CrkL-C3G-Rap1 pathway. This intracellular pathway is required for terminal translocation and the activation of Reelin signaling promotes neuronal adhesion to fibronectin through integrin α5β1. Since fibronectin is localized in the MZ, the activated integrin α5β1 then controls terminal translocation, which mediates proper neuronal alignments in the mature cortex. These data indicate that Reelin-dependent activation of neuronal adhesion to the extracellular matrix is crucial for the eventual birth-date-dependent layering of the neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Sekine
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shikanai M, Nakajima K, Kawauchi T. N-cadherin regulates radial glial fiber-dependent migration of cortical locomoting neurons. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:326-30. [PMID: 21980571 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.3.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During cerebral cortical development, post-mitotic neurons exhibit a multi-step migration. The locomotion mode covers most of the neuronal migration path. Although for many decades, locomoting neurons have been known to migrate along radial glial fibers, how the cortical locomoting neurons attach to and migrate along radial glial fibers was largely unknown. We recently reported that N-cadherin is required for cortical neuronal migration in vivo. Knockdown or dominant negative inhibition of N-cadherin results in severe neuronal migration defects. Furthermore, suppression of Rab5-dependent endocytosis increases cell surface levels of N-cadherin and perturbs neuronal migration. We showed here that N-cadherin overexpression, which would mimic Rab5 suppression, weakly suppressed neuronal migration, suggesting that excess N-cadherin also disturbs neuronal migration. Interestingly, however, N-cadherin knockdown and overexpression in neurons resulted in different morphologies. While N-cadherin-overexpressing cells closely attached to the radial glial fibers similar to control or Rab5-knockdown cells, N-cadherin knockdown weakened the attachment as the average distance between the soma and radial glial fibers was significantly increased. Taken together, these findings suggest that N-cadherin controls the neuronal attachment to radial glial fibers and that N-cadherin-mediated adhesion complexes are reconstituted through Rab GTPases-dependent endocytic pathways to maintain the proper surface N-cadherin level and to promote neuronal migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mima Shikanai
- Department of Anatomy; Keio University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kawauchi T. [In vivo cell biology of cortical neuronal migration and morphological changes]. Seikagaku 2011; 83:409-413. [PMID: 21706879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Niki K, Fujiwara M, Motoshima Y, Kawauchi T, Fukutani K. Laser-induced fluorescence of hydrogen via the transition: Rotational-state-dependent collisional quenching. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
47
|
Kawauchi T, Sekine K, Shikanai M, Chihama K, Tomita K, Kubo KI, Nakajima K, Nabeshima YI, Hoshino M. Rab GTPases-dependent endocytic pathways regulate neuronal migration and maturation through N-cadherin trafficking. Neuron 2010; 67:588-602. [PMID: 20797536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although membrane trafficking pathways are involved in basic cellular functions, the evolutionally expanded number of their related family proteins suggests additional roles for membrane trafficking in higher organisms. Here, we show that several Rab-dependent trafficking pathways differentially participate in neuronal migration, an essential step for the formation of the mammalian-specific six-layered brain structure. In vivo electroporation-mediated suppression of Rab5 or dynamin to block endocytosis caused a severe neuronal migration defect in mouse cerebral cortex. Among many downstream endocytic pathways, suppression of Rab11-dependent recycling pathways exhibited a similar migration disorder, whereas inhibition of Rab7-dependent lysosomal degradation pathways affected only the final phase of neuronal migration and dendrite morphology. Inhibition of Rab5 or Rab11 perturbed the trafficking of N-cadherin, whose suppression also disturbed neuronal migration. Taken together, our findings reveal physiological roles of endocytic pathways, each of which has specific functions in distinct steps of neuronal migration and maturation during mammalian brain formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nishimura Y, Sekine K, Chihama K, Nagata KI, Nakajima K, Hoshino M, Nabeshima YI, Kawauchi T. Dissecting the factors involved in the morphological changes of locomoting neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
49
|
Sekine K, Kawauchi T, Kubo KI, Honda T, Nakajima K. Phases of neuronal migration regulated by Rap1 in the developing cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
50
|
Nishimura YV, Sekine K, Chihama K, Nakajima K, Hoshino M, Nabeshima YI, Kawauchi T. Dissecting the factors involved in the locomotion mode of neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5878-87. [PMID: 20022952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.033761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for proper cortical layer formation and brain function, because migration defects result in neurological disorders such as mental retardation and epilepsy. Neuronal migration is divided into several contiguous steps: early phase (multipolar mode), locomotion mode, and terminal translocation mode. The locomotion mode covers most of the migration route and thereby is the main contributor to cortical layer formation. However, analysis of the molecular mechanisms regulating this mode is difficult due to the secondary effects of defects at the early phase of migration. In this study, we established an ex vivo chemical inhibitor screening, allowing us to directly analyze the locomotion mode of migration. Roscovitine and PP2, inhibitors for Cdk5 and Src family kinases, respectively, suppressed the locomotion mode of migration. In line with this, a small percentage of Cdk5- or Src family kinase (Fyn)-knockdown cells exhibited locomoting morphology but retarded migration, although the majority of cells were stalled at the early phase of migration. We also showed that rottlerin, widely used as a specific inhibitor for protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), suppressed the locomotion mode. Unexpectedly, however, the dominant-negative form as well as RNA interference for PKCdelta hardly affected the locomotion, whereas they may disturb terminal translocation. In addition, we found JNK to be a potential downstream target of rottlerin. Taken together, our novel chemical inhibitor screening provides evidence that Cdk5 and Src family kinases regulate the locomotion mode of neuronal migration. It also uncovered roles for Fyn and PKCdelta in the early and final phases of migration, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki V Nishimura
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|