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Wilson PG, Abdelmoti L, Gao T, Galperin E. The expression of congenital Shoc2 variants induces AKT-dependent crosstalk activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae100. [PMID: 38881369 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Shoc2 scaffold protein is crucial in transmitting signals within the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. While the significance of Shoc2 in this pathway is well-established, the precise mechanisms through which Shoc2 governs signal transmission remain to be fully elucidated. Hereditary variants in Shoc2 are responsible for Noonan Syndrome with Loose anagen Hair (NSLH). However, due to the absence of known enzymatic activity in Shoc2, directly assessing how these variants affect its function is challenging. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is used as a primary parameter of Shoc2 function, but the impact of Shoc2 mutants on the pathway activation is unclear. This study investigates how the NSLH-associated Shoc2 variants influence EGFR signals in the context of the ERK1/2 and AKT downstream signaling pathways. We show that when the ERK1/2 pathway is a primary signaling pathway activated downstream of EGFR, Shoc2 variants cannot upregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the level of the WT Shoc2. Yet, when the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways were activated, in cells expressing Shoc2 variants, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher than in cells expressing WT Shoc2. In cells expressing the Shoc2 NSLH mutants, we found that the AKT signaling pathway triggers the PAK activation, followed by phosphorylation of Raf-1/MEK1/2 and activation of the ERK1/2 signaling axis. Hence, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized feedback regulation downstream of the EGFR and provide additional evidence for the role of Shoc2 as a "gatekeeper" in controlling the selection of downstream effectors within the EGFR signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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2
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Mehrabipour M, Nakhaei-Rad S, Dvorsky R, Lang A, Verhülsdonk P, Ahmadian MR, Piekorz RP. SIRT4 as a novel interactor and candidate suppressor of C-RAF kinase in MAPK signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302507. [PMID: 38499327 PMCID: PMC10948936 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular responses leading to development, proliferation, and differentiation depend on RAF/MEK/ERK signaling, which integrates and amplifies signals from various stimuli for downstream cellular responses. C-RAF activation has been reported in many types of tumor cell proliferation and developmental disorders, necessitating the discovery of potential C-RAF protein regulators. Here, we identify a novel and specific protein interaction between C-RAF among the RAF kinase paralogs, and SIRT4 among the mitochondrial sirtuin family members SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5. Structurally, C-RAF binds to SIRT4 through the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, whereas SIRT4 predominantly requires the C-terminus for full interaction with C-RAF. Interestingly, SIRT4 specifically interacts with C-RAF in a pre-signaling inactive (serine 259-phosphorylated) state. Consistent with this finding, the expression of SIRT4 in HEK293 cells results in an up-regulation of pS259-C-RAF levels and a concomitant reduction in MAPK signaling as evidenced by strongly decreased phospho-ERK signals. Thus, we propose an additional extra-mitochondrial function of SIRT4 as a cytosolic tumor suppressor of C-RAF-MAPK signaling, besides its metabolic tumor suppressor role of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate levels in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Mehrabipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Stem Cell Biology, and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Lang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Patrick Verhülsdonk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roland P Piekorz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Yin H, Tang Q, Xia H, Bi F. Targeting RAF dimers in RAS mutant tumors: From biology to clinic. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1895-1923. [PMID: 38799634 PMCID: PMC11120325 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations occur in approximately 30% of tumors worldwide and have a poor prognosis due to limited therapies. Covalent targeting of KRAS G12C has achieved significant success in recent years, but there is still a lack of efficient therapeutic approaches for tumors with non-G12C KRAS mutations. A highly promising approach is to target the MAPK pathway downstream of RAS, with a particular focus on RAF kinases. First-generation RAF inhibitors have been authorized to treat BRAF mutant tumors for over a decade. However, their use in RAS-mutated tumors is not recommended due to the paradoxical ERK activation mainly caused by RAF dimerization. To address the issue of RAF dimerization, type II RAF inhibitors have emerged as leading candidates. Recent clinical studies have shown the initial effectiveness of these agents against RAS mutant tumors. Promisingly, type II RAF inhibitors in combination with MEK or ERK inhibitors have demonstrated impressive efficacy in RAS mutant tumors. This review aims to clarify the importance of RAF dimerization in cellular signaling and resistance to treatment in tumors with RAS mutations, as well as recent progress in therapeutic approaches to address the problem of RAF dimerization in RAS mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yin
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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4
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Riaud M, Maxwell J, Soria-Bretones I, Dankner M, Li M, Rose AAN. The role of CRAF in cancer progression: from molecular mechanisms to precision therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:105-122. [PMID: 38195917 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The RAF family of kinases includes key activators of the pro-tumourigenic mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Hyperactivation of RAF proteins, particularly BRAF and CRAF, drives tumour progression and drug resistance in many types of cancer. Although BRAF is the most studied RAF protein, partially owing to its high mutation incidence in melanoma, the role of CRAF in tumourigenesis and drug resistance is becoming increasingly clinically relevant. Here, we summarize the main known regulatory mechanisms and gene alterations that contribute to CRAF activity, highlighting the different oncogenic roles of CRAF, and categorize RAF1 (CRAF) mutations according to the effect on kinase activity. Additionally, we emphasize the effect that CRAF alterations may have on drug resistance and how precision therapies could effectively target CRAF-dependent tumours. Here, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that may lead to improved treatments for all types of oncogenic RAF1 alterations in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Riaud
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Maxwell
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabel Soria-Bretones
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Dankner
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meredith Li
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - April A N Rose
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Wilson P, Abdelmoti L, Gao T, Galperin E. The expression of congenital Shoc2 variants induces AKT-dependent feedback activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.23.573219. [PMID: 38187642 PMCID: PMC10769455 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.23.573219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The Shoc2 scaffold protein is crucial in transmitting signals within the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. While the significance of Shoc2 in this pathway is well-established, the precise mechanisms through which Shoc2 governs signal transmission remain to be fully elucidated. Hereditary mutations in Shoc2 are responsible for Noonan Syndrome with Loose anagen Hair (NSLH). However, due to the absence of known enzymatic activity in Shoc2, directly assessing how these mutations affect its function is challenging. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is used as a primary parameter of Shoc2 function, but the impact of Shoc2 mutants on the pathway activation is unclear. This study investigates how the NSLH-associated Shoc2 variants influence EGFR signals in the context of the ERK1/2 and AKT downstream signaling pathways. We show that when the ERK1/2 pathway is a primary signaling pathway activated downstream of EGFR, Shoc2 variants cannot upregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the level of the WT Shoc2. Yet, when the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways were activated, in cells expressing Shoc2 variants, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher than in cells expressing WT Shoc2. We found that, in cells expressing the Shoc2 NSLH mutants, the AKT signaling pathway triggers the PAK activation, followed by phosphorylation and Raf-1/MEK1/2 /ERK1/2 signaling axis activation. Hence, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized feedback regulation downstream of the EGFR and provide evidence for the Shoc2 role as a "gatekeeper" in controlling the selection of downstream effectors within the EGFR signaling network.
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6
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Ram A, Murphy D, DeCuzzi N, Patankar M, Hu J, Pargett M, Albeck JG. A guide to ERK dynamics, part 1: mechanisms and models. Biochem J 2023; 480:1887-1907. [PMID: 38038974 PMCID: PMC10754288 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has long been studied as a key driver of both essential cellular processes and disease. A persistent question has been how this single pathway is able to direct multiple cell behaviors, including growth, proliferation, and death. Modern biosensor studies have revealed that the temporal pattern of ERK activity is highly variable and heterogeneous, and critically, that these dynamic differences modulate cell fate. This two-part review discusses the current understanding of dynamic activity in the ERK pathway, how it regulates cellular decisions, and how these cell fates lead to tissue regulation and pathology. In part 1, we cover the optogenetic and live-cell imaging technologies that first revealed the dynamic nature of ERK, as well as current challenges in biosensor data analysis. We also discuss advances in mathematical models for the mechanisms of ERK dynamics, including receptor-level regulation, negative feedback, cooperativity, and paracrine signaling. While hurdles still remain, it is clear that higher temporal and spatial resolution provide mechanistic insights into pathway circuitry. Exciting new algorithms and advanced computational tools enable quantitative measurements of single-cell ERK activation, which in turn inform better models of pathway behavior. However, the fact that current models still cannot fully recapitulate the diversity of ERK responses calls for a deeper understanding of network structure and signal transduction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet Ram
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Devan Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Nicholaus DeCuzzi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Madhura Patankar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Jason Hu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - Michael Pargett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
| | - John G. Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, U.S.A
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Montenegro MF, Martí-Díaz R, Navarro A, Tolivia J, Sánchez-Del-Campo L, Cabezas-Herrera J, Rodríguez-López JN. Targeting protein methylation in pancreatic cancer cells results in KRAS signaling imbalance and inhibition of autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:761. [PMID: 37996408 PMCID: PMC10667277 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells with mutant KRAS require strong basal autophagy for viability and growth. Here, we observed that some processes that allow the maintenance of basal autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells are controlled by protein methylation. Thus, by maintaining the methylation status of proteins such as PP2A and MRAS, these cells can sustain their autophagic activity. Protein methylation disruption by a hypomethylating treatment (HMT), which depletes cellular S-adenosylmethionine levels while inducing S-adenosylhomocysteine accumulation, resulted in autophagy inhibition and endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. We observed that by reducing the membrane localization of MRAS, hypomethylation conditions produced an imbalance in KRAS signaling, resulting in the partial inactivation of ERK and hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT-mTORC1 pathway. Interestingly, HMT impeded CRAF activation by disrupting the ternary SHOC2 complex (SHOC2/MRAS/PP1), which functions as a CRAF-S259 holophosphatase. The demethylation events that resulted in PP2A inactivation also favored autophagy inhibition by preventing ULK1 activation while restoring the cytoplasmic retention of the MiT/TFE transcription factors. Since autophagy provides pancreatic cancer cells with metabolic plasticity to cope with various metabolic stress conditions, while at the same time promoting their pathogenesis and resistance to KRAS pathway inhibitors, this hypomethylating treatment could represent a therapeutic opportunity for pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Montenegro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Román Martí-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Navarro
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Grupo GECYEN del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jorge Tolivia
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, Grupo GECYEN del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez-Del-Campo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarkers Research Group, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Neptuno Rodríguez-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology A, School of Biology, University of Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
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8
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Rosell R, Jain A, Codony-Servat J, Jantus-Lewintre E, Morrison B, Ginesta JB, González-Cao M. Biological insights in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0108. [PMID: 37381723 PMCID: PMC10466437 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung oncogenesis relies on intracellular cysteine to overcome oxidative stress. Several tumor types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), upregulate the system xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter (xCT) through overexpression of the cystine transporter SLC7A11, thus sustaining intracellular cysteine levels to support glutathione synthesis. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) serves as a master regulator of oxidative stress resistance by regulating SLC7A11, whereas Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (KEAP1) acts as a cytoplasmic repressor of the oxidative responsive transcription factor NRF2. Mutations in KEAP1/NRF2 and p53 induce SLC7A11 activation in NSCLC. Extracellular cystine is crucial in supplying the intracellular cysteine levels necessary to combat oxidative stress. Disruptions in cystine availability lead to iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, thus resulting in a type of cell death called ferroptosis. Pharmacologic inhibitors of xCT (either SLC7A11 or GPX4) induce ferroptosis of NSCLC cells and other tumor types. When cystine uptake is impaired, the intracellular cysteine pool can be sustained by the transsulfuration pathway, which is catalyzed by cystathionine-B-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine g-lyase (CSE). The involvement of exogenous cysteine/cystine and the transsulfuration pathway in the cysteine pool and downstream metabolites results in compromised CD8+ T cell function and evasion of immunotherapy, diminishing immune response and potentially reducing the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic interventions. Pyroptosis is a previously unrecognized form of regulated cell death. In NSCLCs driven by EGFR, ALK, or KRAS, selective inhibitors induce pyroptotic cell death as well as apoptosis. After targeted therapy, the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated, thus leading to the cleavage and activation of caspase-3. Consequently, gasdermin E is activated, thus leading to permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell-lytic pyroptosis (indicated by characteristic cell membrane ballooning). Breakthroughs in KRAS G12C allele-specific inhibitors and potential mechanisms of resistance are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona 08028, Spain
- IOR, Hospital Quiron-Dexeus, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Anisha Jain
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | | | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia; Mixed Unit TRIAL (General University Hospital of Valencia Research Foundation and Príncipe Felipe Research Center), CIBERONC, Valencia 46014, Spain
| | - Blake Morrison
- Sumitomo Pharma Oncology, Inc., Cambridge, MA and Lehi, UT 84043, USA
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Du H, Hou S, Zhang L, Liu C, Yu T, Zhang W. LncRNA FALEC increases the proliferation, migration and drug resistance of cholangiocarcinoma through competitive regulation of miR-20a-5p/SHOC2 axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:3759-3770. [PMID: 37166421 PMCID: PMC10449288 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LncRNA is an important regulatory factor in the human genome. We aim to explore the roles of LncFALEC and miR-20a-5p/SHOC2 axis on the proliferation, migration, and Fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). METHODS In this study, the expression of FALEC and miR-20a-5p in CCA tissues and cell lines (HuCCT1, QBC939, and Huh-28) was detected by RT-qPCR. The FALEC in 5-FU-resistant CCA cell lines (QBC939-R, Huh-28-R) was knocked down to evaluate its effects on cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. RESULTS Our analysis showed that compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissues, FALEC was significantly higher in the CCA tissues and even higher in the samples from 5-FU-resistant patients. Knockdown FALEC increased the sensitivity of 5-FU and decreased migration and invasion of CCA cells. Dual luciferase reporter confirmed that FALEC sponges miR-20a-5p and down-regulated its expression. Moreover, SHOC2 leucine-rich repeat scaffold protein (SHOC2) was the target gene of miR-20a-5p. We found overexpression of FALEC (FALEC-OE) increased resistance of CCA cells to 5-FU significantly, which might contribute to increased SHOC2 expression and activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study revealed that down-regulation of FALEC could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CCA cells in vitro by regulating the miR-20a-5p/SHOC2 axis and participating in 5-FU resistance by mediating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Du
- The Biliopancreatic Endoscopic Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Senlin Hou
- The Biliopancreatic Endoscopic Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- The Biliopancreatic Endoscopic Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- The Biliopancreatic Endoscopic Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Biliopancreatic Endoscopic Surgery Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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10
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Howell R, Davies J, Clarke MA, Appios A, Mesquita I, Jayal Y, Ringham-Terry B, Boned Del Rio I, Fisher J, Bennett CL. Localized immune surveillance of primary melanoma in the skin deciphered through executable modeling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1992. [PMID: 37043573 PMCID: PMC10096595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While skin is a site of active immune surveillance, primary melanomas often escape detection. Here, we have developed an in silico model to determine the local cross-talk between melanomas and Langerhans cells (LCs), the primary antigen-presenting cells at the site of melanoma development. The model predicts that melanomas fail to activate LC migration to lymph nodes until tumors reach a critical size, which is determined by a positive TNF-α feedback loop within melanomas, in line with our observations of murine tumors. In silico drug screening, supported by subsequent experimental testing, shows that treatment of primary tumors with MAPK pathway inhibitors may further prevent LC migration. In addition, our in silico model predicts treatment combinations that bypass LC dysfunction. In conclusion, our combined approach of in silico and in vivo studies suggests a molecular mechanism that explains how early melanomas develop under the radar of immune surveillance by LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew A. Clarke
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Appios
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Inês Mesquita
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Yashoda Jayal
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ben Ringham-Terry
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Isabel Boned Del Rio
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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Santarpia M, Ciappina G, Spagnolo CC, Squeri A, Passalacqua MI, Aguilar A, Gonzalez-Cao M, Giovannetti E, Silvestris N, Rosell R. Targeted therapies for KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: from preclinical studies to clinical development-a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:346-368. [PMID: 36895930 PMCID: PMC9989806 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) driver alterations harbors a poor prognosis with standard therapies, including chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) or anti-programmed death ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) antibodies. Selective KRAS G12C inhibitors have been shown to provide significant clinical benefit in pretreated NSCLC patients with KRAS G12C mutation. Methods In this review, we describe KRAS and the biology of KRAS-mutant tumors and review data from preclinical studies and clinical trials on KRAS-targeted therapies in NSCLC patients with KRAS G12C mutation. Key Content and Findings KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. The G12C is the most common KRAS mutation found in NSCLC. Sotorasib is the first, selective KRAS G12C inhibitor to receive approval based on demonstration of significant clinical benefit and tolerable safety profile in previously treated, KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC. Adagrasib, a highly selective covalent inhibitor of KRAS G12C, has also shown efficacy in pretreated patients and other novel KRAS inhibitors are being under evaluation in early-phase studies. Similarly to other oncogene-directed therapies, mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance limiting the activity of these agents have been described. Conclusions The discovery of selective KRAS G12C inhibitors has changed the therapeutic scenario of KRAS G12C-mutant NSCLC. Various studies testing KRAS inhibitors in different settings of disease, as single-agent or in combination with targeted agents for synthetic lethality and immunotherapy, are currently ongoing in this molecularly-defined subgroup of patients to further improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ciappina
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Calogera Claudia Spagnolo
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Squeri
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Ilenia Passalacqua
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrés Aguilar
- Oncology Institute Dr. Rosell, IOR, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Cao
- Oncology Institute Dr. Rosell, IOR, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, San Giuliano, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Oncology Institute Dr. Rosell, IOR, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO, Badalona, Spain
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12
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Robinson AE, Binek A, Ramani K, Sundararaman N, Barbier-Torres L, Murray B, Venkatraman V, Kreimer S, Ardle AM, Noureddin M, Fernández-Ramos D, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Gutiérrez de Juan V, Millet O, Mato JM, Lu SC, Van Eyk JE. Hyperphosphorylation of hepatic proteome characterizes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in S-adenosylmethionine deficiency. iScience 2023; 26:105987. [PMID: 36756374 PMCID: PMC9900401 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine adenosyltransferase 1a (MAT1A) is responsible for hepatic S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) biosynthesis. Mat1a -/- mice have hepatic SAMe depletion, develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which is reversed with SAMe administration. We examined temporal alterations in the proteome/phosphoproteome in pre-disease and NASH Mat1a -/- mice, effects of SAMe administration, and compared to human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mitochondrial and peroxisomal lipid metabolism proteins were altered in pre-disease mice and persisted in NASH Mat1a -/- mice, which exhibited more progressive alterations in cytoplasmic ribosomes, ER, and nuclear proteins. A common mechanism found in both pre-disease and NASH livers was a hyperphosphorylation signature consistent with casein kinase 2α (CK2α) and AKT1 activation, which was normalized by SAMe administration. This was mimicked in human NAFLD with a metabolomic signature (M-subtype) resembling Mat1a -/- mice. In conclusion, we have identified a common proteome/phosphoproteome signature between Mat1a -/- mice and human NAFLD M-subtype that may have pathophysiological and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E. Robinson
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aleksandra Binek
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Komal Ramani
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Room 2097, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Niveda Sundararaman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Lucía Barbier-Torres
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Room 2097, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ben Murray
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Room 2097, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vidya Venkatraman
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Simion Kreimer
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Angela Mc Ardle
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Room 2097, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopitz-Otsoa
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez de Juan
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - José M. Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C. Lu
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Davis Building, Room 2097, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Advanced Health Sciences Pavilion, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd, Room 9302, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Corresponding author
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13
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Chawla U, Chopra D. Structural Advancement in Shoc2‐MAPK Signaling Pathways in the Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udeep Chawla
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
- The University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ85721 United States
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
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14
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Kwon Y, Mehta S, Clark M, Walters G, Zhong Y, Lee HN, Sunahara RK, Zhang J. Non-canonical β-adrenergic activation of ERK at endosomes. Nature 2022; 611:173-179. [PMID: 36289326 PMCID: PMC10031817 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of signalling receptors, as well as important drug targets, are known to activate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-a master regulator of cell proliferation and survival1. However, the precise mechanisms that underlie GPCR-mediated ERK activation are not clearly understood2-4. Here we investigated how spatially organized β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) signalling controls ERK. Using subcellularly targeted ERK activity biosensors5, we show that β2AR signalling induces ERK activity at endosomes, but not at the plasma membrane. This pool of ERK activity depends on active, endosome-localized Gαs and requires ligand-stimulated β2AR endocytosis. We further identify an endosomally localized non-canonical signalling axis comprising Gαs, RAF and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, resulting in endosomal ERK activity that propagates into the nucleus. Selective inhibition of endosomal β2AR and Gαs signalling blunted nuclear ERK activity, MYC gene expression and cell proliferation. These results reveal a non-canonical mechanism for the spatial regulation of ERK through GPCR signalling and identify a functionally important endosomal signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghoon Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sohum Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mary Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geneva Walters
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanghao Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ha Neul Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roger K Sunahara
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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He Q, Liu Z, Wang J. Targeting KRAS in PDAC: A New Way to Cure It? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14204982. [PMID: 36291766 PMCID: PMC9599866 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14204982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most intractable malignant tumors worldwide, and is known for its refractory nature and poor prognosis. The fatality rate of pancreatic cancer can reach over 90%. In pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC), the most common subtype of pancreatic cancer, KRAS is the most predominant mutated gene (more than 80%). In recent decades, KRAS proteins have maintained the reputation of being “undruggable” due to their special molecular structures and biological characteristics, making therapy targeting downstream genes challenging. Fortunately, the heavy rampart formed by KRAS has been broken down in recent years by the advent of KRASG12C inhibitors; the covalent inhibitors bond to the switch-II pocket of the KRASG12C protein. The KRASG12C inhibitor sotorasib has been received by the FDA for the treatment of patients suffering from KRASG12C-driven cancers. Meanwhile, researchers have paid close attention to the development of inhibitors for other KRAS mutations. Due to the high incidence of PDAC, developing KRASG12D/V inhibitors has become the focus of attention. Here, we review the clinical status of PDAC and recent research progress in targeting KRASG12D/V and discuss the potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zuojia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.W.)
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16
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Bonsor DA, Alexander P, Snead K, Hartig N, Drew M, Messing S, Finci LI, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Esposito D, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Stephen AG, Simanshu DK. Structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex provides insights into RAF activation and Noonan syndrome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:966-977. [PMID: 36175670 PMCID: PMC10365013 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SHOC2 acts as a strong synthetic lethal interactor with MEK inhibitors in multiple KRAS cancer cell lines. SHOC2 forms a heterotrimeric complex with MRAS and PP1C that is essential for regulating RAF and MAPK-pathway activation by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine on RAF kinases. Here we present the high-resolution crystal structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) complex and apo-SHOC2. Our structures reveal that SHOC2, MRAS, and PP1C form a stable ternary complex in which all three proteins synergistically interact with each other. Our results show that dephosphorylation of RAF substrates by PP1C is enhanced upon interacting with SHOC2 and MRAS. The SMP complex forms only when MRAS is in an active state and is dependent on SHOC2 functioning as a scaffolding protein in the complex by bringing PP1C and MRAS together. Our results provide structural insights into the role of the SMP complex in RAF activation and how mutations found in Noonan syndrome enhance complex formation, and reveal new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Alexander
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Snead
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Hartig
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Drew
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Simon Messing
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo I Finci
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew G Stephen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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17
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Combinatorial approaches for mitigating resistance to KRAS-targeted therapies. Biochem J 2022; 479:1985-1997. [PMID: 36065754 PMCID: PMC9555794 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of all cancer patients harbor mutated KRAS. Direct inhibitors of KRAS have now been generated and are beginning to make progress through clinical trials. These include a suite of inhibitors targeting the KRASG12C mutation commonly found in lung cancer. We investigated emergent resistance to representative examples of different classes of Ras targeted therapies. They all exhibited rapid reactivation of Ras signaling within days of exposure and adaptive responses continued to change over long-term treatment schedules. Whilst the gene signatures were distinct for each inhibitor, they commonly involved up-regulation of upstream nodes promoting mutant and wild-type Ras activation. Experiments to reverse resistance unfortunately revealed frequent desensitization to members of a panel of anti-cancer therapeutics, suggesting that salvage approaches are unlikely to be feasible. Instead, we identified triple inhibitor combinations that resulted in more durable responses to KRAS inhibitors and that may benefit from further pre-clinical evaluation.
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18
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Kwon JJ, Hajian B, Bian Y, Young LC, Amor AJ, Fuller JR, Fraley CV, Sykes AM, So J, Pan J, Baker L, Lee SJ, Wheeler DB, Mayhew DL, Persky NS, Yang X, Root DE, Barsotti AM, Stamford AW, Perry CK, Burgin A, McCormick F, Lemke CT, Hahn WC, Aguirre AJ. Structure-function analysis of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex. Nature 2022; 609:408-415. [PMID: 35831509 PMCID: PMC9694338 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS signalling through the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade regulates cell proliferation and survival. The SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex functions as a key regulator of RTK-RAS signalling by removing an inhibitory phosphorylation event on the RAF family of proteins to potentiate MAPK signalling1. SHOC2 forms a ternary complex with MRAS and PP1C, and human germline gain-of-function mutations in this complex result in congenital RASopathy syndromes2-5. However, the structure and assembly of this complex are poorly understood. Here we use cryo-electron microscopy to resolve the structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex. We define the biophysical principles of holoenzyme interactions, elucidate the assembly order of the complex, and systematically interrogate the functional consequence of nearly all of the possible missense variants of SHOC2 through deep mutational scanning. We show that SHOC2 binds PP1C and MRAS through the concave surface of the leucine-rich repeat region and further engages PP1C through the N-terminal disordered region that contains a cryptic RVXF motif. Complex formation is initially mediated by interactions between SHOC2 and PP1C and is stabilized by the binding of GTP-loaded MRAS. These observations explain how mutant versions of SHOC2 in RASopathies and cancer stabilize the interactions of complex members to enhance holophosphatase activity. Together, this integrative structure-function model comprehensively defines key binding interactions within the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holophosphatase complex and will inform therapeutic development .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Kwon
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Behnoush Hajian
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yuemin Bian
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lucy C Young
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alvaro J Amor
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Cara V Fraley
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Abbey M Sykes
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan So
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Pan
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura Baker
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sun Joo Lee
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas B Wheeler
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Mayhew
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole S Persky
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David E Root
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony M Barsotti
- Deerfield Discovery and Development, Deerfield Management, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew W Stamford
- Deerfield Discovery and Development, Deerfield Management, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles K Perry
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Burgin
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Lemke
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - William C Hahn
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Liau NPD, Johnson MC, Izadi S, Gerosa L, Hammel M, Bruning JM, Wendorff TJ, Phung W, Hymowitz SG, Sudhamsu J. Structural basis for SHOC2 modulation of RAS signalling. Nature 2022; 609:400-407. [PMID: 35768504 PMCID: PMC9452301 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF pathway is one of the most commonly dysregulated in human cancers1-3. Despite decades of study, understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying dimerization and activation4 of the kinase RAF remains limited. Recent structures of inactive RAF monomer5 and active RAF dimer5-8 bound to 14-3-39,10 have revealed the mechanisms by which 14-3-3 stabilizes both RAF conformations via specific phosphoserine residues. Prior to RAF dimerization, the protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit (PP1C) must dephosphorylate the N-terminal phosphoserine (NTpS) of RAF11 to relieve inhibition by 14-3-3, although PP1C in isolation lacks intrinsic substrate selectivity. SHOC2 is as an essential scaffolding protein that engages both PP1C and RAS to dephosphorylate RAF NTpS11-13, but the structure of SHOC2 and the architecture of the presumptive SHOC2-PP1C-RAS complex remain unknown. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SHOC2-PP1C-MRAS complex to an overall resolution of 3 Å, revealing a tripartite molecular architecture in which a crescent-shaped SHOC2 acts as a cradle and brings together PP1C and MRAS. Our work demonstrates the GTP dependence of multiple RAS isoforms for complex formation, delineates the RAS-isoform preference for complex assembly, and uncovers how the SHOC2 scaffold and RAS collectively drive specificity of PP1C for RAF NTpS. Our data indicate that disease-relevant mutations affect complex assembly, reveal the simultaneous requirement of two RAS molecules for RAF activation, and establish rational avenues for discovery of new classes of inhibitors to target this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P D Liau
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew C Johnson
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luca Gerosa
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michal Hammel
- Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Labs, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John M Bruning
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timothy J Wendorff
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Column Group, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jawahar Sudhamsu
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Motta M, Solman M, Bonnard AA, Kuechler A, Pantaleoni F, Priolo M, Chandramouli B, Coppola S, Pizzi S, Zara E, Ferilli M, Kayserili H, Onesimo R, Leoni C, Brinkmann J, Vial Y, Kamphausen SB, Thomas-Teinturier C, Guimier A, Cordeddu V, Mazzanti L, Zampino G, Chillemi G, Zenker M, Cavé H, Hertog J, Tartaglia M. Expanding the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants underlying Mazzanti syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:2766-2778. [PMID: 35348676 PMCID: PMC9402240 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We previously molecularly and clinically characterized Mazzanti syndrome, a RASopathy related to Noonan syndrome that is mostly caused by a single recurrent missense variant (c.4A > G, p.Ser2Gly) in SHOC2, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein facilitating signal flow through the RAS-mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We also documented that the pathogenic p.Ser2Gly substitution causes upregulation of MAPK signaling and constitutive targeting of SHOC2 to the plasma membrane due to the introduction of an N-myristoylation recognition motif. The almost invariant occurrence of the pathogenic c.4A > G missense change in SHOC2 is mirrored by a relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype of Mazzanti syndrome. Here we provide new data on the clinical spectrum and molecular diversity of this disorder, and functionally characterize new pathogenic variants. The clinical phenotype of six unrelated individuals carrying novel disease-causing SHOC2 variants is delineated, and public and newly collected clinical data are utilized to profile the disorder. In silico, in vitro and in vivo characterization of the newly identified variants provides evidence that the consequences of these missense changes on SHOC2 functional behavior differ from what had been observed for the canonical p.Ser2Gly change but converge towards an enhanced activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway. Our findings expand the molecular spectrum of pathogenic SHOC2 variants, provide a more accurate picture of the phenotypic expression associated with variants in this gene, and definitively establish a GoF behavior as the mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Alma Kuechler
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Priolo
- UOSD Genetica Medica, Grandeospedale Metropolitano “Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli”, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italia
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Zara
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ferilli
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Genetic Diseases Evaluation Center, Medical Genetics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, 34010 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberta Onesimo
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Brinkmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yoann Vial
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Susanne B Kamphausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cécile Thomas-Teinturier
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR 1018, Cancer and Radiation team, CESP, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de Médecine Genomique des Maladies Rares, CRMR Anomalies du développement, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mazzanti
- Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems, Università della Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Istituto di Biomembrane, Bioenergetica e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jeroen Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Lead contact
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21
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Zhang L, Li Z, Mao L, Wang H. Circular RNA in Acute Central Nervous System Injuries: A New Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:816182. [PMID: 35392276 PMCID: PMC8981151 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.816182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), are the most common cause of death and disability around the world. As a kind of non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) with endogenous and conserve, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have recently attracted great attentions due to their functions in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. A large number of studies have suggested that circRNAs played an important role in brain development and involved in many neurological disorders, particularly in acute CNS injuries. It has been proposed that regulation of circRNAs could improve cognition function, promote angiogenesis, inhibit apoptosis, suppress inflammation, regulate autophagy and protect blood brain barrier (BBB) in acute CNS injuries via different molecules and pathways including microRNA (miRNA), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), ph1osphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Notch1 and ten-eleven translocation (TET). Therefore, circRNAs showed great promise as potential targets in acute CNS injuries. In this article, we present a review highlighting the roles of circRNAs in acute CNS injuries. Hence, on the basis of these properties and effects, circRNAs may be developed as therapeutic agents for acute CNS injury patients.
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22
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Wilson P, Abdelmoti L, Norcross R, Jang ER, Palayam M, Galperin E. The role of USP7 in the Shoc2-ERK1/2 signaling axis and Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272259. [PMID: 34553755 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) signaling pathway is critical in organismal development and tissue morphogenesis. Deregulation of this pathway leads to congenital abnormalities with severe developmental dysmorphisms. The core ERK1/2 cascade relies on scaffold proteins, such as Shoc2 to guide and fine-tune its signals. Mutations in SHOC2 lead to the development of the pathology termed Noonan-like Syndrome with Loose Anagen Hair (NSLAH). However, the mechanisms underlying the functions of Shoc2 and its contributions to disease progression remain unclear. Here, we show that ERK1/2 pathway activation triggers the interaction of Shoc2 with the ubiquitin-specific protease USP7. We reveal that, in the Shoc2 module, USP7 functions as a molecular 'switch' that controls the E3 ligase HUWE1 and the HUWE1-induced regulatory feedback loop. We also demonstrate that disruption of Shoc2-USP7 binding leads to aberrant activation of the Shoc2-ERK1/2 axis. Importantly, our studies reveal a possible role for USP7 in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying NSLAH, thereby extending our understanding of how ubiquitin-specific proteases regulate intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rebecca Norcross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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23
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Zhao Y, Murciano-Goroff YR, Xue JY, Ang A, Lucas J, Mai TT, Da Cruz Paula AF, Saiki AY, Mohn D, Achanta P, Sisk AE, Arora KS, Roy RS, Kim D, Li C, Lim LP, Li M, Bahr A, Loomis BR, de Stanchina E, Reis-Filho JS, Weigelt B, Berger M, Riely G, Arbour KC, Lipford JR, Li BT, Lito P. Diverse alterations associated with resistance to KRAS(G12C) inhibition. Nature 2021; 599:679-683. [PMID: 34759319 PMCID: PMC8887821 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inactive state-selective KRAS(G12C) inhibitors1-8 demonstrate a 30-40% response rate and result in approximately 6-month median progression-free survival in patients with lung cancer9. The genetic basis for resistance to these first-in-class mutant GTPase inhibitors remains under investigation. Here we evaluated matched pre-treatment and post-treatment specimens from 43 patients treated with the KRAS(G12C) inhibitor sotorasib. Multiple treatment-emergent alterations were observed across 27 patients, including alterations in KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, EGFR, FGFR2, MYC and other genes. In preclinical patient-derived xenograft and cell line models, resistance to KRAS(G12C) inhibition was associated with low allele frequency hotspot mutations in KRAS(G12V or G13D), NRAS(Q61K or G13R), MRAS(Q71R) and/or BRAF(G596R), mirroring observations in patients. Single-cell sequencing in an isogenic lineage identified secondary RAS and/or BRAF mutations in the same cells as KRAS(G12C), where they bypassed inhibition without affecting target inactivation. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of ERK signalling intermediates enhanced the antiproliferative effect of G12C inhibitor treatment in models with acquired RAS or BRAF mutations. Our study thus suggests a heterogenous pattern of resistance with multiple subclonal events emerging during G12C inhibitor treatment. A subset of patients in our cohort acquired oncogenic KRAS, NRAS or BRAF mutations, and resistance in this setting may be delayed by co-targeting of ERK signalling intermediates. These findings merit broader evaluation in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Zhao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jenny Y Xue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell-Rockefeller-Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jessica Lucas
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trang T Mai
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann E Sisk
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kanika S Arora
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohan S Roy
- Weill Cornell-Rockefeller-Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongsung Kim
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuanchuan Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lee P Lim
- Resolution Bioscience, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - Mark Li
- Resolution Bioscience, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - Amber Bahr
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian R Loomis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory Riely
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn C Arbour
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bob T Li
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Piro Lito
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell-Rockefeller-Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Pudewell S, Wittich C, Kazemein Jasemi NS, Bazgir F, Ahmadian MR. Accessory proteins of the RAS-MAPK pathway: moving from the side line to the front line. Commun Biol 2021; 4:696. [PMID: 34103645 PMCID: PMC8187363 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Health and disease are directly related to the RTK-RAS-MAPK signalling cascade. After more than three decades of intensive research, understanding its spatiotemporal features is afflicted with major conceptual shortcomings. Here we consider how the compilation of a vast array of accessory proteins may resolve some parts of the puzzles in this field, as they safeguard the strength, efficiency and specificity of signal transduction. Targeting such modulators, rather than the constituent components of the RTK-RAS-MAPK signalling cascade may attenuate rather than inhibit disease-relevant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pudewell
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittich
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Neda S. Kazemein Jasemi
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Farhad Bazgir
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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25
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Kholodenko BN, Rauch N, Kolch W, Rukhlenko OS. A systematic analysis of signaling reactivation and drug resistance. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109157. [PMID: 34038718 PMCID: PMC8202068 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the reactivation of initially inhibited signaling pathways causes drug resistance. Here, we analyze how network topologies affect signaling responses to drug treatment. Network-dependent drug resistance is commonly attributed to negative and positive feedback loops. However, feedback loops by themselves cannot completely reactivate steady-state signaling. Newly synthesized negative feedback regulators can induce a transient overshoot but cannot fully restore output signaling. Complete signaling reactivation can only occur when at least two routes, an activating and inhibitory, connect an inhibited upstream protein to a downstream output. Irrespective of the network topology, drug-induced overexpression or increase in target dimerization can restore or even paradoxically increase downstream pathway activity. Kinase dimerization cooperates with inhibitor-mediated alleviation of negative feedback. Our findings inform drug development by considering network context and optimizing the design drug combinations. As an example, we predict and experimentally confirm specific combinations of RAF inhibitors that block mutant NRAS signaling. Kholodenko et al. uncover signaling network circuitries and molecular mechanisms necessary and sufficient for complete reactivation or overshoot of steady-state signaling after kinase inhibitor treatment. The two means to revive signaling output fully are through network topology or reactivation of the kinase activity of the primary drug target. Blocking RAF dimer activity by a combination of type I½ and type II RAF inhibitors efficiently blocks mutant NRAS-driven ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nora Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oleksii S Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Cook FA, Cook SJ. Inhibition of RAF dimers: it takes two to tango. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:237-251. [PMID: 33367512 PMCID: PMC7924995 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-regulated RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway promotes cell proliferation and survival and RAS and BRAF proteins are commonly mutated in cancer. This has fuelled the development of small molecule kinase inhibitors including ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors. Type I and type I½ ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors are effective in BRAFV600E/K-mutant cancer cells. However, in RAS-mutant cells these compounds instead promote RAS-dependent dimerisation and paradoxical activation of wild-type RAF proteins. RAF dimerisation is mediated by two key regions within each RAF protein; the RKTR motif of the αC-helix and the NtA-region of the dimer partner. Dimer formation requires the adoption of a closed, active kinase conformation which can be induced by RAS-dependent activation of RAF or by the binding of type I and I½ RAF inhibitors. Binding of type I or I½ RAF inhibitors to one dimer partner reduces the binding affinity of the other, thereby leaving a single dimer partner uninhibited and able to activate MEK. To overcome this paradox two classes of drug are currently under development; type II pan-RAF inhibitors that induce RAF dimer formation but bind both dimer partners thus allowing effective inhibition of both wild-type RAF dimer partners and monomeric active class I mutant RAF, and the recently developed "paradox breakers" which interrupt BRAF dimerisation through disruption of the αC-helix. Here we review the regulation of RAF proteins, including RAF dimers, and the progress towards effective targeting of the wild-type RAF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frazer A. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
| | - Simon J. Cook
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, U.K
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27
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Kiel C, Matallanas D, Kolch W. The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33562401 PMCID: PMC7915224 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers. They regulate a wide range of effector pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and metabolic status. Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. However, recent results comprising detailed molecular studies, large scale omics studies and computational modeling have painted a new and more comprehensive portrait of RAS signaling that helps us to understand the intricacies of RAS, how its physiological and pathophysiological functions are regulated, and how we can target them. Here, we review these efforts particularly trying to relate the detailed mechanistic studies with global functional studies. We highlight the importance of computational modeling and data integration to derive an actionable understanding of RAS signaling that will allow us to design new mechanism-based therapies for RAS mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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28
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Terai H, Hamamoto J, Emoto K, Masuda T, Manabe T, Kuronuma S, Kobayashi K, Masuzawa K, Ikemura S, Nakayama S, Kawada I, Suzuki Y, Takeuchi O, Suzuki Y, Ohtsuki S, Yasuda H, Soejima K, Fukunaga K. SHOC2 Is a Critical Modulator of Sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:317-328. [PMID: 33106373 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
EGFR mutation-positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) respond well to treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI); however, treatment with EGFR-TKIs is not curative, owing to the presence of residual cancer cells with intrinsic or acquired resistance to this class of drugs. Additional treatment targets that may enhance the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs remain elusive. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-based screen, we identified the leucine-rich repeat scaffold protein SHOC2 as a key modulator of sensitivity to EGFR-TKI treatment. On the basis of in vitro assays, we demonstrated that SHOC2 expression levels strongly correlate with the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs and that SHOC2 affects the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC cells via SHOC2/MRAS/PP1c and SHOC2/SCRIB signaling. The potential SHOC2 inhibitor celastrol phenocopied SHOC2 depletion. In addition, we confirmed that SHOC2 expression levels were important for the sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs in vivo. Furthermore, IHC showed the accumulation of cancer cells that express high levels of SHOC2 in lung cancer tissues obtained from patients with NSCLC who experienced acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs. These data indicate that SHOC2 may be a therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC or a biomarker to predict sensitivity to EGFR-TKI therapy in EGFR mutation-positive patients with NSCLC. Our findings may help improve treatment strategies for patients with NSCLC harboring EGFR mutations. IMPLICATIONS: This study showed that SHOC2 works as a modulator of sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs and the expression levels of SHOC2 can be used as a biomarker for sensitivity to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Terai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Hamamoto
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsura Emoto
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Manabe
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuronuma
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Kobayashi
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Masuzawa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ikemura
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kawada
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Suzuki
- Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasuda
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Soejima
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukunaga
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Sulahian R, Kwon JJ, Walsh KH, Pailler E, Bosse TL, Thaker M, Almanza D, Dempster JM, Pan J, Piccioni F, Dumont N, Gonzalez A, Rennhack J, Nabet B, Bachman JA, Goodale A, Lee Y, Bagul M, Liao R, Navarro A, Yuan TL, Ng RWS, Raghavan S, Gray NS, Tsherniak A, Vazquez F, Root DE, Firestone AJ, Settleman J, Hahn WC, Aguirre AJ. Synthetic Lethal Interaction of SHOC2 Depletion with MEK Inhibition in RAS-Driven Cancers. Cell Rep 2020; 29:118-134.e8. [PMID: 31577942 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a critical effector of oncogenic RAS signaling, and MAPK pathway inhibition may be an effective combination treatment strategy. We performed genome-scale loss-of-function CRISPR-Cas9 screens in the presence of a MEK1/2 inhibitor (MEKi) in KRAS-mutant pancreatic and lung cancer cell lines and identified genes that cooperate with MEK inhibition. While we observed heterogeneity in genetic modifiers of MEKi sensitivity across cell lines, several recurrent classes of synthetic lethal vulnerabilities emerged at the pathway level. Multiple members of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-RAS-MAPK pathways scored as sensitizers to MEKi. In particular, we demonstrate that knockout, suppression, or degradation of SHOC2, a positive regulator of MAPK signaling, specifically cooperated with MEK inhibition to impair proliferation in RAS-driven cancer cells. The depletion of SHOC2 disrupted survival pathways triggered by feedback RTK signaling in response to MEK inhibition. Thus, these findings nominate SHOC2 as a potential target for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sulahian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jason J Kwon
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Emma Pailler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Timothy L Bosse
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maneesha Thaker
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Diego Almanza
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Joshua Pan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Nancy Dumont
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Rennhack
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Behnam Nabet
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John A Bachman
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amy Goodale
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Yenarae Lee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mukta Bagul
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rosy Liao
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adrija Navarro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tina L Yuan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Raymond W S Ng
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviad Tsherniak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Jeff Settleman
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, MA.
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, MA.
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Silveira VS, Borges KS, Santos VS, Ruckert MT, Vieira GM, Vasconcelos EJR, Nagano LFP, Tone LG, Scrideli CA. SHOC2 scaffold protein modulates daunorubicin-induced cell death through p53 modulation in lymphoid leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15193. [PMID: 32938995 PMCID: PMC7495473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 scaffold protein has been mainly related to oncogenic ERK signaling through the RAS-SHOC2-PP1 phosphatase complex. In leukemic cells however, SHOC2 upregulation has been previously related to an increased 5-year event-free survival of pediatric pre-B acute lymphoid leukemia, suggesting that SHOC2 could be a potential prognostic marker. To address such paradoxical function, our study investigated how SHOC2 impact leukemic cells drug response. Our transcriptome analysis has shown that SHOC2 can modulate the DNA-damage mediated by p53. Notably, upon genetic inhibition of SHOC2 we observed a significant impairment of p53 expression, which in turn, leads to the blockage of key apoptotic molecules. To confirm the specificity of DNA-damage related modulation, several anti-leukemic drugs has been tested and we did confirm that the proposed mechanism impairs cell death upon daunorubicin-induced DNA damage of human lymphoid cells. In conclusion, our study uncovers new insights into SHOC2 function and reveals that this scaffold protein may be essential to activate a novel mechanism of p53-induced cell death in pre-B lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kleiton Silva Borges
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verena Silva Santos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tannús Ruckert
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Maciel Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Fernando Peinado Nagano
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scrideli
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Jang H, Stevens P, Gao T, Galperin E. The leucine-rich repeat signaling scaffolds Shoc2 and Erbin: cellular mechanism and role in disease. FEBS J 2020; 288:721-739. [PMID: 32558243 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (LRR proteins) are involved in supporting a large number of cellular functions. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding functions of the LRR proteins as signaling scaffolds. In particular, we explore what we have learned about the mechanisms of action of the LRR scaffolds Shoc2 and Erbin and their roles in normal development and disease. We discuss Shoc2 and Erbin in the context of their multiple known interacting partners in various cellular processes and summarize often unexpected functions of these proteins through analysis of their roles in human pathologies. We also review these LRR scaffold proteins as promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers with potential application across various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Payton Stevens
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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32
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Single-domain antibodies for functional targeting of the signaling scaffold Shoc2. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:110-116. [PMID: 31869742 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The accurate transmission of signals by the canonical ERK1/2 kinase pathway critically relies on the proper assembly of an intricate multiprotein complex by the scaffold protein Shoc2. However, the details of the mechanism by which Shoc2 guides ERK1/2 signals are not clear, in part, due to the lack of research tools targeting specific protein binding moieties of Shoc2. We report generation and characterization of single domain antibodies against human Shoc2 using a universal synthetic library of humanized nanobodies. Our results identify eight synthetic single-domain antibodies and show that two evaluated antibodies have binding affinities to Shoc2 in the nanomolar range. High affinity antibodies were uniquely suited for the analysis of the Shoc2 complex assembly. Selected single-domain antibodies were also functional in intracellular assays. This study illustrates that Shoc2 single-domain antibodies can be used to understand functional mechanisms governing complex multiprotein signaling modules and have promise in application for therapies that require modulation of the ERK1/2-associated diseases.
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