1
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Qiu L, Li X, Holden DT, Cooks RG. Reaction acceleration at the surface of a levitated droplet by vapor dosing from a partner droplet. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12277-12283. [PMID: 39118618 PMCID: PMC11304536 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions in micrometer-sized droplets can be accelerated by up to six orders of magnitude. However, this acceleration factor (ratio of rate constants relative to bulk) drops to less than 10 for millimeter-sized droplets due to the reduction in surface/volume ratio. To enhance the acceleration in millimeter-sized droplets, we use a new synthesis platform that directly doses reagent vapor onto the reaction droplet surface from a second levitated droplet. Using Katritzky transamination as a model reaction, we made quantitative measurements on size-controlled vapor-dosed droplets, revealing a 31-fold increase in reaction rate constants when examining the entire droplet contents. This enhancement is attributed to a greater reaction rate constant in the droplet surface region (estimated as 105 times greater than that for the bulk). The capability for substantial reaction acceleration in large droplets highlights the potential for rapid synthesis of important chemicals at useful scales. For example, we successfully prepared 23 pyridinium salts within minutes. This efficiency positions droplets as an exceptional platform for rapid, in situ catalyst synthesis. This is illustrated by the preparation of pyridinium salts as photocatalysts and their subsequent use in mediation of amine oxidation both within the same droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Xilai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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2
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Song J, George C, Donaldson DJ. Spontaneous Production of I 2 at the Surface of Aqueous Iodide Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39092462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Several groups have recently reported spontaneous production of atmospherically reactive species, including molecular iodine (I2) at the air-water interface of droplets. In this study, glancing angle laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy was used to track the luminol fluorescence at the surface of sodium iodide (NaI) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. Although luminol fluorescence is hardly quenched by halide anions, even up to fairly high concentrations, it is effectively quenched by I2. We observe luminol fluorescence quenching at the surface of NaI solutions but not at the surface of NaCl solutions, pointing to the formation of I2 at the surface of NaI solutions. This provides further support for the proposal that the strong electric field or the reduction solvation present at the air-water interface can initiate spontaneous iodide activation and other chemistry there. The spontaneous production of I2 at the surface of aqueous iodide solutions presents a previously unconsidered source of iodine in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - Christian George
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, Villeurbanne F-69100, France
| | - D James Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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3
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Sano M, Kamei K, Yatsuhashi T, Sakota K. Localization and Orientation of Dye Molecules at the Surface of a Levitated Microdroplet in Air Revealed by Whispering Gallery Mode Resonances. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:8133-8141. [PMID: 39087939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microdroplets offer unique environments that accelerate chemical reactions; however, the mechanisms behind these processes remain debated. The localization and orientation of solute molecules near the droplet surface have been proposed as factors for this acceleration. Since significant reaction acceleration has been observed for electrospray- and sonic-spray-generated aerosol droplets, the analysis of microdroplets in air has become essential. Here, we utilized whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances to investigate the localization and orientation of dissolved rhodamine B (RhB) in a levitated microdroplet (∼3 μm in diameter) in air. Fluorescence enhancement upon resonance with the WGMs revealed the localization and orientation of RhB near the droplet surface. Numerical modeling using Mie theory quantified the RhB orientation at 68° to the surface normal, with a small fraction randomly oriented inside the droplet. Additionally, low RhB concentrations increased surface localization. These results support the significance of surface reactions in the acceleration of microdroplet reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoya Sano
- Division of Molecular Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kota Kamei
- Division of Molecular Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yatsuhashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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4
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Knežević S, Totoricaguena-Gorriño J, Gajjala RKR, Hermenegildo B, Ruiz-Rubio L, Vilas-Vilela JL, Lanceros-Méndez S, Sojic N, Del Campo FJ. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence at the Gas/Liquid Interface of Bubbles Propelled into Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39090816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is typically confined to a micrometric region from the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that ECL emission can extend up to several millimeters away from the electrode employing electrogenerated chlorine bubbles. The mechanism behind this bubble-enhanced ECL was investigated using an Au microelectrode in chloride-containing and chloride-free electrolyte solutions. We discovered that ECL emission at the gas/solution interface is driven by two parallel effects. First, the bubble corona effect facilitates the generation of hydroxyl radicals capable of oxidizing luminol while the bubble is attached to the surface. Second, hypochlorite generated from chlorine sustains luminol emission for over 200 s and extends the emission range up to 5 mm into the solution, following bubble detachment. The new approach can increase the emission intensity of luminol-based assays 5-fold compared to the conventional method. This is demonstrated through a glucose bioassay, using a midrange mobile phone camera for detection. These findings significantly expand the potential applications of ECL by extending its effective range in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Joseba Totoricaguena-Gorriño
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Rajendra Kumar Reddy Gajjala
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Bruno Hermenegildo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Francisco Javier Del Campo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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5
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Martins-Costa MTC, Ruiz-López MF. The Structure of Carbon Dioxide at the Air-Water Interface and its Chemical Implications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400825. [PMID: 38838064 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The efficient reduction of CO2 into valuable products is a challenging task in an international context marked by the climate change crisis and the need to move away from fossil fuels. Recently, the use of water microdroplets has emerged as an interesting reaction media where many redox processes which do not occur in conventional solutions take place spontaneously. Indeed, several experimental studies in microdroplets have already been devoted to study the reduction of CO2 with promising results. The increased reactivity in microdroplets is thought to be linked to unique electrostatic solvation effects at the air-water interface. In the present work, we report a theoretical investigation on this issue for CO2 using first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. We show that CO2 is stabilized at the interface, where it can accumulate, and that compared to bulk water solution, its electron capture ability is larger. Our results suggest that reduction of CO2 might be easier in interface-rich systems such as water microdroplets, which is in line with early experimental data and indicate directions for future laboratory studies. The effect of other relevant factors which could play a role in CO2 reduction potential is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, CNRS, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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6
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Zhang P, Feng M, Xu X. Double-Layer Distribution of Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions in the Air-Water Interface. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:336-346. [PMID: 39069983 PMCID: PMC11274287 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The acid-base nature of the aqueous interface has long been controversial. Most macroscopic experiments suggest that the air-water interface is basic based on the detection of negative charges at the interface that indicates the enrichment of hydroxides (OH-), whereas microscopic studies mostly support the acidic air-water interface with the observation of hydronium (H3O+) accumulation in the top layer of the interface. It is crucial to clarify the interfacial preference of OH- and H3O+ ions for rationalizing the debate. In this work, we perform deep potential molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the preferential distribution of OH- and H3O+ ions at the aqueous interfaces. The neural network potential energy surface is trained based on density functional theory calculations with the SCAN functional, which can accurately describe the diffusion of these two ions both in the interface and in the bulk water. In contrast to the previously reported single ion enrichment, we show that both OH- and H3O+ surprisingly prefer to accumulate in interfaces but at different interfacial depths, rendering a double-layer ionic distribution within ∼1 nm near the Gibbs dividing surface. The H3O+ preferentially resides in the topmost layer of the interface, but the OH-, which is enriched in the deeper interfacial layer, has a higher equilibrium concentration due to the more negative free energy of interfacial stabilization [-0.90 (OH-) vs -0.56 (H3O+) kcal/mol]. The present finding of the ionic double-layer distribution may qualitatively offer a self-consistent explanation for the long-term controversy about the acid-base nature of the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center
for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering,
and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muye Feng
- School
of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing
Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- Center
for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering,
and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Lee K, Cho Y, Kim JC, Choi C, Kim J, Lee JK, Li S, Kwak SK, Choi SQ. Catalyst-free selective oxidation of C(sp 3)-H bonds in toluene on water. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6127. [PMID: 39033208 PMCID: PMC11271591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The anisotropic water interfaces provide an environment to drive various chemical reactions not seen in bulk solutions. However, catalytic reactions by the aqueous interfaces are still in their infancy, with the emphasis being on the reaction rate acceleration on water. Here, we report that the oil-water interface activates and oxidizes C(sp3)-H bonds in toluene, yielding benzaldehyde with high selectivity (>99%) and conversion (>99%) under mild, catalyst-free conditions. Collision at the interface between oil-dissolved toluene and hydroxyl radicals spontaneously generated near the water-side interfaces is responsible for the unexpectedly high selectivity. Protrusion of free OH groups from interfacial water destabilizes the transition state of the OH-addition by forming π-hydrogen bonds with toluene, while the H-abstraction remains unchanged to effectively activate C(sp3)-H bonds. Moreover, the exposed free OH groups form hydrogen bonds with the produced benzaldehyde, suppressing it from being overoxidized. Our investigation shows that the oil-water interface has considerable promise for chemoselective redox reactions on water without any catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Chul Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiyoung Choi
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyoo Lee
- Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Ding H, Wang T, Zhang Y, Guo C, Shi K, Kurtovic I, Yuan Y, Yue T. Efficacy, kinetics, inactivation mechanism and application of cold plasma in inactivating Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 423:110830. [PMID: 39047618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
As spores of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris can survive traditional pasteurization, this organism has been suggested as a target bacterium in the fruit juice industry. This study aimed to investigate the inactivation effect of cold plasma on A. acidoterrestris spores and the mechanism behind the inactivation. The inactivation effect was detected by the plate count method and described by kinetic models. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA) release and heat resistance detection, the detection and scavenging experiment of reactive species, and cryo-scanning electron microscopy were used to explore the mechanism of cold plasma inactivation of A. acidoterrestris. The results showed that cold plasma can effectively inactivate A. acidoterrestris spores in saline with a 3.0 ± 0.3 and 4.4 ± 0.8 log reduction in CFU/mL, for 9 and 18 min, respectively. The higher the voltage and the longer the treatment time, the stronger the overall inactivation effect. However, a lower gas flow rate may increase the probability of spore contact with reactive species, resulting in better inactivation results. The biphasic model fits the survival curves better than the Weibull model. SEM and TEM revealed that cold plasma treatment can cause varying degrees of damage to the morphology and structure of A. acidoterrestris spores, with at least 50 % sustaining severe morphological and structural damage. The DPA release and heat resistance detection showed that A. acidoterrestris spores did not germinate but died directly during the cold plasma treatment. 1O2 plays the most important role in the inactivation, while O3, H2O2 and NO3- may also be responsible for inactivation. Cold plasma treatment for 1 min reduced A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice by 0.4 ± 0.0 log, comparable to a 12-min heat treatment at 95 °C. However, as the treatment time increased, the survival curve exhibited a significant tailing phenomenon, which was most likely caused by the various compounds in apple juice that can react with reactive species and exert a physical shielding effect on spores. Higher input power and higher gas flow rate resulted in more complete inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores in apple juice. What's more, the high inactivation efficiency in saline indicates the cold plasma device provides a promising alternative for controlling A. acidoterrestris spores during apple washing. Overall, our study provides adequate data support and a theoretical basis for using cold plasma to inactivate A. acidoterrestris spores in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chunfeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kaiyu Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ivan Kurtovic
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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9
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Wu J, Lin M, Liu M, Chen Z. Novel crystalline/amorphous heterophase Fe-Mn core-shell chains on-site generate hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:227-237. [PMID: 39029249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a crucial eco-friendly oxidizer with increasing demand due to its wide range of applications. Activating O2 with catalysts to generate H2O2 on-site offers a promising alternative to traditional production methods. Here, we design unique crystalline/amorphous heterophase Fe-Mn core-shell chains (ZVI-Mn) for efficient on-site generation of H2O2 and manipulation of subsequent H2O2 activation. The yield of H2O2 on-site produced by ZVI-Mn in water within 5 min was 103.7 mg·L-1, which was much greater than that of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and amorphous Mn (A-Mn) (0 and 42.5 mg·L-1). Raman and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that *OOH is the key species involved in the on-site generation of H2O2. Electrochemical tests confirmed the excellent electron-transferring ability, while electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) revealed oxygen vacancy defects in the catalysts, which proved to be conducive to improving the catalytic activity of ZVI-Mn. Additionally, by regulating the pH of aqueous solution, ZVI-Mn can simultaneously achieve efficient on-site generation of H2O2 and in-situ removal of enrofloxacin from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwang Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zuliang Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian Province, China.
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10
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Zhang P, Chen C, Feng M, Sun C, Xu X. Hydroxide and Hydronium Ions Modulate the Dynamic Evolution of Nitrogen Nanobubbles in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19537-19546. [PMID: 38949461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
It has been widely recognized that the pH environment influences the nanobubble dynamics and hydroxide ions adsorbed on the surface may be responsible for the long-term survival of the nanobubbles. However, understanding the distribution of hydronium and hydroxide ions in the vicinity of a bulk nanobubble surface at a microscopic scale and the consequent impact of these ions on the nanobubble behavior remains a challenging endeavor. In this study, we carried out deep potential molecular dynamics simulations to explore the behavior of a nitrogen nanobubble under neutral, acidic, and alkaline conditions and the inherent mechanism, and we also conducted a theoretical thermodynamic and dynamic analysis to address constraints related to simulation duration. Our simulations and theoretical analyses demonstrate a trend of nanobubble dissolution similar to that observed experimentally, emphasizing the limited dissolution of bulk nanobubbles in alkaline conditions, where hydroxide ions tend to reside slightly farther from the nanobubble surface than hydronium ions, forming more stable hydrogen bond networks that shield the nanobubble from dissolution. In acidic conditions, the hydronium ions preferentially accumulating at the nanobubble surface in an orderly manner drive nanobubble dissolution to increase the entropy of the system, and the dissolved nitrogen molecules further strengthen the hydrogen bond networks of systems by providing a hydrophobic environment for hydronium ions, suggesting both entropy and enthalpy effects contribute to the instability of nanobubbles under acidic conditions. These results offer fresh insights into the double-layer distribution of hydroxide and hydronium near the nitrogen-water interface that influences the dynamic behavior of bulk nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changsheng Chen
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Muye Feng
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- Center for Combustion Energy, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Nandy A, Mondal S, Koner D, Banerjee S. Heavy Water Microdroplet Surface Enriches the Lighter Isotopologue Impurities. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19050-19058. [PMID: 38958201 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Water microdroplets promote unusual chemical reactions at the air-water interface. However, the interfacial structure of water microdroplets and its potential influence on chemical processes are still enigmatic. Here, we present evidence of in-droplet fractionation of water isotopologues. Employing a sonic spray, we atomized the heavy water (D2O, 99.9 atom % D) solution of three classes of organic compounds (basic, acidic, and neutral). The analytes were predominantly desorbed from the resulting droplet surface in protonated form rather than deuterated form, as detected by mass spectrometry. This result remained unaltered upon adding formic acid-d2 (DCOOD) to the droplet. Monitoring Dakin oxidation of benzaldehyde at the surface of binary microdroplets composed of 1:1 (v/v) D2O/H218O revealed the preferred formation of phenolate-16O over phenolate-18O. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometric analysis of the vapor composition in the sprayed aerosol revealed the preferential evaporation of lighter water isotopologue impurities from the surface of heavy water microdroplets. These results indicate the enrichment of lighter water isotopologue impurities (HOD/H2O) on the surface of heavy water microdroplets, implying possible future developments for water isotopologue fractionation using microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Supratim Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Debasish Koner
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi 502284, India
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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12
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Zhang X, Huang K, Fu Y, Zhang N, Kong X, Cheng Y, Zheng M, Cheng Y, Zhu T, Fu B, Feng S, Chen H. Demethylation C-C coupling reaction facilitated by the repulsive Coulomb force between two cations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5881. [PMID: 38997250 PMCID: PMC11245495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon chain elongation (CCE) is normally carried out using either chemical catalysts or bioenzymes. Herein we demonstrate a catalyst-free approach to promote demethylation C-C coupling reactions for advanced CCE constructed with functional groups under ambient conditions. Accelerated by the electric field, two organic cations containing a methyl group (e.g., ketones, acids, and aldehydes) approach each other with such proximity that the energy of the repulsive Coulomb interaction between these two cations exceeds the bond energy of the methyl group. This results in the elimination of a methyl cation and the coupling of the residual carbonyl carbon groups. As confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and isotope-labeling experiments, the C-C coupling reactions (yields up to 76.5%) were commonly observed in the gas phase or liquid phase, for which the mechanism was further studied using molecular dynamics simulations and stationary-point calculations, revealing deep insights and perspectives of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Keke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institution of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Ni Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, P. R. China
| | - Xianglei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zheng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Cheng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Tenggao Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, P. R. China
| | - Bina Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Dalian Institution of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, P. R. China.
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, P. R. China.
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13
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Guo X, Farag M, Qian N, Yu X, Ni A, Ma Y, Yu W, King MR, Liu V, Lee J, Zare RN, Min W, Pappu RV, Dai Y. Biomolecular condensates can function as inherent catalysts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.06.602359. [PMID: 39026887 PMCID: PMC11257451 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.06.602359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
We report the discovery that chemical reactions such as ATP hydrolysis can be catalyzed by condensates formed by intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), which themselves lack any intrinsic ability to function as enzymes. This inherent catalytic feature of condensates derives from the electrochemical environments and the electric fields at interfaces that are direct consequences of phase separation. The condensates we studied were capable of catalyzing diverse hydrolysis reactions, including hydrolysis and radical-dependent breakdown of ATP whereby ATP fully decomposes to adenine and multiple carbohydrates. This distinguishes condensates from naturally occurring ATPases, which can only catalyze the dephosphorylation of ATP. Interphase and interfacial properties of condensates can be tuned via sequence design, thus enabling control over catalysis through sequence-dependent electrochemical features of condensates. Incorporation of hydrolase-like synthetic condensates into live cells enables activation of transcriptional circuits that depend on products of hydrolysis reactions. Inherent catalytic functions of condensates, which are emergent consequences of phase separation, are likely to affect metabolic regulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Mina Farag
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Xia Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Anton Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Yuefeng Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Wen Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Matthew R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Vicky Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Yifan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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14
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Hu B, Qiu M, Gao G, Wei P. Catalyst-free contact-electro-catalytic H 2O 2 synthesis via simple combination of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) stir bar and ultrasound. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7331-7334. [PMID: 38913438 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01576b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a catalyst-free contact-electro-catalytic method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by combining continuous agitation with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) stir bar and ultrasonication. A high H2O2 production rate of 256.6 μM h-1 is achieved under ambient conditions without adding particle catalysts and sacrificial agents, which is competitive with recent advancements in redox technology. Eco-friendliness, convenience and efficiency make this process a promising alternative method for H2O2 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Huancheng Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Huancheng Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, China.
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baowei Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Huancheng Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Muqing Qiu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Huancheng Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Guandao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peiyun Wei
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shaoxing University, Huancheng Road 508, Shaoxing 312000, China.
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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15
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Mofidfar M, Mehrgardi MA, Zare RN. Water Microdroplets Surrounded by Alcohol Vapor Cause Spontaneous Oxidation of Alcohols to Organic Peroxides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18498-18503. [PMID: 38935892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Using real-time mass spectrometric (MS) monitoring, we demonstrate one-step, catalyst-free spontaneous oxidation of various alcohols (ROH) to key reactive intermediates for the formation of ROO- compounds on the surface of water microdroplets surrounded by alcohol vapor, carried out under ambient conditions. These organic peroxides (POs) can act as important secondary organic aerosols (SOA). We used hydrogen-deuterium exchange by spraying D2O instead of H2O to learn about the reaction mechanism, and the results demonstrate the crucial role of the water-air interface in microdroplet chemistry. We find that the formation of POs relies on electron transfer occurring at the microdroplet interface, which generates hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals that lead to a cascade of radical reactions. This electron transfer is believed to be driven by two factors: (1) the emergence of a strong electrostatic potential on the microdroplet's surface; and (2) the partial solvation of ions at the interface. Mass spectra reveal that the formation of POs is dependent on the alcohol structure, with tertiary alcohols showing a higher tendency to form organic peroxides than secondary alcohols, which in turn are more reactive than primary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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16
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Pan Y, Rao Z, Yu W, Chen B, Chu C. Water Vapor Condensation Triggers Simultaneous Oxidation and Hydrolysis of Organic Pollutants on Iron Mineral Surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12147-12154. [PMID: 38934559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Increasing worldwide contamination with organic chemical compounds is a paramount environmental challenge facing humanity. Once they enter nature, pollutants undergo transformative processes that critically shape their environmental impacts and associated risks. This research unveils previously overlooked yet widespread pathways for the transformations of organic pollutants triggered by water vapor condensation, leading to spontaneous oxidation and hydrolysis of organic pollutants. These transformations exhibit variability through either sequential or parallel hydrolysis and oxidation, contingent upon the functional groups within the organic pollutants. For instance, acetylsalicylic acid on the goethite surface underwent sequential hydrolysis and oxidation that first hydrolyzed to salicylic acid followed by hydroxylation oxidation of the benzene moiety driven by the hydroxyl radical (•OH). In contrast, chloramphenicol underwent parallel oxidation and hydrolysis, forming hydroxylated chloramphenicol and 2-amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propanediol, respectively. The spontaneous oxidation and hydrolysis occurred consistently on three naturally abundant iron minerals with the key factors being •OH production capacity and surface binding strength. Given the widespread presence of iron minerals on Earth's surface, these spontaneous transformation paths could play a role in the fate and risks of organic pollutants of health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishuai Pan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zepeng Rao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wanchao Yu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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17
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Kumar A, Avadhani VS, Nandy A, Mondal S, Pathak B, Pavuluri VKN, Avulapati MM, Banerjee S. Water Microdroplets in Air: A Hitherto Unnoticed Natural Source of Nitrogen Oxides. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10515-10523. [PMID: 38829716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Water microdroplets are widespread in the atmosphere. We report a striking observation that micron-sized water droplets obtained from zero-volt spray sources (sonic spray, humidifier, spray bottle, steamer, etc.) spontaneously generate nitrogen oxides. The mechanistic investigation through the development of custom-designed sampling sources combined with mass spectrometry and isotope labeling experiments confirmed that air nitrogen reacts with the water at the air-water interface, fixing molecular nitrogen to its oxides (NO, NO2, and N2O) and acids (HNO2 and HNO3) at trace levels without any catalyst. These reactions are attributed to the consequence of an experimentally detected feeble corona discharge (breakdown of air) at the air-water interface, likely driven by the high intrinsic electric field at the surface of water microdroplets. The extent of this corona discharge effect varies depending on the pH, salinity/impurity, size, speed, and lifetime of microdroplets in the air. Thus, this study discloses that the air-water interface of microdroplets breaks the strong chemical bond of nitrogen (N2), producing nitrogen oxides in the environment, while lightning strikes and microbial processes in soil are considered their dominant natural sources. As nitrogen oxides are toxic air pollutants, their spontaneous formation at the air-water interface should have important implications in atmospheric reactions, requiring further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Veena Shankar Avadhani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Abhijit Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Supratim Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | - Barsha Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
| | | | - Madan Mohan Avulapati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati 517619, India
| | - Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
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18
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Vannoy KJ, Edwards MQ, Renault C, Dick JE. An Electrochemical Perspective on Reaction Acceleration in Microdroplets. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2024; 17:149-171. [PMID: 38594942 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061622-030919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Analytical techniques operating at the nanoscale introduce confinement as a tool at our disposal. This review delves into the phenomenon of accelerated reactivity within micro- and nanodroplets. A decade of accelerated reactivity observations was succeeded by several years of fundamental studies aimed at mechanistic enlightenment. Herein, we provide a brief historical context for rate enhancement in and around micro- and nanodroplets and summarize the mechanisms that have been proposed to contribute to such extraordinary reactivity. We highlight recent electrochemical reports that make use of restricted mass transfer to enhance electrochemical reactions and/or quantitatively measure reaction rates within droplet-confined electrochemical cells. A comprehensive approach to nanodroplet reactivity is paramount to understanding how nature takes advantage of these systems to provide life on Earth and, in turn, how to harness the full potential of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Vannoy
- 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
| | | | - Christophe Renault
- 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- 2Current Address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- 1Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA;
- 3Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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19
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Krushinski LE, Vannoy KJ, Dick JE. Single Liquid Aerosol Microparticle Electrochemistry on a Suspended Ionic Liquid Film. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308637. [PMID: 38327152 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Liquid aerosols are ubiquitous in nature, and several tools exist to quantify their physicochemical properties. As a measurement science technique, electrochemistry has not played a large role in aerosol analysis because electrochemistry in air is rather difficult. Here, a remarkably simple method is demonstrated to capture and electroanalyze single liquid aerosol particles with radii on the order of single micrometers. An electrochemical cell is constructed by a microwire (cylindrical working electrode) traversing a film of ionic liquid (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) that is suspended within a wire loop (reference/counter electrode). An ionic liquid is chosen because the low vapor pressure preserves the film over weeks, vastly improving suspended film electroanalysis. The resultant high surface area allows the suspended ionic liquid cell to act as an aerosol net. Given the hydrophobic nature of the ionic liquid, aqueous aerosol particles do not coalesce into the film. When the liquid aerosols collide with the sufficiently biased microwire (creating a complex boundary: aerosol|wire|ionic liquid|air), the electrochemistry within a single liquid aerosol particle can be interrogated in real-time. The ability to achieve liquid aerosol size distributions for aerosols over 1 µm in radius is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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20
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Wang Y, Kong L, Tan J, Liu B, An Y, Xia L, Lu Y, Li Q, Wang L. Photochemistry of Imidazole-2-carbaldehyde in Droplets as a Potential Source of H 2O 2 and Its Oxidation of SO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11096-11104. [PMID: 38865480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role as an oxidizing agent within the tropospheric environment, making a substantial contribution to sulfate formation in hydrated aerosols and cloud and fog droplets. Field observations show that high levels of H2O2 are often observed in heavy haze events and polluted air. However, the source of H2O2 remains unclear. Here, using the droplets formed in situ by the deliquescence of hygroscopic compounds under a high relative humidity (RH), the formation of H2O2 by the photochemistry of imidazole-2-carbaldehyde (2-IC) under ultraviolet irradiation was explored. The results indicate that 2-IC produces IM-C•-OH and IM-C•═O radicals via H transfer itself to its excited triplet state and generates H2O2 and organic peroxides in the presence of O2, which has an evident oxidizing effect on SO2, suggesting the potential involvement of this pathway in the formation of atmospheric sulfate. H2O2 formation is limited in acidic droplets or droplets containing ammonium ions, and no H2O2 is detected in droplets containing nitrate, whereas droplets containing citric acid have an obvious promotion effect on H2O2 formation. These findings provide valuable insights into the behaviors of atmospheric photosensitizers, the source of H2O2, and the formation of sulfate in atmospheric droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghai Xia
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
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21
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Chen Y, Ng AE, Green J, Zhang Y, Riva M, Riedel TP, Pye HOT, Lei Z, Olson NE, Cooke ME, Zhang Z, Vizuete W, Gold A, Turpin BJ, Ault AP, Surratt JD. Applying a Phase-Separation Parameterization in Modeling Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Acid-Driven Reactive Uptake of Isoprene Epoxydiols under Humid Conditions. ACS ES&T AIR 2024; 1:511-524. [PMID: 38884193 PMCID: PMC11110502 DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.4c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from acid-driven reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) contributes up to 40% of organic aerosol (OA) mass in fine particulate matter. Previous work showed that IEPOX substantially converts particulate inorganic sulfates to surface-active organosulfates (OSs). This decreases aerosol acidity and creates a viscous organic-rich shell that poses as a diffusion barrier, inhibiting additional reactive uptake of IEPOX. To account for this "self-limiting" effect, we developed a phase-separation box model to evaluate parameterizations of IEPOX reactive uptake against time-resolved chamber measurements of IEPOX-SOA tracers, including 2-methyltetrols (2-MT) and methyltetrol sulfates (MTS), at ~ 50% relative humidity. The phase-separation model was most sensitive to the mass accommodation coefficient, IEPOX diffusivity in the organic shell, and ratio of the third-order reaction rate constants forming 2-MT and MTS (k M T / k M T S ). In particular,k M T / k M T S had to be lower than 0.1 to bring model predictions of 2-MT and MTS in closer agreement with chamber measurements; prior studies reported values larger than 0.71. The model-derived rate constants favor more particulate MTS formation due to 2-MT likely off-gassing at ambient-relevant OA loadings. Incorporating this parametrization into chemical transport models is expected to predict lower IEPOX-SOA mass and volatility due to the predominance of OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Chen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra E Ng
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jaime Green
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne, 69626, France
| | - Theran P Riedel
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Havala O T Pye
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Ziying Lei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Madeline E Cooke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhenfa Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Avram Gold
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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22
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Bain A, Lalemi L, Croll Dawes N, Miles REH, Prophet AM, Wilson KR, Bzdek BR. Surfactant Partitioning Dynamics in Freshly Generated Aerosol Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16028-16038. [PMID: 38822805 PMCID: PMC11177314 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol droplets are unique microcompartments with relevance to areas as diverse as materials and chemical synthesis, atmospheric chemistry, and cloud formation. Observations of highly accelerated and unusual chemistry taking place in such droplets have challenged our understanding of chemical kinetics in these microscopic systems. Due to their large surface-area-to-volume ratios, interfacial processes can play a dominant role in governing chemical reactivity and other processes in droplets. Quantitative knowledge about droplet surface properties is required to explain reaction mechanisms and product yields. However, our understanding of the compositions and properties of these dynamic, microscopic interfaces is poor compared to our understanding of bulk processes. Here, we measure the dynamic surface tensions of 14-25 μm radius (11-65 pL) droplets containing a strong surfactant (either sodium dodecyl sulfate or octyl-β-D-thioglucopyranoside) using a stroboscopic imaging approach, enabling observation of the dynamics of surfactant partitioning to the droplet-air interface on time scales of 10s to 100s of microseconds after droplet generation. The experimental results are interpreted with a state-of-the-art kinetic model accounting for the unique high surface-area-to-volume ratio inherent to aerosol droplets, providing insights into both the surfactant diffusion and adsorption kinetics as well as the time-dependence of the interfacial surfactant concentration. This study demonstrates that microscopic droplet interfaces can take up to many milliseconds to reach equilibrium. Such time scales should be considered when attempting to explain observations of accelerated chemistry in microcompartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Lara Lalemi
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Nathan Croll Dawes
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Rachael E. H. Miles
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Alexander M. Prophet
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan R. Bzdek
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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23
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Yuan G, Jin Z, Cao Y, Schulz HM, Gluyas J, Liu K, He X, Wang Y. Microdroplets initiate organic-inorganic interactions and mass transfer in thermal hydrous geosystems. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4960. [PMID: 38862499 PMCID: PMC11167059 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic interactions regulate the dynamics of hydrocarbons, water, minerals, CO2, and H2 in thermal rocks, yet their initiation remains debated. To address this, we conducted isotope-tagged and in-situ visual thermal experiments. Isotope-tagged studies revealed extensive H/O transfers in hydrous n-C20H42-H2O-feldspar systems. Visual experiments observed water microdroplets forming at 150-165 °C in oil phases near the water-oil interface without surfactants, persisting until complete miscibility above 350 °C. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detected hydroxyl free radicals concurrent with microdroplet formation. Here we propose a two-fold mechanism: water-derived and n-C20H42-derived free radicals drive interactions with organic species, while water-derived and mineral-derived ions trigger mineral interactions. These processes, facilitated by microdroplets and bulk water, blur boundaries between organic and inorganic species, enabling extensive interactions and mass transfer. Our findings redefine microscopic interplays between organic and inorganic components, offering insights into diagenetic and hydrous-metamorphic processes, and mass transfer cycles in deep basins and subduction zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P.R. China.
- Institute of Energy, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Zihao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Yingchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P.R. China.
| | - Hans-Martin Schulz
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jon Gluyas
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Keyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang He
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, P.R. China
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24
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Judd KD, Parsons SW, Eremin DB, Fokin VV, Dawlaty JM. Visualizing partial solvation at the air-water interface. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8346-8354. [PMID: 38846382 PMCID: PMC11151832 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant research, the mechanistic nuances of unusual reactivity at the air-water interface, especially in microdroplets, remain elusive. The likely contributors include electric fields and partial solvation at the interface. To reveal these intricacies, we measure the frequency shift of a well-defined azide vibrational probe at the air-water interface, while independently controlling the surface charge density by introducing surfactants. First, we establish the response of the probe in the bulk and demonstrate that it is sensitive to both electrostatics and hydrogen bonding. From interfacial spectroscopy we infer that the azide is neither fully hydrated nor in a completely aprotic dielectric environment; instead, it experiences an intermediate environment. In the presence of hydrogen bond-accepting sulphate surfactants, competition arises for interfacial water with the azide. However, the dominant influence stems from the electrostatic effect of their negative heads, resulting in a significant blue-shift. Conversely, for the positive ammonium surfactants, our data indicate a balanced interplay between electrostatics and hydrogen bonding, leading to a minimal shift in the probe. Our results demonstrate partial solvation at the interface and highlights that both hydrogen bonding and electrostatics may assist or oppose each other in polarizing a reactant, intermediate, or product at the interface, which is important for understanding and tuning interfacial reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Judd
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Sean W Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Jahan M Dawlaty
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
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25
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Longest AK, Rockey NC, Lakdawala SS, Marr LC. Review of factors affecting virus inactivation in aerosols and droplets. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:18. [PMID: 38920060 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The inactivation of viruses in aerosol particles (aerosols) and droplets depends on many factors, but the precise mechanisms of inactivation are not known. The system involves complex physical and biochemical interactions. We reviewed the literature to establish current knowledge about these mechanisms and identify knowledge gaps. We identified 168 relevant papers and grouped results by the following factors: virus type and structure, aerosol or droplet size, temperature, relative humidity (RH) and evaporation, chemical composition of the aerosol or droplet, pH and atmospheric composition. These factors influence the dynamic microenvironment surrounding a virion and thus may affect its inactivation. Results indicate that viruses experience biphasic decay as the carrier aerosols or droplets undergo evaporation and equilibrate with the surrounding air, and their final physical state (liquid, semi-solid or solid) depends on RH. Virus stability, RH and temperature are interrelated, but the effects of RH are multifaceted and still not completely understood. Studies on the impact of pH and atmospheric composition on virus stability have raised new questions that require further exploration. The frequent practice of studying virus inactivation in large droplets and culture media may limit our understanding of inactivation mechanisms that are relevant for transmission, so we encourage the use of particles of physiologically relevant size and composition in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Longest
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nicole C Rockey
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Durham, NC, USA
| | - Seema S Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linsey C Marr
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA, USA
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26
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Wilson KR, Prophet AM. Chemical Kinetics in Microdroplets. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:185-208. [PMID: 38382571 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-052623-120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Micrometer-sized compartments play significant roles in driving heterogeneous transformations within atmospheric and biochemical systems as well as providing vehicles for drug delivery and novel reaction environments for the synthesis of industrial chemicals. Many reports now indicate that reaction kinetics are accelerated under microconfinement, for example, in sprays, thin films, droplets, aerosols, and emulsions. These observations are dramatic, posing a challenge to our understanding of chemical reaction mechanisms with potentially significant practical consequences for predicting the complex chemistry in natural systems. Here we introduce the idea of kinetic confinement, which is intended to provide a conceptual backdrop for understanding when and why microdroplet reaction kinetics differ from their macroscale analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA;
| | - Alexander M Prophet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
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27
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Wang K, Pera-Titus M. Microstructured gas-liquid-(solid) interfaces: A platform for sustainable synthesis of commodity chemicals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado5448. [PMID: 38809985 PMCID: PMC11135396 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado5448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Gas-liquid-solid catalytic reactions are widespread in nature and man-made technologies. Recently, the exceptional reactivity observed on (electro)sprayed microdroplets, in comparison to bulk gas-liquid systems, has attracted the attention of researchers. In this perspective, we compile possible strategies to engineer catalytically active gas-liquid-(solid) interfaces based on membrane contactors, microdroplets, micromarbles, microbubbles, and microfoams to produce commodity chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, ammonia, and formic acid. In particular, particle-stabilized microfoams, with superior upscaling capacity, emerge as a promising and versatile platform to conceive high-performing (catalytic) gas-liquid-(solid) nanoreactors. Gas-liquid-(solid) nanoreactors could circumvent current limitations of state-of-the-art multiphase reactors (e.g., stirred tanks, trickle beds, and bubble columns) suffering from poor gas solubility and mass transfer resistances and access gas-liquid-(solid) reactors with lower cost and carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Marc Pera-Titus
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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28
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Liu X, Bi G, Fang Y, Wei C, Song J, Wang YX, Zheng X, Sun Q, Wang Y, Wang G, Mu Y. Regulating Surface Dipole Moments of TiO 2 for the pH-Universal Cathodic Fenton-Like Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9436-9445. [PMID: 38691809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Although electro-Fenton (EF) processes can avoid the safety risks raised by concentrated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the Fe(III) reduction has always been either unstable or inefficient at high pH, resulting in catalyst deactivation and low selectivity of H2O2 activation for producing hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Herein, we provided a strategy to regulate the surface dipole moment of TiO2 by Fe anchoring (TiO2-Fe), which, in turn, substantially increased the H2O2 activation for •OH production. The TiO2-Fe catalyst could work at pH 4-10 and maintained considerable degradation efficiency for 10 cycles. Spectroscopic analysis and a theoretical study showed that the less polar Fe-O bond on TiO2-Fe could finely tune the polarity of H2O2 to alter its empty orbital distribution, contributing to better ciprofloxacin degradation activity within a broad pH range. We further verified the critical role of the weakened polarity of H2O2 on its homolysis into •OH by theoretically and experimentally investigating Cu-, Co-, Ni-, Mn-, and Mo-anchored TiO2. This concept offers an avenue for elaborate design of green, robust, and pH-universal cathodic Fenton-like catalysts and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guangyu Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cong Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junsheng Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gongming Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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29
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Shaik S. My Vision of Electric-Field-Aided Chemistry in 2050. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:191-201. [PMID: 38800723 PMCID: PMC11117677 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This manuscript outlines my outlook on the development of electric-field (EF)-mediated-chemistry and the vision of its state by 2050. I discuss applications of oriented-external electric-fields (OEEFs) on chemical reactions and proceed with relevant experimental verifications. Subsequently, the Perspective outlines other ways of generating EFs, e.g., by use of pH-switchable charges, ionic additives, water droplets, and so on. A special section summarizes conceptual principles for understanding and predicting OEEF effects, e.g., the "reaction-axis rule", the capability of OEEFs to act as tweezers that orient reactants and accelerate their reaction, etc. Finally, I discuss applications of OEEFs in continuous-flow setups, which may, in principle, scale-up to molar concentrations. The Perspective ends with the vision that by 2050, OEEF usage will change chemical education, if not also the art of making new molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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30
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Wu X, Zhu J, He H, Konhauser KO, Li Y. Comments on "was hydrogen peroxide present before the arrival of oxygenic photosynthesis? The important role of iron(II) in the archean ocean". Redox Biol 2024; 71:103111. [PMID: 38521703 PMCID: PMC11313173 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may have emerged from abiotic geochemical processes during the Archean eon (4.0-2.5 Ga), stimulating the evolution of an enzymatic antioxidant system in early life. This eventually led to the evolution of cyanobacteria, and in turn, the accumulation of oxygen on Earth. In the latest issue of Redox Biology, Koppenol and Sies (vol. 29, no. 103012, 2024) argued against this hypothesis and suggested instead that early organisms would not have been exposed to H2O2 due to its short half-life in the ferruginous oceans of the Archean. We find these arguments to be factually incomplete because they do not consider that freshwater or some coastal marine environments during the Archean could indeed have led to H2O2 generation and accumulation. In these environments, abiotic oxidants could have interacted with early life, thus steering its evolutionary course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianxi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Hongping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kurt O Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Yiliang Li
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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31
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Heindel JP, LaCour RA, Head-Gordon T. The role of charge in microdroplet redox chemistry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3670. [PMID: 38693110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In charged water microdroplets, which occur in nature or in the lab upon ultrasonication or in electrospray processes, the thermodynamics for reactive chemistry can be dramatically altered relative to the bulk phase. Here, we provide a theoretical basis for the observation of accelerated chemistry by simulating water droplets of increasing charge imbalance to create redox agents such as hydroxyl and hydrogen radicals and solvated electrons. We compute the hydration enthalpy of OH- and H+ that controls the electron transfer process, and the corresponding changes in vertical ionization energy and vertical electron affinity of the ions, to create OH• and H• reactive species. We find that at ~ 20 - 50% of the Rayleigh limit of droplet charge the hydration enthalpy of both OH- and H+ have decreased by >50 kcal/mol such that electron transfer becomes thermodynamically favorable, in correspondence with the more favorable vertical electron affinity of H+ and the lowered vertical ionization energy of OH-. We provide scaling arguments that show that the nanoscale calculations and conclusions extend to the experimental microdroplet length scale. The relevance of the droplet charge for chemical reactivity is illustrated for the formation of H2O2, and has clear implications for other redox reactions observed to occur with enhanced rates in microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Heindel
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R Allen LaCour
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Theory Center and Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of CAlifornia, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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32
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Liu J, Zhu C, Zhu F, Sun H, Wang J, Fang G, Zhou D. Strong Substance Exchange at Paddy Soil-Water Interface Promotes Nonphotochemical Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Overlying Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7403-7414. [PMID: 38627988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Photochemically generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widespread on the earth's surface under sunlight irradiation. However, the nonphotochemical ROS generation in surface water (e.g., paddy overlying water) has been largely neglected. This work elucidated the drivers of nonphotochemical ROS generation and its spatial distribution in undisturbed paddy overlying water, by combining ROS imaging technology with in situ ROS monitoring. It was found that H2O2 concentrations formed in three paddy overlying waters could reach 0.03-16.9 μM, and the ROS profiles exhibited spatial heterogeneity. The O2 planar-optode indicated that redox interfaces were not always generated at the soil-water interface but also possibly in the water layer, depending on the soil properties. The formed redox interface facilitated a rapid turnover of reducing and oxidizing substances, creating an ideal environment for the generation of ROS. Additionally, the electron-donating capacities of water at soil-water interfaces increased by 4.5-8.4 times compared to that of the top water layers. Importantly, field investigation results confirmed that sustainable •OH generation through nonphotochemical pathways constituted of a significant proportion of total daily production (>50%), suggesting a comparable or even greater role than photochemical ROS generation. In summary, the nonphotochemical ROS generation process reported in this study greatly enhances the understanding of natural ROS production processes in paddy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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33
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Qiu L, Cooks RG. Spontaneous Oxidation in Aqueous Microdroplets: Water Radical Cation as Primary Oxidizing Agent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400118. [PMID: 38302696 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Exploration of the unique chemical properties of interfaces can unlock new understanding. A striking example is the finding of accelerated reactions, particularly spontaneous oxidation reactions, that occur without assistance of catalysts or external oxidants at the air interface of both aqueous and organic solutions (provided they contain some water). This finding opened a new area of interfacial chemistry but also caused heated debate regarding the primary chemical species responsible for the observed oxidation. An overview of the literature covering oxidation in microdroplets with air interfaces is provided, together with a critical examination of previous findings and hypotheses. The water radical cation/radical anion pair, formed spontaneously and responsible for the electric field at or near the droplet/air interface, is suggested to constitute the primary redox species. Mechanisms of accelerated microdroplet reactions are critically discussed and it is shown that hydroxyl radical/hydrogen peroxide formation in microdroplets does not require that these species be the primary oxidant. Instead, we suggest that hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide are the products of water radical cation decay in water. The importance of microdroplet chemistry in the prebiotic environment is sketched briefly and the role of partial solvation in reaction acceleration is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S
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34
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Kumar A, Kumar P. Dissociation of H 2O 2 on water surfaces (ice and water droplets). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11331-11339. [PMID: 38563356 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OH radicals are an important constituent of the atmosphere. Therefore, all reactions that act as a source of OH radicals are important. It is known that photo-dissociation of H2O2 is an important source of OH radicals in the atmosphere. In the present study, using Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations, we have shown that the H2O2 molecule can dissociate thermally on water droplets, as well as on the surface of ice, to form OH radicals. Furthermore, the dissociation of H2O2 was found to be very fast (less than 50 fs) on the ice surface compared with on the water droplets. We believe this route for the formation of OH radicals could be more critical than photo-dissociation, as it can take place both during the day and at night, but further studies with more sophisticated theoretical approaches or experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, 302017, India.
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35
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Chen H, Wang R, Chiba T, Foreman K, Bowen K, Zhang X. Designer "Quasi-Benzyne": The Spontaneous Reduction of Ortho-Diiodotetrafluorobenzene on Water Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10979-10983. [PMID: 38586980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
It has been widely shown that water microdroplets have a plethora of unique properties that are highly distinct from those of bulk water, among which an especially intriguing one is the strong reducing power as a result of the electrons spontaneously generated at the air-water interface. In this study, we take advantage of the reducing power of water microdroplets to reduce ortho-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (o-C6F4I2) into a C6F4I2•- radical anion. Photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory computations reveal that the excess electron in C6F4I2•- occupies the I-C1-C2-I linkage, which elongates the C-I bonds but surprisingly shortens the C1-C2 bond, making the bond order higher than a double bond, similar to the benzyne molecule, so we named it "quasi-benzyne". The C6F4I2•- anion was further successfully utilized in a Diels-Alder reaction, a typical reaction for benzyne. This study provides a good example of strategically utilizing the spontaneous properties of water microdroplets and generating an especially exotic anion, and we anticipate that microdroplet chemistry can be an avenue rich in opportunities for new catalyst-free organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin300192, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin300192, China
| | - Tatsuya Chiba
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kathryn Foreman
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Kit Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin300192, China
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36
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Song Z, Zhu C, Gong K, Wang R, Zhang J, Zhao S, Li Z, Zhang X, Xie J. Deciphering the Microdroplet Acceleration Factors of Aza-Michael Addition Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10963-10972. [PMID: 38567839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry is emerging as a great tool for accelerating reactions by several orders of magnitude. Several unique properties such as extreme pHs, interfacial electric fields (IEFs), and partial solvation have been reported to be responsible for the acceleration; however, which factor plays the key role remains elusive. Here, we performed quantum chemical calculations to explore the underlying mechanisms of an aza-Michael addition reaction between methylamine and acrylamide. We showed that the acceleration in methanol microdroplets results from the cumulative effects of several factors. The acidic surface of the microdroplet plays a dominating role, leading to a decrease of ∼9 kcal/mol in the activation barrier. We speculated that the dissociation of both methanol and trace water contributes to the surface acidity. An IEF of 0.1 V/Å can further decrease the barrier by ∼2 kcal/mol. Partial solvation has a negligible effect on lowering the activation barrier in microdroplets but can increase the collision frequency between reactants. With acidity revealed to be the major accelerating factor for methanol droplets, reactions on water microdroplets should have even higher rates because water is more acidic. Both theoretically and experimentally, we confirmed that water microdroplets significantly accelerate the aza-Michael reaction, achieving an acceleration factor that exceeds 107. This work elucidates the multifactorial influences on the microdroplet acceleration mechanism, and with such detailed mechanistic investigations, we anticipate that microdroplet chemistry will be an avenue rich in opportunities in the realm of green synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenghui Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruijing Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianze Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Supin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Centre, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Centre for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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37
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Song X, Yan H, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Li S, Zhang J, Ciampi S, Zhang L. Hydroxylation of the indium tin oxide electrode promoted by surface bubbles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4186-4189. [PMID: 38530669 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Adherent bubbles at electrodes are generally treated as reaction penalties. Herein, in situ hydroxylation of indium tin oxide surfaces can be easily achieved by applying a constant potential of +1.0 V in the presence of bubbles. Its successful hydroxylation is further demonstrated by preparing a ferrocene-terminated film, which is confirmed by cyclic voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Song
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yuqiao Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Simone Ciampi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Long Zhang
- Institute of Quantum and Sustainable Technology (IQST), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang City, 212013, Jiangsu Province, China.
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38
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Ma Q, Chu B, He H. Revealing the Contribution of Interfacial Processes to Atmospheric Oxidizing Capacity in Haze Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6071-6076. [PMID: 38551192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidizing capacity is the most important driving force for the chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere. Traditionally, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity mainly depends on the concentration of O3 and other gaseous oxidants. However, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity based on gas-phase oxidation cannot accurately describe the explosive growth of secondary particulate matter under complex air pollution. From the chemical perspective, the atmospheric oxidizing capacity mainly comes from the activation of O2, which can be achieved in both gas-phase and interfacial processes. In the heterogeneous or multiphase formation pathways of secondary particulate matter, the enhancement of oxidizing capacity ascribed to the O2/H2O-involved interfacial oxidation and hydrolysis processes is an unrecognized source of atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Revealing the enhanced oxidizing capacity due to interfacial processes in high-concentration particulate matter environments and its contribution to the formation of secondary pollution are critical in understanding haze chemistry. The accurate evaluation of atmospheric oxidizing capacity ascribed to interfacial processes is also an important scientific basis for the implementation of PM2.5 and O3 collaborative control in China and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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39
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Lin D, Wang S, Xu W, Chen Y, Li P, Fang YG, Zhao W, Duan X, Yang X, Jiang Z, Fang WH, Zeng XC, Francisco JS, Gao Y. Topological wetting states of microdroplets on closed-loop structured surfaces: Breakdown of the Gibbs equation at the microscale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315730121. [PMID: 38557188 PMCID: PMC11009642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315730121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microdroplets are a class of soft matter that has been extensively employed for chemical, biochemical, and industrial applications. However, fabricating microdroplets with largely controllable contact-area shape and apparent contact angle, a key prerequisite for their applications, is still a challenge. Here, by engineering a type of surface with homocentric closed-loop microwalls/microchannels, we can achieve facile size, shape, and contact-angle tunability of microdroplets on the textured surfaces by design. More importantly, this class of surface topologies (with universal genus value = 1) allows us to reveal that the conventional Gibbs equation (widely used for assessing the edge effect on the apparent contact angle of macrodroplets) seems no longer applicable for water microdroplets or nanodroplets (evidenced by independent molecular dynamics simulations). Notably, for the flat surface with the intrinsic contact angle ~0°, we find that the critical contact angle on the microtextured counterparts (at edge angle 90°) can be as large as >130°, rather than 90° according to the Gibbs equation. Experiments show that the breakdown of the Gibbs equation occurs for microdroplets of different types of liquids including alcohol and hydrocarbon oils. Overall, the microtextured surface design and topological wetting states not only offer opportunities for diverse applications of microdroplets such as controllable chemical reactions and low-cost circuit fabrications but also provide testbeds for advancing the fundamental surface science of wetting beyond the Gibbs equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Lin
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Shixian Wang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Yuhao Chen
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xiangmei Duan
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China
| | - Xinju Yang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Zuimin Jiang
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong999077, China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Yurui Gao
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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40
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Xia D, Zhang H, Ju Y, Xie HB, Su L, Ma F, Jiang J, Chen J, Francisco JS. Spontaneous Degradation of the "Forever Chemicals" Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) on Water Droplet Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38584396 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Because of their innate chemical stability, the ubiquitous perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been dubbed "forever chemicals" and have attracted considerable attention. However, their stability under environmental conditions has not been widely verified. Herein, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a widely used and detected PFAS, was found to be spontaneously degraded in aqueous microdroplets under room temperature and atmospheric pressure conditions. This unexpected fast degradation occurred via a unique multicycle redox reaction of PFOA with interfacial reactive species on the droplet surface. Similar degradation was observed for other PFASs. This study extends the current understanding of the environmental fate and chemistry of PFASs and provides insight into aid in the development of effective methods for removing PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marin Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Yun Ju
- School of Marin Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lihao Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Marin Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian Key Laboratory on Chemicals Risk Control and Pollution Prevention Technology, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
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41
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Zhang W, Yuan K, Zheng J, Wang X, Wang X, Song Z, Zhang L, Hu J. Effects of Nanobubbles on Photochemical Processes of Levofloxacin Photosensitizer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:7021-7028. [PMID: 38501919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands as an efficacious modality for the treatment of cancer and various diseases, in which optimization of the electron transfer and augmentation of the production of lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent pivotal challenges to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Empirical investigations have established that the spontaneous initiation of redox reactions associated with electron transfer is feasible and is located in the gas-liquid interfaces. Meanwhile, nanobubbles (NBs) are emerging as entities capable of furnishing a plethora of such interfaces, attributed to their stability and large surface/volume ratio in bulk water. Thus, NBs provide a chance to expedite the electron-transfer kinetics within the context of PDT in an ambient environment. In this paper, we present a pioneering exploration into the impact of nitrogen nanobubbles (N2-NBs) on the electron transfer of the photosensitizer levofloxacin (LEV). Transient absorption spectra and time-resolved decay spectra, as determined through laser flash photolysis, unequivocally reveal that N2-NBs exhibit a mitigating effect on the decay of the LEV excitation triplet state, thereby facilitating subsequent processes. Of paramount significance is the observation that the presence of N2-NBs markedly accelerates the electron transfer of LEV, albeit with a marginal inhibitory influence on its energy-transfer reaction. This observation is corroborated through absorbance measurements and offers compelling evidence substantiating the role of NBs in expediting electron transfer within the ambit of PDT. The mechanism elucidated herein sheds light on how N2-NBs intricately influence both electron-transfer and energy-transfer reactions in the photosensitizer LEV. These findings not only contribute to a nuanced understanding of the underlying processes but also furnish novel insights that may inform the application of NBs in the realm of photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaiwei Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingya Wang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhejun Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
- Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiashan 314102, China
- Institute of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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42
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Zhang R, Zhang Z, Chen X, Jiang J, Hua L, Jia X, Bao R, Wang F. Pyrogenic Carbon Degradation by Galvanic Coupling with Sprayed Seawater Microdroplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8528-8535. [PMID: 38497738 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Surface waves are known for their mechanical role in coastal processes that influence the weather and climate. However, their chemical impact, particularly on the transformation of pyrogenic carbon, is poorly understood. Pyrogenic carbon is generally assumed to show negligible postformational alteration of its stable carbon isotope composition. Here we present an electrochemical interaction of pyrogenic carbon with the sprayed seawater microdroplets resulting from wave breaking, driven by the galvanic coupling between the microdroplet water-carbon interfaces and the microdroplet water-vapor interfaces. This enables refractory pyrogenic carbon to rapidly degrade via the oxygenation and mineralization reaction, which makes it ∼2.6‰ enriched in 13C, far exceeding the generally assumed postformation alteration values (<0.5‰) of pyrogenic carbon. The unique chemical dynamics of seawater microdroplets provide new insights into the discrepancy in carbon isotope signatures between riverine and marine black carbon, emphasizing the potential of coastal oceans for carbon sequestration in the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Zhang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xuke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiuquan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Rui Bao
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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43
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Angelaki M, Carreira Mendes Da Silva Y, Perrier S, George C. Quantification and Mechanistic Investigation of the Spontaneous H 2O 2 Generation at the Interfaces of Salt-Containing Aqueous Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8327-8334. [PMID: 38488457 PMCID: PMC10979748 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
There is now much evidence that OH radicals and H2O2 are spontaneously generated at the air-water interface of atmospheric aerosols. Here, we investigated the effect of halide anions (Cl-, Br-, I-), which are abundant in marine aerosols, on this H2O2 production. Droplets were generated via nebulization of water solutions containing Na2SO4, NaCl, NaBr, and NaI containing solutions, and H2O2 was monitored as a function of the salt concentration under atmospheric relevant conditions. The interfacial OH radical formation was also investigated by adding terephthalic acid (TA) to our salt solutions, and the product of its reaction with OH, hydroxy terephthalic acid (TAOH), was monitored. Finally, a mechanistic investigation was performed to examine the reactions participating in H2O2 production, and their respective contributions were quantified. Our results showed that only Br- contributes to the interfacial H2O2 formation, promoting the production by acting as an electron donor, while Na2SO4 and NaCl stabilized the droplets by only reducing their evaporation. TAOH was observed in the collected droplets and, for the first time, directly in the particle phase by means of online fluorescence spectroscopy, confirming the interfacial OH production. A mechanistic study suggests that H2O2 is formed by both OH and HO2 self-recombination, as well as HO2 reaction with H atoms. This work is expected to enhance our understanding of interfacial processes and assess their impact on climate, air quality, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angelaki
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Sébastien Perrier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
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44
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Gong K, Meng Y, Zare RN, Xie J. Molecular Mechanism for Converting Carbon Dioxide Surrounding Water Microdroplets Containing 1,2,3-Triazole to Formic Acid. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8576-8584. [PMID: 38488449 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Spraying water microdroplets containing 1,2,3-triazole (Tz) has been found to effectively convert gas-phase carbon dioxide (CO2), but not predissolved CO2, into formic acid (FA). Herein, we elucidate the reaction mechanism at the molecular level through quantum chemistry calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. Computations suggest a multistep reaction mechanism that initiates from the adsorption of CO2 by Tz to form a CO2-Tz complex (named reactant complex (RC)). Then, the RC either is reduced by electrons that were generated at the air-liquid interface of the water microdroplet and then undergoes intramolecular proton transfer (PT) or switches the reduction and PT steps to form a [HCO2-(Tz-H)]- complex (named PC-). Subsequently, PC- undergoes reduction and the C-N bond dissociates to generate COOH- and [Tz-H]- (m/z = 69). COOH- easily converts to HCOOH and is captured at m/z = 45 in mass spectroscopy. Notably, the intramolecular PT step can be significantly lowered by the oriented electric field at the interface and a water-bridge mechanism. The mechanism is further confirmed by testing multiple azoles. The AIMD simulations reveal a novel proton transfer mechanism where water serves as a transporter and is shown to play an important role dynamically. Moreover, the transient •COOH captured by the experiment is proposed to be partly formed by the reaction with H•, pointing again to the importance of the air-water interface. This work provides valuable insight into the important mechanistic, kinetic, and dynamic features of converting gas-phase CO2 to valuable products by azoles or amines dissolved in water microdroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yifan Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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45
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Krushinski LE, Dick JE. Direct electrochemical evidence suggests that aqueous microdroplets spontaneously produce hydrogen peroxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321064121. [PMID: 38466847 PMCID: PMC10962973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321064121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have detailed the striking observation that electroactive molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and radical water species (H2O.+/H2O.-), are spontaneously produced in aqueous microdroplets. Stochastic electrochemistry allows one to study reactions in real-time occurring inside subfemtoliter droplets, one droplet at a time, when a microdroplet irreversibly adsorbs to an ultramicroelectrode surface (radius ~ 5 µm). Here, we use stochastic electrochemistry to probe the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in single aqueous microdroplets suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane. The oxidation of H2O2 at alkaline pH (11.5) differs from near-neutral conditions (6.4), allowing us to create a digital, turn-off sensing modality for the presence of H2O2. Further, we show that the stochastic electrochemical signal is highest at the mass transfer limitation of the H2O2 couple and is dampened when the potential nears the formal potential. We validate these results by showing that the addition of a H2O2 selective probe, luminol, decreases the stochastic electrochemical response at alkaline pH (11.5). Our results support the observation that H2O2 is generated in water microdroplets at concentrations of ~100 s of µM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
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46
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Mofidfar M, Mehrgardi MA, Xia Y, Zare RN. Dependence on relative humidity in the formation of reactive oxygen species in water droplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315940121. [PMID: 38489384 PMCID: PMC10962988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315940121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Water microdroplets (7 to 11 µm average diameter, depending on flow rate) are sprayed in a closed chamber at ambient temperature, whose relative humidity (RH) is controlled. The resulting concentration of ROS (reactive oxygen species) formed in the microdroplets, measured by the amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by spectrofluorimetric assays after the droplets are collected. The results are found to agree closely with one another. In addition, hydrated hydroxyl radical cations (•OH-H3O+) are recorded from the droplets using mass spectrometry and superoxide radical anions (•O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. As the RH varies from 15 to 95%, the concentration of H2O2 shows a marked rise by a factor of about 3.5 in going from 15 to 50%, then levels off. By replacing the H2O of the sprayed water with deuterium oxide (D2O) but keeping the gas surrounding droplets with H2O, mass spectrometric analysis of the hydrated hydroxyl radical cations demonstrates that the water in the air plays a dominant role in producing H2O2 and other ROS, which accounts for the variation with RH. As RH increases, the droplet evaporation rate decreases. These two facts help us understand why viruses in droplets both survive better at low RH values, as found in indoor air in the wintertime, and are disinfected more effectively at higher RH values, as found in indoor air in the summertime, thus explaining the recognized seasonality of airborne viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud A. Mehrgardi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan81743, Iran
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
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Galembeck F, Santos LP, Burgo TAL, Galembeck A. The emerging chemistry of self-electrified water interfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2578-2602. [PMID: 38305696 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Water is known for dissipating electrostatic charges, but it is also a universal agent of matter electrification, creating charged domains in any material contacting or containing it. This new role of water was discovered during the current century. It is proven in a fast-growing number of publications reporting direct experimental measurements of excess charge and electric potential. It is indirectly verified by its success in explaining surprising phenomena in chemical synthesis, electric power generation, metastability, and phase transition kinetics. Additionally, electrification by water is opening the way for developing green technologies that are fully compatible with the environment and have great potential to contribute to sustainability. Electrification by water shows that polyphasic matter is a charge mosaic, converging with the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect, which was discovered one century ago but is still often ignored. Electrified sites in a real system are niches showing various local electrochemical potentials for the charged species. Thus, the electrified mosaics display variable chemical reactivity and mass transfer patterns. Water contributes to interfacial electrification from its singular structural, electric, mixing, adsorption, and absorption properties. A long list of previously unexpected consequences of interfacial electrification includes: "on-water" reactions of chemicals dispersed in water that defy current chemical wisdom; reactions in electrified water microdroplets that do not occur in bulk water, transforming the droplets in microreactors; and lowered surface tension of water, modifying wetting, spreading, adhesion, cohesion, and other properties of matter. Asymmetric capacitors charged by moisture and water are now promising alternative equipment for simultaneously producing electric power and green hydrogen, requiring only ambient thermal energy. Changing surface tension by interfacial electrification also modifies phase-change kinetics, eliminating metastability that is the root of catastrophic electric discharges and destructive explosions. It also changes crystal habits, producing needles and dendrites that shorten battery life. These recent findings derive from a single factor, water's ability to electrify matter, touching on the most relevant aspects of chemistry. They create tremendous scientific opportunities to understand the matter better, and a new chemistry based on electrified interfaces is now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Galembeck
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Campinas, Institute of Chemistry, 13083-872, Campinas, Brazil.
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandra P Santos
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia, 13080-661, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago A L Burgo
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Andre Galembeck
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740-560, Recife, Brazil
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48
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Eatoo MA, Mishra H. Busting the myth of spontaneous formation of H 2O 2 at the air-water interface: contributions of the liquid-solid interface and dissolved oxygen exposed. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3093-3103. [PMID: 38425539 PMCID: PMC10901496 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06534k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent reports on the spontaneous formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the air-water and solid-water interfaces challenge our current understanding of aquatic chemistry and have ramifications on atmosphere chemistry models, surface science, and green chemistry. Suggested mechanisms underlying this chemical transformation include ultrahigh instantaneous electric fields at the air-water interface and the oxidation of water and reduction of the solid at the solid-water interface. Here, we revisit this curious problem with NMR spectroscopy (with an H2O2 detection limit ≥50 nM) and pay special attention to the effects of nebulizing gas, dissolved oxygen content, and the solid-water interface on this chemical transformation in condensed and sprayed water microdroplets. Experiments reveal that the reduction of dissolved oxygen at the solid-water interface predominantly contributes to the H2O2 formation (not the oxidation of hydroxyl ions at the air-water interface or the oxidation of water at the solid-water interface). We find that the H2O2 formation is accompanied by the consumption (i.e., reduction) of dissolved oxygen and the oxidation of the solid surface, i.e., in the absence of dissolved oxygen, the formation of H2O2(aq) is not observed within the detection limit of ≥50 nM. Remarkably, the tendency of the solids investigated in this work towards forming H2O2 in water followed the same order as their positions in the classic Galvanic series. These findings bust the prevailing myths surrounding H2O2 formation due to the air-water interface, the ultrahigh electric fields therein, or the micro-scale of droplets. The hitherto unrealized role of the oxidation of the solid surface due to dissolved oxygen in the formation of H2O2 is exposed. These findings are especially relevant to corrosion science, surface science, and electrochemistry, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzzamil Ahmad Eatoo
- Environmental Science and Engineering (EnSE) Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Himanshu Mishra
- Environmental Science and Engineering (EnSE) Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture (CDA), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Orfanoudaki M, Akee RK, Martínez-Fructuoso L, Wang D, Kelley JA, Smith EA, Henrich CJ, Schnermann MJ, O'Keefe BR, Grkovic T. Formation of Trideuteromethylated Artifacts of Pyrrole-Containing Natural Products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:415-423. [PMID: 38291771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrole-containing natural products form a large group of structurally diverse compounds that occur in both terrestrial and marine organisms. In the present study the formation of trideuteromethylated artifacts of pyrrole-containing natural products was investigated, focusing on the discorhabdins. Three deuterated discorhabdins, 1, 3, and 5, were identified to be isolation procedure artifacts caused by the presence of DMSO-d6 during NMR sample preparation and handling. Three additional semisynthetic derivatives, 7-9, were made during the investigation of the mechanism of formation, which was shown to be driven by trideuteromethyl radicals in the presence of water, methanol, TFA, and traces of iron in the deuterated solvent. Generation of trideuteromethylated artifacts was also confirmed for other classes of pyrrole-containing metabolites, namely, makaluvamines, tambjamines, and dibromotryptamines, which had also been dissolved in DMSO-d6 during the structure elucidation process. Semisynthetic discorhabdins were assessed for antiproliferative activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines, and 14-trideuteromethyldiscorhabdin L (3) averaged low micromolar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Orfanoudaki
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Rhone K Akee
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Lucero Martínez-Fructuoso
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Curtis J Henrich
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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50
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Vannoy KJ, Dick JE. The shocking story of the plastic bead that fixes nitrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322425121. [PMID: 38324605 PMCID: PMC10895278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322425121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, West Lafayette, IN47907
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